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18,566 | # Linker (computing)
A **linker** or **link editor** is a computer program that combines intermediate software build files such as object and library files into a single executable file such as a program or library. A linker is often part of a toolchain that includes a compiler and/or assembler that generates intermed... | 829 | Linker (computing) | 0 |
18,566 | # Linker (computing)
## Static linking {#static_linking}
Static linking is the result of the linker copying all library routines used in the program into the executable image. This may require more disk space and memory than dynamic linking, but is more portable, since it does not require the presence of the library ... | 339 | Linker (computing) | 1 |
18,566 | # Linker (computing)
## `{{anchor|Consolidator}}`{=mediawiki}Linkage editor {#linkage_editor}
In IBM System/360 through IBM Z mainframe operating systems such as OS/360 and its successors, this type of program is known as a *linkage editor*. As the name implies a linkage *editor* has the additional capability of allo... | 574 | Linker (computing) | 2 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
An algorithm is fundamentally a set of rules or defined procedures that is typically designed and used to solve a specific problem or a broad set of problems.
Broadly, algorithms define process(es), sets of rules, or methodologies that are to be followed in calculations, data processing, data min... | 902 | List of algorithms | 0 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
## Combinatorial algorithms {#combinatorial_algorithms}
### Sequence algorithms {#sequence_algorithms}
#### Approximate sequence matching {#approximate_sequence_matching}
- Bitap algorithm: fuzzy algorithm that determines if strings are approximately equal.
- Phonetic algorithms
- Dait... | 1,086 | List of algorithms | 1 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
## Computational mathematics {#computational_mathematics}
### Abstract algebra {#abstract_algebra}
- Chien search: a recursive algorithm for determining roots of polynomials defined over a finite field
- Schreier--Sims algorithm: computing a base and strong generating set (BSGS) of a permuta... | 756 | List of algorithms | 2 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
## Computational mathematics {#computational_mathematics}
### Numerical algorithms {#numerical_algorithms}
#### Differential equation solving {#differential_equation_solving}
- Backward Euler method
- Euler method
- Linear multistep methods
- Multigrid methods (MG methods), a group of al... | 1,070 | List of algorithms | 3 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
## Computational mathematics {#computational_mathematics}
### Optimization algorithms {#optimization_algorithms}
Hybrid Algorithms
- Alpha--beta pruning: search to reduce number of nodes in minimax algorithm
- A hybrid BFGS-Like method (see more <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2024.115857>)
... | 598 | List of algorithms | 4 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
## Computational science {#computational_science}
### Astronomy
- Doomsday algorithm: day of the week
- various Easter algorithms are used to calculate the day of Easter
- Zeller\'s congruence is an algorithm to calculate the day of the week for any Julian or Gregorian calendar date
### B... | 460 | List of algorithms | 5 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
## Computational science {#computational_science}
### Statistics
- Algorithms for calculating variance: avoiding instability and numerical overflow
- Approximate counting algorithm: allows counting large number of events in a small register
- Bayesian statistics
- Nested sampling algo... | 540 | List of algorithms | 6 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
## Computer science {#computer_science}
### Computer architecture {#computer_architecture}
- Tomasulo algorithm: allows sequential instructions that would normally be stalled due to certain dependencies to execute non-sequentially
### Computer graphics {#computer_graphics}
- Binary space p... | 755 | List of algorithms | 7 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
## Computer science {#computer_science}
### Machine learning and statistical classification {#machine_learning_and_statistical_classification}
- Almeida--Pineda recurrent backpropagation: Adjust a matrix of synaptic weights to generate desired outputs given its inputs
- ALOPEX: a correlation-... | 795 | List of algorithms | 8 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
## Information theory and signal processing {#information_theory_and_signal_processing}
### Coding theory {#coding_theory}
#### Error detection and correction {#error_detection_and_correction}
- BCH Codes
- Berlekamp--Massey algorithm
- Peterson--Gorenstein--Zierler algorithm
... | 656 | List of algorithms | 9 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
## Information theory and signal processing {#information_theory_and_signal_processing}
### Digital signal processing {#digital_signal_processing}
- Adaptive-additive algorithm (AA algorithm): find the spatial frequency phase of an observed wave source
- Discrete Fourier transform: determines... | 485 | List of algorithms | 10 |
18,568 | # List of algorithms
## Database algorithms {#database_algorithms}
- Algorithms for Recovery and Isolation Exploiting Semantics (ARIES): transaction recovery
- Join algorithms
- Block nested loop
- Hash join
- Nested loop join
- Sort-Merge Join
- The Chase
## Distributed systems algorit... | 441 | List of algorithms | 11 |
18,572 | # Linear prediction
**Linear prediction** is a mathematical operation where future values of a discrete-time signal are estimated as a linear function of previous samples.
