id int64 39 11.1M | section stringlengths 3 4.51M | length int64 2 49.9k | title stringlengths 1 182 | chunk_id int64 0 68 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
17,945 | # Lie group
In mathematics, a **Lie group** (pronounced `{{IPAc-en|l|iː}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|LEE}}`{=mediawiki}) is a group that is also a differentiable manifold, such that group multiplication and taking inverses are both differentiable.
A manifold is a space that locally resembles Euclidean space, whereas gro... | 300 | Lie group | 0 |
17,945 | # Lie group
## History
Sophus Lie considered the winter of 1873--1874 as the birth date of his theory of continuous groups. Thomas Hawkins, however, suggests that it was \"Lie\'s prodigious research activity during the four-year period from the fall of 1869 to the fall of 1873\" that led to the theory\'s creation. So... | 790 | Lie group | 1 |
17,945 | # Lie group
## Overview
Lie groups are smooth differentiable manifolds and as such can be studied using differential calculus, in contrast with the case of more general topological groups. One of the key ideas in the theory of Lie groups is to replace the *global* object, the group, with its *local* or linearized ver... | 429 | Lie group | 2 |
17,945 | # Lie group
## Definitions and examples {#definitions_and_examples}
A **real Lie group** is a group that is also a finite-dimensional real smooth manifold, in which the group operations of multiplication and inversion are smooth maps. Smoothness of the group multiplication
: $\mu:G\times G\to G\quad \mu(x,y)=xy$
... | 1,054 | Lie group | 3 |
17,945 | # Lie group
## Definitions and examples {#definitions_and_examples}
### Topological definition {#topological_definition}
A Lie group can be defined as a (Hausdorff) topological group that, near the identity element, looks like a transformation group, with no reference to differentiable manifolds. First, we define an ... | 380 | Lie group | 4 |
17,945 | # Lie group
## More examples of Lie groups {#more_examples_of_lie_groups}
Lie groups occur in abundance throughout mathematics and physics. Matrix groups or algebraic groups are (roughly) groups of matrices (for example, orthogonal and symplectic groups), and these give most of the more common examples of Lie groups.... | 620 | Lie group | 5 |
17,945 | # Lie group
## Basic concepts {#basic_concepts}
### The Lie algebra associated with a Lie group {#the_lie_algebra_associated_with_a_lie_group}
To every Lie group we can associate a Lie algebra whose underlying vector space is the tangent space of the Lie group at the identity element and which completely captures th... | 1,240 | Lie group | 6 |
17,945 | # Lie group
## Basic concepts {#basic_concepts}
### Lie group versus Lie algebra isomorphisms {#lie_group_versus_lie_algebra_isomorphisms}
Isomorphic Lie groups necessarily have isomorphic Lie algebras; it is then reasonable to ask how isomorphism classes of Lie groups relate to isomorphism classes of Lie algebras.
... | 569 | Lie group | 7 |
17,945 | # Lie group
## Basic concepts {#basic_concepts}
### Exponential map {#exponential_map}
The exponential map from the Lie algebra $\mathrm{M}(n;\mathbb C)$ of the general linear group $\mathrm{GL}(n;\mathbb C)$ to $\mathrm{GL}(n;\mathbb C)$ is defined by the matrix exponential, given by the usual power series:
: $\e... | 890 | Lie group | 8 |
17,945 | # Lie group
## Representations
One important aspect of the study of Lie groups is their representations, that is, the way they can act (linearly) on vector spaces. In physics, Lie groups often encode the symmetries of a physical system. The way one makes use of this symmetry to help analyze the system is often throug... | 310 | Lie group | 9 |
17,945 | # Lie group
## Classification
Lie groups may be thought of as smoothly varying families of symmetries. Examples of symmetries include rotation about an axis. What must be understood is the nature of \'small\' transformations, for example, rotations through tiny angles, that link nearby transformations. The mathematic... | 729 | Lie group | 10 |
17,945 | # Lie group
## Infinite-dimensional Lie groups {#infinite_dimensional_lie_groups}
Lie groups are often defined to be finite-dimensional, but there are many groups that resemble Lie groups, except for being infinite-dimensional. The simplest way to define infinite-dimensional Lie groups is to model them locally on Ban... | 470 | Lie group | 11 |
17,968 | # Louchébem
***Louchébem*** or ***loucherbem*** (`{{IPA|fr|luʃebɛm}}`{=mediawiki}) is Parisian and Lyonnaise butchers\' (French *boucher*) slang, similar to Pig Latin and Verlan. It originated in the mid-19th century and was in common use until the 1950s.
