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23,673 | # Pachomius the Great
**Pachomius** (`{{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|k|oʊ|m|i|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; *Παχώμιος* *Pakhomios*; *Ⲡⲁϧⲱⲙ*; c. 292 -- 9 May 348 AD), also known as **Saint Pachomius the Great**, is generally recognized as the founder of Christian cenobitic monasticism. Coptic churches celebrate his feast day on 9 May, and East... | 835 | Pachomius the Great | 0 |
23,673 | # Pachomius the Great
## Rule of St. Pachomius {#rule_of_st._pachomius}
Pachomius was the first to set down a written monastic rule. The first rule was composed of prayers generally known and in general use, such as the Lord\'s Prayer. The monks were to pray them every day. As the community developed, the rules were ... | 408 | Pachomius the Great | 1 |
23,680 | # There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
\"**There\'s Plenty of Room at the Bottom: An Invitation to Enter a New Field of Physics**\" was a lecture given by physicist Richard Feynman at the annual American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman considered the possibility of direct manipulation... | 746 | There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom | 0 |
23,680 | # There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
## Reception
*The New Scientist* reported \"the scientific audience was captivated.\" Feynman had \"spun the idea off the top of his mind\" without even \"notes from beforehand\". There were no copies of the speech available. A \"foresighted admirer\" brought a tape recorder and... | 779 | There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom | 1 |
23,680 | # There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
## Editions
-
- A condensed version of the talk.
-
- A reprint of the talk.
- A sequel to his first talk | 32 | There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom | 2 |
23,693 | # Conflict of laws
**Conflict of laws** (also called **private international law**) is the set of rules or laws a jurisdiction applies to a case, transaction, or other occurrence that has connections to more than one jurisdiction. This body of law deals with three broad topics: *jurisdiction*, rules regarding when it ... | 431 | Conflict of laws | 0 |
23,693 | # Conflict of laws
## History
Western legal systems first recognized a core underpinning of conflict of laws---namely, that \"foreign law, in appropriate instances, should be applied to foreign cases\"---in the twelfth century. Prior to that, the prevailing system was that of *personal law*, in which the laws applica... | 808 | Conflict of laws | 1 |
23,693 | # Conflict of laws
## Jurisdiction
One of the key questions addressed within conflict of laws is the determination of when the legislature of a given jurisdiction may legislate, or the court of a given jurisdiction can properly adjudicate, regarding a matter that has extra-jurisdictional dimensions. This is known as ... | 410 | Conflict of laws | 2 |
23,693 | # Conflict of laws
## Choice of law {#choice_of_law}
Courts faced with a choice of law issue have a two-stage process:
1. the court will apply the law of the forum (*lex fori*) to all procedural matters (including the choice of law rules);
2. it counts the factors that connect or link the legal issues to the laws ... | 386 | Conflict of laws | 3 |
23,703 | # Potential energy
In physics, **potential energy** is the energy of an object or system due to the body\'s position relative to other objects, or the configuration of its particles. The energy is equal to the work done against any restoring forces, such as gravity or those in a spring.
The term *potential energy* wa... | 756 | Potential energy | 0 |
23,703 | # Potential energy
## Work and potential energy {#work_and_potential_energy}
Potential energy is closely linked with forces. If the work done by a force on a body that moves from *A* to *B* does not depend on the path between these points (if the work is done by a conservative force), then the work of this force meas... | 862 | Potential energy | 1 |
23,703 | # Potential energy
## Potential energy for a linear spring {#potential_energy_for_a_linear_spring}
A horizontal spring exerts a force `{{math|1='''F''' = (−''kx'', 0, 0)}}`{=mediawiki} that is proportional to its deformation in the axial or *x*-direction. The work of this spring on a body moving along the space curve... | 595 | Potential energy | 2 |
23,703 | # Potential energy
## Gravitational potential energy {#gravitational_potential_energy}
Gravitational energy is the potential energy associated with gravitational force, as work is required to elevate objects against Earth\'s gravity. The potential energy due to elevated positions is called gravitational potential ene... | 1,141 | Potential energy | 3 |
23,703 | # Potential energy
## Gravitational potential energy {#gravitational_potential_energy}
### Uses
Gravitational potential energy has a number of practical uses, notably the generation of pumped-storage hydroelectricity. For example, in Dinorwig, Wales, there are two lakes, one at a higher elevation than the other. At t... | 306 | Potential energy | 4 |
