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18,094 | # Litre
*Lithraea caustica*}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox unit
| name = litre
| image = [[File:CubeLitre.svg|200px]]
| caption = One litre is equal to the volume of a cubic decimetre.
| standard = [[International Syste... | 880 | Litre | 0 |
18,094 | # Litre
## SI prefixes applied to the litre {#si_prefixes_applied_to_the_litre}
The litre, though not an official SI unit, may be used with SI prefixes. The most commonly used derived unit is the millilitre, defined as one-thousandth of a litre, and also often referred to by the SI derived unit name \"cubic centimetr... | 491 | Litre | 1 |
18,094 | # Litre
## Symbol
Originally, the only symbol for the litre was **l** (lowercase letter L), following the SI convention that only those unit symbols that abbreviate the name of a person start with a capital letter. In many English-speaking countries, however, the most common shape of a handwritten Arabic digit 1 is j... | 364 | Litre | 2 |
18,094 | # Litre
## History
The first name of the litre was \"cadil\"; standards are shown at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris.
The litre was introduced in France in 1795 as one of the new \"republican units of measurement\" and defined as one cubic decimetre. One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one ... | 269 | Litre | 3 |
18,094 | # Litre
## Everyday usage {#everyday_usage}
In spoken English, the symbol \"mL\" (for millilitre) can be pronounced as \"mil\". This can potentially cause confusion with some other measurement words such as:
1. \"mm\" for millimetre, a unit of length equal to one-thousandth of a metre
2. \"mil\" for thousandth of ... | 436 | Litre | 4 |
18,109 | # Lennon Wall
The **Lennon Wall** (*Lennonova zeď*) or **John Lennon Wall** (Czech: *Zeď Johna Lennona*), located at *Velkopřevorské náměstí* (Grand Priory Square), Malá Strana, is a historic legal graffiti wall in Prague, Czechia. After the 1980 murder of John Lennon a mural of Lennon was painted by an unknown artist... | 485 | Lennon Wall | 0 |
18,109 | # Lennon Wall
## History
### Post velvet revolution and contemporary developments {#post_velvet_revolution_and_contemporary_developments}
After the fall of the iron curtain and replacement of the communist government the wall continuously underwent change and the original portrait of Lennon was long lost under layers... | 771 | Lennon Wall | 1 |
18,121 | # Leg spin
**Leg spin** is a type of spin bowling in cricket. A bowler who uses this technique is called a **leg spinner**. Leg spinners bowl with their right-arm and a wrist spin action. The leg spinner\'s normal delivery is called a **leg break**, which spins from right to left (from the bowler\'s perspective) when ... | 312 | Leg spin | 0 |
18,121 | # Leg spin
## Comparison with other types of bowling {#comparison_with_other_types_of_bowling}
A left-handed bowler who bowls with the same (wrist spin) action as a leg spinner is known as a left-arm unorthodox spin bowler. The ball itself spins in the opposite direction.
The same kind of trajectory, which spins fro... | 872 | Leg spin | 1 |
18,121 | # Leg spin
## Other deliveries bowled by leg spin bowlers {#other_deliveries_bowled_by_leg_spin_bowlers}
Highly skilled leg spin bowlers are also able to bowl deliveries that behave unexpectedly, including the googly, which turns the opposite way to a normal leg break and the top spinner, which does not turn but dips... | 122 | Leg spin | 2 |
18,125 | # Links (web browser)
**Links** is a free software text and graphical web browser with a pull-down menu system. It renders complex pages, has partial HTML 4.0 support (including tables, frames, and support for UTF-8), supports color and monochrome terminals, and allows horizontal scrolling.