In digital signal processing, linear prediction is often called linear predictive coding (LPC) and can thus be viewed as a subset of filter theory... | 719 | Linear prediction | 0 |
18,577 | # Lusitania
RMS *Lusitania*\|other uses}} `{{Distinguish|Lusatia|Lusiana|Luzitania}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name = {{aut|Provincia Lusitana}}
| conventional_long_name =
| common_name = Lusitania
| subdivision = [[Roman province|Province]]
| nation ... | 359 | Lusitania | 0 |
18,577 | # Lusitania
## Etymology
The etymology of the name of the Lusitani (who gave the Roman province its name) remains unclear. Popular etymology connected the name to a supposed Roman demigod Lusus, whereas some early-modern scholars`{{which|date=January 2016}}`{=mediawiki} suggested that *Lus* was a form of the Celtic L... | 697 | Lusitania | 1 |
18,577 | # Lusitania
## Roman province {#roman_province}
### Territory
#### Under Augustus {#under_augustus}
With Lusitania (and Asturia and Gallaecia), Rome had completed the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, which was then divided by Augustus (25--20 BC or 16--13 BC) into the eastern and northern *Hispania Tarraconensis,... | 647 | Lusitania | 2 |
18,577 | # Lusitania
## Roman province {#roman_province}
### *Coloniae* and *Municipia* {#coloniae_and_municipia}
- *Colonia Augusta Emerita* (Mérida) - provincial capital, 38 55 N 6 20 W display=inline name=Colonia Augusta Emerita
- *Colonia Metellinum* (Medellín), 38 57 47 N 5 57 28 W display=inline name=Colonia Metelli... | 376 | Lusitania | 3 |
18,577 | # Lusitania
## Notable Lusitanians {#notable_lusitanians}
- Viriathus
- Gaius Appuleius Diocles
- Pope Damasus I
## Legacy of the name {#legacy_of_the_name}
As with the Roman names of many European countries, *Lusitania* was and is often used as an alternative name for Portugal, especially in formal or litera... | 214 | Lusitania | 4 |
18,578 | # Limited-stop
In public transit, particularly bus, tram, or train transportation, a **limited-stop** (or sometimes referred to as **semi-fast**) service is a trip pattern that stops less frequently than a local service. Many limited-stop or semi-fast services are a combination of commuter rail and express train.
