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2,573 | # Angus, Scotland
## Demography
### Population structure {#population_structure}
In the 2001 census, the population of Angus was recorded as 108,400. 20.14% were under the age of 16, 63.15% were between 16 and 65 and 18.05% were aged 65 or above.
Of the 16 to 74 age group, 32.84% had no formal qualifications, 27.08... | 703 | Angus, Scotland | 2 |
2,573 | # Angus, Scotland
## Settlements
Arbroath is the largest town in the modern county, followed by Forfar, the county town and administrative centre, and Montrose.
Largest settlements by population:
Settlement Population (`{{Scottish settlement population citation|year}}`{=mediawiki})
------------ --------------... | 227 | Angus, Scotland | 3 |
2,577 | # Adrastea (moon)
**Adrastea** (`{{IPAc-en|æ|d|r|ə|ˈ|s|t|iː|ə}}`{=mediawiki}), also known as **`{{nowrap|Jupiter XV}}`{=mediawiki}**, is the second by distance, and the smallest of the four inner moons of Jupiter. It was discovered in photographs taken by *Voyager 2* in 1979, making it the first natural satellite... | 744 | Adrastea (moon) | 0 |
2,583 | # Arbroath Abbey
**Arbroath Abbey**, in the Scottish town of Arbroath, was founded in 1178 by King William the Lion for a group of Tironensian Benedictine monks from Kelso Abbey. It was consecrated in 1197 with a dedication to the deceased Saint Thomas Becket, whom the king had met at the English court. It was William... | 511 | Arbroath Abbey | 0 |
2,583 | # Arbroath Abbey
## Architectural description {#architectural_description}
The Abbey was built over some sixty years using local red sandstone, but gives the impression of a single coherent, mainly \'Early English\' architectural design, though the round-arched processional doorway in the western front looks back to ... | 451 | Arbroath Abbey | 1 |
2,598 | # Adversarial system
The **adversarial system** (also **adversary system**, **accusatorial system**, or **accusatory system**) is a legal system used in the common law countries where two advocates represent their parties\' case or position before an impartial person or group of people, usually a judge or jury, who at... | 632 | Adversarial system | 0 |
2,598 | # Adversarial system
## Criminal proceedings {#criminal_proceedings}
In criminal adversarial proceedings, an accused is not compelled to give evidence. Therefore, they may not be questioned by a prosecutor or judge unless they choose to be; however, should they decide to testify, they are subject to cross-examination... | 297 | Adversarial system | 1 |
2,598 | # Adversarial system
## Comparison with inquisitorial systems {#comparison_with_inquisitorial_systems}
The name \"adversarial system\" may be misleading in that it implies it is only within this type of system in which there are opposing prosecution and defense. This is not the case, and both modern adversarial and i... | 245 | Adversarial system | 2 |
2,604 | # Abated
: *See also, Abatement.*
**Abated**, an ancient technical term applied in masonry and metal work to those portions which are sunk beneath the surface, as in inscriptions where the ground is sunk round the letters so as to leave the letters or ornament in relief | 47 | Abated | 0 |
