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14,229 | # Homeopathy
## Ethics and safety {#ethics_and_safety}
The provision of homeopathic preparations has been described as unethical. Michael Baum, professor emeritus of surgery and visiting professor of medical humanities at University College London (UCL), has described homeopathy as a \"cruel deception\". Edzard Ernst... | 744 | Homeopathy | 9 |
14,229 | # Homeopathy
## Regulation and prevalence {#regulation_and_prevalence}
Homeopathy is fairly common in some countries while being uncommon in others; is highly regulated in some countries and mostly unregulated in others. It is practiced worldwide and professional qualifications and licences are needed in most countri... | 1,357 | Homeopathy | 10 |
14,229 | # Homeopathy
## Veterinary use {#veterinary_use}
Using homeopathy as a treatment for animals is termed \"veterinary homeopathy\" and dates back to the inception of homeopathy; Hahnemann himself wrote and spoke of the use of homeopathy in animals other than humans. The use of homeopathy in the organic farming industry... | 229 | Homeopathy | 11 |
14,231 | # Hairpin
A **hairpin** or **hair pin** is a long device used to hold a person\'s hair in place. It may be used simply to secure long hair out of the way for convenience or as part of an elaborate hairstyle or coiffure. The earliest evidence for dressing the hair may be seen in carved \"Venus figurines\" such as the V... | 276 | Hairpin | 0 |
14,231 | # Hairpin
## Hairpins in Chinese culture {#hairpins_in_chinese_culture}
Hairpins (generally known as `{{Transliteration|zh|fa-zan}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{lang-zh|髮簪}}`{=mediawiki}) are an important symbol in Chinese culture. In ancient China, hairpins were worn by men as well as women, and they were essential items for ev... | 574 | Hairpin | 1 |
14,251 | # HMS Resolution
Several ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name **HMS *Resolution***:
- a first rate launched as *Prince Royal* in 1610 was renamed *Resolution* in 1650 following the inauguration of the Commonwealth, and continued to bear that name until 1660, when the name *Prince Royal* was restored
- , a... | 455 | HMS Resolution | 0 |
14,257 | # Haddocks' Eyes
\"**Haddocks\' Eyes**\" is the nickname of the name of a song sung by The White Knight from Lewis Carroll\'s 1871 novel *Through the Looking-Glass*, chapter VIII.
\"Haddocks\' Eyes\" is an example used to elaborate on the symbolic status of the concept of \"name\": a name as identification marker may... | 391 | Haddocks' Eyes | 0 |
14,263 | # Horner's method
In mathematics and computer science, **Horner\'s method** (or **Horner\'s scheme**) is an algorithm for polynomial evaluation. Although named after William George Horner, this method is much older, as it has been attributed to Joseph-Louis Lagrange by Horner himself, and can be traced back many hundr... | 864 | Horner's method | 0 |
14,263 | # Horner's method
## Polynomial evaluation and long division {#polynomial_evaluation_and_long_division}
### Efficiency
Evaluation using the monomial form of a degree $n$ polynomial requires at most $n$ additions and $(n^2+n)/2$ multiplications, if powers are calculated by repeated multiplication and each monomial is ... | 593 | Horner's method | 1 |
14,263 | # Horner's method
## Polynomial evaluation and long division {#polynomial_evaluation_and_long_division}
### Application to floating-point multiplication and division {#application_to_floating_point_multiplication_and_division}
Horner\'s method is a fast, code-efficient method for multiplication and division of binary... | 629 | Horner's method | 2 |
14,263 | # Horner's method
## Polynomial root finding {#polynomial_root_finding}
Using the long division algorithm in combination with Newton\'s method, it is possible to approximate the real roots of a polynomial. The algorithm works as follows. Given a polynomial $p_n(x)$ of degree $n$ with zeros $z_n < z_{n-1} < \cdots < z... | 444 | Horner's method | 3 |
14,263 | # Horner's method
## Divided difference of a polynomial {#divided_difference_of_a_polynomial}
Horner\'s method can be modified to compute the divided difference $(p(y) - p(x))/(y - x).$ Given the polynomial (as before) $p(x) = \sum_{i=0}^n a_i x^i = a_0 + a_1 x + a_2 x^2 + a_3 x^3 + \cdots + a_n x^n,$ proceed as foll... | 729 | Horner's method | 4 |
14,268 | # Hapworth 16, 1924
\"**Hapworth 16, 1924**\" is an uncollected work of short fiction by J. D. Salinger that appeared in the June 19, 1965, issue of *The New Yorker*.
