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17,763 | # Geography of Latvia
## Geographic features {#geographic_features}
The physiography of Latvia and its neighboring areas was formed, to a large degree, during the Quaternary period and the Pleistocene ice age, when soil and debris were pushed by glaciers into mounds and hills. Undulating plains cover 75% of Latvia\'s... | 1,166 | Geography of Latvia | 1 |
17,763 | # Geography of Latvia
## Climate
In the summer, daylight hours are long and in the winter short. In December it is still pitch dark at 9:00 A.M., and daylight disappears before 4:00 P.M. The climate is tempered by the Gulf Stream flowing across the Atlantic Ocean from Mexico. Average temperatures in winter are reason... | 347 | Geography of Latvia | 2 |
17,763 | # Geography of Latvia
## Area and boundaries {#area_and_boundaries}
**Area:**\
*total:* 64589 km2\
*land:* 62249 km2\
*water:* 2340 km2
**Land boundaries:**\
*total:* 1382 km\
*border countries:* Belarus 171 km, Estonia 343 km, Lithuania 576 km, Russia 292 km
**Coastline:** 498 km
**Maritime claims:**\
*territoria... | 102 | Geography of Latvia | 3 |
17,765 | # Politics of Latvia
The **politics of Latvia** takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the prime minister is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. The President holds a primarily ceremonial role as Head of State. Executive power is exercised by the gove... | 1,217 | Politics of Latvia | 0 |
17,765 | # Politics of Latvia
## Political developments since independence {#political_developments_since_independence}
After negotiations, a \"crisis-handling\" government was formed, with the participation of the same parties, led by former PM Ivars Godmanis, a respectable public figure, and member of Latvian Way. The gover... | 600 | Politics of Latvia | 1 |
17,765 | # Politics of Latvia
## Citizenship and language issues {#citizenship_and_language_issues}
The current edition of the citizenship law was adopted in 1998 after much debate and pressure from Russia and European Union, amending a more restrictive law, initially passed in 1994. In accordance with the law, Latvian citize... | 569 | Politics of Latvia | 2 |
17,765 | # Politics of Latvia
## Executive branch {#executive_branch}
!scope=\"row\"\| President \|Edgars Rinkēvičs \|Independent \|8 July 2023 \|- !scope=\"row\"\| Prime Minister \|Evika Siliņa \|Unity \|15 September 2023 \|}
The president is elected by Parliament for a maximum of two terms of four years, by secret ballot a... | 422 | Politics of Latvia | 3 |
17,767 | # Telecommunications in Latvia
**Telecommunications in Latvia** encompass a broad range of services including the internet, telephones, television, and radio.
## Internet and digital progress {#internet_and_digital_progress}
### Users and skills {#users_and_skills}
In Latvia, the digital engagement and proficiency ... | 378 | Telecommunications in Latvia | 0 |
17,767 | # Telecommunications in Latvia
## Internet and digital progress {#internet_and_digital_progress}
### Digital public services {#digital_public_services}
In 2022, 77% of internet users in Latvia utilized e-government services, higher than the EU average of 74%. The country achieved scores of 87 out of 100 for digital p... | 502 | Telecommunications in Latvia | 1 |
17,767 | # Telecommunications in Latvia
## Internet censorship and surveillance {#internet_censorship_and_surveillance}
There is no OpenNet Initiative (ONI) country profile, but Latvia is shown as no evidence of Internet filtering in all areas for which ONI tests (political, social, conflict/security, and Internet tools) on t... | 207 | Telecommunications in Latvia | 2 |
17,768 | # Transport in Latvia
This article provides an overview of the transport infrastructure of Latvia.
## Road system {#road_system}
It is mandatory to keep headlights on while driving, even in daylight; most cars commercially sold in Latvia are equipped to make this automatic.