## Process
The *louchébem* word-creation process resembles th... | 360 | Louchébem | 0 |
17,974 | # Long gun
A **long gun** is a category of firearms with long barrels. In small arms, a *long gun* or **longarm** is generally designed to be held by both hands and braced against the shoulder, in contrast to a handgun, which can be fired being held with a single hand. In the context of cannons and mounted firearms, a... | 656 | Long gun | 0 |
17,981 | # Law of definite proportions
In chemistry, the **law of definite proportions**, sometimes called **Proust\'s law** or the **law of constant composition**, states that a given chemical compound contains its constituent elements in a fixed ratio (by mass) and does not depend on its source or method of preparation. For ... | 589 | Law of definite proportions | 0 |
17,982 | # Limbo
`{{Roman Catholic Church}}`{=mediawiki} The unofficial term **Limbo** `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|m|b|oʊ}}`{=mediawiki} (*limbus\]\]*, `{{gloss|edge}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{gloss|boundary}}`{=mediawiki}, referring to the edge of Hell) is the afterlife condition in medieval Catholic theology, of those who die in original sin... | 879 | Limbo | 0 |
17,982 | # Limbo
## Limbo of Infants {#limbo_of_infants}
right\|thumb\|upright=1.4\|Byzantine depiction in the Church of Chora of the resurrection of Christ, raising Adam and Eve who represent all humankind, with the righteous prophets of the Old Testament observing
The Limbo of Infants (Latin *limbus infantium* or *limbus p... | 743 | Limbo | 1 |
17,982 | # Limbo
## Limbo of Infants {#limbo_of_infants}
### Modern era {#modern_era}
In 1442, the Ecumenical Council of Florence spoke of baptism as necessary even for children, and required that they be baptised soon after birth. This had earlier been affirmed at the Council of Carthage in 418. The Council of Florence also ... | 895 | Limbo | 2 |
17,982 | # Limbo
## In other denominations and religions {#in_other_denominations_and_religions}
### Judaism
While Jewish sources are conflicted about what happens to individuals after they die, the concept of limbo does not arise. Furthermore, even the conception of Hell in Judaism is presented as a temporary stage, typical... | 690 | Limbo | 3 |
17,994 | # Learning theory (education)
**Learning theory** attempts to describe how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a worldview, is acquired or changed and knowledge and ski... | 677 | Learning theory (education) | 0 |
17,994 | # Learning theory (education)
## Educational psychology {#educational_psychology}
### Behavior analysis {#behavior_analysis}
The term \"behaviorism\" was coined by American psychologist John Watson (1878--1959). Watson believed the behaviorist view is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science with a ... | 1,293 | Learning theory (education) | 1 |
17,994 | # Learning theory (education)
## Educational psychology {#educational_psychology}
### Cognitivism
#### Gestalt theory {#gestalt_theory}
Cognitive theories grew out of Gestalt psychology. Gestalt psychology was developed in Germany in the early 1900s by Wolfgang Kohler and was brought to America in the 1920s. The Ger... | 805 | Learning theory (education) | 2 |
17,994 | # Learning theory (education)
## Educational psychology {#educational_psychology}
### Constructivism
Founded by Jean Piaget, constructivism emphasizes the importance of the active involvement of learners in constructing knowledge for themselves. Students are thought to use background knowledge and concepts to assist ... | 507 | Learning theory (education) | 3 |
17,994 | # Learning theory (education)
## Educational neuroscience {#educational_neuroscience}
American Universities such as Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and University of Southern California began offering majors and degrees dedicated to educational neuroscience or neuroeducation in the first decade of the twenty-first century. S... | 624 | Learning theory (education) | 4 |
17,994 | # Learning theory (education)
## Multimedia learning {#multimedia_learning}
*Main article: Multimedia learning* Multimedia learning refers to the use of visual and auditory teaching materials that may include video, computer and other information technology. Multimedia learning theory focuses on the principles that d... | 324 | Learning theory (education) | 5 |
17,994 | # Learning theory (education)
## Other learning theories {#other_learning_theories}
Other learning theories have also been developed for more specific purposes. For example, andragogy is the art and science to help adults learn. Connectivism is a recent theory of networked learning, which focuses on learning as makin... | 328 | Learning theory (education) | 6 |
17,994 | # Learning theory (education)
## Educational anthropology {#educational_anthropology}
### Philosophical anthropology {#philosophical_anthropology}
According to Theodora Polito, \"every well-constructed theory of education \[has\] at \[its\] center a philosophical anthropology,\" which is \"a philosophical reflection... | 328 | Learning theory (education) | 7 |
17,996 | # List of Latin phrases
This is a list of Wikipedia articles of Latin phrases and their translation into English.