2,605 | # Abati
**Abati** is a surname. It was used by an ancient noble family of Florence.
Notable people with the surname include:
- Antonio Abati (died 1667), Italian poet
- Baldo Angelo Abati (sixteenth century), Italian naturalist
- Joaquín Abati (1865--1936), Spanish writer
- Joël Abati (born 1970), French han... | 91 | Abati | 0 |
2,606 | # Abatis
An **abatis**, **abattis**, or **abbattis** is a field fortification consisting of an obstacle formed (in the modern era) of the branches of trees laid in a row, with the sharpened tops directed outwards, towards the enemy. The trees are usually interlaced or tied with wire. Abatis are used alone or in combin... | 389 | Abatis | 0 |
2,608 | # Abba Mari
**Abba Mari ben Moses ben Joseph**, was a Provençal rabbi, born at Lunel, near Montpellier, towards the end of the 13th century. He is also known as **Yarhi** from his birthplace (Hebrew *Yerah*, i.e. moon, lune), and he further took the name **Astruc**, **Don Astruc** or **En Astruc of Lunel** from the wo... | 564 | Abba Mari | 0 |
2,608 | # Abba Mari
## Opponent of Rationalism {#opponent_of_rationalism}
Abba Mari possessed considerable Talmudic knowledge and some poetical talent; but his zeal for the Law made him an agitator and a persecutor of all the advocates of liberal thought. Being himself without sufficient authority, he appealed in a number of... | 588 | Abba Mari | 1 |
2,608 | # Abba Mari
## *Minchat Kenaot* {#minchat_kenaot}
Abba Mari collected the correspondence and added to each letter a few explanatory notes. Of this collection, called *Minchat Kenaot*, several manuscript copies survive (at Oxford; Paris; Günzburg Libr., Saint Petersburg; Parma; Ramsgate Montefiore College Library; and... | 563 | Abba Mari | 2 |
2,609 | # Abbas II of Egypt
**Abbas Helmy II** (also known as *ʿAbbās Ḥilmī Pāshā*, *عباس حلمي باشا*; 14 July 1874 -- 19 December 1944) was the last Khedive of Egypt and the Sudan, ruling from 8`{{Spaces}}`{=mediawiki}January 1892 to 19 December 1914.`{{refn|group=nb|name=death|Sources give different dates for the deposition ... | 295 | Abbas II of Egypt | 0 |
2,609 | # Abbas II of Egypt
## Reign
Abbas II succeeded his father, Tewfik Pasha, as Khedive of Egypt and Sudan on 8 January 1892. He was still in college in Vienna when he assumed the throne of the Khedivate of Egypt upon the sudden death of his father. He was barely of age according to Egyptian law; normally eighteen in ca... | 1,263 | Abbas II of Egypt | 1 |
2,613 | # George Abbot (bishop)
**George Abbot** (29 October 1562`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}4 August 1633) was an English bishop who was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1611 to 1633. He also served as the fourth chancellor of the University of Dublin, from 1612 to 1633.
*Chambers Biographical Dictionary* describes him as \"\[a\] sin... | 1,018 | George Abbot (bishop) | 0 |
2,618 | # Aeacus
**Aeacus** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|ə|k|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; also spelled **Eacus**; Ancient Greek: Αἰακός) was a king of the island of Aegina in Greek mythology. He was a son of Zeus and the nymph Aegina, and the father of the heroes Peleus and Telamon. According to legend, he was famous for his justice, and after he... | 977 | Aeacus | 0 |
2,622 | # Aedui
The **Aedui** or **Haedui** (Gaulish: \**Aiduoi*, \'the Ardent\'; *Aἴδουοι*) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in what is now the region of Burgundy during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
The Aedui had an ambiguous relationship with the Roman Republic, as well as other Gallic tribes. In 121 BC, they appealed to... | 510 | Aedui | 0 |
2,622 | # Aedui
## History
### Pre-Roman period {#pre_roman_period}
Burgundy is situated in the heartland of the early La Tène culture (see Vix Grave). By the early 3rd century BC, the emergence of settlements with diversified functions, along with the creation of sanctuaries, suggest the beginning of a civilization centere... | 614 | Aedui | 1 |
2,623 | # Aegadian Islands
thumb\|upright=1.2\|A map showing the Aegadian Islands The **Aegadian Islands** (*Isole Egadi*; *Ìsuli Ègadi*; *Aegates Insulae*; *Αιγάδες Νήσοι*; `{{literally|the islands of goats}}`{=mediawiki}) are a group of five small mountainous islands in the Mediterranean Sea off the northwest coast of Sicil... | 306 | Aegadian Islands | 0 |
2,626 | # Aegeus
thumb\|upright=1.3\|*Theseus Recognized by his Father* by Hippolyte Flandrin (1832) **Aegeus** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|dʒ|i|.|ə|s|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Aegeus.wav}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|dʒ|uː|s}}`{=mediawiki}; *Aigeús*) was one of the kings of Athens in Greek mytholo... | 952 | Aegeus | 0 |
2,626 | # Aegeus
## Mythology
### Theseus and the Minotaur {#theseus_and_the_minotaur}
In Troezen, Theseus grew up and became a brave young man. He managed to move the rock and took his father\'s weapons. His mother then told him the identity of his father and that he should take the weapons back to him at Athens and be ackn... | 333 | Aegeus | 1 |
2,627 | # Aegina
**Aegina** (`{{IPAc-en||ɪ|'|dʒ|aɪ|n|ə}}`{=mediawiki}; *Αίγινα* `{{IPA|el|ˈeɣina|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *Αἴγῑνα*) is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 27 km from Athens. Tradition derives the name from Aegina, the mother of the mythological hero Aeacus, who was born on the island and beca... | 443 | Aegina | 0 |
2,627 | # Aegina
## History
Aegina, according to Herodotus, was a colony of Epidaurus, to which state it was originally subject. Its placement between Attica and the Peloponnesus made it a site of trade even earlier, and its earliest inhabitants allegedly came from Asia Minor.