The... | 583 | Limited-stop | 0 |
18,578 | # Limited-stop
## Buses
Traditionally, limited-stop bus services usually operate on an identical or similar route to one or more local bus routes, only serving primary stops, and skipping the others served by local routes. Typically, the stops that are served by limited stop routes are chosen so that stops are evenly... | 420 | Limited-stop | 1 |
18,582 | # Limburg (Netherlands)
**Limburg** (`{{IPA|nl|ˈlɪmbʏr(ə)x|-|122 Limburg.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|li|ˈlɪm˦ˌbʏʀ˦əx|lang}}`{=mediawiki}), also known as **Dutch Limburg**, is the southernmost of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. It is bordered by Gelderland to the north and by North Brabant to the west. Its long... | 499 | Limburg (Netherlands) | 0 |
18,582 | # Limburg (Netherlands)
## History
The current province Limburg of the Netherlands only came into existence in 1839, after the finalization of the separation of Belgium from the Netherlands which had begun in 1830. The two Limburgs had been brought together under French revolutionary administration some decades earli... | 1,186 | Limburg (Netherlands) | 1 |
18,582 | # Limburg (Netherlands)
## History
### 19th century {#th_century}
The modern boundaries of Dutch Limburg, along with its neighbour, Belgian Limburg, were basically set during the period after the French Revolution, which erased much of the \"*\[\[ancien regime\]\]*\" of Europe, with all its old boundaries and titles.... | 852 | Limburg (Netherlands) | 2 |
18,582 | # Limburg (Netherlands)
## Politics
The provincial council (States-Provincial - *Provinciale Staten*) has 47 seats, and is headed by a King\'s Commissioner (*Commissaris van de Koning*) who unofficially is called the Governor. While the provincial council is elected by the inhabitants, the King\'s Commissioner is app... | 325 | Limburg (Netherlands) | 3 |
18,582 | # Limburg (Netherlands)
## Geography
Limburg is a salient of the Netherlands into Belgium.
Compared to the rest of the Netherlands the southern part of Limburg is less flat, slightly undulated. The highest point in the continental Netherlands is the Vaalserberg (meaning \'mountain\' of Vaals) with a height of 322.4 ... | 292 | Limburg (Netherlands) | 4 |
18,582 | # Limburg (Netherlands)
## Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was €44.5 billion in 2018, accounting for 5.7% of the Netherlands economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €34,700 or 115% of the EU27 average in the same year.
In the past peat and coal were mined in Limburg... | 410 | Limburg (Netherlands) | 5 |
18,582 | # Limburg (Netherlands)
## Culture
Essential elements in Limburgian culture are
- Music;
- Religion (predominantly Roman Catholic);
- Folklore (in especially the southern part of the province);
- Carnival;
- Sports, of which especially bicycle racing and soccer are most popular;
- Art (architecture, amon... | 544 | Limburg (Netherlands) | 6 |
18,582 | # Limburg (Netherlands)
## Famous Limburgians {#famous_limburgians}
**Politics, science, religion** `{{Div col}}`{=mediawiki}
- Louis Beel (1902--1977) - Politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- Jo Cals (1914--1971) - Politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- Jacob Chimarrhaeus (1542--1614) - Gran... | 1,350 | Limburg (Netherlands) | 7 |
18,582 | # Limburg (Netherlands)
## Nature
In 2012, from April 5 to October 7, the ten-yearly world horticulture expo \"Floriade\" was held in Venlo.
Nationally and internationally known are nature films and nature television series produced by film director Maurice Nijsten and nature protector Jo Erkens.
Eijsden-Grenspaal ... | 100 | Limburg (Netherlands) | 8 |
18,591 | # Lincos language
**Lincos** (an abbreviation of the Latin phrase *lingua cosmica*) is a constructed language first described in 1960 by Dr. Hans Freudenthal in his book *Lincos: Design of a Language for Cosmic Intercourse, Part 1*. It is a language designed to be understandable by any possible intelligent extraterres... | 772 | Lincos language | 0 |
18,591 | # Lincos language
## Examples
An example of Lincos from section 3 of Freudenthal\'s book, showing one individual asking another individual questions:
Lincos text Meaning
---------------------------- -----------------------------------------------
*Ha* Inq *Hb* ?*x* 2*x*=5 Ha says to Hb: Wha... | 247 | Lincos language | 1 |
18,603 | # Lydia Kavina
**Lydia Evgenevna Kavina** (*Лидия Евгеньевна Кавина*; born 8 September 1967) is a British-Russian theremin player, based in Oxfordshire, UK.
