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15,076 | # International Data Encryption Algorithm
## Security
The designers analysed IDEA to measure its strength against differential cryptanalysis and concluded that it is immune under certain assumptions. No successful linear or algebraic weaknesses have been reported. `{{As of|2007}}`{=mediawiki}, the best attack applied... | 322 | International Data Encryption Algorithm | 1 |
15,076 | # International Data Encryption Algorithm
## Availability
A patent application for IDEA was first filed in Switzerland (CH A 1690/90) on May 18, 1990, then an international patent application was filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty on May 16, 1991. Patents were eventually granted in Austria, France, Germany, It... | 121 | International Data Encryption Algorithm | 2 |
15,077 | # Indoor rower
An **indoor rower**, or **rowing machine**, is a machine used to simulate the action of watercraft rowing for the purpose of exercise or training for rowing. Modern indoor rowers are known as **ergometers** (colloquially **erg** or **ergo**) because they measure work performed by the rower (that can be ... | 406 | Indoor rower | 0 |
15,077 | # Indoor rower
## Equipment
### Motion type {#motion_type}
Modern indoor rowers have their resistance provided by a flywheel. Indoor rowers that use flywheel resistance are classified into two motion types. In both models, the user\'s rowing movement causes the footrests and seat to move further and closer apart in ... | 525 | Indoor rower | 1 |
15,077 | # Indoor rower
## Technique
Rowing on an ergometer requires four basic phases to complete one stroke; the catch, the drive, the finish and the recovery. The catch is the initial part of the stroke. The drive is where the power from the rower is generated while the finish is the final part of the stroke. Then, the rec... | 539 | Indoor rower | 2 |
15,078 | # Internetwork Packet Exchange
**Internetwork Packet Exchange** (**IPX**) is the network-layer protocol in the IPX/SPX protocol suite. IPX is derived from Xerox Network Systems\' IDP. It also has the ability to act as a transport layer protocol.
The IPX/SPX protocol suite was very popular through the late 1980s and m... | 475 | Internetwork Packet Exchange | 0 |
15,078 | # Internetwork Packet Exchange
## IPX addressing {#ipx_addressing}
An IPX address has the following structure:
Octets Field
-------- ----------------
4 Network number
6 Node number
2 Socket number
### Network number {#network_number}
The network number allows to address (and commun... | 547 | Internetwork Packet Exchange | 1 |
15,078 | # Internetwork Packet Exchange
## IPX addressing {#ipx_addressing}
### Comparison with IP {#comparison_with_ip}
The IPX network number is conceptually identical to the network part of the IP address (the parts with netmask bits set to 1); the node number has the same meaning as the bits of IP address with netmask bit... | 435 | Internetwork Packet Exchange | 2 |
15,114 | # Indictable offence
In many common law jurisdictions (e.g. England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an **indictable offence** is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a *prima facie* case... | 290 | Indictable offence | 0 |
15,114 | # Indictable offence
## England and Wales {#england_and_wales}
In relation to England and Wales, the expression *indictable offence* means an offence which, if committed by an adult, is triable on indictment, whether it is exclusively so triable or triable either way; and the term *indictable*, in its application to ... | 574 | Indictable offence | 1 |
15,134 | # Lightbulb joke
A **lightbulb joke** is a joke cycle that asks how many people of a certain group are needed to change, replace, or screw in a light bulb. Generally, the punch line answer highlights a stereotype of the target group. There are numerous versions of the lightbulb joke satirizing a wide range of cultures... | 361 | Lightbulb joke | 0 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
The **IBM 3270** is a family of block oriented display and printer computer terminals introduced by IBM in 1971 and normally used to communicate with IBM mainframes. The 3270 was the successor to the IBM 2260 display terminal. Due to the text color on the original models, these terminals are informally know... | 841 | IBM 3270 | 0 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
## Applications
Following its introduction the 3270 and compatibles were by far the most commonly used terminals on IBM System/370 and successor systems. IBM and third-party software that included an interactive component took for granted the presence of 3270 terminals and provided a set of ISPF panels and... | 336 | IBM 3270 | 1 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
## SNA
3270 devices can be a part of an SNA -- System Network Architecture network or non-SNA network. If the controllers are SNA connected, they appear to SNA as PU -- Physical Unit type 2.0 (PU2.1 for APPN) nodes typically with LU -- Logical Unit type 1, 2, and 3 devices connected. Local, channel attache... | 349 | IBM 3270 | 2 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
## Models
The IBM 3270 display terminal subsystem consists of displays, printers and controllers. Optional features for the 3275 and 3277 are the *selector-pen*, ASCII rather than EBCDIC character set, an audible alarm, and a keylock for the keyboard. A *keyboard numeric lock* was available and will lock t... | 1,060 | IBM 3270 | 3 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
## Models
### Displays
#### 317x
- 3178: lower cost terminal (1983)
- 3179: low cost color terminal
announced March 20, 1984.