### Highways
Number E-road ... | 683 | Transport in Latvia | 0 |
17,768 | # Transport in Latvia
## Waterways
300 km (perennially navigable)
## Pipelines
Crude oil 412 km; refined products 421 km; natural gas 1,097 km (2003)
## Merchant marine {#merchant_marine}
\
*Total:* 11 ships (with a volume of `{{GT|1,000|disp=long}}`{=mediawiki} or over) totaling `{{GT|53,153}}`{=mediawiki}/`{{DW... | 62 | Transport in Latvia | 1 |
17,773 | # Geography of Lebanon
**Lebanon** is a small country in the Levant region of the Eastern Mediterranean, located at approximately 34˚N, 35˚E. It stretches along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and its length is almost three times its width. From north to south, the width of its terrain becomes narrower. Leb... | 951 | Geography of Lebanon | 0 |
17,773 | # Geography of Lebanon
## Climate
Lebanon has a Mediterranean climate characterized by a long, hot, and dry summer, and a cool, rainy winter. Fall is a transitional season with a lowering of temperature and little rain; spring occurs when the winter rains cause the vegetation to revive. Topographical variation create... | 849 | Geography of Lebanon | 1 |
17,773 | # Geography of Lebanon
## Area and boundaries {#area_and_boundaries}
Area\
Total: 10452 km2\
Land: 10282 km2\
Water: 170 km2
**Land boundaries:**\
*Total:* 454 km\
*Border countries:*Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km
**Coastline:** 225 km
**Maritime claims:**\
*Territorial sea:* 12 nmi\
*Exclusive Economic Zone:* 19,516 ... | 814 | Geography of Lebanon | 2 |
17,778 | # Transport in Lebanon
**Transportation in Lebanon** varies greatly in quality from the ultramodern Beirut International Airport to poor road conditions in many parts of the country. The Lebanese civil war between 1975 and 1990 and the 2006 Lebanon War with Israel severely damaged the country\'s infrastructure.
## Ro... | 487 | Transport in Lebanon | 0 |
17,778 | # Transport in Lebanon
## Taxis and services {#taxis_and_services}
In order to get from one place to another, people can either use a service or taxis. Cabs can be recognized by their red license plates (indicating that it is licensed for public transportation). The driver would pull aside for if the person hails whi... | 444 | Transport in Lebanon | 1 |
17,782 | # History of Lesotho
The history of people living in the area now known as **Lesotho** (`{{IPAc-en|l|ə|ˈ|s|uː|t|uː|,_|-|ˈ|s|oʊ|t|oʊ}}`{=mediawiki}`{{refn|{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lesotho |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182038/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lesotho |... | 750 | History of Lesotho | 0 |
17,782 | # History of Lesotho
## Basutoland
### Free State--Basotho Wars {#free_statebasotho_wars}
In 1818, Moshoeshoe I `{{IPAc-en|m|oʊ-|ˈ|ʃ|w|eɪ|ʃ|w|eɪ}}`{=mediawiki} consolidated various Basotho groupings and became their king. During Moshoeshoe\'s reign (1823--1870), a series of wars (1856--68) were fought with the Boers... | 374 | History of Lesotho | 1 |
17,782 | # History of Lesotho
## Basutoland
### Return to crown colony {#return_to_crown_colony}
Cape Town\'s inability to control the territory led to its return to crown control in 1884 as the Territory of Basutoland. The colony was bound by the Orange River Colony, Natal Colony, and Cape Colony. It was divided into seven a... | 730 | History of Lesotho | 2 |
17,782 | # History of Lesotho
## Kingdom of Lesotho {#kingdom_of_lesotho}
On October 4, 1966, the Kingdom of Lesotho attained full independence, governed by a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral Parliament consisting of a Senate and an elected National Assembly. Early results of the first post-independence elections in J... | 347 | History of Lesotho | 3 |
17,782 | # History of Lesotho
## Transition to democracy {#transition_to_democracy}
Lekhanya announced the establishment of the National Constituent Assembly to formulate a new constitution for Lesotho to return the country to democratic, civilian rule by June 1992. Before this transition, however, Lekhanya was ousted in 1991... | 999 | History of Lesotho | 4 |
17,783 | # Geography of Lesotho
**Lesotho** is a mountainous, landlocked country located in Southern Africa. It is an enclave, surrounded by South Africa. The total length of the country\'s borders is 909 km. Lesotho covers an area of around 30355 km2, of which a negligible percentage is covered with water.