The granddaughter of Léon Theremin\'s first cousin, Soviet anthropologist and primatologist Mikhail Nesturkh, Kavina was born in Moscow and began studying the in... | 723 | Lydia Kavina | 0 |
18,603 | # Lydia Kavina
## Videos
- *Mastering the Theremin*, Big Briar, 1995
- *Concerto per Theremin. Live in Italy*, Teleura, 2001
- \'\'Making the Steamroller Fly, 1997, as herself | 29 | Lydia Kavina | 1 |
18,625 | # Ludwig Von Drake
**Professor Ludwig Von Drake** is a cartoon character created in 1961 by The Walt Disney Company. He is the paternal uncle of Donald Duck. He was first introduced as the presenter (and singer of \"The Spectrum Song\") in the cartoon *An Adventure in Color*, part of the first episode of *Walt Disney\... | 1,155 | Ludwig Von Drake | 0 |
18,625 | # Ludwig Von Drake
## Filmography
Professor Ludwig Von Drake was introduced as a new character alongside Walt Disney himself in the very first episode of *Walt Disney\'s Wonderful World of Color* after the series was moved to NBC in the fall of 1961. He was designed by Bill Berg. Von Drake was frequently animated by ... | 585 | Ludwig Von Drake | 1 |
18,625 | # Ludwig Von Drake
## Cartoon appearances (1980s--present) {#cartoon_appearances_1980spresent}
Von Drake has appeared on several Disney animated cartoon series: *DuckTales*, *Raw Toonage*, *Bonkers*, *Mickey Mouse Works*, *Quack Pack*, *House of Mouse*, *Mickey Mouse Clubhouse*, *Minnie\'s Bow-Toons*, *Mickey Mouse*,... | 656 | Ludwig Von Drake | 2 |
18,634 | # Lemma (mathematics)
In mathematics and other fields, a **lemma** (`{{plural form}}`{=mediawiki}: **lemmas** or **lemmata**) is a generally minor, proven proposition which is used to prove a larger statement. For that reason, it is also known as a \"helping theorem\" or an \"auxiliary theorem\". In many cases, a lemm... | 272 | Lemma (mathematics) | 0 |
18,641 | # Jonathan Smeeton
**Jonathan Smeeton** is a British lighting and production designer who was active in the UK from the late 1960s, and then in the US from late 1970s up to his retirement in 2018.
Smeeton started out in the UK underground scene in the late 1960s. By 1971, he had become involved with Hawkwind, using t... | 403 | Jonathan Smeeton | 0 |
18,650 | # Flipper (cricket)
The **flipper** is a particular bowling delivery used in cricket, generally by a leg spin bowler. In essence it is a back spin ball. Squeezed out of the front of the hand with the thumb and first and second fingers, it keeps deceptively low after pitching and can accordingly be very difficult to pl... | 406 | Flipper (cricket) | 0 |
18,650 | # Flipper (cricket)
## Bowlers of the flipper {#bowlers_of_the_flipper}
It was reputedly invented by the Australian leg-spinner Clarrie Grimmett. Grimmett became so enamoured with the delivery that at times he bowled it almost as frequently as his stock leg break. The great Don Bradman once remarked to Grimmett that ... | 314 | Flipper (cricket) | 1 |
18,691 | # Legion of Merit
The **Legion of Merit** (**LOM**) is a military award of the United States Armed Forces that is given for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements. The decoration is issued to members of the eight uniformed services of the United States as well as ... | 392 | Legion of Merit | 0 |
18,691 | # Legion of Merit
## Criteria
The degrees of Chief Commander, Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire are awarded only to members of armed forces of foreign nations under the criteria outlined in Army Regulation 672-7 and is based on the relative rank or position of the recipient as follows:
:#**Chief Commander**: Head ... | 371 | Legion of Merit | 1 |
18,691 | # Legion of Merit
## History
### World War II {#world_war_ii}
Although recommendations for creation of a medal for meritorious service were initiated as early as September 1937, no formal action was taken toward approval.