#### 3180 {#section_4}
The 3180 was a monochrome display, introduced on March 20, 1984, that the user could configure for several different basic and extended display modes; ... | 601 | IBM 3270 | 4 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
## Models
### Displays
#### Graphics models {#graphics_models}
IBM had two different implementations for supporting graphics. The first was implemented in the optional Programmed Symbol Sets (PSS) of the 3278, 3279 and 3287, which became a standard feature on the later 3279-S3G, a.k.a. 3279G, and was based... | 941 | IBM 3270 | 5 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
## Models
### Display-Controller {#display_controller}
- 3275 remote display with controller function (no additional displays up to one printer)
- 3276 remote display with controller function. IBM 3276, announced in 1981, was a combined remote controller and display terminal, offering support for up to... | 778 | IBM 3270 | 6 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
## Models
### Controllers
#### 3174 controller {#controller_1}
IBM introduced the 3174 Subsystem Control Unit in 1986, replacing the 3274 product line.
The 3174 was designed to enhance the 3270 product line with many new connectivity options and features. Like the 3274, it was customizable, the main diffe... | 848 | IBM 3270 | 7 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
## Models
### Controllers
#### Non-IBM Controllers {#non_ibm_controllers}
##### GTE {#gte_1}
The GTE IS/7800 Video Display Systems used one of two nominally IBM compatible controllers:
- 7801 (remote, 3271 equivalent)
- 7802 (local, 3277 equivalent)
##### Harris {#harris_1}
The Harris 8000 Series T... | 490 | IBM 3270 | 8 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
## Telnet 3270 {#telnet_3270}
Telnet 3270, or **tn3270** describes both the process of sending and receiving 3270 data streams using the telnet protocol and the software that emulates a 3270 class terminal that communicates using that process. tn3270 allows a 3270 terminal emulator to communicate over a TC... | 548 | IBM 3270 | 9 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
## Technical Information {#technical_information}
### Data stream {#data_stream}
Data sent to the 3270 consist of commands, a Copy Control Character (CCC) or Write Control Character (WCC) if appropriate, a device address for copy, orders, character data and structured fields. Commands instruct the 3270 con... | 1,194 | IBM 3270 | 10 |
15,154 | # IBM 3270
## Technical Information {#technical_information}
### Data stream {#data_stream}
#### Example
The following data stream writes an attribute in row 24, column 1, writes the (protected) characters \'\> \' in row 24, columns 2 and 3, and creates an unprotected field on row 24 from columns 5-79. Because the bu... | 230 | IBM 3270 | 11 |
15,164 | # I486SX
The **i486SX** was a microprocessor originally released by Intel in 1991. It was a modified Intel i486DX microprocessor with its floating-point unit (FPU) disabled. It was intended as a lower-cost CPU for use in low-end systems---selling for US\$258---adapting the *SX* suffix of the earlier i386SX in order to... | 496 | I486SX | 0 |
15,180 | # Intergovernmentalism
In international relations, **intergovernmentalism** treats states (and national governments in particular) as the primary actors in the integration process. Intergovernmentalist approaches claim to be able to explain both periods of radical change in the European Union because of converging gov... | 547 | Intergovernmentalism | 0 |
15,188 | # In vitro
***In vitro*** (meaning *in glass*, or *in the glass*) studies are performed with cells or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called \"test-tube experiments\", these studies in biology and its subdisciplines are traditionally done in labware such as test tubes, flasks... | 387 | In vitro | 0 |
15,188 | # In vitro
## Examples
As described before, *in vitro* can encompass work on living and non-living systems of a wide range of complexities.