It is intended for users w... | 333 | Links (web browser) | 0 |
18,126 | # Learning object
A **learning object** is \"a collection of content items, practice items, and assessment items that are combined based on a single learning objective\". The term is credited to Wayne Hodgins, and dates from a working group in 1994 bearing the name. The concept encompassed by \'Learning Objects\' is k... | 715 | Learning object | 0 |
18,126 | # Learning object
## Mutability
A mutated learning object is, according to Michael S. Shaw, MSc (2003), a learning object that has been \"re-purposed and/or re-engineered, changed or simply re-used in some way different from its original intended design\". In other words, educational content or learning materials, in... | 427 | Learning object | 1 |
18,129 | # List of Labour parties
The name \"Labour Party\" (or \"Labor Party\") is used by political parties around the world, particularly in Commonwealth nations. Historically, these parties are associated with democratic socialism, although not exclusively. Over time, most have evolved into social democratic parties. They ... | 569 | List of Labour parties | 0 |
18,129 | # List of Labour parties
## Historical Labour parties {#historical_labour_parties}
+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Nation | Party |
+========+=======================================... | 623 | List of Labour parties | 1 |
18,135 | # Lorenz curve
upright=1.2\|thumb\|A typical Lorenz curve In economics, the **Lorenz curve** is a graphical representation of the distribution of income or of wealth. It was developed by Max O. Lorenz in 1905 for representing inequality of the wealth distribution.
The curve is a graph showing the proportion of overal... | 444 | Lorenz curve | 0 |
18,135 | # Lorenz curve
## Definition and calculation {#definition_and_calculation}
upright=1.2\|thumb\|Lorenz curve for US wealth distribution in 2016 showing negative wealth and oligarchy The Lorenz curve is a probability plot (a P--P plot) comparing the distribution of a variable against a hypothetical uniform distribution... | 373 | Lorenz curve | 1 |
18,135 | # Lorenz curve
## Properties
A Lorenz curve always starts at (0,0) and ends at (1,1).
The Lorenz curve is not defined if the mean of the probability distribution is zero or infinite.
The Lorenz curve for a probability distribution is a continuous function. However, Lorenz curves representing discontinuous functions... | 470 | Lorenz curve | 2 |
18,139 | # League of Nations mandate
A **League of Nations mandate** represented a legal status under international law for specific territories following World War I, involving the transfer of control from one nation to another. These mandates served as legal documents establishing the internationally agreed terms for adminis... | 579 | League of Nations mandate | 0 |
18,139 | # League of Nations mandate
## Types of mandates {#types_of_mandates}
The League of Nations decided the exact level of control by the mandatory power over each mandate on an individual basis. However, in every case the mandatory power was forbidden to construct fortifications or raise an army within the territory of ... | 291 | League of Nations mandate | 1 |
18,139 | # League of Nations mandate
## List of mandates {#list_of_mandates}
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+... | 1,291 | League of Nations mandate | 2 |
18,139 | # League of Nations mandate
## Rules of establishment {#rules_of_establishment}
According to the Council of the League of Nations, meeting of August 1920: \"draft mandates adopted by the Allied and Associated Powers would not be definitive until they had been considered and approved by the League\... the legal title ... | 505 | League of Nations mandate | 3 |
18,139 | # League of Nations mandate
## Later history {#later_history}
After the United Nations was founded in 1945 and the League of Nations was disbanded, all but one of the mandated territories became United Nations trust territories, a roughly equivalent status. In each case, the colonial power that held the mandate on ea... | 401 | League of Nations mandate | 4 |
18,145 | # List of laser applications
Many scientific, military, medical and commercial **laser applications** have been developed since the invention of the laser in 1958. The coherency, high monochromaticity, and ability to reach extremely high powers are all properties which allow for these specialized applications.
## Sci... | 751 | List of laser applications | 0 |
18,145 | # List of laser applications
## Scientific
### Laser cooling {#laser_cooling}
A technique that has recent success is *laser cooling*. This involves atom trapping, a method where a number of atoms are confined in a specially shaped arrangement of electric and magnetic fields. Shining particular wavelengths of light at... | 327 | List of laser applications | 1 |
18,145 | # List of laser applications
## Military
### Directly as an energy weapon {#directly_as_an_energy_weapon}
A **laser weapon** is directed-energy weapon based on lasers.`{{summarize|from|Laser weapon|date=December 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Defensive countermeasures {#defensive_countermeasures}
Defensive countermeasure... | 648 | List of laser applications | 2 |
18,145 | # List of laser applications
## Medical
- Cosmetic surgery (removing tattoos, scars, stretch marks, sunspots, wrinkles, birthmarks, and hair): see laser hair removal. Laser types used in dermatology include ruby (694 nm), alexandrite (755 nm), pulsed diode array (810 nm), Nd:YAG (1064 nm), Ho:YAG (2090 nm), and Er:... | 765 | List of laser applications | 3 |
18,151 | # Laser construction
A **laser is constructed** from three principal parts:
- An energy source (usually referred to as the *pump* or *pump source*),
- A *gain medium* or *laser medium*, and
- Two or more mirrors that form an *optical resonator*.