In a letter to the Quartermaster General (QMG) dated December 24, 1941, the Adjutant General f... | 976 | Legion of Merit | 2 |
18,691 | # Legion of Merit
## Insignia
Chief Commander Commander Officer Legionnaire
----------------- ----------- --------- -------------
Ribbon
- The **Chief Commander Degree** of the Legion... | 639 | Legion of Merit | 3 |
18,692 | # Lint (software)
**Lint** is the computer science term for a static code analysis tool used to flag programming errors, bugs, stylistic errors and suspicious constructs. The term originates from a Unix utility that examined C language source code. A program which performs this function is also known as a \"**linter**... | 531 | Lint (software) | 0 |
18,695 | # Lupercal
The **Lupercal** (from Latin *lupa* \"female wolf\") was a cave at the southwest foot of the Palatine Hill in Rome, located somewhere between the temple of Magna Mater and the Sant\'Anastasia al Palatino. In the legend of the founding of Rome, Romulus and Remus were found there by the she-wolf who suckled t... | 320 | Lupercal | 0 |
18,707 | # Luigi Pirandello
**Luigi Pirandello** (`{{IPAc-en|p|ɪr|ən|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|oʊ}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|it|luˈiːdʒi piranˈdɛllo|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 28 June 1867 -- 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize ... | 1,130 | Luigi Pirandello | 0 |
18,707 | # Luigi Pirandello
## Biography
### Marriage
After a brief sojourn in Sicily, during which the planned marriage with his cousin was finally called off, he returned to Rome, where he became friends with a group of writer-journalists including Ugo Fleres, Tomaso Gnoli, Giustino Ferri and Luigi Capuana. Capuana encourag... | 365 | Luigi Pirandello | 1 |
18,707 | # Luigi Pirandello
## Biography
### Family disaster {#family_disaster}
The year 1903 was fundamental to the life of Pirandello. The flooding of the sulphur mines of Aragona, in which his father Stefano had invested not only an enormous amount of his own capital but also Antonietta\'s dowry, precipitated the financial... | 979 | Luigi Pirandello | 2 |
18,707 | # Luigi Pirandello
## Biography
### Italy under the Fascists {#italy_under_the_fascists}
Pirandello was an Italian nationalist and supported Italian fascism in a moderate way. In 1924, he wrote a letter to Benito Mussolini asking him to be accepted as a member of the National Fascist Party. In 1925 Pirandello, with t... | 356 | Luigi Pirandello | 3 |
18,707 | # Luigi Pirandello
## Legacy
On 14 July 1930, a version of his short play *The Man with the Flower in His Mouth*, adapted and produced by Lance Sieveking, co-produced with John Logie Baird\'s company and starring Val Gielgud and Lionel Millard, became the first drama broadcast in both picture and sound when the Briti... | 440 | Luigi Pirandello | 4 |
18,707 | # Luigi Pirandello
## Selected works {#selected_works}
### Major plays {#major_plays}
- 1916: *Liolà*
- 1917: *Così è (se vi pare)* (*So It Is (If You Think So)*)
- 1917: *Il piacere dell\'onestà* (*The Pleasure of Honesty*)
- 1918: *Il gioco delle parti* (*The Rules of the Game*)
- 1919: *L\'uomo, la best... | 630 | Luigi Pirandello | 5 |
18,727 | # International Numbering System for Food Additives
The **International Numbering System for Food Additives** (**INS**) is an international naming system for food additives, aimed at providing a short designation of what may be a lengthy actual name. It is defined by Codex Alimentarius, the international food standard... | 325 | International Numbering System for Food Additives | 0 |
18,728 | # Law of dilution
Wilhelm Ostwald's **dilution law** is a relationship proposed in 1888 between the dissociation constant *`{{math|K<sub>d</sub>}}`{=mediawiki}* and the degree of dissociation *`{{math|α}}`{=mediawiki}* of a weak electrolyte. The law takes the form
: $K_d = \cfrac{\ce{[A+] [B^{-}]}}{\ce{[AB]}} = \fr... | 477 | Law of dilution | 0 |
18,729 | # Lleida
**Lleida** (`{{IPA|ca|ˈʎejðə|lang|Ca-no-Lleida.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|ca|ˈʎejðɛ|local}}`{=mediawiki}; *\'\'\'Lérida\'\'\'* `{{IPA|es|ˈleɾiða||Pronunciation of Lleida in Spanish.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; *see below*) is a city in the west of Catalonia, Spain. It is the capital and largest town in Segrià county, ... | 950 | Lleida | 0 |
18,729 | # Lleida
## Climate
Lleida has a temperate semi-arid climate (Köppen *BSk*). Winters are mild and foggy though cooler than places on the coast while summers are hot and dry. Frosts are common during winter although snowfall can occasionally fall, averaging 1 or 2 days. Precipitation is low, with an annual average of ... | 951 | Lleida | 1 |
18,729 | # Lleida
## Districts and neighbourhoods {#districts_and_neighbourhoods}
Lleida is divided in the following districts by the Socioeconomic Observatory of Lleida: `{{div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Balàfia
- Les Basses d\'Alpicat
- La Bordeta
- Butsènit
- Camp d\'Esports
- Cappont
- Centre Històr... | 492 | Lleida | 2 |
18,729 | # Lleida
## Culture
Lleida was the Capital of Catalan Culture in 2007.