### Early Bronze {#early_bronze}
The most impo... | 736 | Aegina | 1 |
2,627 | # Aegina
## History
### Iron Age {#iron_age}
#### Rivalry with Athens (5th century BC) {#rivalry_with_athens_5th_century_bc}
The known history of Aegina is almost exclusively a history of its relations with the neighbouring state of Athens, which began to compete with the thalassocracy (sea power) of Aegina about the... | 1,157 | Aegina | 2 |
2,627 | # Aegina
## History
### Decline
In the repulse of Xerxes I it is possible that the Aeginetes played a larger part than is conceded to them by Herodotus. The Athenian tradition, which he follows in the main, would naturally seek to obscure their services. It was to Aegina rather than Athens that the prize of valour at... | 488 | Aegina | 3 |
2,627 | # Aegina
## History
### Hellenistic period and Roman rule {#hellenistic_period_and_roman_rule}
Aegina with the rest of Greece became dominated successively by the Macedonians (322--229 BC), the Achaeans (229--211 BC), Aetolians (211--210 BC), Attalus of Pergamum (210--133 BC) and the Romans (after 133 BC). A sign at ... | 580 | Aegina | 4 |
2,627 | # Aegina
## History
### Venetians in Aegina (1451--1537) {#venetians_in_aegina_14511537}
In 1451, Aegina became Venetian. The islanders welcomed Venetian rule; the claims of Antonello\'s uncle Arnà, who had lands in Argolis, were satisfied by a pension. A Venetian governor (*rettore*) was appointed, who was dependent... | 888 | Aegina | 5 |
2,627 | # Aegina
## History
### Second Venetian period (1687--1715) {#second_venetian_period_16871715}
In 1684, the beginning of the Morean War between Venice and the Ottoman Empire resulted in the temporary reconquest of a large part of the country by the Republic. In 1687 the Venetian army arrived in Piraeus and captured A... | 455 | Aegina | 6 |
2,627 | # Aegina
## Landmarks
*Main article: Temple of Aphaea*
- **Temple of Aphaea**, dating from about 490 BC, it is the oldest surviving temple in Greece. It was dedicated to its namesake, a goddess who was later associated with Athena; the temple was part of an equilateral holy triangle of temples including the Atheni... | 504 | Aegina | 7 |
2,627 | # Aegina
## Economy
In 1896, the physician Nikolaos Peroglou introduced the systematic cultivation of pistachios, which soon became popular among the inhabitants of the island. By 1950, pistachio cultivation had significantly displaced the rest of the agricultural activity due to its high profitability but also due t... | 474 | Aegina | 8 |
2,628 | # Aegis
The **aegis** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|i:|dʒ|ɪ|s}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|EE|jis}}`{=mediawiki}; *αἰγίς* *aigís*), as stated in the *Iliad*, is a device carried by Athena and Zeus, variously interpreted as an animal skin or a shield and sometimes featuring the head of a Gorgon. There may be a connection with a deity nam... | 623 | Aegis | 0 |
2,628 | # Aegis
## In classical poetry and art {#in_classical_poetry_and_art}
Classical Greece interpreted the Homeric aegis usually as a cover of some kind borne by Athena. It was supposed by Euripides (*Ion*, 995) that the aegis borne by Athena was the skin of the slain Gorgon, yet the usual understanding is that the *Gorg... | 307 | Aegis | 1 |
2,628 | # Aegis
## Interpretations
Herodotus thought he had identified the source of the aegis in ancient Libya, which was always a distant territory of ancient magic for the Greeks. \"Athene\'s garments and aegis were borrowed by the Greeks from the Libyan women, who are dressed in exactly the same way, except that their le... | 158 | Aegis | 2 |
2,629 | # Aegisthus
**Aegisthus** (`{{IPAc-en|ᵻ|ˈ|dʒ|ɪ|s|θ|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; *Αἴγισθος* ; also transliterated as **Aigisthos**, `{{IPA|el|ǎi̯ɡistʰos|}}`{=mediawiki}) was a figure in Greek mythology. Aegisthus is known from two primary sources: the first is Homer\'s *Odyssey*, believed to have been first written down by Home... | 737 | Aegisthus | 0 |
2,629 | # Aegisthus
## In culture {#in_culture}
Homer gives no information about Aegisthus\'s antecedents. We learn from him only that, after the death of Thyestes, Aegisthus ruled as king at Mycenae and took no part in the Trojan expedition. While Agamemnon was absent on his expedition against Troy, Aegisthus seduced Clytem... | 349 | Aegisthus | 1 |
2,634 | # Aelianus Tacticus
**Aelianus Tacticus** (*Αἰλιανὸς ὀ Τακτικός*; fl. 2nd century AD), also known as **Aelian** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|l|i|ən}}`{=mediawiki}), was a Greek military writer who lived in Rome.