- Using any part of a living organism
- Protein purification involves the isolation of a specific protein of interest from a complex mixture of proteins, often obtained ... | 376 | In vitro | 1 |
15,188 | # In vitro
## Advantages
*In vitro* studies permit a species-specific, simpler, more convenient, and more detailed analysis than can be done with the whole organism. Just as studies in whole animals more and more replace human trials, so are *in vitro* studies replacing studies in whole animals.
### Simplicity
Livi... | 589 | In vitro | 2 |
15,188 | # In vitro
## *In vitro* to *in vivo* extrapolation {#in_vitro_to_in_vivo_extrapolation}
Results obtained from *in vitro* experiments cannot usually be transposed, as is, to predict the reaction of an entire organism *in vivo*. Building a consistent and reliable extrapolation procedure from *in vitro* results to *in ... | 297 | In vitro | 3 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
thumb\|upright=1.7\|A 19th-century depiction of Galileo Galilei before the Holy Office, by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury
The **Inquisition** was a Catholic judicial procedure where the ecclesiastical judges could initiate, investigate and try cases in their jurisdiction. Popularly it became the name for ... | 517 | Inquisition | 0 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Definition and goals {#definition_and_goals}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Tribunal at the Inquisitor\'s Palace in Birgu, Malta. Eymeric\'s manual recommends that the accused be seated on a backless low bench.
Today, the English term \"Inquisition\" is popularly applied to any one of the regional tribunals or... | 524 | Inquisition | 1 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Sentences
The overwhelming majority of guilty sentences with repentance seem to have consisted of penances like wearing a cross sewn on one\'s clothes or going on pilgrimage. When a suspect was convicted of major, wilful, unrepentant heresy, canon law required the inquisitorial tribunal to hand the p... | 447 | Inquisition | 2 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Origin
Before the 12th century, the Catholic Church suppressed what they believed to be heresy, usually through a system of ecclesiastical proscription or imprisonment, but without using torture, and seldom resorting to executions. Such punishments were opposed by a number of clergymen and theologian... | 299 | Inquisition | 3 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Medieval Inquisitions {#medieval_inquisitions}
Historians use the term \"Medieval Inquisition\" to describe the various inquisitions that started around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisitions (1184--1230s) and later the Papal Inquisitions (1230s). These inquisitions responded to large popular mov... | 555 | Inquisition | 4 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Medieval Inquisitions {#medieval_inquisitions}
### Inquisitions in Medieval France {#inquisitions_in_medieval_france}
The Albigensian Crusade (1209--1229) a crusade proclaimed by the Catholic Church against heresy, mainly Catharism, with many thousands of victims (men, women and children, some of the... | 1,197 | Inquisition | 5 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Medieval Inquisitions {#medieval_inquisitions}
### Inquisitions in Medieval Germany {#inquisitions_in_medieval_germany}
The Rhineland and Thuringia in the years 1231--1233 were the field of activity of the notorious inquisitor Konrad of Marburg. Unfortunately, the documentation of his trials has not ... | 493 | Inquisition | 6 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Medieval Inquisitions {#medieval_inquisitions}
### Inquisition in Hungary and the Balkans {#inquisition_in_hungary_and_the_balkans}
Very little is known about the activities of inquisitors in Hungary and the countries under its influence (Bosnia, Croatia), as there are few sources about this activity... | 640 | Inquisition | 7 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Early modern European history {#early_modern_european_history}
With the sharpening of debate and of conflict between the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, Protestant societies came to see/use the Inquisition as a terrifying \"other\", while staunch Catholics regarded the Ho... | 453 | Inquisition | 8 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Early modern European history {#early_modern_european_history}