The story is the last original work Salinger published during his lifetime, and filled almost the entire magazine. It is the \"youngest\" of his Glass ... | 780 | Hapworth 16, 1924 | 0 |
14,282 | # Hubris
**Hubris** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|juː|b|r|ɪ|s}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ὕβρις}}'' ({{grc-transl|ὕβρις}})|pride, insolence, outrage}}`{=mediawiki}), or less frequently **hybris** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aɪ|b|r|ɪ|s}}`{=mediawiki}), is extreme or excessive pride or dangerous overconfidence and complace... | 817 | Hubris | 0 |
14,282 | # Hubris
## Modern usage {#modern_usage}
### Arrogance
The Oxford English Dictionary defines \"arrogance\" in terms of \"high or inflated opinion of one\'s own abilities, importance, etc., that gives rise to presumption or excessive self-confidence, or to a feeling or attitude of being superior to others \[\...\].\" ... | 59 | Hubris | 1 |
14,291 | # Hussites
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Battle between Hussites (left) and Catholic crusaders in the 15th century thumb\|upright=1.2\|The Lands of the Bohemian Crown during the Hussite Wars. The movement began during the Renaissance in Prague and quickly spread south and then through the rest of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Eventua... | 429 | Hussites | 0 |
14,291 | # Hussites
## History
The Hussite movement began in the Kingdom of Bohemia and quickly spread throughout the remaining Lands of the Bohemian Crown, including Moravia and Silesia. It also made inroads into the northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (now Slovakia), but was rejected and gained infamy for the plunderin... | 1,267 | Hussites | 1 |
14,291 | # Hussites
## History
### Hussite Bohemia, Luther and the Reformation (1434--1618) {#hussite_bohemia_luther_and_the_reformation_14341618}
thumb\|upright=0.9\|Painting celebrating the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain (1620). In the coming years, Bohemia and Moravia were converted from Hussitism to Roma... | 487 | Hussites | 2 |
14,291 | # Hussites
## Factions
{{ multiple image\|total_width=600 \| image1 = Luther und Hus-Abendmahl.jpg \| caption1 = *Luther and Hus serving communion under both kinds together*, an imaginary woodcut from 16th century Saxony demonstrating the affinity of Lutherans and Moderate Hussites \| image2 = Jensky kodex Zizka.jpg ... | 358 | Hussites | 3 |
14,291 | # Hussites
## Factions
### Radicals
The more radical parties, the Taborites, Orebites and Orphans, identified itself more boldly with the doctrines of John Wycliffe, sharing his passionate hatred of the monastic clergy, and his desire to return the Church to its supposed condition during the time of the apostles. Thi... | 404 | Hussites | 4 |
14,292 | # HMS Ark Royal
Five ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name **HMS *Ark Royal***:
- , the flagship of the English fleet during the Spanish Armada campaign of 1588
- , planned as freighter, built as seaplane carrier during the First World War, renamed *Pegasus* in 1934
- , British aircraft carrier launched... | 128 | HMS Ark Royal | 0 |
14,294 | # Hausdorff dimension
thumb\|upright=1.25\|Example of non-integer dimensions. The first four iterations of the Koch curve, where after each iteration, all original line segments are replaced with four, each a self-similar copy that is 1/3 the length of the original. One formalism of the Hausdorff dimension uses the sc... | 543 | Hausdorff dimension | 0 |
14,294 | # Hausdorff dimension
## Intuition
The intuitive concept of dimension of a geometric object *X* is the number of independent parameters one needs to pick out a unique point inside. However, any point specified by two parameters can be instead specified by one, because the cardinality of the real plane is equal to the... | 542 | Hausdorff dimension | 1 |
14,294 | # Hausdorff dimension
## Formal definition {#formal_definition}
The formal definition of the Hausdorff dimension is arrived at by defining first the d-dimensional Hausdorff measure, a fractional-dimension analogue of the Lebesgue measure. First, an outer measure is constructed: Let $X$ be a metric space. If $S\subset... | 469 | Hausdorff dimension | 2 |