## Pump source {#pump_source}
The *pump source* is the part that... | 464 | Laser construction | 0 |
18,151 | # Laser construction
## Optical resonator {#optical_resonator}
The *optical resonator*, or *optical cavity*, in its simplest form is two parallel mirrors placed around the gain medium, which provide feedback of the light. The mirrors are given optical coatings which determine their reflective properties. Typically, o... | 279 | Laser construction | 1 |
18,152 | # Logical conjunction
Circumflex Agent (\^)\|Lambda{{!}}Capital Lambda (Λ)\|Turned v{{!}}Turned V (Λ)\|Exterior algebra {{!}}Exterior Product (∧)}} `{{Infobox logical connective
| title = Logical conjunction
| other titles = AND
| Venn diagram = Venn0001.svg
| wikifunction = Z10174
| definition = <math>xy</ma... | 780 | Logical conjunction | 0 |
18,152 | # Logical conjunction
## Properties
**commutativity: yes**
------------- --------------------------- ------------------ -- --------------------------- --
$A \land B$ $\Leftrightarrow$ $B \land A$ \|-y $\Leftrightarrow$
------------- --------------------------- ------------------ -- ... | 669 | Logical conjunction | 1 |
18,152 | # Logical conjunction
## Natural language {#natural_language}
As with other notions formalized in mathematical logic, the logical conjunction *and* is related to, but not the same as, the grammatical conjunction *and* in natural languages.
English \"and\" has properties not captured by logical conjunction. For examp... | 122 | Logical conjunction | 2 |
18,153 | # Logical connective
In logic, a **logical connective** (also called a **logical operator**, **sentential connective**, or **sentential operator**) is a logical constant. Connectives can be used to connect logical formulas. For instance in the syntax of propositional logic, the binary connective $\lor$ can be used to ... | 801 | Logical connective | 0 |
18,153 | # Logical connective
## Overview
### History of notations {#history_of_notations}
- Negation: the symbol $\neg$ appeared in Heyting in 1930Denis Roegel (2002),
*[A brief survey of 20th century logical notations](https://members.loria.fr/Roegel/loc/symboles-logiques-eng.pdf)* (see chart on page 2).
(compare to Fre... | 392 | Logical connective | 1 |
18,153 | # Logical connective
## Overview
### Redundancy
Such a logical connective as converse implication \"$\leftarrow$\" is actually the same as material conditional with swapped arguments; thus, the symbol for converse implication is redundant. In some logical calculi (notably, in classical logic), certain essentially dif... | 351 | Logical connective | 2 |
18,153 | # Logical connective
## Natural language {#natural_language}
The standard logical connectives of classical logic have rough equivalents in the grammars of natural languages. In English, as in many languages, such expressions are typically grammatical conjunctions. However, they can also take the form of complementize... | 293 | Logical connective | 3 |
18,153 | # Logical connective
## Properties
Some logical connectives possess properties that may be expressed in the theorems containing the connective. Some of those properties that a logical connective may have are:
Associativity: Within an expression containing two or more of the same associative connectives in a row, the... | 631 | Logical connective | 4 |
18,153 | # Logical connective
## Applications
Logical connectives are used in computer science and in set theory.