### Theatre and music venues {#theatre_and_music_venues}
Enric Granados Auditorium is the city\'s concert hall and main music institution and conservatory. It is named after the composer Enric Granados, who was born in the city. CaixaForum Lleid... | 558 | Lleida | 3 |
18,729 | # Lleida
## Main sights {#main_sights}
- La Seu Vella, a cathedral built in a blend of Romanesque and Gothic styles over time, and made a military fortress in the 18th century. There is also an older, and mostly destroyed *Palau de la Suda*, built during Arab rule and later used as a royal residence by the counts o... | 610 | Lleida | 4 |
18,729 | # Lleida
## Sports
- Unió Esportiva Lleida, based on the Camp d\'Esports dissolved in 2011
- Lleida Esportiu football club founded in 2011
- CE Lleida Bàsquet, based on the Pavelló Barris Nord
## Sister cities {#sister_cities}
Lleida has sister relationships with many places worldwide:
- Ferrara, Italy
- ... | 134 | Lleida | 5 |
18,737 | # Landau
**Landau** (*Landach*), officially **Landau in der Pfalz** (`{{IPA|de|ˈlandaʊ ʔɪn deːɐ̯ ˈpfalts}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lit|Landau in the Palatinate}}`{=mediawiki}), is an autonomous (*kreisfrei*) town surrounded by the Südliche Weinstraße (\"Southern Wine Route\") district of southern Rhineland-Palatinate, German... | 649 | Landau | 0 |
18,737 | # Landau
## Culture
The \"landau,\" a luxury open carriage with a pair of folding tops, was invented in the town during the War of the Spanish Succession.
A frequent Ashkenazi surname originates in this town. Probably its most famous bearer was Yechezkel Landau, an 18th-century talmudist and halakhist and the chief ... | 55 | Landau | 1 |
18,816 | # Mural
A **mural** is any piece of graphic artwork that is painted or applied directly to a wall, ceiling or other permanent substrate. Mural techniques include fresco, mosaic, graffiti and marouflage.
## Word mural in art {#word_mural_in_art}
The word *mural* is a Spanish adjective that is used to refer to what is... | 760 | Mural | 0 |
18,816 | # Mural
## Material
In Greco-Roman times, mostly encaustic colors applied in a cold state were used.
Tempera painting is one of the oldest known methods in mural painting. In tempera, the pigments are bound in an albuminous medium such as egg yolk or egg white diluted in water.