14,294 | # Hausdorff dimension
## Properties of Hausdorff dimension {#properties_of_hausdorff_dimension}
### Hausdorff dimension and inductive dimension {#hausdorff_dimension_and_inductive_dimension}
Let *X* be an arbitrary separable metric space. There is a topological notion of inductive dimension for *X* which is defined ... | 353 | Hausdorff dimension | 3 |
14,294 | # Hausdorff dimension
## Self-similar sets {#self_similar_sets}
Many sets defined by a self-similarity condition have dimensions which can be determined explicitly. Roughly, a set *E* is self-similar if it is the fixed point of a set-valued transformation ψ, that is ψ(*E*) = *E*, although the exact definition is give... | 354 | Hausdorff dimension | 4 |
14,296 | # Heckler & Koch
\(2022\) \| operating_income = `{{increase}}`{=mediawiki} €46.23 million (2022) \| net_income = `{{increase}}`{=mediawiki} €50.639 million (2022) \| assets = `{{nowrap|{{increase}} €328.194 million (2022)<ref name=IR/>}}`{=mediawiki} \| equity = `{{Decrease}}`{=mediawiki} €70.313 million (2022) }}
**... | 469 | Heckler & Koch | 0 |
14,296 | # Heckler & Koch
## History
### Diversification
In 1974, Heckler & Koch diversified into two more areas, HK Defense and Law Enforcement Technology and HK Hunting and Sports Firearms. Since then, HK has designed and manufactured more than 100 different types of firearms and devices for the world\'s military and law en... | 641 | Heckler & Koch | 1 |
14,296 | # Heckler & Koch
## Products
Heckler & Koch has produced a variety of firearms including the G3, HK21, MP5, HK4, HK33, HK69, VP70, PSG1, USP, G36, MG4, UMP, MP7, and HK416 which have become some of the most iconic and widely adopted firearms in the world, used by dozens of militaries, police forces, and paramilitarie... | 1,155 | Heckler & Koch | 2 |
14,296 | # Heckler & Koch
## Trafficking
H&K has been accused of shipping small arms to conflict regions such as Bosnia and Nepal, and has licensed its weapons for production by governments with poor human rights records such as Sudan, Thailand and Myanmar. It has been argued that the company effectively evaded EU export rest... | 444 | Heckler & Koch | 3 |
14,301 | # British Aerospace HOTOL
**HOTOL**, for **Horizontal Take-Off and Landing**, was a 1980s British design for a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) spaceplane that was to be powered by an airbreathing jet engine. Development was being conducted by a consortium led by Rolls-Royce and British Aerospace (BAe).
Designed as a sin... | 293 | British Aerospace HOTOL | 0 |
14,301 | # British Aerospace HOTOL
## Development
### Origins
The ideas behind HOTOL originated from work done by British engineer Alan Bond in the field of pre-cooled jet engines. Bond had specifically performed this research with the intention of producing a viable engine for powering a space launch system. In 1982, Britis... | 1,055 | British Aerospace HOTOL | 1 |
14,301 | # British Aerospace HOTOL
## Development
### Shutdown
By 1989, the outlook for HOTOL had become bleak. From the onset of the project, support between the British government and industrial partners had been uneven, while the United States had emerged as the only foreign nation that showed willingness to contribute to ... | 382 | British Aerospace HOTOL | 2 |
14,301 | # British Aerospace HOTOL
## Design
### Overview
HOTOL was envisioned as an uncrewed, fully reusable single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) winged spaceplane. The uncrewed craft was intended to put a payload of around 7 to 8 tonnes in orbit, at 300 km altitude. It was intended to take off from a runway, mounted on the back of... | 542 | British Aerospace HOTOL | 3 |
14,301 | # British Aerospace HOTOL
## Design
### Engine
The **RB545**, which was given the name \"**Swallow**\" by its manufacturer, British engine maker Rolls-Royce, was an air-breathing rocket engine. It would have functioned as an integrated dual-role powerplant, having been capable of air-breathing while operating within ... | 403 | British Aerospace HOTOL | 4 |
14,315 | # Hawker Harrier
The **Hawker Harrier** was a British experimental biplane torpedo bomber aircraft built by Hawker Aircraft to a specification issued in the 1920s for the Royal Air Force.