The most popular g... | 639 | Geography of Lesotho | 0 |
17,783 | # Geography of Lesotho
## Climate
Because of its altitude, the country remains cooler throughout the year than most other regions at the same latitude. Lesotho has a temperate climate, with hot summers and cold winters. Maseru and its surrounding lowlands often reach 30 C in the summer. Winters can be cold with the l... | 205 | Geography of Lesotho | 1 |
17,787 | # Telecommunications in Lesotho
**Telecommunications in Lesotho** include radio, television, print and online newspapers, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
## Radio
- Radio stations: 2 state-owned radio stations; government controls most private broadcast media; transmissions of multiple international... | 736 | Telecommunications in Lesotho | 0 |
17,788 | # Transport in Lesotho
This article concerns systems of **transport in Lesotho**. As a landlocked country, Lesotho has no seaports or harbours, but does have road, air transport, and limited rail infrastructure.
## Roads
Prior to Lesotho\'s independence in 1966, the only paved road in the country was the Kingsway in... | 423 | Transport in Lesotho | 0 |
17,788 | # Transport in Lesotho
## Intermediate means of transport {#intermediate_means_of_transport}
The main intermediate means of transport (IMTs) in use are wheelbarrows and work animals. Wheelbarrows are widespread in the urban and rural areas and are commonly used by women and men to transport food aid, grains for milli... | 447 | Transport in Lesotho | 1 |
17,793 | # Geography of Liberia
**Liberia** is a sub-Saharan nation in West Africa located at 6 °N, 9 °W.
## Area and boundaries {#area_and_boundaries}
Area
:\*total: 43000 mi2
:\*\**country rank in the world:* 102nd
:\*land: 37190 mi2
:\*water: 5810 mi2
Area --- comparative:
:\* Australia comparative: approximately `{... | 603 | Geography of Liberia | 0 |
17,795 | # Politics of Liberia
The **Politics of Liberia** takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic modeled on the government of the United States, whereby the president is the head of state and head of government; unlike the United States, however, Liberia is a unitary state as opposed t... | 1,063 | Politics of Liberia | 0 |
17,795 | # Politics of Liberia
## Legislative branch {#legislative_branch}
Liberia has a bicameral Legislature that consists of the Senate (30 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve nine-year terms) and the House of Representatives (73 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
## Political part... | 159 | Politics of Liberia | 1 |
17,797 | # Mass media in Liberia
**Mass media in Liberia** include the press, radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
Much of Liberia\'s communications infrastructure was destroyed or plundered during the two civil wars (1989--1996 and 1999--2003). With low rates of adult literacy and high poverty ra... | 838 | Mass media in Liberia | 0 |
17,797 | # Mass media in Liberia
## Internet
### Internet censorship and surveillance {#internet_censorship_and_surveillance}
There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms.
The constitution provides for freedom of speech and press, and the... | 147 | Mass media in Liberia | 1 |
17,802 | # Geography of Libya
Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa and the seventeenth largest country in the world. It is on the Mediterranean with Egypt to the east, Tunisia to the northwest, Algeria to the west, Niger and Chad to the south, and Sudan to the southeast. Although the oil discoveries of the 1960s have ... | 954 | Geography of Libya | 0 |
17,802 | # Geography of Libya
## Climate and hydrology {#climate_and_hydrology}
Within Libya as many as five different climatic zones have been recognized, but the dominant climates are the hot-summer Mediterranean climate and the hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification *Csa* and *BWh*). In most of the coastal lowla... | 654 | Geography of Libya | 1 |
17,802 | # Geography of Libya
## Environmental issues {#environmental_issues}
**Natural hazards:** hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
**Environment - current issues:** desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources; the Great Manmad... | 130 | Geography of Libya | 2 |
17,804 | # Politics of Libya
## Muammar Gaddafi bequeths a \"Shallow State\" {#muammar_gaddafi_bequeths_a_shallow_state}
The **politics of Libya** has been shaped by the \"shallow state\" ceded by former authoritarian leader Muammar Gaddafi, who was overthrown in 2011 in the midst of the Arab revolutions; apart from being an ... | 384 | Politics of Libya | 0 |