### Portuguese Inquisition {#portuguese_inquisition}
The Portuguese Inquisition formally started in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King João III. Manuel I had asked Pope Leo X for the installation of the Inquisition in 1515, but only ... | 468 | Inquisition | 9 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Early modern European history {#early_modern_european_history}
### Roman Inquisition {#roman_inquisition}
With the Protestant Reformation, Catholic authorities became much more ready to suspect heresy in any new ideas, including those of Renaissance humanism, previously strongly supported by many at ... | 683 | Inquisition | 10 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Manuals for Inquisitors {#manuals_for_inquisitors}
Over the centuries that it lasted, several procedure manuals for inquisitors were produced for dealing with different types of heresy. The primordial text was Pope Innocent IV\'s bull, *Ad Extirpanda*, from 1252, which in its thirty-eight laws detail... | 467 | Inquisition | 11 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Inquisition Proceedings {#inquisition_proceedings}
### Denunciations
The usual procedure began with the visitation by the inquisitors in a chosen location. The so-called heretics were then asked to be present and denounce themselves and others; it was not enough to denounce himself as a heretic.
Ma... | 1,000 | Inquisition | 12 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Inquisition Proceedings {#inquisition_proceedings}
### Methods of torture used {#methods_of_torture_used}
#### Fake instruments of torture {#fake_instruments_of_torture}
Despite what is popularly believed, the cases in which torture was used during the inquisitorial processes were rare, since it was ... | 1,172 | Inquisition | 13 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Inquisition Proceedings {#inquisition_proceedings}
### Trials
The Inquisition\'s trials were secret and there was no possibility of appealing the decisions. The defendant was pressured to confess to the \"crimes\" assigned to him. The Inquisitors kept the accusations made and evidence they possessed ... | 410 | Inquisition | 14 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Inquisition Proceedings {#inquisition_proceedings}
### Punishments
The Inquisition\'s sentences could be simple penances, for example private devotions, or heavy punishments. One of the Inquisition\'s punishments was the forced wearing of distinctive clothing or signs such as the sambenito, sometimes... | 176 | Inquisition | 15 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Legitimation by the texts {#legitimation_by_the_texts}
The Inquisition always referred to biblical passages, as well as to church fathers, like Augustine of Hippo, to legitimise his actuation.
The New Testament contains some sentences that the church could interpret for dealing with heretics. The ex... | 584 | Inquisition | 16 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Opposition and resistance {#opposition_and_resistance}
In many regions and times, there was opposition to the Inquisition.
### Assassinations
In some cases, heretics and other targets did not hesitate to attempt to murder the inquisitors, or destroy its voluminous archives, because they had much to... | 854 | Inquisition | 17 |
15,191 | # Inquisition
## Current position of the Catholic Church {#current_position_of_the_catholic_church}
Reflection on the inquisitorial activity of the Catholic Church began to be seriously undertaken in the period of preparation for the Great Jubilee of 2000, on the initiative of John Paul II, who called for repentance ... | 336 | Inquisition | 18 |
15,207 | # Ig Nobel Prize
The **Ig Nobel Prize** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɪ|ɡ|_|n|oʊ|ˈ|b|ɛ|l}}`{=mediawiki}) is a satirical prize awarded annually since 1991 to promote public engagement with scientific research. Its aim is to \"honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think.\" The name of the award is a pun on... | 793 | Ig Nobel Prize | 0 |
15,207 | # Ig Nobel Prize
## Legacy
A September 2009 article in *The National* titled \"A noble side to Ig Nobels\" says that, although the Ig Nobel Awards are veiled criticism of trivial research, history shows that trivial research sometimes leads to important breakthroughs. For instance, in 2006, a study showing that one o... | 159 | Ig Nobel Prize | 1 |
15,210 | # ITU-R
The **ITU Radiocommunication Sector** (**ITU-R**) is one of the three sectors (divisions or units) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is responsible for radio communications.