23,703 | # Potential energy
## Chemical potential energy {#chemical_potential_energy}
Chemical potential energy is a form of potential energy related to the structural arrangement of atoms or molecules. This arrangement may be the result of chemical bonds within a molecule or otherwise. Chemical energy of a chemical substance... | 395 | Potential energy | 5 |
23,703 | # Potential energy
## Electric potential energy {#electric_potential_energy}
### Magnetic potential energy {#magnetic_potential_energy}
The energy of a magnetic moment $\boldsymbol{\mu}$ in an externally produced magnetic B-field `{{math|'''B'''}}`{=mediawiki} has potential energy $U=-\boldsymbol{\mu}\cdot\mathbf{B}.... | 394 | Potential energy | 6 |
23,703 | # Potential energy
## Forces and potential energy {#forces_and_potential_energy}
Potential energy is closely linked with forces. If the work done by a force on a body that moves from *A* to *B* does not depend on the path between these points, then the work of this force measured from *A* assigns a scalar value to ev... | 433 | Potential energy | 7 |
23,705 | # Predestination
`{{Christianity|expanded=hide}}`{=mediawiki} **Predestination**, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the paradox of free will, whereby God\'s omnis... | 550 | Predestination | 0 |
23,705 | # Predestination
## History
### Patristic period {#patristic_period}
#### Pre-Nicene period {#pre_nicene_period}
Origen, writing in the third century, taught that God\'s providence extends to every individual. He believed God\'s predestination was based on God\'s foreknowledge of every individual\'s merits, whether ... | 993 | Predestination | 1 |
23,705 | # Predestination
## History
### Reformation
John Calvin rejected the idea that God permits rather than actively decrees the damnation of sinners, as well as other evil. Calvin did not believe God to be guilty of sin, but rather he considered God inflicting sin upon his creations to be an unfathomable mystery. Though ... | 100 | Predestination | 2 |
23,705 | # Predestination
## Views of Christian branches {#views_of_christian_branches}
### Eastern Orthodoxy {#eastern_orthodoxy}
The Eastern Orthodox view was summarized by Bishop Theophan the Recluse in response to the question, \"What is the relationship between the Divine provision and our free will?\" `{{blockquote|Ans... | 972 | Predestination | 3 |
23,705 | # Predestination
## Views of Christian branches {#views_of_christian_branches}
### Protestantism
#### Comparison
This table summarizes the classical views of three different Protestant beliefs.
Topic Lutheranism Calvinism ... | 1,176 | Predestination | 4 |
23,705 | # Predestination
## Views of Christian branches {#views_of_christian_branches}
### The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints {#the_church_of_jesus_christ_of_latter_day_saints}
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) rejects the doctrine of predestination, but does believe in foreordination.... | 137 | Predestination | 5 |
23,705 | # Predestination
## Types of predestination {#types_of_predestination}
### Conditional election {#conditional_election}
Conditional election is the belief that God chooses for eternal salvation those whom he foresees will have faith in Christ. This belief emphasizes the importance of a person\'s free will. The count... | 976 | Predestination | 6 |
23,705 | # Predestination
## Types of predestination {#types_of_predestination}
### Middle knowledge {#middle_knowledge}
Middle knowledge is a concept that was developed by Jesuit theologian Luis de Molina, and exists under a doctrine called Molinism. It attempts to deal with the topic of predestination by reconciling God\'s ... | 379 | Predestination | 7 |
23,706 | # Primitive notion
In mathematics, logic, philosophy, and formal systems, a **primitive notion** is a concept that is not defined in terms of previously-defined concepts. It is often motivated informally, usually by an appeal to intuition or taken to be self-evident. In an axiomatic theory, relations between primitive... | 313 | Primitive notion | 0 |
23,706 | # Primitive notion
## Examples
The necessity for primitive notions is illustrated in several axiomatic foundations in mathematics:
- Set theory: The concept of the set is an example of a primitive notion. As Mary Tiles writes: \[The\] \'definition\' of \'set\' is less a definition than an attempt at explication of... | 394 | Primitive notion | 1 |
23,731 | # Plasma ashing
In semiconductor manufacturing **plasma ashing** is the process of removing the photoresist (light sensitive coating) from an etched wafer. Using a plasma source, a monatomic (single atom) substance known as a reactive species is generated. Oxygen or fluorine are the most common reactive species. Other... | 461 | Plasma ashing | 0 |
23,733 | # Periodization
In historiography, **periodization** is the process or study of categorizing the past into discrete, quantified, and named blocks of time for the purpose of study or analysis. This is usually done to understand current and historical processes, and the causality that might have linked those events.