### Computer science {#computer_science}
A truth-functional approach to logical operators is implemented as logic gates in digital circuits. Practically all digital circuits (the major exception is DRAM) are bui... | 300 | Logical connective | 5 |
18,156 | # Lemuridae
**Lemuridae** is a family of strepsirrhine primates native to Madagascar and the Comoros. They are represented by the Lemuriformes in Madagascar with one of the highest concentration of the lemurs. One of five families commonly known as lemurs, these animals were once thought to be the evolutionary predece... | 318 | Lemuridae | 0 |
18,156 | # Lemuridae
## Characteristics
Lemurids are medium-sized arboreal primates, ranging from 32 to 56 cm in length, excluding the tail, and weighing from 0.7 to 5 kg. They have long, bushy tails and soft, woolly fur of varying coloration. The hindlegs are slightly longer than the forelegs, although not enough to hamper f... | 531 | Lemuridae | 1 |
18,157 | # Lucent Technologies
**Lucent Technologies, Inc.** was an American multinational telecommunications equipment company headquartered in Murray Hill, New Jersey. It was established on September 30, 1996, through the divestiture of the former AT&T Technologies business unit of AT&T Corporation, which included Western El... | 403 | Lucent Technologies | 0 |
18,157 | # Lucent Technologies
## History
One of the primary reasons AT&T Corporation chose to spin off its equipment manufacturing business was to permit it to profit from sales to competing telecommunications providers; these customers had previously shown reluctance to purchase from a direct competitor. Bell Labs brought p... | 1,331 | Lucent Technologies | 1 |
18,157 | # Lucent Technologies
## Operations
### Divisions
Lucent was divided into several core groups:
- **Network Solutions Group** served landline/cellular telephone service providers by providing equipment and other solutions necessary to provide telephone service, including networking equipment.
- **Lucent Worldwid... | 648 | Lucent Technologies | 2 |
18,157 | # Lucent Technologies
## Operations
### Notable buildings {#notable_buildings}
During its expansion in the late 1990s, Lucent commissioned several large office buildings. The architectural firm, Kevin Roche, John Dinkeloo, and Associates (KRJDA) designed five structures clad in energy-efficient, tinted, low-E glass.
... | 386 | Lucent Technologies | 3 |
18,157 | # Lucent Technologies
## Operations
### Leased locations {#leased_locations}
To meet customer and business needs, further locations were built and leased for Lucent, rather than built as corporate assets. At September, 1997 Lucent reported that future non-cancelable lease payments totaled \$1,037 million.
- **Okla... | 689 | Lucent Technologies | 4 |
18,157 | # Lucent Technologies
## Operations
### International locations {#international_locations}
- **Bangalore** - in 1997, Bell Labs R&D was opened in Bangalore, India and after four years of operation, Lucent announced the closure of Bell Labs in India. In August 2001, during the announcement, up to 500 employees were ... | 435 | Lucent Technologies | 5 |
18,157 | # Lucent Technologies
## Operations
### Domestic manufacturing locations {#domestic_manufacturing_locations}
Many of the following manufacturing locations were transferred to other subsidiaries during Lucent\'s existence, closed, or sold years later. These facilities were established by Western Electric before the 19... | 954 | Lucent Technologies | 6 |
18,158 | # Lupercalia
**Lupercalia**, also known as **Lupercal**, was a pastoral festival of Ancient Rome observed annually on February 15 to purify the city, promoting health and fertility. Lupercalia was also known as *dies Februatus*, after the purification instruments called *februa*, the basis for the month named *Februar... | 286 | Lupercalia | 0 |
18,158 | # Lupercalia
## Rites
### Locations
The rites were confined to the Lupercal cave, the Palatine Hill, and the Forum, all of which were central locations in Rome\'s foundation myth. Near the cave stood a sanctuary of Rumina, goddess of breastfeeding; and the wild fig-tree (*Ficus Ruminalis*) to which Romulus and Remus... | 545 | Lupercalia | 1 |
18,158 | # Lupercalia
## History
The Februa was of ancient and possibly Sabine origin. After February was added to the Roman calendar, Februa occurred on its fifteenth day (**a.d. XV Kal. Mart.**). Of its various rituals, the most important came to be those of the Lupercalia. The Romans themselves attributed the instigation o... | 388 | Lupercalia | 2 |
18,158 | # Lupercalia
## Legacy
Horace\'s Ode III, 18 alludes to the Lupercalia. The festival or its associated rituals gave its name to the Roman month of February (**mensis Februarius**) and thence to the modern month. The Roman god Februus personified both the month and purification, but seems to postdate both.