To view all phrases on a single, lengthy document, see: List of Latin phrases (full) | 35 | List of Latin phrases | 0 |
17,998 | # List of Latin words with English derivatives
This is a list of Latin words with derivatives in English language.
Ancient orthography did not distinguish between *i* and *j* or between *u* and *v*. Many modern works distinguish *u* from *v* but not *i* from *j*. In this article, both distinctions are shown as they a... | 108 | List of Latin words with English derivatives | 0 |
18,000 | # Latin conjugation
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 1087, column 2):
unexpected '-'
|-
^
`` | 17 | Latin conjugation | 0 |
18,004 | # LALR parser
In computer science, an **LALR parser** (**look-ahead, left-to-right, rightmost derivation parser**) is part of the compiling process where human readable text is converted into a structured representation to be read by computers. An LALR parser is a software tool to process (parse) text into a very spec... | 631 | LALR parser | 0 |
18,004 | # LALR parser
## Relation to other parsers {#relation_to_other_parsers}
### LR parsers {#lr_parsers}
The LALR(1) parser is less powerful than the LR(1) parser, and more powerful than the SLR(1) parser, though they all use the same production rules. The simplification that the LALR parser introduces consists in mergi... | 441 | LALR parser | 1 |
18,008 | # Language center
In neuroscience and psychology, the term **language center** refers collectively to the areas of the brain which serve a particular function for speech processing and production. Language is a core system that gives humans the capacity to solve difficult problems and provides them with a unique type ... | 778 | Language center | 0 |
18,008 | # Language center
## Angular gyrus {#angular_gyrus}
The angular gyrus is important in processing concrete and abstract concepts. It also has a role in verbal working memory during retrieval of verbal information and in visual memory when turning written language into spoken language. The left AG is activated in seman... | 689 | Language center | 1 |
18,008 | # Language center
## Current scientific consensus {#current_scientific_consensus}
Improvement in computer technology in the late 20th century has allowed a better understanding of the correlation between brain and language, in the disorders that this entails. This improvement has permitted better visualization of the... | 592 | Language center | 2 |
18,008 | # Language center
## Older models {#older_models}
The differentiation of speech production into only two large sections of the brain (i.e. Broca\'s and Wernicke\'s areas), which was accepted long before medical imaging techniques, is now considered outdated. Broca\'s area was first suggested to play a role in speech ... | 161 | Language center | 3 |
18,026 | # Luigi Alamanni
**Luigi Alamanni** (sometimes spelt **Alemanni**) (6 March 1495`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}18 April 1556) was an Italian poet and statesman. He was regarded as a prolific and versatile poet. He was credited with introducing the epigram into Italian poetry.