## Development
In 1925, the British Air Ministry laid down specifications for a high altitude bomber to replace the Hawker Horsle... | 297 | Hawker Harrier | 0 |
14,320 | # Haggis
**Haggis** (*taigeis* `{{IPA|gd|ˈtʰakʲɪʃ|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a savoury pudding containing sheep\'s pluck (heart, liver, and lungs), minced with chopped onion, oatmeal, suet, spices, and salt, mixed with stock, and cooked while traditionally encased in the animal\'s stomach though now an artificial casing is o... | 876 | Haggis | 0 |
14,320 | # Haggis
## Modern use {#modern_use}
Haggis is traditionally served as part of the Burns supper on or near January 25, the birthday of Scotland\'s national poet Robert Burns. Burns wrote the poem \"Address to a Haggis\", which starts \"Fair fa\' your honest, sonsie face, Great chieftain o\' the puddin-race!\" In Burn... | 563 | Haggis | 1 |
14,322 | # Holy Grail
The **Holy Grail** (*Saint Graal*, *Graal Santel*, *Greal Sanctaidd*, *Gral*) is a treasure that serves as an important motif in Arthurian literature. Various traditions describe the Holy Grail as a cup, dish, or stone with miraculous healing powers, sometimes providing eternal youth or sustenance in infi... | 486 | Holy Grail | 0 |
14,322 | # Holy Grail
## Medieval literature {#medieval_literature}
### Overview
The literature surrounding the Grail can be divided into two branches. The first concerns King Arthur\'s knights visiting the Grail castle or questing after the object:
- *Perceval, the Story of the Grail*, a chivalric romance poem by Chrétie... | 376 | Holy Grail | 1 |
14,322 | # Holy Grail
## Medieval literature {#medieval_literature}
### Chrétien de Troyes {#chrétien_de_troyes}
The subject is first featured in *Perceval, le Conte du Graal* (*The Story of the Grail*) by Chrétien de Troyes, who claims he was working from a source book given to him by his patron, Count Philip of Flanders. In... | 599 | Holy Grail | 2 |
14,322 | # Holy Grail
## Medieval literature {#medieval_literature}
### Robert de Boron {#robert_de_boron}
Though Chrétien\'s account is the earliest and most influential of all Grail texts, it was in the work of Robert de Boron that the Grail truly became the \"Holy Grail\" and assumed the form most familiar to modern reader... | 790 | Holy Grail | 3 |
14,322 | # Holy Grail
## Later traditions {#later_traditions}
### Relics
In the wake of the Arthurian romances, several artifacts came to be identified as the Holy Grail in medieval relic veneration. These artifacts are said to have been the vessel used at the Last Supper, but other details vary. Despite the prominence of th... | 806 | Holy Grail | 4 |
14,322 | # Holy Grail
## Modern interpretations {#modern_interpretations}
### Scholarly hypotheses {#scholarly_hypotheses}
Scholars have long speculated on the origins of the Holy Grail before Chrétien, suggesting that it may contain elements of the trope of magical cauldrons from Celtic mythology and later Welsh mythology, ... | 404 | Holy Grail | 5 |
14,322 | # Holy Grail
## Modern interpretations {#modern_interpretations}
### Pseudohistory and conspiracy theories {#pseudohistory_and_conspiracy_theories}
Since the 19th century, the Holy Grail has been linked to various conspiracy theories. In 1818, Austrian pseudohistorical writer Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall connected the... | 615 | Holy Grail | 6 |
14,322 | # Holy Grail
## Modern interpretations {#modern_interpretations}
### Literature
The story of the Grail and of the quest to find it became increasingly popular in the 19th century, referred to in literature such as Alfred, Lord Tennyson\'s Arthurian cycle *Idylls of the King*. A sexualised interpretation of the grail,... | 886 | Holy Grail | 7 |
14,322 | # Holy Grail
## Modern interpretations {#modern_interpretations}
### Film and other media {#film_and_other_media}
In the cinema, the Holy Grail debuted in the 1904 silent film *Parsifal*, an adaptation of Wagner\'s opera by Edwin S. Porter. More recent cinematic adaptations include Costain\'s *The Silver Chalice* mad... | 1,011 | Holy Grail | 8 |
14,323 | # Hunt the Wumpus
***Hunt the Wumpus*** is a text-based adventure game developed by Gregory Yob in 1973. In the game, the player moves through a series of connected caves, arranged as the vertices of a dodecahedron, as they hunt a monster named the Wumpus. The turn-based game has the player trying to avoid fatal botto... | 569 | Hunt the Wumpus | 0 |
14,323 | # Hunt the Wumpus
## Development
In early 1973, Gregory Yob was looking through some of the games published by the People\'s Computer Company (PCC), and grew annoyed that there were multiple games, including *Hurkle* and *Mugwump*, that had the player \"hide and seek\" in a 10 by 10 grid. Yob was inspired to make a g... | 521 | Hunt the Wumpus | 1 |
14,323 | # Hunt the Wumpus
## Legacy
Multiple versions of *Hunt the Wumpus* were created and distributed after the game\'s release. Yob made *Wumpus 2* and *Wumpus 3*, beginning immediately after finishing the original game, with *Wumpus 2* adding different cave arrangements and *Wumpus 3* adding more hazards. The source code... | 563 | Hunt the Wumpus | 2 |
14,326 | # HMS Hercules
Five ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name **HMS *Hercules**\'\', or**HMS*Hercule**\'\', after the Greek and Roman hero Hercules. Another was launched, but never served in the Navy:
- was a 74-gun third rate launched in 1759 and sold in 1784.