## Work
Aelian\'s military treatise in fifty-three chapters on the tactics of the Greeks, titled *On Tactical Arrays ... | 520 | Aelianus Tacticus | 0 |
2,635 | # Agarose
**Agarose** is a heteropolysaccharide, generally extracted from certain red algae. It is a linear polymer made up of the repeating unit of agarobiose, which is a disaccharide made up of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactopyranose. Agarose is one of the two principal components of agar, and is purified from... | 302 | Agarose | 0 |
2,635 | # Agarose
## Properties
Agarose is available as a white powder which dissolves in near-boiling water, and forms a gel when it cools. Agarose exhibits the phenomenon of thermal hysteresis in its liquid-to-gel transition, i.e. it gels and melts at different temperatures. The gelling and melting temperatures vary depend... | 614 | Agarose | 1 |
2,635 | # Agarose
## Applications
Agarose is a preferred matrix for work with proteins and nucleic acids as it has a broad range of physical, chemical and thermal stability, and its lower degree of chemical complexity also makes it less likely to interact with biomolecules. Agarose is most commonly used as the medium for ana... | 831 | Agarose | 2 |
2,635 | # Agarose
## Applications
### Motility assays {#motility_assays}
Agarose is sometimes used instead of agar to measure microorganism motility and mobility. Motile species will be able to migrate, albeit slowly, throughout the porous gel and infiltration rates can then be visualized. The gel\'s porosity is directly rel... | 143 | Agarose | 3 |
2,639 | # Arthur St. Clair
Major-General **Arthur St. Clair** (`{{OldStyleDateDY|March 23,|1737<ref name="ANB" />|1736<!--OS New Year began March 25-->}}`{=mediawiki} -- August 31, 1818) was a Scottish-born American military officer and politician. Born in Thurso, Caithness, he served in the British Army during the French and... | 524 | Arthur St. Clair | 0 |
2,639 | # Arthur St. Clair
## Revolutionary War {#revolutionary_war}
By the mid-1770s, St. Clair considered himself more of an American than a British subject. In January 1776, he accepted a commission in the Continental Army as a colonel of the 3rd Pennsylvania Regiment. He first saw service in the final days of the failed ... | 439 | Arthur St. Clair | 1 |
2,639 | # Arthur St. Clair
## Northwest Territory {#northwest_territory}
Under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which created the Northwest Territory, St. Clair was appointed governor of what is now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota. He named Cincinnati, Ohio, to honor his membership in the S... | 759 | Arthur St. Clair | 2 |
2,639 | # Arthur St. Clair
## Death
In retirement, St. Clair lived with his daughter, Louisa St. Clair Robb, and her family on the ridge between Ligonier and Greensburg.
Arthur St. Clair died in poverty in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, on August 31, 1818, at the age of 81. His remains are buried under a Masonic monument in St. ... | 420 | Arthur St. Clair | 3 |
2,641 | # Ajaigarh
**Ajaigarh** or **Ajaygarh** is a town and a nagar panchayat in the Panna District of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. Ajaygarh is the administrative headquarters of tehsil in Panna district,
Ajaigarh State was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj. The state was fo... | 600 | Ajaigarh | 0 |
2,646 | # Ajmer-Merwara
**Ajmer-Merwara** (also known as **Ajmir Province**, and **Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri**) was a former province of British India in the historical Ajmer region. The territory was ceded to the British by Daulat Rao Sindhia by a treaty on 25 June 1818. It was under the Bengal Presidency until 1861 when it became... | 528 | Ajmer-Merwara | 0 |
2,646 | # Ajmer-Merwara
## Extent and geography {#extent_and_geography}
### British rule {#british_rule}
Part of the Ajmer region, the territory of the future province was ceded to the British by Daulat Rao Sindhia of Gwalior State as part of a treaty dated 25 June 1818. Then in May 1823 the Merwara (Mewar) part was ceded to... | 857 | Ajmer-Merwara | 1 |
2,654 | # Abatement of debts and legacies
**Abatement of debts and legacies** is a common law doctrine of wills that holds that when the equitable assets of a deceased person are not sufficient to satisfy fully all the creditors, their debts must abate proportionately, and they must accept a dividend.