In 16th-century Europe, oil painting ... | 514 | Mural | 1 |
18,816 | # Mural
## Significance
Murals are important as they bring art into the public sphere. Due to the size, cost, and work involved in creating a mural, muralists must often be commissioned by a sponsor. Often it is the local government or a business, but many murals have been paid for with grants of patronage. For artis... | 421 | Mural | 2 |
18,816 | # Mural
## Politics
RiveraMuralNationalPalace.jpg\|Diego Rivera\'s mural *The History of Mexico* at the National Palace in Mexico City (1929-1935). BardiaMural.jpg\|The Bardia Mural, photographed in the 1960s, prior to its damage by defacement and the ravages of time. Press Cafe in East Berlin on Alexanderplatz, 1977... | 715 | Mural | 3 |
18,816 | # Mural
## Contemporary interior design {#contemporary_interior_design}
### Traditional
Many people like to express their individuality by commissioning an artist to paint a mural in their home. This is not an activity exclusively for owners of large houses. A mural artist is only limited by the fee and therefore th... | 478 | Mural | 4 |
18,816 | # Mural
## Tile
Tile murals are murals made out of stone, ceramic, porcelain, glass and or metal tiles that are installed within, or added onto the surface of an existing wall. They are also inlaid into floors. Mural tiles are painted, glazed, sublimation printed (as described below) or more traditionally cut out of ... | 315 | Mural | 5 |
18,816 | # Mural
## Notable muralists {#notable_muralists}
- Edwin Abbey
- Carlos Almaraz
- Dorothy Annan
- Judy Baca
- Banksy
- Above (artist)
- Sril Art
- Arnold Belkin
- Thomas Hart Benton
- John T. Biggers
- Torsten Billman
- Henry Bird
- Edwin Howland Blashfield
- Blek le Rat
- Giotto di Bon... | 456 | Mural | 6 |
18,825 | # Motion Picture Patents Company
thumb\|upright=1.3\|Thomas Edison with the licensees of the Motion Picture Patents Company (December 19, 1908) The **Motion Picture Patents Company** (**MPPC**, also known as the **Edison Trust**), founded in December 1908 and effectively terminated in 1915 after it lost a federal anti... | 511 | Motion Picture Patents Company | 0 |
18,825 | # Motion Picture Patents Company
## Policies
The MPPC eliminated the outright sale of films to distributors and exhibitors, replacing it with rentals, which allowed quality control over prints that had formerly been exhibited long past their prime. The trust also established a uniform rental rate for all licensed fil... | 269 | Motion Picture Patents Company | 1 |
18,825 | # Motion Picture Patents Company
## Backlash and decline {#backlash_and_decline}
Many independent filmmakers, who controlled from one-quarter to one-third of the domestic marketplace, responded to the creation of the MPPC by moving their operations to Hollywood, whose distance from Edison\'s home base of New Jersey m... | 520 | Motion Picture Patents Company | 2 |
18,826 | # MD5
The **MD5 message-digest algorithm** is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function MD4, and was specified in 1992 as RFC 1321.
MD5 can be used as a checksum to verify data integrity against unintentional corruption. H... | 544 | MD5 | 0 |
18,826 | # MD5
## Security
One basic requirement of any cryptographic hash function is that it should be computationally infeasible to find two distinct messages that hash to the same value. MD5 fails this requirement catastrophically. On 31 December 2008, the CMU Software Engineering Institute concluded that MD5 was essentia... | 427 | MD5 | 1 |
18,826 | # MD5
## Security
### Collision vulnerabilities {#collision_vulnerabilities}
In 1996, collisions were found in the compression function of MD5, and Hans Dobbertin wrote in the RSA Laboratories technical newsletter, \"The presented attack does not yet threaten practical applications of MD5, but it comes rather close \... | 645 | MD5 | 2 |
18,826 | # MD5
## Applications
MD5 digests have been widely used in the software world to provide some assurance that a transferred file has arrived intact. For example, file servers often provide a pre-computed MD5 (known as md5sum) checksum for the files, so that a user can compare the checksum of the downloaded file to it.... | 280 | MD5 | 3 |
18,826 | # MD5
## Algorithm
MD5 processes a variable-length message into a fixed-length output of 128 bits. The input message is broken up into chunks of 512-bit blocks (sixteen 32-bit words); the message is padded so that its length is divisible by 512. The padding works as follows: first, a single bit, 1, is appended to the... | 1,207 | MD5 | 4 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the **Middle Ages** or **medieval period** lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. T... | 594 | Middle Ages | 0 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Terminology and periodisation {#terminology_and_periodisation}
The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history: classical civilisation or antiquity, the Middle Ages and the modern period. The \"Middle Ages\" first appears in Latin in 1469 a... | 458 | Middle Ages | 1 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Later Roman Empire {#later_roman_empire}
The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the fronti... | 815 | Middle Ages | 2 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Early Middle Ages {#early_middle_ages}