Its role is to manage the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources and to develop stand... | 213 | ITU-R | 0 |
15,220 | # Imprecise language
**Imprecise language**, **informal spoken language**, or **everyday language** is less precise than any more formal or academic languages.
Language might be said to be imprecise because it exhibits one or more of the following features:
- ambiguity -- when a word or phrase pertains to its havi... | 199 | Imprecise language | 0 |
15,222 | # IEEE 802.2
**IEEE 802.2** is the original name of the **ISO/IEC 8802-2** standard which defines logical link control (LLC) as the upper portion of the data link layer of the OSI Model. The original standard developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in collaboration with the American N... | 585 | IEEE 802.2 | 0 |
15,222 | # IEEE 802.2
## LLC header {#llc_header}
Any 802.2 LLC PDU has the following format:
802.2 LLC Header
------------------ --------------
DSAP address SSAP address
8 bits 8 bits
When Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) extension is used, it is located at the start of the Information field:
... | 846 | IEEE 802.2 | 1 |
15,227 | # Inuit languages
The **Inuit languages** are a closely related group of indigenous American languages traditionally spoken across the North American Arctic and the adjacent subarctic regions as far south as Labrador. The Inuit languages are one of the two branches of the Eskimoan language family, the other being the ... | 309 | Inuit languages | 0 |
15,227 | # Inuit languages
## Nomenclature
The traditional language of the Inuit is a system of closely interrelated dialects that are not readily comprehensible from one end of the Inuit world to the other; some people do not think of it as a single language but rather a group of languages. However, there are no clear criter... | 478 | Inuit languages | 1 |
15,227 | # Inuit languages
## Classification and history {#classification_and_history}
The Inuit languages constitute a branch of the Eskimo--Aleut language family. They are closely related to the Yupik languages and more remotely to Aleut. These other languages are all spoken in western Alaska, United States, and eastern Chu... | 359 | Inuit languages | 2 |
15,227 | # Inuit languages
## Geographic distribution and variants {#geographic_distribution_and_variants}
thumb\|center\|upright=3\|Distribution of Inuit language variants across the Arctic
The Inuit languages are a fairly closely linked set of languages which can be broken up using a number of different criteria. Tradition... | 465 | Inuit languages | 3 |
15,227 | # Inuit languages
## Geographic distribution and variants {#geographic_distribution_and_variants}
### Greenland
Greenland counts approximately 50,000 speakers of the Inuit languages, over 90% of whom speak west Greenlandic dialects at home.
- Kalaallisut, Greenlandic in English, is the standard dialect and officia... | 481 | Inuit languages | 4 |
15,227 | # Inuit languages
## Morphology and syntax {#morphology_and_syntax}
The Inuit languages, like other Eskimo--Aleut languages, have very rich morphological systems in which a succession of different morphemes are added to root words (like verb endings in European languages) to indicate things that, in languages like En... | 295 | Inuit languages | 5 |
15,227 | # Inuit languages
## Vocabulary
### Toponymy and names {#toponymy_and_names}
Both the names of places and people tend to be highly prosaic when translated. *Iqaluit*, for example, is simply the plural of the noun *iqaluk* \"fish\" (\"Arctic char\", \"salmon\" or \"trout\" depending on dialect). *Igloolik* (*Iglulik*... | 664 | Inuit languages | 6 |
15,227 | # Inuit languages
## Writing
Because the Inuit languages are spread over such a large area, divided between different nations and political units and originally reached by Europeans of different origins at different times, there is no uniform way of writing the Inuit language.
Currently there are six \"standard\" wa... | 353 | Inuit languages | 7 |
15,237 | # Iterative method
In computational mathematics, an **iterative method** is a mathematical procedure that uses an initial value to generate a sequence of improving approximate solutions for a class of problems, in which the *i*-th approximation (called an \"iterate\") is derived from the previous ones.