Also, in the case of le... | 314 | Abatement of debts and legacies | 0 |
2,665 | # Affray
`{{Wiktionary}}`{=mediawiki}
In many legal jurisdictions related to English common law, **affray** is a public order offence consisting of the fighting of one or more persons in a public place to the terror (in *à l\'effroi*) of ordinary people. Depending on their actions, and the laws of the prevailing juri... | 763 | Affray | 0 |
2,665 | # Affray
## United States {#united_states}
In the United States, the English common law as to affray applies, subject to certain modifications by the statutes of particular states | 28 | Affray | 1 |
2,670 | # Abba Arikha
**Rav Abba bar Aybo** (*Aramaic\]\]*; 175--247 CE), commonly known as **Abba Arikha** (*label=none*) or simply as **Rav** (*label=none*), was a Jewish amora of the 3rd century. He was born and lived in Kafri, Asoristan, in the Sasanian Empire.
In Sura, Arikha established the systematic study of the rabb... | 999 | Abba Arikha | 0 |
2,670 | # Abba Arikha
## Teachings
He gave special attention to the liturgy of the synagogue. The Aleinu prayer first appeared in the manuscript of the Rosh Hashana liturgy by Rav. He included it in the Rosh Hashana mussaf service as a prologue to the Kingship portion of the Amidah. For that reason some attribute to Rav the ... | 731 | Abba Arikha | 1 |
2,673 | # Abbreviator
An **abbreviator** (plural \"abbreviators\" in English, *abbreviatores* in Latin) or **breviator** was a writer of the Papal Chancery who adumbrated and prepared in correct form Papal bulls, briefs, and consistorial decrees before these were written out *in extenso* by the *scriptores*.
They are first m... | 264 | Abbreviator | 0 |
2,673 | # Abbreviator
## Ecclesiastical *abbreviatores* {#ecclesiastical_abbreviatores}
In course of time the Papal Chancery adopted this mode of writing as the \"curial\" style, still further abridging by omitting the diphthongs \"ae\" and \"oe\", and likewise all lines and marks of punctuation. The *Abbreviatores* were off... | 601 | Abbreviator | 1 |
2,673 | # Abbreviator
## Institution of the College of Abbreviators {#institution_of_the_college_of_abbreviators}
In the pontificate of Pope Pius II, their number, which had been fixed at twenty-four, had overgrown to such an extent as to diminish considerably the individual remuneration, and, as a consequence, competent men... | 746 | Abbreviator | 2 |
2,673 | # Abbreviator
## Titles and privileges {#titles_and_privileges}
Many great privileges were conferred upon Abbreviators. By decree of Pope Leo X they were elevated as Papal nobles, ranking as *Comes palatinus* (\"Count Palatine\"), familiars and members of the Papal household, so that they might enjoy all the privileg... | 525 | Abbreviator | 3 |
2,674 | # Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
**ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī** (*عبداللطيف البغدادي*; 1162, Baghdad -- 1231, Baghdad), short for **Muwaffaq al-Dīn Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Laṭīf ibn Yūsuf al-Baghdādī** (*موفق الدين محمد عبد اللطيف بن يوسف البغدادي*), was a physician, philosopher, historian, Arabic grammarian and traveller, and one ... | 293 | Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi | 0 |
2,674 | # Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
## *Account of Egypt* {#account_of_egypt}
ʿAbd al-Laṭīf was a man of great knowledge and of an inquisitive and penetrating mind. Of the numerous works (mostly on medicine) which Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿah ascribes to him, one only, his graphic and detailed *Account of Egypt* (in two parts), appeared... | 391 | Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi | 1 |
2,674 | # Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
## *Account of Egypt* {#account_of_egypt}
### Translation
Al-Baghdādī\'s Arabic manuscript was discovered in 1665 by the English orientalist Edward Pococke and is preserved in the Bodleian Library. Pococke published the Arabic manuscript in the 1680s. His son, Edward Pococke the Younger, tr... | 422 | Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi | 2 |
2,674 | # Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
## Spiritualism
During the years following the First World War, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī\'s name reappeared within the spiritualistic movement in the United Kingdom. He was introduced to the public by the Irish medium Eileen J. Garrett, the author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and the spiritualis... | 118 | Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi | 3 |
2,677 | # Abd ar-Rahman II
**Abd ar-Rahman II** (*عبد الرحمن الأوسط*; 792--852) was the fourth *Umayyad* Emir of Córdoba in al-Andalus from 822 until his death in 852. A vigorous and effective frontier warrior, he was also well known as a patron of the arts.