William Sh... | 92 | Lupercalia | 3 |
18,162 | # Lists of atheists
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist. This is a compilation of the various **lists of atheists** with articles on Wikipedia by category. Living people in these lists a... | 76 | Lists of atheists | 0 |
18,183 | # Body relative direction
**Body relative directions** (also known as **egocentric coordinates**) are geometrical orientations relative to a body such as a human person\'s body or a road sign. The most common ones are: **left** and **right**; **forward** and **backward**; **up** and **down**. They form three pairs of ... | 743 | Body relative direction | 0 |
18,183 | # Body relative direction
## Nautical terminology {#nautical_terminology}
Bow, stern, port, starboard, fore and aft are nautical terms that convey an impersonal relative direction in the context of the moving frame of persons aboard a ship. The need for impersonal terms is most clearly seen in a rowing shell where th... | 259 | Body relative direction | 1 |
18,185 | # List of deists
This is a partial list of people who have been categorized as Deists, the belief in a deity based on natural religion only, or belief in religious truths discovered by people through a process of reasoning, independent of any revelation through scriptures or prophets. They have been selected for their... | 798 | List of deists | 0 |
18,185 | # List of deists
## Born 1800--1900 {#born_18001900}
- Victor Hugo (1802--1885), French writer, artist, activist and statesman
- William Lloyd Garrison (1805--1879), American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper *The Liberator*, and was one of... | 558 | List of deists | 1 |
18,185 | # List of deists
## Born after 1900 {#born_after_1900}
- Wolfgang Pauli (1900--1958), Austrian theoretical physicist. In 1945, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics. He is best known for his work on Pauli principle and spin theory.
- Luis Walter Alvarez (1911--1988), American experimental physicist and inventor,... | 348 | List of deists | 2 |
18,208 | # Lossy compression
In information technology, **lossy compression** or **irreversible compression** is the class of data compression methods that uses inexact approximations and partial data discarding to represent the content. These techniques are used to reduce data size for storing, handling, and transmitting cont... | 633 | Lossy compression | 0 |
18,208 | # Lossy compression
## Transform coding {#transform_coding}
Some forms of lossy compression can be thought of as an application of transform coding, which is a type of data compression used for digital images, digital audio signals, and digital video. The transformation is typically used to enable better (more target... | 537 | Lossy compression | 1 |
18,208 | # Lossy compression
## Information loss {#information_loss}
Lossy compression formats suffer from generation loss: repeatedly compressing and decompressing the file will cause it to progressively lose quality. This is in contrast with lossless data compression, where data will not be lost via the use of such a proced... | 519 | Lossy compression | 2 |
18,208 | # Lossy compression
## Transcoding and editing {#transcoding_and_editing}
An important caveat about lossy compression (formally transcoding), is that editing lossily compressed files causes digital generation loss from the re-encoding. This can be avoided by only producing lossy files from (lossless) originals and on... | 661 | Lossy compression | 3 |
18,208 | # Lossy compression
## Methods
### Graphics
#### Image
- Discrete cosine transform (DCT)
- JPEG
- WebP (high-density lossless or lossy compression of RGB and RGBA images)
- High Efficiency Image Format (HEIF)
- Better Portable Graphics (BPG) (lossless or lossy compression)
- JPEG XR,... | 430 | Lossy compression | 4 |
18,208 | # Lossy compression
## Lowering resolution {#lowering_resolution}
A general kind of lossy compression is to lower the resolution of an image, as in image scaling, particularly decimation. One may also remove less \"lower information\" parts of an image, such as by seam carving. Many media transforms, such as Gaussian... | 150 | Lossy compression | 5 |
18,209 | # Lossless compression
**Lossless compression** is a class of data compression that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data with no loss of information. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy. By contrast, lossy compression ... | 305 | Lossless compression | 0 |
18,209 | # Lossless compression
## Techniques
Most lossless compression programs do two things in sequence: the first step generates a *statistical model* for the input data, and the second step uses this model to map input data to bit sequences in such a way that \"probable\" (i.e. frequently encountered) data will produce s... | 551 | Lossless compression | 1 |
18,209 | # Lossless compression