A specific imp... | 366 | Iterative method | 0 |
15,237 | # Iterative method
## Linear systems {#linear_systems}
In the case of a system of linear equations, the two main classes of iterative methods are the **stationary iterative methods**, and the more general Krylov subspace methods.
### Stationary iterative methods {#stationary_iterative_methods}
#### Introduction
St... | 891 | Iterative method | 1 |
15,238 | # International judicial institution
**International judicial institutions** can be divided into courts, arbitral tribunals and quasi-judicial institutions. Courts are permanent bodies, with near the same composition for each case. Arbitral tribunals, by contrast, are constituted anew for each case. Both courts and ar... | 210 | International judicial institution | 0 |
15,239 | # International Prize Court
The **International Prize Court** was an international court proposed at the beginning of the 20th century, to hear prize cases. An international agreement to create it, the *Convention Relative to the Creation of an International Prize Court*, was made at the Second Hague Conference in 190... | 326 | International Prize Court | 0 |
15,242 | # Instrument flight rules
In aviation, **instrument flight rules** (**IFR**) is one of two sets of regulations governing all aspects of civil aviation aircraft operations; the other is visual flight rules (VFR).
The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration\'s (FAA) *Instrument Flying Handbook* defines IFR as: \"Rules and... | 677 | Instrument flight rules | 0 |
15,242 | # Instrument flight rules
## Separation and clearance {#separation_and_clearance}
The distance by which an aircraft avoids obstacles or other aircraft is termed *separation*. The most important concept of IFR flying is that separation is maintained regardless of weather conditions. In controlled airspace, air traffic... | 275 | Instrument flight rules | 1 |
15,242 | # Instrument flight rules
## Weather
It is essential to differentiate between flight plan type (VFR or IFR) and weather conditions (VMC or IMC). While current and forecast weather may be a factor in deciding which type of flight plan to file, weather conditions themselves do not affect one\'s filed flight plan. For e... | 741 | Instrument flight rules | 2 |
15,242 | # Instrument flight rules
## Procedures
Specific procedures allow IFR aircraft to transition safely through every stage of flight. These procedures specify how an IFR pilot should respond, even in the event of a complete radio failure, and loss of communications with ATC, including the expected aircraft course and al... | 615 | Instrument flight rules | 3 |
15,256 | # Immaculate Conception
The **Immaculate Conception** is the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her conception. It is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. Debated by medieval theologians, it was not defined as a dogma until 1854, by Pope Pius IX in the papal bull... | 545 | Immaculate Conception | 0 |
15,256 | # Immaculate Conception
## History
### Medieval formulation {#medieval_formulation}
By the 4th century the idea that Mary was free from sin was generally more widespread, but original sin raised the question of whether she was also free of the sin passed down from Adam. The question became acute when the feast of her... | 406 | Immaculate Conception | 1 |
15,256 | # Immaculate Conception
## History
### Popular devotion and *Ineffabilis Deus* {#popular_devotion_and_ineffabilis_deus}
According to Patrizia Granziera, the creation of the dogma was slow and elaborate and it was more the fruit of popular devotion than scholarly. The Immaculate Conception became a popular subject in ... | 718 | Immaculate Conception | 2 |
15,256 | # Immaculate Conception
## Feast, patronages and disputes {#feast_patronages_and_disputes}
*Main article: Feast of the Immaculate Conception, Patronages of the Immaculate Conception* The feast day of the Immaculate Conception is December 8. The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours include references t... | 356 | Immaculate Conception | 3 |
15,256 | # Immaculate Conception