Abd ar-Rahman was born in Toledo in 792. He was the son of Emir al-... | 363 | Abd ar-Rahman II | 0 |
2,679 | # Abd al-Rahman IV
**Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik** (*translit=ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Malik*), commonly known as **Abd al-Rahman IV**, was the Caliph of the Umayyad state of Córdoba in Al-Andalus, succeeding Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir in 1018. That same year, he was murdered at Cadiz while... | 71 | Abd al-Rahman IV | 0 |
2,680 | # Abd al-Rahman V
**Abd ar-Rahman V** (*ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān ibn Hishām al-Mustaẓhir bi-llāh*) was an Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
During the decline of the Umayyad dynasty in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia), two princes of the house were proclaimed Caliph of Córdoba for a very short time, Abd-ar-Rahman IV Mortada (1017), an... | 121 | Abd al-Rahman V | 0 |
2,684 | # Abdera, Spain
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Abdera
|native_name =
|alternate_name =
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = Spain
|map_alt =
|map_size = 250
|location = {{ESP}}
|region = {{flag|Andalusia}}
|coordinates = {{coord|36|45|N|3|01|W|region:ES_type:city|display=... | 323 | Abdera, Spain | 0 |
2,685 | # Abdera, Thrace
**Abdera** (*Άβδηρα*) is a municipality in the Xanthi regional unit of Thrace, Greece. In classical antiquity, it was a major Greek *polis* on the Thracian coast.
The ancient polis is to be distinguished from the municipality, which was named in its honor. The polis lay 17 km east-northeast of the mo... | 276 | Abdera, Thrace | 0 |
2,685 | # Abdera, Thrace
## History
### Antiquity
The Phoenicians apparently began the settlement of Abdera at some point before the mid-7th century and the town long maintained Phoenician standards in its coinage.
The Greek settlement was begun as a failed colony from Klazomenai, traditionally dated to 654 BC. (Evidence i... | 924 | Abdera, Thrace | 1 |
2,686 | # Apollos
**Apollos** (*Ἀπολλώς*) was a 1st-century Alexandrian Jewish Christian mentioned several times in the New Testament. A contemporary and colleague of Paul the Apostle, he played an important role in the early development of the churches of Ephesus and Corinth.
## Biblical account {#biblical_account}
### Act... | 780 | Apollos | 0 |
2,686 | # Apollos
## Significance
Martin Luther and some modern scholars have proposed Apollos as the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, rather than Paul or Barnabas. Both Apollos and Barnabas were Jewish Christians with sufficient intellectual authority. The Pulpit Commentary treats Apollos\' authorship of Hebrews as \"g... | 169 | Apollos | 1 |
2,690 | # Antidiarrheal
Antidiarrheals are a class of medication used primarily to manage and reduce the frequency of diarrhea. This class of medication predominantly works by slowing digestion, reducing fluid loss, or improving absorption. There are four main classes: opiates, 5-HT~3~ receptor antagonists, adsorbents, and bu... | 685 | Antidiarrheal | 0 |
2,691 | # Áed mac Cináeda
**Áed mac Cináeda** (Modern Scottish Gaelic: *Aodh mac Choinnich*; *Ethus*; Anglicized: Hugh; died 878) was a son of Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin). He became king of the Picts in 877 when he succeeded his brother Constantín mac Cináeda. He was nicknamed **Áed of the White Flowers**, **the wing... | 58 | Áed mac Cináeda | 0 |
2,692 | # Abdul Hamid I
**Abdulhamid I** or **Abdul Hamid I** (*عبد الحميد اول*, *\`Abdü'l-Ḥamīd-i evvel*; *I. Abdülhamid*; 20 March 1725 -- 7 April 1789) was the 27th sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1774 to 1789. A devout and pacifist sultan, he inherited a bankrupt empire and sought military reforms, including overhauling... | 886 | Abdul Hamid I | 0 |
2,692 | # Abdul Hamid I
## Reign
### Relations with Tipu Sultan {#relations_with_tipu_sultan}
In 1789, Tipu Sultan, ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore sent an embassy to Abdul Hamid, urgently requesting assistance against the British East India Company, and proposed an offensive and defensive alliance. Abdul Hamid informed the... | 235 | Abdul Hamid I | 1 |
2,692 | # Abdul Hamid I
## Character
He wrote down the troubles he saw before, to the grand vizier or to the governor of his empire. He accepted the invitations of his grand vizier and went to his mansions, followed by the reading of the Quran. He was humble and a religious Sultan.