### New societies {#new_societies}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Barbarian kingdoms and tribes after the end of the Western Roman Empire
The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during t... | 697 | Middle Ages | 3 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Early Middle Ages {#early_middle_ages}
### Byzantine survival {#byzantine_survival}
As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern... | 436 | Middle Ages | 4 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Early Middle Ages {#early_middle_ages}
### Western society {#western_society}
In Western Europe, some older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with ecclesiastical than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while litera... | 1,252 | Middle Ages | 5 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Early Middle Ages {#early_middle_ages}
### Church and monasticism {#church_and_monasticism}
thumb\|upright=0.8\|An 11th-century illustration of Gregory the Great dictating to a secretary
Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the co... | 564 | Middle Ages | 6 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Early Middle Ages {#early_middle_ages}
### Carolingian Europe {#carolingian_europe}
thumb\|upright= 1.5\|Map showing growth of Frankish power from 481 to 814\|left
The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all... | 835 | Middle Ages | 7 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Early Middle Ages {#early_middle_ages}
### Breakup of the Carolingian Empire {#breakup_of_the_carolingian_empire}
\| alt1 = \| caption1 = \| image2 = Carolingian territorial divisions, 855.png \| width2 = {{#expr: (120 \* 497 / 594) round 0}} \| alt2 = \| caption2 = \| image3 = Carolingian territoria... | 545 | Middle Ages | 8 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Early Middle Ages {#early_middle_ages}
### New kingdoms and Byzantine revival {#new_kingdoms_and_byzantine_revival}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|Europe in 900
Efforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871--89... | 558 | Middle Ages | 9 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Early Middle Ages {#early_middle_ages}
### Art and architecture {#art_and_architecture}
thumb\|upright=0.8\|A page from the Book of Kells, an illuminated manuscript created in the British Isles in the late 8th or early 9th century
Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian ... | 741 | Middle Ages | 10 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## High Middle Ages {#high_middle_ages}
### Society and economic life {#society_and_economic_life}
The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous population expansion. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improve... | 1,098 | Middle Ages | 11 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## High Middle Ages {#high_middle_ages}
### Rise of state power {#rise_of_state_power}
The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power and established lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such ... | 767 | Middle Ages | 12 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## High Middle Ages {#high_middle_ages}
### Crusades
thumb\|upright=1.3\|Krak des Chevaliers was built during the Crusades for the Knights Hospitallers.
In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 107... | 603 | Middle Ages | 13 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## High Middle Ages {#high_middle_ages}
### Intellectual life {#intellectual_life}
During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was a debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of \"universals\". Philosophical discou... | 473 | Middle Ages | 14 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## High Middle Ages {#high_middle_ages}
### Technology and military {#technology_and_military}
In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe experienced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Significant technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical cloc... | 395 | Middle Ages | 15 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## High Middle Ages {#high_middle_ages}
### Architecture, art, and music {#architecture_art_and_music}
In the 10th century, the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term \"Romanesque\" was derived. W... | 503 | Middle Ages | 16 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## High Middle Ages {#high_middle_ages}
### Church life {#church_life}
thumb\|upright=0.8\|Francis of Assisi, depicted by Bonaventura Berlinghieri in 1235, founded the Franciscan Order.
Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adher... | 530 | Middle Ages | 17 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Late Middle Ages {#late_middle_ages}
### War, famine, and plague {#war_famine_and_plague}
The first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315--1317. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little... | 577 | Middle Ages | 18 |
18,836 | # Middle Ages
## Late Middle Ages {#late_middle_ages}
### State resurgence {#state_resurgence}
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Europe in 1360\|left
Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Cas... | 765 | Middle Ages | 19 |
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