## Techniques
### Historical legal issues {#historical_legal_issues}
Many of these methods are implemented in open-source and proprietary tools, particularly LZW and its variants. Some algorithms are patented in the United States and other countries and their legal usage requires licensing by t... | 402 | Lossless compression | 2 |
18,209 | # Lossless compression
## Methods
No lossless compression algorithm can efficiently compress all possible data `{{xref|(see {{slink||Limitations}} for more on this)}}`{=mediawiki}. For this reason, many different algorithms exist that are designed either with a specific type of input data in mind or with specific ass... | 732 | Lossless compression | 3 |
18,209 | # Lossless compression
## Benchmarks
Lossless compression algorithms and their implementations are routinely tested in head-to-head benchmarks. There are a number of better-known compression benchmarks. Some benchmarks cover only the data compression ratio, so winners in these benchmarks may be unsuitable for everyda... | 386 | Lossless compression | 4 |
18,209 | # Lossless compression
## Limitations
Lossless data compression algorithms cannot guarantee compression for all input data sets. In other words, for any lossless data compression algorithm, there will be an input data set that does not get smaller when processed by the algorithm, and for any lossless data compression... | 1,002 | Lossless compression | 5 |
18,209 | # Lossless compression
## Limitations
### Points of application in real compression theory {#points_of_application_in_real_compression_theory}
Real compression algorithm designers accept that streams of high information entropy cannot be compressed, and accordingly, include facilities for detecting and handling this ... | 210 | Lossless compression | 6 |
18,221 | # LambdaMOO
***LambdaMOO*** is an online community of the variety called a MOO. It is the oldest MOO today.
*LambdaMOO* was founded in 1990 by Pavel Curtis at Xerox PARC. Now hosted in the state of Washington, it is operated and administered entirely on a volunteer basis. Guests are allowed, and membership is free to... | 709 | LambdaMOO | 0 |
18,221 | # LambdaMOO
## Demographics
The population of *LambdaMOO* numbered close to 10,000 around 1994, with over 300 actively connected at any time | 22 | LambdaMOO | 1 |
18,223 | # Lorica segmentata
The ***lorica segmentata*** (`{{IPA|la|ɫoːˈriːka}}`{=mediawiki}), also called ***lorica lamminata**\'\', or***banded armour**\'\' is a type of personal armour that was used by soldiers of the Roman army, consisting of metal strips fashioned into circular bands, fastened to internal leather straps.
... | 614 | Lorica segmentata | 0 |
18,223 | # Lorica segmentata
## Construction
The plates in the *lorica segmentata* armor were made by overlapping ferrous plates that were then riveted to straps made from leather. It is unknown what animal was used to make the leather and if it was tanned or tawed. The plates were made of soft iron on the inside and rolled m... | 295 | Lorica segmentata | 1 |
18,223 | # Lorica segmentata
## Usage
It is unclear who used this armor. On monuments, *Auxilia* are generally shown wearing mail, not cuirasses, and carrying oval shields. Roman depictions of legionaries, such as those found on Trajan\'s column often depict them wearing the *lorica segmentata*. On this basis, it has been sup... | 398 | Lorica segmentata | 2 |
18,234 | # Libro de los juegos
The ***Libro de los juegos*** (Spanish: \"Book of games\"), or ***Libro de axedrez, dados e tablas*** (\"Book of chess, dice and tables\", in Old Spanish), is a 13th century Spanish treatise of chess that synthesizes the information from Arabic works on this same topic, dice and tables (backgammo... | 846 | Libro de los juegos | 0 |
18,234 | # Libro de los juegos
## Art
thumb\|upright=1.45\|right\|A 13th-century illustration in *Libro de los Juegos* of Nine men\'s morris being played with dice The miniatures in the *Libro de juegos* vary between half- and full-page illustrations. The half-page miniatures typically occupy the upper half of a folio, with t... | 1,015 | Libro de los juegos | 1 |
18,234 | # Libro de los juegos
## Iconography
The *Libro de los Juegos* can be divided into three parts: the games and problems it explores textually, the actual illuminations themselves, and the metaphysical allegories, where an analysis of the texts and illuminations reveals the movements of the macrocosmos of the universe ... | 530 | Libro de los juegos | 2 |
18,234 | # Libro de los juegos
## Literary context {#literary_context}
Most of the work accomplished in Alfonso\'s scriptorium consisted of translations into the Spanish vernacular from Arabic translations of Greek texts or classical Jewish medicinal texts. As a result, very few original works were produced by this scholar-ki... | 466 | Libro de los juegos | 3 |
18,236 | # Lithium citrate
**Lithium citrate** (Li~3~C~6~H~5~O~7~) is a lithium salt of citric acid that is used as a mood stabilizer in psychiatric treatment of manic states and bipolar disorder. There is extensive pharmacology of lithium, the active component of this salt.