17,804 | # Politics of Libya
## Changes after the 2011 Civil War {#changes_after_the_2011_civil_war}
Political parties were banned in Libya from 1972 until the removal of Gaddafi\'s government, and all elections were nonpartisan under law. However, during the revolution, the National Transitional Council (NTC), a body formed ... | 532 | Politics of Libya | 1 |
17,804 | # Politics of Libya
## House of Representatives {#house_of_representatives}
The House of Representatives was formed following June 2014 elections, when the General National Congress formed as a transitional body after the Libyan Revolution dissolved. The House of Representatives controls the Libyan National Army, kno... | 307 | Politics of Libya | 2 |
17,804 | # Politics of Libya
## General National Congress {#general_national_congress}
The General National Congress (also translated as *General National Council*) was the legislative authority of Libya. It was elected by popular vote on 7 July 2012, and from 8 August replaced the National Transitional Council that had gover... | 417 | Politics of Libya | 3 |
17,804 | # Politics of Libya
## Libyan Political Agreement (2015) & Political Atmosphere post-2015 {#libyan_political_agreement_2015_political_atmosphere_post_2015}
Libya is divided into two rival governmental authorities in the years following Gaddafi\'s overthrow. The governmental authorities include the Islamist-led Genera... | 408 | Politics of Libya | 4 |
17,804 | # Politics of Libya
## Political parties and elections {#political_parties_and_elections}
On 7 July 2012, the Legislative body -- the General National Congress -- was elected.
### List of parties with seats in the General National Congress {#list_of_parties_with_seats_in_the_general_national_congress}
- National ... | 385 | Politics of Libya | 5 |
17,804 | # Politics of Libya
## Libyan politics under Muammar Gaddafi {#libyan_politics_under_muammar_gaddafi}
After originally rising to power through a military *coup d\'état* in 1969, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi\'s governance of Libya became increasingly centric on the teachings of his *Green Book*, which he published in the m... | 734 | Politics of Libya | 6 |
17,806 | # Mass media in Libya
**Mass media in Libya** describes the overall environment for the radio, television, telephone, Internet, and newspaper markets in Libya.
The control of the media by Colonel Gaddafi\'s regime came to an end after the fall of Tripoli in August 2011, resulting in a mushrooming of new media outlets... | 635 | Mass media in Libya | 0 |
17,806 | # Mass media in Libya
## Telephones
In the course of the 2011 Libyan civil war, the government severed the physical communications links between the rebel-held east and the rest of Libya. However, the newer and less centralised Libyana network held copies of the HLR and engineers were able to restore some local servi... | 414 | Mass media in Libya | 1 |
17,806 | # Mass media in Libya
## Internet
### The Internet and the Libyan revolution {#the_internet_and_the_libyan_revolution}
In 2006 Reporters Without Borders (RWB) removed Libya from their list of Internet enemies after a fact-finding visit found no evidence of Internet censorship. The OpenNet Initiative's 2007--2008 tech... | 524 | Mass media in Libya | 2 |
17,807 | # Transport in Libya
## Railways
Libya has had no railway in operation since 1965, all previous narrow gauge lines having been dismantled. Plans for a new network have been under development for some time (earthworks were begun between Sirte and Ras Ajdir, Tunisia border, in 2001--5), and in 2008 and 2009 various con... | 424 | Transport in Libya | 0 |
17,812 | # Geography of Liechtenstein
The principality of Liechtenstein encompasses most of the eastern half of the Rhine Valley, wedged between Austria and Switzerland. The majority of the country\'s population is found in the western half along the Rhine River. Along with Uzbekistan, Liechtenstein is one of only two doubly l... | 259 | Geography of Liechtenstein | 0 |
17,816 | # Telecommunications in Liechtenstein
This article concerns the systems of **communications in Liechtenstein**. Liechtenstein possesses a number of modern communications systems, some of which are shared with the neighbouring country of Switzerland. The country code and top-level domain for Liechtenstein is .li.
## T... | 160 | Telecommunications in Liechtenstein | 0 |
17,823 | # Politics of Lithuania
**Politics of Lithuania** takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of Lithuania is the head of state and the prime minister of Lithuania is the head of government, and of a multi-party system.