It is known that Abdul Hamid I was fond of... | 894 | Abdul Hamid I | 2 |
2,692 | # Abdul Hamid I
## Family
### Daughters
Abdülhamid I had at least sixteen daughters:
- Ayşe Athermelik Dürrüşehvar Hanım (c. 1767 - 11 May 1826). Called also Athermelek. She was conceived while her father was still Şehzade and confined in the Kafes, thus violating the rules of the harem. Her mother was smuggled ou... | 605 | Abdul Hamid I | 3 |
2,696 | # Abencerrages
*Zegris* (genus)}} The **Abencerrages** or **Abencerrajes** (`{{IPA|es|aβenθeˈraxes|label=Modern Spanish:}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|osp|aβent͡s̻eˈraʒes̺|lang|link=yes}}`{=mediawiki}; from the Arabic *label=none*, `{{pl.}}`{=mediawiki} *label=none*) were a family or faction that is said to have held a promi... | 334 | Abencerrages | 0 |
2,699 | # Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)
**Aberavon** (*Aberafan*) was a constituency in Wales in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was represented from 1922 until 2024 by the Welsh Labour Party. It included the town of Aberavon, although the largest town in the constituency was Port Talb... | 524 | Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency) | 0 |
2,699 | # Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency)
## Elections
### Elections in the 1910s {#elections_in_the_1910s}
- Jones withdrew in favour of Edwards on 13 December 1918.
### Elections in the 1920s {#elections_in_the_1920s}
thumb\|upright=0.55\|Ramsay MacDonald
thumb\|upright=0.55\|Henry Williams
### Elections in th... | 300 | Aberavon (UK Parliament constituency) | 1 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
**Aberdare** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|b|ər|ˈ|d|ɛər}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|ab-ər|DAIR|'}}`{=mediawiki}; *Aberdâr* `{{audio|LL-Q9309 (cym)-Jason.nlw-Aberdâr.wav|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the Cynon Valley area of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, at the confluence of the Rivers Dare (Dâr) and Cynon. Aberdare has a popul... | 439 | Aberdare | 0 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
## History
### Industrial Aberdare {#industrial_aberdare}
Aberdare grew rapidly in the early 19th century through two major industries: first iron, then coal. A branch of the Glamorganshire Canal (1811) was opened to transport these products; then the railway became the main means of transport to the South... | 424 | Aberdare | 1 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
## Language
Welsh was the prominent language until the mid 20th century and Aberdare was an important centre of Welsh language publishing. A large proportion of the early migrant population were Welsh speaking, and in 1851 only ten per cent of the population had been born outside of Wales.
In his controve... | 475 | Aberdare | 2 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
## Industry
### Iron industry {#iron_industry}
Ironworks were established at Llwydcoed and Abernant in 1799 and 1800 respectively, followed by others at Gadlys and Aberaman in 1827 and 1847. The iron industry began to expand in a significant way around 1818 when the Crawshay family of Merthyr purchased th... | 833 | Aberdare | 3 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
## Government
As a small village in the upland valleys of Glamorgan, Aberdare did not play any significant part in political life until its development as an industrial settlement. It was part of the lordship of Miskin, and the ancient office of High Constable continued in ceremonial form until relatively ... | 528 | Aberdare | 4 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
## Government
### Local government {#local_government}
Aberdare was an ancient parish within Glamorgan. Until the mid-19th century the local government of Aberdare and its locality remained in the hands of traditional structures such as the parish vestry and the High Constable, who was chosen annually. How... | 666 | Aberdare | 5 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
## Culture
Aberdare, during its boom years, was considered a centre of Welsh culture: it hosted the first National Eisteddfod in 1861, with which David Williams (Alaw Goch) was closely associated. The town erected a monument in the local park to commemorate the occasion. A number of local eisteddfodau had ... | 423 | Aberdare | 6 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
## Religion
### Anglican Church {#anglican_church}
The original parish church of St John the Baptist was originally built in 1189. Some of its original architecture is still intact.