## Biography
Alamanni was born in Florence. His fa... | 642 | Luigi Alamanni | 0 |
18,028 | # Louis Aleman
**Louis Aleman** (c. February 1390`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}16 September 1450) was a French Roman Catholic cardinal and a professed member of the now-suppressed Canons Regular of Saint John Baptist. He served as the Archbishop of Arles from 1423 until his resignation in 1440 when he had resigned from the car... | 879 | Louis Aleman | 0 |
18,030 | # LR parser
In computer science, **LR parsers** are a type of bottom-up parser that analyse deterministic context-free languages in linear time. There are several variants of LR parsers: SLR parsers, LALR parsers, canonical LR(1) parsers, minimal LR(1) parsers, and generalized LR parsers (GLR parsers). LR parsers can ... | 396 | LR parser | 0 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## Overview
### Bottom-up parse tree for example A \* 2 + 1 {#bottom_up_parse_tree_for_example_a_2_1}
An LR parser scans and parses the input text in one forward pass over the text. The parser builds up the parse tree incrementally, bottom up, and left to right, without guessing or backtracking. At every... | 828 | LR parser | 1 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## Overview
### LR parse steps for example A \* 2 + 1 {#lr_parse_steps_for_example_a_2_1}
In LR parsers, the shift and reduce decisions are potentially based on the entire stack of everything that has been previously parsed, not just on a single, topmost stack symbol. If done in an unclever way, that coul... | 686 | LR parser | 2 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## Overview
### Grammar for the example A \* 2 + 1 {#grammar_for_the_example_a_2_1}
LR parsers are constructed from a grammar that formally defines the syntax of the input language as a set of patterns. The grammar doesn\'t cover all language rules, such as the size of numbers, or the consistent use of na... | 481 | LR parser | 3 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## Overview
### Parse table for the example grammar {#parse_table_for_the_example_grammar}
Most LR parsers are table driven. The parser\'s program code is a simple generic loop that is the same for all grammars and languages. The knowledge of the grammar and its syntactic implications are encoded into unc... | 1,192 | LR parser | 4 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## LR generator analysis {#lr_generator_analysis}
This section of the article can be skipped by most users of LR parser generators.
### LR states {#lr_states}
State 2 in the example parse table is for the partially parsed rule
:
: r1: Sums → Sums + `{{color|#f7f|•}}`{=mediawiki} Products
Thi... | 797 | LR parser | 5 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## LR generator analysis {#lr_generator_analysis}
### Lookahead sets {#lookahead_sets}
The states and transitions give all the needed information for the parse table\'s shift actions and goto actions. The generator also needs to calculate the expected lookahead sets for each reduce action.
In **SLR** par... | 471 | LR parser | 6 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## LR generator analysis {#lr_generator_analysis}
### Syntax error recovery {#syntax_error_recovery}
LR parsers can generate somewhat helpful error messages for the first syntax error in a program, by simply enumerating all the terminal symbols that could have appeared next instead of the unexpected bad l... | 932 | LR parser | 7 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## Additional example 1 + 1 {#additional_example_1_1}
right\|framed\|Bottom-up parse of 1+1
This example of LR parsing uses the following small grammar with goal symbol E:
: \(1\) E → E \* B
: \(2\) E → E + B
: \(3\) E → B
: \(4\) B → 0
: \(5\) B → 1
to parse the following input:
: **1 + 1... | 401 | LR parser | 8 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## Additional example 1 + 1 {#additional_example_1_1}
### Walkthrough
The parser starts out with the stack containing just the initial state (\'0\'):
: \[**0**\]
The first symbol from the input string that the parser sees is \'1\'. To find the next action (shift, reduce, accept or error), the action t... | 618 | LR parser | 9 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## Constructing LR(0) parsing tables {#constructing_lr0_parsing_tables}
### Items
The construction of these parsing tables is based on the notion of *LR(0) items* (simply called *items* here) which are grammar rules with a special dot added somewhere in the right-hand side. For example, the rule E → E + ... | 612 | LR parser | 10 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## Table construction {#table_construction}
### Finding the reachable item sets and the transitions between them {#finding_the_reachable_item_sets_and_the_transitions_between_them}
The first step of constructing the tables consists of determining the transitions between the closed item sets. These transi... | 1,037 | LR parser | 11 |
18,030 | # LR parser
## Table construction {#table_construction}
### Conflicts in the constructed tables {#conflicts_in_the_constructed_tables}
The automaton is constructed in such a way that it is guaranteed to be deterministic. However, when reduce actions are added to the action table it can happen that the same cell is fi... | 359 | LR parser | 12 |