- HMS *Hercule* was a 74-gun third rate captured ... | 184 | HMS Hercules | 0 |
14,329 | # Historicism
**Historicism** is an approach to explaining the existence of phenomena, especially social and cultural practices (including ideas and beliefs), by studying the process or history by which they came about. The term is widely used in philosophy, anthropology, and sociology.
This historical approach to ex... | 449 | Historicism | 0 |
14,329 | # Historicism
## Variants
### Hegelian
Hegel viewed the realization of human freedom as the ultimate purpose of history, which could be achieved only through the creation of the perfect state. Historical progress toward this state would occur through a dialectical process: the tension between the purpose of humankin... | 1,355 | Historicism | 1 |
14,329 | # Historicism
## Variants
### New Historicism {#new_historicism}
Since the 1950s, when Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault argued that each epoch has its own knowledge system, within which individuals are inexorably entangled, many post-structuralists have used *historicism* to describe the opinion that all questions m... | 493 | Historicism | 2 |
14,329 | # Historicism
## Critics
### Marxism
Western Marxists such as Karl Korsch, Antonio Gramsci and the early Georg Lukacs emphasise the roots of Marx\'s thought in Hegel. They interpret Marxism as a historically relativist philosophy, which views ideas (including Marxist theory) as products of the historical epochs that... | 959 | Historicism | 3 |
14,337 | # Human sexual activity
`{{Close relationships}}`{=mediawiki} **Human sexual activity**, **human sexual practice** or **human sexual behaviour** is the manner in which humans experience and express their sexuality. People engage in a variety of sexual acts, ranging from activities done alone (e.g., masturbation) to ac... | 756 | Human sexual activity | 0 |
14,337 | # Human sexual activity
## Stages of physiological arousal during sexual stimulation {#stages_of_physiological_arousal_during_sexual_stimulation}
The physiological responses during sexual stimulation are fairly similar for both men and women and there are four phases.