Executive power is exercis... | 728 | Politics of Lithuania | 0 |
17,823 | # Politics of Lithuania
## Government
Government in Lithuania is made up of three branches originally envisioned by enlightenment philosopher Baron de Montesquieu: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch is separate and is set up to do checks and balances on each other branch.
### Executive branch {#execut... | 948 | Politics of Lithuania | 1 |
17,823 | # Politics of Lithuania
## Administrative divisions {#administrative_divisions}
Lithuania has a three-tier administrative division: the country is divided into 10 counties (Lithuanian: singular -- *apskritis*, plural -- *apskritys*) that are further subdivided into 60 municipalities (Lithuanian: singular -- *savivald... | 325 | Politics of Lithuania | 2 |
17,825 | # Telecommunications in Lithuania
**Telecommunications in Lithuania** include internet, radio, television, and telephony.
The Communications Regulatory Authority of the Republic of Lithuania (RRT) functions as the independent regulator for the country\'s electronic communications industry. Established under the Law o... | 803 | Telecommunications in Lithuania | 0 |
17,825 | # Telecommunications in Lithuania
## Radio and television {#radio_and_television}
### Television
- Three channels operated by the public broadcaster, with the third, a satellite channel, introduced in 2014.
- Various privately owned commercial TV broadcasters operate national and multiple regional channels (2007)... | 66 | Telecommunications in Lithuania | 1 |
17,825 | # Telecommunications in Lithuania
## Telephony
- Main lines: 667,300 lines in use (2012), 89th in the world; 819,147 lines (2004).
- Mobile cellular: 5 million lines, 110th in the world (2012).
- Telephone system: adequate, but is being modernised to provide an improved international capability and better resid... | 517 | Telecommunications in Lithuania | 2 |
17,826 | # Transport in Lithuania
**Transport in Lithuania** relies mainly on road and rail networks.
## Lithuanian road system {#lithuanian_road_system}
*total:* 21,238 km\
*paved:* 14,879 km\
*unpaved:* 6,359 km
### Highways
### Controlled-access highways sections {#controlled_access_highways_sections}
There are two cat... | 726 | Transport in Lithuania | 0 |
17,826 | # Transport in Lithuania
## Waterways
There are 600 km that are perennially navigable.
## Pipelines
In 1992, there were 105 km of crude oil pipelines, and 760 km of natural gas pipelines.
## Ports and harbours {#ports_and_harbours}
### Sea ports {#sea_ports}
- Port of Klaipėda
- Būtingė oil terminal
### Riv... | 124 | Transport in Lithuania | 1 |
17,831 | # Geography of Luxembourg
Luxembourg is a small country located in the Low Countries, part of North-West Europe. It borders Belgium for 148 km to the west and north, France (73 km) to the south, and Germany (138 km) to the east. Luxembourg is landlocked, separated from the North Sea by Belgium.
The topography of the ... | 793 | Geography of Luxembourg | 0 |
17,831 | # Geography of Luxembourg
## Environment
### Climate
Luxembourg is part of the West European Continental climatic region, and enjoys a temperate climate without extremes. Winters are mild, summers fairly cool, and rainfall is high.
Seasonal weather is somewhat different between the northern and southern regions. In... | 411 | Geography of Luxembourg | 1 |
17,831 | # Geography of Luxembourg
## Geographical statistics {#geographical_statistics}
**Geographic coordinates:** 49 45 N 6 10 E type:country
**Area:**\
*total:* 2 586 km^2^\
*land:* 2 586 km^2^\
*water:* 0 km^2^
**Natural resources:** iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
**Land use:**\
*arable land:* 23.9%\
*per... | 62 | Geography of Luxembourg | 2 |
17,835 | # Telecommunications in Luxembourg
Luxembourg is recognized for establishing local television and radio stations abroad. The RTL Group, originating from Luxembourg, operates in numerous countries. Additionally, Luxembourg is the base for SES, a leading global satellite operator.