## History
Lithium citrate was one of the lithium ... | 219 | Lithium citrate | 0 |
18,238 | # Lunar Roving Vehicle
The **Lunar Roving Vehicle** (**LRV**) is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It is popularly called the **Moon buggy**, a play on the term \"dune buggy\".
Built by Boeing, each LR... | 1,272 | Lunar Roving Vehicle | 0 |
18,238 | # Lunar Roving Vehicle
## History
### Lunar Roving Vehicle Project {#lunar_roving_vehicle_project}
During 1965 and 1967, the Summer Conference on Lunar Exploration and Science brought together leading scientists to assess NASA\'s planning for exploring the Moon and to make recommendations. One of their findings was t... | 1,050 | Lunar Roving Vehicle | 1 |
18,238 | # Lunar Roving Vehicle
## Features and specifications {#features_and_specifications}
thumb\|upright=1.8\|left\|Eugene Cernan test drives the Apollo 17 lunar rover shortly after unloading it from the LM *Challenger*
The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle is a battery electric vehicle designed to operate in the low-gravity v... | 858 | Lunar Roving Vehicle | 2 |
18,238 | # Lunar Roving Vehicle
## Usage
The LRV was used during the lunar surface operations of Apollo 15, 16 and 17, the J missions of the Apollo program. On each mission, the LRV was used on three separate EVAs, for a total of nine lunar traverses, or sorties. During operation, the commander (CDR) always drove, while the L... | 408 | Lunar Roving Vehicle | 3 |
18,238 | # Lunar Roving Vehicle
## Usage
### Locations
Four flight-ready LRVs were manufactured, as well as several others for testing and training. Three were transported to and left on the Moon via the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions (LRV-1 to 3), with the fourth (LRV-4) used for spare parts for the first three following the... | 599 | Lunar Roving Vehicle | 4 |
18,274 | # List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson
This is a list of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson, the 36th president of the United States.
## Buildings
- Lyndon B. Johnson Student Center, a complex including teaching theaters, shops, a student pool hall, and office space located at the Texas State University in San Marco... | 338 | List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson | 0 |
18,291 | # Luxembourgish
**Luxembourgish** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʌ|k|s|əm|b|ɜːr|ɡ|ɪ|ʃ|}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|LUK|səm|bur|ghish}}`{=mediawiki}; also *Luxemburgish*, *Luxembourgian*,
-
-
- *Letzebu(e)rgesch*; *Lëtzebuergesch* `{{IPA|lb|ˈlətsəbu̯əjəʃ||lb-lëtzebuergesch.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a West Germanic language that... | 381 | Luxembourgish | 0 |
18,291 | # Luxembourgish
## Speech
Luxembourgish is considered the national language of Luxembourg and also one of the three administrative languages, alongside German and French.
In Luxembourg, 77% of residents can speak Luxembourgish, and it is the primary language of 48% of the population. It is also spoken in the Arelerl... | 495 | Luxembourgish | 1 |
18,291 | # Luxembourgish
## Orthography
### Standardisation
A number of proposals for standardising the orthography of Luxembourgish can be documented, going back to the middle of the 19th century. There was no officially recognised system until the adoption of the \"OLO\" (*ofizjel lezebuurjer ortografi*) on 5 June 1946. Th... | 753 | Luxembourgish | 2 |
18,291 | # Luxembourgish
## Phonology
### Consonants
The consonant inventory of Luxembourgish is quite similar to that of Standard German.