- During the excitement phase, muscle tension ... | 361 | Human sexual activity | 1 |
14,337 | # Human sexual activity
## Psychological aspects {#psychological_aspects}
Sexual activity can lower blood pressure and overall stress levels. It serves to release tension, elevate mood, and possibly create a profound sense of relaxation, especially in the postcoital period. From a biochemical perspective, sex causes ... | 873 | Human sexual activity | 2 |
14,337 | # Human sexual activity
## Frequency
The frequency of sexual activity might range from zero to 15 or 20 times a week. Frequency of intercourse tends to decline with age. Some post-menopausal women experience decline in frequency of sexual intercourse, while others do not. According to the Kinsey Institute, the averag... | 450 | Human sexual activity | 3 |
14,337 | # Human sexual activity
## Health and safety {#health_and_safety}
Sexual activity is an innately physiological function, but like other physical activity, it comes with risks. There are four main types of risks that may arise from sexual activity: unwanted pregnancy, contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI)... | 356 | Human sexual activity | 4 |
14,337 | # Human sexual activity
## Orientations and society {#orientations_and_society}
### Heterosexuality
Heterosexuality is the romantic or sexual attraction to the opposite sex. Heterosexual practices are institutionally privileged in most countries. In some countries, mostly those where religion has a strong influence ... | 825 | Human sexual activity | 5 |
14,337 | # Human sexual activity
## Other social aspects {#other_social_aspects}
### General attitudes {#general_attitudes}
Alex Comfort and others propose three potential social aspects of sexual intercourse in humans, which are not mutually exclusive: reproductive, relational, and recreational. The development of the contr... | 601 | Human sexual activity | 6 |
14,337 | # Human sexual activity
## BDSM
BDSM is a variety of erotic practices or roleplaying involving bondage, dominance and submission, sadomasochism, and other interpersonal dynamics. Given the wide range of practices, some of which may be engaged in by people who do not consider themselves as practicing BDSM, inclusion i... | 648 | Human sexual activity | 7 |
14,337 | # Human sexual activity
## Legal issues {#legal_issues}
There are many laws and social customs which prohibit, or in some way affect sexual activities. These laws and customs vary from country to country, and have varied over time. They cover, for example, a prohibition to non-consensual sex, to sex outside marriage,... | 835 | Human sexual activity | 8 |
14,340 | # Hydraulic ram
A **hydraulic ram pump**, **ram pump**, or **hydram** is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower. It takes in water at one \"hydraulic head\" (pressure) and flow rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic head and lower flow rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that al... | 793 | Hydraulic ram | 0 |
14,340 | # Hydraulic ram
## Construction and principle of operation {#construction_and_principle_of_operation}
A traditional hydraulic ram has only two moving parts, a spring or weight loaded \"waste\" valve sometimes known as the \"clack\" valve and a \"delivery\" check valve, making it cheap to build, easy to maintain, and ... | 928 | Hydraulic ram | 1 |
14,340 | # Hydraulic ram
## Construction and principle of operation {#construction_and_principle_of_operation}
### Starting operation {#starting_operation}
A ram newly placed into operation or which has stopped cycling should start automatically if the waste valve weight or spring pressure is adjusted correctly, but it can be... | 434 | Hydraulic ram | 2 |
14,359 | # Huygens–Fresnel principle
The **Huygens--Fresnel principle** (named after Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens and French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel) states that every point on a wavefront is itself the source of spherical wavelets, and the secondary wavelets emanating from different points mutually interfere. Th... | 811 | Huygens–Fresnel principle | 0 |
14,359 | # Huygens–Fresnel principle
## Mathematical expression of the principle {#mathematical_expression_of_the_principle}
Consider the case of a point source located at a point **P**~0~, vibrating at a frequency *f*. The disturbance may be described by a complex variable *U*~0~ known as the complex amplitude. It produces a... | 520 | Huygens–Fresnel principle | 1 |
14,359 | # Huygens–Fresnel principle
## Generalized Huygens\' principle {#generalized_huygens_principle}
Many books and references -- e.g. (Greiner, 2002) and (Enders, 2009) - refer to the Generalized Huygens\' Principle using the definition in (Feynman, 1948).
Feynman defines the generalized principle in the following way: ... | 695 | Huygens–Fresnel principle | 2 |
14,359 | # Huygens–Fresnel principle
## In other spatial dimensions {#in_other_spatial_dimensions}
In 1900, Jacques Hadamard observed that Huygens\' principle was broken when the number of spatial dimensions is even. From this, he developed a set of conjectures that remain an active topic of research. In particular, it has be... | 99 | Huygens–Fresnel principle | 3 |
14,368 | # Hero System
The ***Hero System*** is a generic role-playing game system that was developed from the superhero RPG *Champions*. After *Champions* fourth edition was released in 1989, a stripped-down version of its ruleset with no superhero or other genre elements was released as The *Hero System Rulesbook* in 1990. A... | 959 | Hero System | 0 |
14,368 | # Hero System
## System features {#system_features}
### Powers
The powers system are the variables players can manipulate in the characters of Hero System. The powers in the Hero System are categorized roughly as follows:
:\***Adjustment Powers** --- Modify the Characteristics of self or another.