In the 2022 Digital Economy and Societ... | 278 | Telecommunications in Luxembourg | 0 |
17,835 | # Telecommunications in Luxembourg
## Internet
### Fixed broadband {#fixed_broadband}
Luxembourg\'s fixed broadband sector exhibits a 91% uptake rate, exceeding the EU\'s 78% average. Additionally, 63% of Luxembourg households have access to broadband speeds of at least 100 Mbps, above the EU\'s 41%. The country\'s ... | 352 | Telecommunications in Luxembourg | 1 |
17,836 | # Transport in Luxembourg
**Transport in Luxembourg** is ensured principally by road, rail and air. There are also services along the river Moselle which forms the border with Germany. The road network has been significantly modernised in recent years with motorways to adjacent countries. The advent of the high-speed ... | 272 | Transport in Luxembourg | 0 |
17,836 | # Transport in Luxembourg
## Roads
### Road network {#road_network}
The six Luxembourg motorways cover a total distance of 165 km, linking the capital with Trier (Germany), Thionville (France) and Arlon (Belgium) as well as with Esch-sur-Alzette and Ettelbruck in Luxembourg. Luxembourg\'s motorways are toll free. Th... | 719 | Transport in Luxembourg | 1 |
17,836 | # Transport in Luxembourg
## Water
The river Moselle forms a 42 km natural border between Luxembourg and Germany in the southeast of the country. In the summer months, the Princess Marie-Astrid and a few other tourist boats operate regular services along the river.
Mertert near Grevenmacher on the Moselle is Luxembo... | 309 | Transport in Luxembourg | 2 |
17,841 | # Large technical system
A **large technical system** (**LTS**) is a system or network of enormous proportions or complexity. The study of LTSs is a subdiscipline of history of science and technology.
The book *Rescuing Prometheus* by Thomas P. Hughes documents the development of four such systems, including the Bost... | 56 | Large technical system | 0 |
17,859 | # Wide shot
In photography, filmmaking and video production, a **wide shot** (sometimes referred to as a **full shot** or **long shot**) is a shot that typically shows the entire object or human figure and is usually intended to place it in some relation to its surroundings. These are typically shot now using wide-ang... | 606 | Wide shot | 0 |
17,859 | # Wide shot
## Types
There are a variety of ways of framing that are considered as being wide shots; these include:
Wide shot (WS): The subject comfortably takes up the whole frame. In the case of a person, head to toe. This usually achieves a clear physical representation of a character and can describe the surroun... | 373 | Wide shot | 1 |
17,859 | # Wide shot
## Notable examples {#notable_examples}
Many directors are known for their use of the variety of wide shots. A key example of them is the frequent use of establishing shots and very wide shots in Peter Jackson\'s *The Lord of the Rings* trilogy, showing the vast New Zealand landscape to instil awe in the ... | 318 | Wide shot | 2 |
17,869 | # Lagâri Hasan Çelebi
**Lagâri Hasan Çelebi** was an Ottoman scientist, engineer and aviator who, according to the account written by traveller Evliya Çelebi, made a successful crewed rocket flight.
## Account
Evliya Çelebi reported that in 1633, Lagari Hasan Çelebi blasted off from Sarayburnu, (the promontory below... | 283 | Lagâri Hasan Çelebi | 0 |
17,874 | # Ligament
A **ligament** is a type of fibrous connective tissue in the body that connects bones to other bones. It also connects flight feathers to bones, in dinosaurs and birds. All 30,000 species of amniotes (land animals with internal bones) have ligaments.
It is also known as *articular ligament*, *articular lar... | 888 | Ligament | 0 |
17,874 | # Ligament
## Fetal remnant ligaments {#fetal_remnant_ligaments}
Certain tubular structures from the fetal period are referred to as *ligaments* after they close up and turn into cord-like structures:
Fetal Adult
----------------------------... | 53 | Ligament | 1 |
17,878 | # Laser science
**Laser science** or **laser physics** is a branch of optics that describes the theory and practice of lasers.
Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and the temporal ev... | 342 | Laser science | 0 |
17,904 | # Linear model
In statistics, the term **linear model** refers to any model which assumes linearity in the system. The most common occurrence is in connection with regression models and the term is often taken as synonymous with linear regression model. However, the term is also used in time series analysis with a dif... | 592 | Linear model | 0 |
17,905 | # Likelihood principle
In statistics, the **likelihood principle** is the proposition that, given a statistical model, all the evidence in a sample relevant to model parameters is contained in the likelihood function.