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Dorsal
------------- -- --------------------------------- -----... | 408 | Luxembourgish | 3 |
18,291 | # Luxembourgish
## Grammar
### Nominal syntax {#nominal_syntax}
Luxembourgish has three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and three cases (nominative, accusative, and dative). These are marked morphologically on determiners and pronouns. As in German, there is no morphological gender distinction in the plur... | 480 | Luxembourgish | 4 |
18,291 | # Luxembourgish
## Grammar
### Adjectives
Adjectives show a different morphological behaviour when used attributively and predicatively. In predicative use, e.g. when they occur with verbs like *sinn* (\"to be\"), adjectives receive no extra ending:
- De Mann ass grouss. (*masculine*, \"The man is tall.\")
- D\'... | 394 | Luxembourgish | 5 |
18,291 | # Luxembourgish
## Grammar
### Word order {#word_order}
Luxembourgish exhibits \"verb second\" word order in clauses. More specifically, Luxembourgish is a V2-SOV language, like German and Dutch. In other words, we find the following finite clausal structures:
- the finite verb in second position in declarative cl... | 360 | Luxembourgish | 6 |
18,291 | # Luxembourgish
## Vocabulary
Luxembourgish has borrowed many French words. For example, the word for a bus driver is *Buschauffeur* (as in Dutch and Swiss German), which would be *Busfahrer* in German and *chauffeur de bus* in French.
Some words are different from Standard German, but have equivalents in German dia... | 447 | Luxembourgish | 7 |
18,291 | # Luxembourgish
## Academic projects {#academic_projects}
Between 2000 and 2002, Luxembourgish linguist Jérôme Lulling compiled a lexical database of 125,000-word forms as the basis for the first Luxembourgish spellchecker (Projet C.ORT.IN.A).
The LaF (*Lëtzebuergesch als Friemsprooch* -- Luxembourgish as a Foreign ... | 761 | Luxembourgish | 8 |
18,303 | # Liber Pontificalis
The ***Liber Pontificalis*** (Latin for \'pontifical book\' or *Book of the Popes*) is a book of biographies of popes from Saint Peter until the 15th century. The original publication of the *Liber Pontificalis* stopped with Pope Adrian II (867--872) or Pope Stephen V (885--891), but it was later ... | 756 | Liber Pontificalis | 0 |
18,303 | # Liber Pontificalis
## Extension
It was only in the 12th century that the *Liber Pontificalis* was systematically continued, although papal biographies exist in the interim period in other sources.
### Petrus Guillermi {#petrus_guillermi}
Duchesne refers to the 12th-century work by Petrus Guillermi in 1142 at the ... | 712 | Liber Pontificalis | 1 |
18,317 | # Lower Peninsula of Michigan
The **Lower Peninsula of Michigan** -- also known as **Lower Michigan** -- is the larger, southern and less elevated of the two major landmasses that make up the U.S. state of Michigan; the other being the Upper Peninsula, which is separated by the Straits of Mackinac. It is surrounded by... | 274 | Lower Peninsula of Michigan | 0 |
18,317 | # Lower Peninsula of Michigan
## Geography
The Lower Peninsula is bounded on the west by Lake Michigan and on the northeast by Lake Huron, which connect at the Straits of Mackinac. In the southeast, the waterway consisting of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, and Lake Erie separates it from the prov... | 756 | Lower Peninsula of Michigan | 1 |
18,322 | # Lamorna Birch
**Samuel John** \"**Lamorna**\" **Birch**, RA, RWS (7 June 1869 -- 7 January 1955) was an English artist in oils and watercolours. At the suggestion of fellow artist Stanhope Forbes, Birch adopted the *soubriquet* \"Lamorna\" to distinguish himself from Lionel Birch, an artist who was also working in t... | 515 | Lamorna Birch | 0 |
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