## Prayers and hymns {#prayers_and_hymns}
thumb\|upright=0.8\|The venerated ivory image of the Immaculate Conception of Batangas City, Philippines, pontifically crowned on December 8, 2022 The Roman Rite liturgical books, including the Roman Missal and the Liturgy of the Hours, included office... | 303 | Immaculate Conception | 4 |
15,256 | # Immaculate Conception
## Artistic representation {#artistic_representation}
The Immaculate Conception became a popular subject in literature, but its abstract nature meant it was late in appearing as a subject in art. During the Medieval period it was depicted as \"Joachim and Anne Meeting at the Golden Gate\", mea... | 314 | Immaculate Conception | 5 |
15,256 | # Immaculate Conception
## Other denominations {#other_denominations}
### Oriental Orthodoxy {#oriental_orthodoxy}
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches believe in the Immaculate Conception of the Theotokos. The Ethiopic phrase used to express that the Blessed Virgin Mary is free fr... | 472 | Immaculate Conception | 6 |
15,260 | # Islands of the North Atlantic
**IONA** (**Islands of the North Atlantic**) is an acronym suggested in 1980 by Sir John Biggs-Davison to refer to a loose linkage of the Channel Islands (Guernsey and Jersey), Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales), Ireland (Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), and the ... | 321 | Islands of the North Atlantic | 0 |
15,266 | # Interactive Fiction Competition
The **Interactive Fiction Competition** (also known as IFComp) is one of several annual competitions for works of interactive fiction. It has been held since 1995. It is intended for fairly short games, as judges are only allowed to spend two hours playing a game before deciding how m... | 355 | Interactive Fiction Competition | 0 |
15,266 | # Interactive Fiction Competition
## Winners
The following is a list of first place winners to date:
- **1995:** Tie: *A Change in the Weather* by Andrew Plotkin and *Uncle Zebulon\'s Will* by Magnus Olsson
- **1996:** *The Meteor, the Stone and a Long Glass of Sherbet* by Graham Nelson
- **1997:** *The Edific... | 357 | Interactive Fiction Competition | 1 |
15,268 | # Inquests in England and Wales
**Inquests in England and Wales** are held into sudden or unexplained deaths and also into the circumstances of and discovery of a certain class of valuable artefacts known as \"treasure trove\". In England and Wales, inquests are the responsibility of a coroner, who operates under the ... | 572 | Inquests in England and Wales | 0 |
15,268 | # Inquests in England and Wales
## Scope of inquest {#scope_of_inquest}
The purpose of the inquest is to answer four questions:
- Identity of the deceased
- Place of death
- Time of death
- How the deceased came by their death
Evidence must be solely for the purpose of answering these questions and no other... | 308 | Inquests in England and Wales | 1 |
15,268 | # Inquests in England and Wales
## Procedure
Inquests are governed by the `{{not a typo|Coroners}}`{=mediawiki} Rules. The coroner gives notice to near relatives, those entitled to examine witnesses and those whose conduct is likely to be scrutinised. Inquests are held in public except where there are real issues and... | 517 | Inquests in England and Wales | 2 |
15,276 | # ISO 3864
**ISO 3864** is an International Organization for Standardization technical standard for safety signs and markings in workplaces and public facilities. These labels are graphical, to overcome language barriers. The standard is split into four parts.
## Parts
ISO 3864 consists of four parts, that provide m... | 829 | ISO 3864 | 0 |
15,281 | # Isaac Abendana
**Isaac Abendana** (c. 1640--1699) was the younger brother of Jacob Abendana, and became *hakam* of the Spanish Portuguese Synagogue in London after his brother died.
Abendana moved to England before his brother, in 1662, and taught Hebrew at Cambridge University. He completed an unpublished Latin tr... | 140 | Isaac Abendana | 0 |
15,295 | # Intelligent design
*Pandoc timed out | 6 | Intelligent design | 0 |
15,336 | # Italian Greyhound
The **Italian Greyhound** or **Italian Sighthound** (*italic=no*) is an Italian breed of small sighthound.`{{r|fci}}`{=mediawiki} It was bred to hunt hare and rabbit, but is kept mostly as a companion dog.