:\***Attack Powers... | 621 | Hero System | 1 |
14,368 | # Hero System
## Publishing history {#publishing_history}
Although several games based on what would become known as the *Hero System* were published in the 1980s, including *Champions*, *Danger International*, *Justice, Inc.*, *Robot Warriors* and the original versions of *Fantasy Hero* and *Star Hero*, each of the ... | 907 | Hero System | 2 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
`{{Scandinavia|History}}`{=mediawiki}
The **history of Finland** began around 9000 BC during the end of the last glacial period. Stone Age cultures were Kunda, Comb Ceramic, Corded Ware, Kiukainen, and Pöljä culture. The Finnish Bronze Age started in approximately 1500 BC and the Iron Age started... | 457 | History of Finland | 0 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Stone Age {#stone_age}
### Paleolithic
The Susiluola Cave near Kristinestad in Ostrobothnia has been suggested as a possible Neanderthal settlement, potentially dating back 120,000 years to the Last Interglacial. If confirmed, it would represent the earliest known human settlement in Fennosca... | 576 | History of Finland | 1 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Iron Age {#iron_age}
The Iron Age in Finland is considered to have lasted from c. 500 BC until c. 1300 AD. Written records of Finland become more common due to the Northern Crusades led by the Catholic Church in the 12th and 13th centuries. As the Finnish Iron Age lasted almost two millennia, ... | 871 | History of Finland | 2 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Iron Age {#iron_age}
### Chronology of languages in Finland {#chronology_of_languages_in_finland}
The question of the timelines for the evolution and the spreading of the current Finnic languages is controversial, and new theories challenging older ones have been introduced continuously.
It w... | 418 | History of Finland | 3 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Finland under Swedish rule {#finland_under_swedish_rule}
### Middle Ages {#middle_ages}
Contact between Sweden and what is now Finland was considerable even during pre-Christian times; the Vikings were known to the Finns due to their participation in both commerce and plundering. There is pos... | 1,368 | History of Finland | 4 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Finland under Swedish rule {#finland_under_swedish_rule}
### Middle Ages {#middle_ages}
### 16th century {#th_century}
In 1521, the Kalmar Union collapsed and Gustav Vasa became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the Swedish church was reformed. The state administration underwent extensive ... | 355 | History of Finland | 5 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Finland under Swedish rule {#finland_under_swedish_rule}
### 17th century {#th_century_1}
From 1611 to 1632, Sweden was ruled by King Gustavus Adolphus, whose military reforms transformed the Swedish army from a peasant militia into an efficient fighting machine, possibly the best in Europe. T... | 614 | History of Finland | 6 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Finland under Swedish rule {#finland_under_swedish_rule}
### 18th century {#th_century_2}
The Great Northern War (1700--1721) was devastating, as Sweden and Russia fought for control of the Baltic. Harsh conditions---worsening poverty and repeated crop failures---among peasants undermined supp... | 1,077 | History of Finland | 7 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Finland under Swedish rule {#finland_under_swedish_rule}
### Peasants
While the king of Sweden sent in his governor to rule Finland, in day to day reality the villagers ran their own affairs using traditional local assemblies (called the ting) which selected a local *lagman*, or lawman, to enf... | 424 | History of Finland | 8 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Historical population of Finland {#historical_population_of_finland}
: 1150: 20,000--40,000
: 1550: 300,000
: 1750: 428,000
: 1770: 561,000
: 1790: 706,000
: 1810: 863,000
: 1830: 1,372,000
: 1850: 1,637,000
: 1870: 1,769,000
: 1890: 2,380,000
: 1910: 2,943,000
: 1930: ... | 509 | History of Finland | 9 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Grand Duchy of Finland {#grand_duchy_of_finland}
### Nationalism
The Finnish national awakening in the mid-19th century was the result of members of the Swedish-speaking upper classes deliberately choosing to promote Finnish culture and language as a means of nation building, i.e. to establish... | 828 | History of Finland | 10 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Grand Duchy of Finland {#grand_duchy_of_finland}
### Politics
Despite certain freedoms granted to Finland, the Grand Duchy was not a democratic state. The tsar retained supreme power and ruled through the highest official in the land, the governor general, almost always a Russian officer. Alex... | 586 | History of Finland | 11 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Independence and Civil War {#independence_and_civil_war}