With the development of Aberdare as an industrial centre in the nineteenth century it became increasingly apparent that the... | 1,050 | Aberdare | 7 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
## Religion
### Nonconformity
#### Calvinistic Methodists {#calvinistic_methodists}
By 1910 there were 24 Calvinistic Methodist chapels in the Aberdare Urban District with a total membership of 4,879. The most prominent of these was Bethania, Aberdare, once the largest chapel in Aberdare. Derelict for many... | 288 | Aberdare | 8 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
## Education
The state of education in the parish was a cause for concern during the early industrial period, as is illustrated by the reaction to the 1847 Education Reports. Initially, there was an outcry, led by the Rev Thomas Price against the comments made by the vicar of Aberdare in his submission to ... | 359 | Aberdare | 9 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
## Transport
The town is served by Aberdare railway station and Aberdare bus station, opposite each other in the town centre. The town has also been subject to an extensive redevelopment scheme during 2012--13.
## Sports
Aberdare was noted as \"very remarkable\" for its traditions of *Taplasau Hâf* (summ... | 951 | Aberdare | 10 |
2,701 | # Aberdare
## Notable people {#notable_people}
: *See also :Category:People from Aberdare*
### Arts and broadcasting {#arts_and_broadcasting}
- Ieuan Ddu ap Dafydd ab Owain -- 15th century bard
- Edward Evans - 18th century bard
- Ioan Gruffudd -- actor, born in Llwydcoed, Aberdare
- Caradog (Griffith Rhy... | 253 | Aberdare | 11 |
2,707 | # Arthur William à Beckett
**Arthur William à Beckett** (25 October 1844 -- 14 January 1909) was an English journalist and intellectual.
## Biography
He was a younger son of Gilbert Abbott à Beckett and Mary Anne à Beckett, brother of Gilbert Arthur à Beckett and educated at Felsted School. Besides fulfilling other ... | 364 | Arthur William à Beckett | 0 |
2,716 | # Abersychan
**Abersychan** is a town and community north of Pontypool in Torfaen, Wales, and lies within the boundaries of the historic county of Monmouthshire and the preserved county of Gwent.
Abersychan lies in the narrow northern section of the Afon Lwyd valley.
The town includes two schools; Abersychan Compreh... | 702 | Abersychan | 0 |
2,724 | # Autocorrelation
**Autocorrelation**, sometimes known as **serial correlation** in the discrete time case, measures the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself. Essentially, it quantifies the similarity between observations of a random variable at different points in time. The analysis of autocorrelatio... | 791 | Autocorrelation | 0 |
2,724 | # Autocorrelation
## Autocorrelation of random vectors`{{anchor|Matrix}}`{=mediawiki} {#autocorrelation_of_random_vectors}
The (potentially time-dependent) **autocorrelation matrix** (also called second moment) of a (potentially time-dependent) random vector $\mathbf{X} = (X_1,\ldots,X_n)^{\rm T}$ is an $n \times n$ ... | 347 | Autocorrelation | 1 |
2,724 | # Autocorrelation
## Autocorrelation of deterministic signals {#autocorrelation_of_deterministic_signals}
In signal processing, the above definition is often used without the normalization, that is, without subtracting the mean and dividing by the variance. When the autocorrelation function is normalized by mean and ... | 644 | Autocorrelation | 2 |
2,724 | # Autocorrelation
## Efficient computation {#efficient_computation}
For data expressed as a discrete sequence, it is frequently necessary to compute the autocorrelation with high computational efficiency. A brute force method based on the signal processing definition $R_{xx}(j) = \sum_n x_n\,\overline{x}_{n-j}$ can b... | 618 | Autocorrelation | 3 |
2,724 | # Autocorrelation
## Regression analysis {#regression_analysis}
In regression analysis using time series data, autocorrelation in a variable of interest is typically modeled either with an autoregressive model (AR), a moving average model (MA), their combination as an autoregressive-moving-average model (ARMA), or an... | 418 | Autocorrelation | 4 |
2,724 | # Autocorrelation
## Applications
Autocorrelation\'s ability to find repeating patterns in data yields many applications, including:
- Autocorrelation analysis is used heavily in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to provide quantitative insight into molecular-level diffusion and chemical reactions.
- Another... | 720 | Autocorrelation | 5 |
2,726 | # Atlas Autocode
**Atlas Autocode** (**AA**) is a programming language developed around 1963 at the University of Manchester. A variant of the language ALGOL, it was developed by Tony Brooker and Derrick Morris for the Atlas computer. The initial AA and AB compilers were written by Jeff Rohl and Tony Brooker using the... | 367 | Atlas Autocode | 0 |
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