## History
Small dogs of sighthound type have long been popular with nobility and royalty. ... | 680 | Italian Greyhound | 0 |
15,346 | # Institute of National Remembrance
The **Institute of National Remembrance** -- **Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation** (*Instytut Pamięci Narodowej -- Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu*, abbreviated **IPN**) is a Polish state research institute in charge of educatio... | 581 | Institute of National Remembrance | 0 |
15,346 | # Institute of National Remembrance
## Organisation
IPN was created by special legislation on 18 December 1998. The IPN is divided into:
- Main Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation (*Główna Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu*)
- Bureau of Provision and Archivizati... | 758 | Institute of National Remembrance | 1 |
15,346 | # Institute of National Remembrance
## Public prosecutors in the IPN {#public_prosecutors_in_the_ipn}
Two components of the IPN are specialized parts of the Public Prosecution Service of Poland, namely the Main Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation and the Lustration Bureau. Each of these... | 441 | Institute of National Remembrance | 2 |
15,346 | # Institute of National Remembrance
## Other activities {#other_activities}
### Research
The research conducted by IPN from December 2000 falls into four main topic areas:`{{better source needed|date=March 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
- Security Apparatus and Civil Resistance (with separate sub-projects devoted to Politic... | 831 | Institute of National Remembrance | 3 |
15,346 | # Institute of National Remembrance
## Criticism
According to Georges Mink, common criticisms of the IPN include its dominance in the Polish research field, which is guaranteed by a budget that far supersedes that of any similar academic institution; the \"thematic monotony \... of micro-historical studies \... of no... | 1,078 | Institute of National Remembrance | 4 |
15,352 | # Indistinguishable particles
In quantum mechanics, **indistinguishable particles** (also called **identical** or **indiscernible particles**) are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to, elementary particles (such as el... | 431 | Indistinguishable particles | 0 |
15,352 | # Indistinguishable particles
## Quantum mechanical description {#quantum_mechanical_description}
### Symmetrical and antisymmetrical states {#symmetrical_and_antisymmetrical_states}
What follows is an example to make the above discussion concrete, using the formalism developed in the article on the mathematical for... | 449 | Indistinguishable particles | 1 |
15,352 | # Indistinguishable particles
## Quantum mechanical description {#quantum_mechanical_description}
### Exchange symmetry {#exchange_symmetry}
The importance of symmetric and antisymmetric states is ultimately based on empirical evidence. It appears to be a fact of nature that identical particles do not occupy states o... | 1,075 | Indistinguishable particles | 2 |
15,352 | # Indistinguishable particles
## Quantum mechanical description {#quantum_mechanical_description}
### Wavefunction representation {#wavefunction_representation}
So far, the discussion has included only discrete observables. It can be extended to continuous observables, such as the position *x*.
Recall that an eigens... | 773 | Indistinguishable particles | 3 |
15,352 | # Indistinguishable particles
## Statistical properties {#statistical_properties}
### Statistical effects of indistinguishability {#statistical_effects_of_indistinguishability}
The indistinguishability of particles has a profound effect on their statistical properties. To illustrate this, consider a system of *N* di... | 401 | Indistinguishable particles | 4 |
15,352 | # Indistinguishable particles
## Statistical properties {#statistical_properties}
### Statistical properties of bosons and fermions {#statistical_properties_of_bosons_and_fermions}
There are important differences between the statistical behavior of bosons and fermions, which are described by Bose--Einstein statistics... | 525 | Indistinguishable particles | 5 |
15,352 | # Indistinguishable particles
## Homotopy class {#homotopy_class}
To understand why particle statistics work the way that they do, note first that particles are point-localized excitations and that particles that are spacelike separated do not interact. In a flat `{{mvar|d}}`{=mediawiki}-dimensional space `{{mvar|M}}... | 567 | Indistinguishable particles | 6 |
15,365 | # International Association of Travel Agents Network
The **International Airlines Travel Agent Network** (**IATAN**) is a Miami-based trade association in the United States representing the interests of its member companies (airlines) and the U.S. travel distribution network (travel agencies). It is an independent dep... | 89 | International Association of Travel Agents Network | 0 |
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