A likelihood function arises from a probability density function considered as a function of its dis... | 838 | Likelihood principle | 0 |
17,905 | # Likelihood principle
## History
The likelihood principle was first identified by that name in print in 1962 (Barnard *et al*., Birnbaum, and Savage *et al*.), but arguments for the same principle, unnamed, and the use of the principle in applications goes back to the works of R.A. Fisher in the 1920s. The law of li... | 460 | Likelihood principle | 1 |
17,905 | # Likelihood principle
## Arguments for and against {#arguments_for_and_against}
### Experimental design arguments on the likelihood principle {#experimental_design_arguments_on_the_likelihood_principle}
Unrealized events play a role in some common statistical methods. For example, the result of a significance test d... | 1,024 | Likelihood principle | 2 |
17,922 | # Loglan
**Loglan** is a logical constructed language originally designed for linguistic research, particularly for investigating the Sapir--Whorf hypothesis. The language was developed beginning in 1955 by Dr. James Cooke Brown with the goal of making a language so different from natural languages that people learnin... | 455 | Loglan | 0 |
17,922 | # Loglan
## Alphabet and pronunciation {#alphabet_and_pronunciation}
The alphabet of Loglan has two historical versions. In that of 1975 there were only 21 letters with their corresponding phonemes. In the final version of 1989 five more phonemes had been incorporated: letter H (/h/) was added to the alphabet in 1977... | 359 | Loglan | 1 |
17,922 | # Loglan
## Grammar
Loglan has three types of words: *predicates* (also called *content words*), *structure words* (also called *little words*), and *names*. The majority of words are predicates; these are words that carry meaning. Structure words are words that modify predicates or show how they are related to each ... | 701 | Loglan | 2 |
17,922 | # Loglan
## Grammar
### Predicate modifiers {#predicate_modifiers}
Any predicate can be used as an adjective or adverb by placing the predicate before the expression that it modifies. The predicate \"sadji\" means \"X is wiser than Y about Z\". So \"Le sadji matma pa vedma\" means \"The wise mother sold\", and \"Le m... | 360 | Loglan | 3 |
17,922 | # Loglan
## Grammar
### Free variables {#free_variables}
A set of structure words called *free variables* are used like English pronouns, but are designed to avoid the ambiguity of pronouns in such sentences as \"Adam told Greg that he needed to leave.\" The free variable \"da\" refers to the most recently mentioned ... | 803 | Loglan | 4 |
17,922 | # Loglan
## Archival collection {#archival_collection}
Archival material related to the creation and teaching of Loglan, including flashcards and grammar explanations, can be found in the Faith Rich Papers, located at Chicago Public Library Special Collections, Chicago, Illinois | 38 | Loglan | 5 |
17,924 | # Leucippus
**Leucippus** (`{{IPAc-en|l|uː|ˈ|s|ɪ|p|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; *Λεύκιππος*, *Leúkippos*; `{{floruit|5th century BCE}}`{=mediawiki}) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is traditionally credited as the founder of atomism, which he developed with his student Democritus. Leucippus divided the world into two ... | 513 | Leucippus | 0 |
17,924 | # Leucippus
## Philosophy
### Atoms
Leucippus is credited with developing the philosophical school of atomism. He proposed that all things are made up of microscopic, indivisible particles that interact and combine to produce all the things of the world. The atoms postulated by Leucippus come in infinitely many shap... | 908 | Leucippus | 1 |
17,924 | # Leucippus
## Philosophy
### Cosmology
Leucippus said that the void extends infinitely, expanding across the entire universe. He also said that there is an infinite number of atoms, spread across the void. The Earth and the cosmos---including the Sun, the Moon, the stars, and anything else visible in the night sky--... | 481 | Leucippus | 2 |
17,924 | # Leucippus
## Legacy
### Ancient Greece {#ancient_greece}
Modern understanding of Leucippus\'s role in the development of atomism comes from the writings of the ancient Greek philosophers Aristotle and Theophrastus. Aristotle\'s 4th-century BCE record of Leucippus and Democritus\'s philosophy is the oldest survivin... | 871 | Leucippus | 3 |
17,924 | # Leucippus
## Works
Two works are attributed to Leucippus.