*Main article: Finnish Declaration of Independence, Timeline of Independence of Finland (1917--1920), Finnish Civil War* `{{See also|History of Finland (1917–present)}}`{=mediawiki} In the aftermath of the February Revolution in Russia, ... | 820 | History of Finland | 12 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Finland in the inter-war era {#finland_in_the_inter_war_era}
After the civil war, the parliament controlled by the Whites voted to establish a constitutional monarchy to be called the *Kingdom of Finland*, with German prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as king. However, Germany\'s defeat in Nov... | 607 | History of Finland | 13 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Finland in the Second World War {#finland_in_the_second_world_war}
In August 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov--Ribbentrop Pact, where Finland and the Baltic states were allocated to the Soviet \"sphere of influence\". After invading Poland, the Soviet Union sent ultim... | 1,186 | History of Finland | 14 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Post WW2 and Cold War {#post_ww2_and_cold_war}
### Neutrality in Cold War {#neutrality_in_cold_war}
Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economy during the Cold War era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included obligations and restraints on Finland, as we... | 1,242 | History of Finland | 15 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Post WW2 and Cold War {#post_ww2_and_cold_war}
### Economy {#economy_1}
The post-war period was a time of rapid economic growth and increasing social and political stability for Finland. The five decades after the Second World War saw Finland turn from a war-ravaged agrarian society into one o... | 182 | History of Finland | 16 |
14,378 | # History of Finland
## Post-Cold War history {#post_cold_war_history}
The GDP growth rate has since been one of the highest of OECD countries and Finland has topped many indicators of national performance.
Until 1991, President Mauno Koivisto and two of the three major parties, Center Party and the Social Democrats... | 518 | History of Finland | 17 |
14,381 | # Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, the **Hamiltonian** of a system is an operator corresponding to the total energy of that system, including both kinetic energy and potential energy. Its spectrum, the system\'s *energy spectrum* or its set of *energy eigenvalues*, is the set of possible outcomes ... | 602 | Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) | 0 |
14,381 | # Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
## Schrödinger Hamiltonian {#schrödinger_hamiltonian}
### Many particles {#many_particles}
The formalism can be extended to $N$ particles: $\hat{H} = \sum_{n=1}^N \hat{T}_n + \hat{V}$ where $\hat{V} = V(\mathbf{r}_1,\mathbf{r}_2,\ldots, \mathbf{r}_N,t) ,$ is the potential energy func... | 719 | Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) | 1 |
14,381 | # Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
## Dirac formalism {#dirac_formalism}
However, in the more general formalism of Dirac, the Hamiltonian is typically implemented as an operator on a Hilbert space in the following way:
The eigenkets of $H$, denoted $\left| a \right\rang$, provide an orthonormal basis for the Hilbert ... | 778 | Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) | 2 |
14,381 | # Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
## Expressions for the Hamiltonian {#expressions_for_the_hamiltonian}
### Magnetic dipole in a magnetic field {#magnetic_dipole_in_a_magnetic_field}
For a magnetic dipole moment $\boldsymbol{\mu}$ in a uniform, magnetostatic field (time-independent) $\mathbf{B}$, positioned in one pl... | 262 | Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) | 3 |
14,381 | # Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
## Energy eigenket degeneracy, symmetry, and conservation laws {#energy_eigenket_degeneracy_symmetry_and_conservation_laws}
In many systems, two or more energy eigenstates have the same energy. A simple example of this is a free particle, whose energy eigenstates have wavefunctions t... | 322 | Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) | 4 |
14,381 | # Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
## Hamilton\'s equations {#hamiltons_equations}
Hamilton\'s equations in classical Hamiltonian mechanics have a direct analogy in quantum mechanics. Suppose we have a set of basis states $\left\{\left| n \right\rangle\right\}$, which need not necessarily be eigenstates of the energy.... | 407 | Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) | 5 |
14,382 | # Hi-hat
High hat}} `{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TOC_Right}}`{=mediawiki} A **hi-hat** (**hihat**, **high-hat**, etc.) is a combination of two cymbals and a pedal, all mounted on a metal stand. It is a part of the standard drum kit used by drummers in many styles of music including rock, ... | 371 | Hi-hat | 0 |
14,382 | # Hi-hat
## History
Initial versions of the hi-hat were called clangers, which were small cymbals mounted onto a bass drum rim and struck with an arm on the bass drum pedal. Then came shoes, which were two hinged boards with cymbals on the ends that were clashed together. Next was the low-sock, low-boy or low-hat,`{{... | 810 | Hi-hat | 1 |
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