18,031 | # Leon Battista Alberti
**Leon Battista Alberti** (`{{IPA|it|leombatˈtista alˈbɛɾti|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 14 February 1404 -- 25 April 1472) was an Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature of those identified now as polymath... | 907 | Leon Battista Alberti | 0 |
18,031 | # Leon Battista Alberti
## Publications
Alberti considered mathematics as the foundation of arts and sciences. \"To make clear my exposition in writing this brief commentary on painting,\" Alberti began his treatise, *Della Pittura* (On Painting) dedicated to Brunelleschi, \"I will take first from the mathematicians ... | 746 | Leon Battista Alberti | 1 |
18,031 | # Leon Battista Alberti
## Architectural works {#architectural_works}
Alberti did not concern himself with engineering, and very few of his major projects were built. As a designer and a student of Vitruvius and of ancient Roman architecture, he studied column and lintel based architecture, from a visual rather than ... | 863 | Leon Battista Alberti | 2 |
18,031 | # Leon Battista Alberti
## Architectural works {#architectural_works}
### Other buildings {#other_buildings}
- San Sebastiano, Mantua, (begun 1458) the unfinished façade of which has promoted much speculation as to Alberti\'s intention
- Sepolcro Rucellai in San Pancrazio, 1467)
- The Tribune for Santissima Ann... | 50 | Leon Battista Alberti | 3 |
18,031 | # Leon Battista Alberti
## Painting
Giorgio Vasari, who argued that historical progress in art reached its peak in Michelangelo, emphasized Alberti\'s scholarly achievements, not his artistic talents: \"He spent his time finding out about the world and studying the proportions of antiquities; but above all, following... | 276 | Leon Battista Alberti | 4 |
18,031 | # Leon Battista Alberti
## Contributions and cultural influence {#contributions_and_cultural_influence}
Alberti made a variety of contributions to several fields:
- Alberti was the creator of a theory called \"historia\". In his treatise *De pictura* (1435) he explains the theory of the accumulation of people, ani... | 932 | Leon Battista Alberti | 5 |
18,031 | # Leon Battista Alberti
## Works in print {#works_in_print}
- *De Pictura*, 1435. *On Painting*, in English, *De Pictura*, in Latin, ; *Della Pittura*, in Italian (1804 \[1434\]).
- *Momus,* Latin text and English translation, 2003 `{{ISBN|0-674-00754-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *De re aedificatoria* (1452, Ten Books on... | 375 | Leon Battista Alberti | 6 |
18,031 | # Leon Battista Alberti
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- Leon Battista Alberti is a major character in Roberto Rossellini\'s three-part television film *The Age of the Medici* (1973), with the third and final part, *Leon Battista Alberti: Humanism*, centering on him, his works (such as Santa Maria Nove... | 103 | Leon Battista Alberti | 7 |
18,033 | # Little Nemo
**Little Nemo** is a fictional character created by American cartoonist Winsor McCay. He originated in an early comic strip by McCay, *Dream of the Rarebit Fiend*, before receiving his own spin-off series, ***Little Nemo in Slumberland***. The full-page weekly strip depicted Nemo having fantastic dreams ... | 596 | Little Nemo | 0 |
18,033 | # Little Nemo
## Style
McCay experimented with the form of the comics page, its timing and pacing, the size and shape of its panels, perspective, and architectural and other detail. From the second installment, McCay had the panel sizes and layouts conform to the action in the strip: as a forest of mushrooms grew, so... | 453 | Little Nemo | 1 |
18,033 | # Little Nemo
## Background
Winsor McCay (c. 1867--71 -- 1934) had worked prolifically as a commercial artist and cartoonist in carnivals and dime museums before he began working for newspapers and magazines in 1898. In 1903, he joined the staff of the *New York Herald* family of newspapers, where he had success with... | 689 | Little Nemo | 2 |
18,033 | # Little Nemo
## Adaptations
### Theatre
As early as 1905, several abortive attempts were made to put *Little Nemo* on stage. In summer 1907, Marcus Klaw and A. L. Erlanger announced they would put on an extravagant *Little Nemo* show for an unprecedented \$100,000, with a score by Victor Herbert and lyrics by Harry... | 495 | Little Nemo | 3 |
18,033 | # Little Nemo
## Adaptations
### Film
McCay played an important role in the early history of animation. In 1911, he completed his first film, *Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics* (also known as *Little Nemo*), first in theatres and then as part of his vaudeville act. McCay ma... | 769 | Little Nemo | 4 |
18,033 | # Little Nemo
## Cultural influence {#cultural_influence}
Little Nemo itself is influenced by children stories in general, and some French comic pages in particular. Since its publishing, *Little Nemo* has had an influence on other artists, including Peter Newell (*The Naps of Polly Sleepyhead*), Frank King (*Bobby M... | 1,053 | Little Nemo | 5 |
18,041 | # Liber Memorialis
The ***Liber Memorialis*** is an ancient book in Latin featuring an extremely concise summary---a kind of index---of universal history from earliest times to the reign of Trajan. It was written by Lucius Ampelius, who was possibly a tutor or schoolmaster.