- (`{{Transliteration|grc|Megas Diakosmos}}`{=mediawiki}; translated as *The Great World System*, *The Great Cosmology*, or *The Great World Order*)
- (`{{Transliteration|grc|Peri Nou}}`{=mediawiki}; translated as *On Mind*) -- This work includes the o... | 69 | Leucippus | 4 |
17,931 | # Lola Graham
**Lola Glenn Graham** (23 September 1918`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}2 January 1992) was an Australian pianist. She first came to public attention after winning a musical competition at age six by playing the piano. She attended Shelford Church of England Girls\' Grammar School and passed her music exam... | 206 | Lola Graham | 0 |
17,933 | # Latency (engineering)
**Latency**, from a general point of view, is a time delay between the cause and the effect of some physical change in the system being observed. Lag, as it is known in gaming circles, refers to the latency between the input to a simulation and the visual or auditory response, often occurring b... | 264 | Latency (engineering) | 0 |
17,933 | # Latency (engineering)
## Communications
Online games are sensitive to latency (lag), since fast response times to new events occurring during a game session are rewarded while slow response times may carry penalties. Due to a delay in transmission of game events, a player with a high latency internet connection may... | 850 | Latency (engineering) | 1 |
17,933 | # Latency (engineering)
## Video
Video latency refers to the degree of delay between the time a transfer of a video stream is requested and the actual time that transfer begins. Networks that exhibit relatively small delays are known as low-latency networks, while their counterparts are known as high-latency networks... | 918 | Latency (engineering) | 2 |
17,937 | # History of public transport authorities in London
The **history of public transport authorities in London** details the various organisations that have been responsible for the public transport network in and around London, England - including buses, coaches, trams, trolleybuses, Docklands Light Railway, and the Lon... | 341 | History of public transport authorities in London | 0 |
17,937 | # History of public transport authorities in London
## London\'s transport authorities {#londons_transport_authorities}
### 1933-1948: London Passenger Transport Board {#london_passenger_transport_board}
*Main article: London Passenger Transport Board* The London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) was the transport au... | 1,035 | History of public transport authorities in London | 1 |
17,937 | # History of public transport authorities in London
## London\'s transport authorities {#londons_transport_authorities}
### 2000 onwards: Transport for London {#onwards_transport_for_london}
The Greater London Authority, a replacement authority for the GLC, was set up in 2000 with a transport executive called Transpo... | 139 | History of public transport authorities in London | 2 |
17,940 | # Lipid
**Lipids** are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.... | 574 | Lipid | 0 |
17,940 | # Lipid
## Categories
Lipids have been classified into eight categories by the Lipid MAPS consortium as follows:
### Fatty acyls {#fatty_acyls}
Fatty acyls, a generic term for describing fatty acids, their conjugates and derivatives, are a diverse group of molecules synthesized by chain-elongation of an acetyl-CoA ... | 867 | Lipid | 1 |
17,940 | # Lipid
## Categories
### Sterols
*Main article: Sterol* Sterols, such as cholesterol and its derivatives, are an important component of membrane lipids, along with the glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins. Other examples of sterols are the bile acids and their conjugates, which in mammals are oxidized derivatives... | 522 | Lipid | 2 |
17,940 | # Lipid
## Biological functions {#biological_functions}
### Component of biological membranes {#component_of_biological_membranes}
Eukaryotic cells feature the compartmentalized membrane-bound organelles that carry out different biological functions. The glycerophospholipids are the main structural component of biol... | 871 | Lipid | 3 |
17,940 | # Lipid
## Metabolism
The major dietary lipids for humans and other animals are animal and plant triglycerides, sterols, and membrane phospholipids. The process of lipid metabolism synthesizes and degrades the lipid stores and produces the structural and functional lipids characteristic of individual tissues.
### Bi... | 568 | Lipid | 4 |
17,940 | # Lipid
## Nutrition and health {#nutrition_and_health}
Most of the fat found in food is in the form of triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids. Some dietary fat is necessary to facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and carotenoids. Humans and other mammals have a dietary requirement fo... | 361 | Lipid | 5 |
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