## Description
The book is dedicated to a ... | 365 | Liber Memorialis | 0 |
18,043 | # Lancelot Andrewes
**Lancelot Andrewes** (1555`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}25 September 1626) was an English bishop and scholar, who held high positions in the Church of England during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. During the latter\'s reign, Andrewes served successively as Bishop of Chichester, of Ely, and of Winch... | 341 | Lancelot Andrewes | 0 |
18,043 | # Lancelot Andrewes
## During Elizabeth\'s reign {#during_elizabeths_reign}
In 1588, following a period as chaplain to Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, Lord President of the Council in the North, he became vicar of St Giles, Cripplegate, in the City of London, where he delivered striking sermons on the temptat... | 659 | Lancelot Andrewes | 1 |
18,043 | # Lancelot Andrewes
## During the reign of James I {#during_the_reign_of_james_i}
On the accession of James I, Andrewes rose into great favour. He assisted at the coronation of James I and Anne, and in 1604 took part in the Hampton Court Conference.
Andrewes\' name is the first on the list of divines appointed to co... | 411 | Lancelot Andrewes | 2 |
18,043 | # Lancelot Andrewes
## Legacy
Two generations later, Richard Crashaw caught up the universal sentiment, when in his lines \"Upon Bishop Andrewes\' Picture before his Sermons\" he exclaims:
:
: This reverend shadow cast that setting sun,
: Whose glorious course through our horizon run,
: Left th... | 1,009 | Lancelot Andrewes | 3 |
18,043 | # Lancelot Andrewes
## Styles and titles {#styles_and_titles}
- 1555--c. 1579: Lancelot Andrewes Esq.
- --1589: *The Reverend* Lancelot Andrewes
- 1589--bef. 1590: *The Reverend* Prebendary Lancelot Andrewes
- bef | 30 | Lancelot Andrewes | 4 |
18,051 | # Labour Day
alt=\|thumb\|upright=2\|Countries and dependencies coloured by observance of International Workers\' Day or a different variant of May Day or Labour Day: `{{legend|#dd3333|Labour Day falls on 1 May}}`{=mediawiki} `{{legend|#ffcc33|Another public holiday on 1 May or the first Monday in May}}`{=mediawiki} `... | 985 | Labour Day | 0 |
18,051 | # Labour Day
## Other dates {#other_dates}
### China
1 May is a statutory holiday in the People\'s Republic of China. It was a three-day holiday until 2008, but was only one day after 2008. However, the actual time off is often longer than the time off in the regulations, and the extra time off is usually supplemente... | 833 | Labour Day | 1 |
18,051 | # Labour Day
## Other dates {#other_dates}
### Macau S.A.R. {#macau_s.a.r.}
In Macau, 1 May is a public holiday and is officially known as *Dia do Trabalhador* (Portuguese for \'Workers\' Day\').
### Malaysia
On 1 May, people in Malaysia take the time to remember the economic and social accomplishments of the labou... | 850 | Labour Day | 2 |
18,056 | # Laws of infernal dynamics
The **laws of infernal dynamics** are an adage about the cursedness of the universe. Attributed to science fiction author David Gerrold, the laws are as follows:
1. An object in motion will be moving in the wrong direction.
2. An object at rest will be in the wrong place.
3. The energy ... | 152 | Laws of infernal dynamics | 0 |
18,060 | # Leonard Bloomfield
**Leonard Bloomfield** (April 1, 1887 -- April 18, 1949) was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. He is considered to be the father of American distributionalism. His influential textbook *Language*, published i... | 668 | Leonard Bloomfield | 0 |
18,060 | # Leonard Bloomfield
## Indo-European linguistics {#indo_european_linguistics}
Bloomfield\'s earliest work was in historical Germanic studies, beginning with his dissertation, and continuing with a number of papers on Indo-European and Germanic phonology and morphology. His post-doctoral studies in Germany further st... | 529 | Leonard Bloomfield | 1 |
18,060 | # Leonard Bloomfield
## Austronesian linguistics {#austronesian_linguistics}
While at the University of Illinois Bloomfield undertook research on Tagalog, an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines. He carried out linguistic field work with Alfredo Viola Santiago, who was an engineering student at the univers... | 627 | Leonard Bloomfield | 2 |
18,060 | # Leonard Bloomfield
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- Bloomfield, Leonard. 1909/1910. \"A semasiological differentiation in Germanic secondary ablaut\". *Modern Philology* 7:245--288; 345--382.
-
- Bloomfield, Leonard. 1914. *Introduction to the Study of Language*. New York: Henry Holt. Re... | 406 | Leonard Bloomfield | 3 |
18,065 | # Long Parliament
The **Long Parliament** was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660, making it the longest-lasting Parliament in English and British history. It followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament, which had convened for only three weeks during the spring of 1640 after an 11-year parliamentar... | 423 | Long Parliament | 0 |
18,065 | # Long Parliament
## Execution of Strafford {#execution_of_strafford}
thumb\|left\|upright=1\|Charles signed a bill agreeing that the present Parliament should not be dissolved without its own consent. Charles found himself unable to fund the Bishops\' Wars without taxes; in April 1640, Parliament was recalled for th... | 559 | Long Parliament | 1 |
18,065 | # Long Parliament
## The Grand Remonstrance {#the_grand_remonstrance}
thumb\|right\|upright=1.0\|Viscount Falkland; killed at Newbury in 1643, typical of those moderates who supported reforms, but opposed the Grand Remonstrance and became Royalists This seemed to provide a basis for a programme of constitutional refo... | 520 | Long Parliament | 2 |
18,065 | # Long Parliament
## First English Civil War {#first_english_civil_war}
thumb\|right\|upright=1.2\|King Charles\' attempt to arrest the Five Members of the Commons Increasing unrest in London culminated in 23 to 29 December 1641 with widespread riots in Westminster, while the hostility of the crowd meant the bishops ... | 444 | Long Parliament | 3 |
18,065 | # Long Parliament
## Second English Civil War {#second_english_civil_war}
Many Parliamentarians had assumed military defeat would force Charles to compromise, which proved a fundamental misunderstanding of his character. When Prince Rupert suggested in August 1645 the war was lost, Charles responded he was correct fr... | 661 | Long Parliament | 4 |
18,065 | # Long Parliament
## Rump Parliament (6 December 1648 -- 20 April 1653) {#rump_parliament_6_december_1648_20_april_1653}
*Main article: Rump Parliament* Divisions emerged between various factions, culminating in Pride\'s Purge on 7 December 1648, when, under the orders of Oliver Cromwell\'s son-in-law Henry Ireton, C... | 855 | Long Parliament | 5 |
18,065 | # Long Parliament
## Recall of the Rump (7 May 1659 -- 20 February 1660) {#recall_of_the_rump_7_may_1659_20_february_1660}
After Richard Cromwell, who had succeeded his father Oliver as Lord Protector in 1658, was effectively deposed by an officers\' coup in April 1659, the officers re-summoned the Rump Parliament to... | 1,156 | Long Parliament | 6 |
18,065 | # Long Parliament
## Restoration and dissolution of the Long Parliament (21 February -- 16 March 1660) {#restoration_and_dissolution_of_the_long_parliament_21_february_16_march_1660}
After his initial show of deference to the Rump, Monck quickly found them unwilling to continue in cooperation with his plan for an ele... | 270 | Long Parliament | 7 |
18,065 | # Long Parliament
## Aftereffects: royalist and republican theories {#aftereffects_royalist_and_republican_theories}
\"Hitherto Monk had continued to make solemn protestations of his affection and fidelity to the Commonwealth interest, against a King and House of Lords; but the new militia being settled, and a Conven... | 1,381 | Long Parliament | 8 |
18,065 | # Long Parliament
## Timeline
- Archbishop William Laud impeached December 1640, imprisoned 26 February 1641
- *Triennial Act*, passed 15 February 1641
- Act against Dissolving the Long Parliament without its own Consent 11 May 1641
- Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford executed 12 May 1641
- Abolition ... | 113 | Long Parliament | 9 |
18,073 | # L cut
In film editing, an **L cut** is a variant of a split edit technique in which the audio from the preceding scene overlaps the picture from the following scene, so that the audio cuts after the picture, and continues playing over the beginning of the next scene.
The name of the cut refers to the shape of audio... | 123 | L cut | 0 |
18,077 | # Lexicon
A **lexicon** (plural: **lexicons**, rarely **lexica**) is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical). In linguistics, a lexicon is a language\'s inventory of lexemes. The word *lexicon* derives from Greek word *λεξικόν* (*lexikon*), neuter of *λεξικός* (*lexikos*) mean... | 310 | Lexicon | 0 |
18,077 | # Lexicon
## Lexicalization and other mechanisms in the lexicon {#lexicalization_and_other_mechanisms_in_the_lexicon}
A central role of the lexicon is documenting established *lexical norms and conventions*. Lexicalization is the process by which new words, having gained widespread usage, enter the lexicon. Since lex... | 759 | Lexicon | 1 |
18,077 | # Lexicon
## Second-language lexicon {#second_language_lexicon}
The term \"lexicon\" is generally used in the context of a single language. Therefore, multi-lingual speakers are generally thought to have multiple lexicons. Speakers of language variants (Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese, for example) may b... | 165 | Lexicon | 2 |
18,087 | # Lonsdaleite
**Lonsdaleite** (named in honour of Kathleen Lonsdale), also called **hexagonal diamond** in reference to the crystal structure, is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal lattice, as opposed to the cubical lattice of conventional diamond. It is found in nature in meteorite debris; when meteors containin... | 754 | Lonsdaleite | 0 |
18,087 | # Lonsdaleite
## Scams
Since the characteristics of lonsdaleite are unknown to most people outside of scientists trained in geology and mineralogy, the names \"lonsdaleite\" and \"hexagonal diamond\" have frequently been used in the fraudulent sale of ceramic artifacts passed off as meteorites on online e-commerce si... | 65 | Lonsdaleite | 1 |
18,089 | # Lettres de cachet
***Lettres de cachet*** (`{{IPA|fr|lɛtʁ də kaʃɛ|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{literal translation|"letters of the sign/signet"}}`{=mediawiki}) were letters signed by the king of France, countersigned by one of his ministers, and closed with the royal seal. They contained orders directly from the king, of... | 329 | Lettres de cachet | 0 |
18,089 | # Lettres de cachet
## History
The power to issue *lettres de cachet* was a royal privilege recognized by the French monarchic civil law that developed during the 13th century, as the Capetian monarchy overcame its initial distrust of Roman law. The principle can be traced to a maxim which furnished a text of the *Pa... | 519 | Lettres de cachet | 1 |
18,089 | # Lettres de cachet
## Protests
Protests against the *lettres de cachet* were made continually by the *Parlement* of Paris and by the provincial *parlements*, and also by the Estates-General. In 1648, during the Fronde, the sovereign courts of Paris, by their *Arrêt d\'Union*, procured their momentary suppression in ... | 394 | Lettres de cachet | 2 |
18,089 | # Lettres de cachet
## Victims of *lettres de cachet* {#victims_of_lettres_de_cachet}
- Charles Simon Favart (because a nobleman was interested in his wife)
- Luke Joseph Hooke (deprived of his academic chair in theology for awarding a PhD to a candidate without having read the (heretical) thesis.)
- Honoré Gab... | 452 | Lettres de cachet | 3 |
18,090 | # Lilia Podkopayeva
**Lilia Oleksandrivna Podkopayeva** (*Лілія Олександрівна Подкопаєва*; born 15 August 1978) is a Ukrainian former artistic gymnast. She is the 1995 world all-around champion, and the 1996 Olympic all-around and floor exercise champion. Often thought of as a complete athlete, Podkopayeva was known f... | 708 | Lilia Podkopayeva | 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.