Pe... | 307 | Periodization | 0 |
23,733 | # Periodization
## Background
Periodizing blocks might overlap, conflict or contradict one another. Some have a cultural usage (the \"Gilded Age\"), others refer to prominent historical events (\'the Interwar period), while others are defined by decimal numbering systems (\'the 1960s\', \'the 17th century\'). Other p... | 1,111 | Periodization | 1 |
23,733 | # Periodization
## Historiography
Some events or short periods of change have such a drastic effect on the cultures they affect that they form a natural break in history. These are often marked by the widespread use of both *pre-* and *post-* phrases centered on the event, as in *pre-Reformation* and *post-Reformatio... | 189 | Periodization | 2 |
23,750 | # Paramagnetism
`{{Condensed matter physics}}`{=mediawiki} **Paramagnetism** is a form of magnetism whereby some materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field. In contrast with this behavior, diamagnetic... | 397 | Paramagnetism | 0 |
23,750 | # Paramagnetism
## Relation to electron spins {#relation_to_electron_spins}
Constituent atoms or molecules of paramagnetic materials have permanent magnetic moments (dipoles), even in the absence of an applied field. The permanent moment generally is due to the spin of unpaired electrons in atomic or molecular electr... | 815 | Paramagnetism | 1 |
23,750 | # Paramagnetism
## Theory
The Bohr--Van Leeuwen theorem proves that there cannot be any diamagnetism or paramagnetism in a purely classical system. The paramagnetic response has then two possible quantum origins, either coming from permanent magnetic moments of the ions or from the spatial motion of the conduction el... | 624 | Paramagnetism | 2 |
23,750 | # Paramagnetism
## Theory
### Pauli paramagnetism {#pauli_paramagnetism}
For some alkali metals and noble metals, conduction electrons are weakly interacting and delocalized in space forming a Fermi gas. For these materials one contribution to the magnetic response comes from the interaction between the electron spin... | 457 | Paramagnetism | 3 |
23,750 | # Paramagnetism
## Examples of paramagnets {#examples_of_paramagnets}
Materials that are called \"paramagnets\" are most often those that exhibit, at least over an appreciable temperature range, magnetic susceptibilities that adhere to the Curie or Curie--Weiss laws. In principle any system that contains atoms, ions,... | 491 | Paramagnetism | 4 |
23,750 | # Paramagnetism
## Examples of paramagnets {#examples_of_paramagnets}
### Systems with interactions {#systems_with_interactions}
As stated above, many materials that contain d- or f-elements do retain unquenched spins. Salts of such elements often show paramagnetic behavior but at low enough temperatures the magnetic... | 528 | Paramagnetism | 5 |
23,758 | # Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
**Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite** (or **Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite**) was a Greek author, Christian theologian and Neoplatonic philosopher of the late 5th to early 6th century, who wrote a set of works known as the *Corpus Areopagiticum* or *Corpus Dionysiacum*. Through his wri... | 670 | Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite | 0 |
23,758 | # Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
## Corpus
### Authorship
The author pseudonymously identifies himself in the corpus as \"Dionysios\", portraying himself as the figure of Dionysius the Areopagite, the Athenian convert of Paul the Apostle mentioned in Acts 17:34.`{{refn|group=note|name=identity|Acts 17:34: "A few men... | 1,234 | Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite | 1 |
23,758 | # Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
## Influence
### Eastern Christianity {#eastern_christianity}
His thought was initially used by Miaphysites to back up parts of their arguments but his writings were eventually adopted by other church theologians, primarily due to the work of John of Scythopolis and Maximus the Conf... | 1,565 | Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite | 2 |
23,759 | # Perfect crystal
Crystalline materials (mainly metals and alloys, but also stoichiometric salts and other materials) are made up of solid regions of ordered matter (atoms placed in one of a number of ordered formations called Bravais lattices). These regions are known as *crystals*. A **perfect crystal** is a crystal... | 124 | Perfect crystal | 0 |
23,790 | # Pope Alexander VIII
**Pope Alexander VIII** (*Alessandro VIII*; 22 April 1610 -- 1 February 1691), born **Pietro Vito Ottoboni**, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 October 1689 to his death in February 1691. He is the most recent pope to take the pontifical name \"Alexander\".
Ale... | 592 | Pope Alexander VIII | 0 |
23,790 | # Pope Alexander VIII
## Pontificate
### Papal election {#papal_election}
The ambassador of King Louis XIV of France (1643--1715) succeeded in procuring his election on 6 October 1689, as the successor to Pope Innocent XI (1676--89); nevertheless, after months of negotiation Alexander VIII finally condemned the decl... | 1,046 | Pope Alexander VIII | 1 |
23,790 | # Pope Alexander VIII
## Pontificate
### Beatifications and canonizations {#beatifications_and_canonizations}
Alexander VIII confirmed the cultus of Kinga of Poland on 11 June 1690 which served as the beatification. On 16 October 1690, he canonized several saints: Ss. Pascal Baylon, Lorenzo Giustiniani, John of Sahag... | 239 | Pope Alexander VIII | 2 |
23,790 | # Pope Alexander VIII
## Death and burial {#death_and_burial}
On 16 October 1690, the day that he celebrated a canonization Mass, it was noticed that Alexander VIII appeared to look relatively sluggish and hence seemed like he had fallen ill. While it was hypothesized that he may have had a minor stroke, his doctors ... | 280 | Pope Alexander VIII | 3 |
23,799 | # Power set
In mathematics, the **power set** (or **powerset**) of a set `{{mvar|S}}`{=mediawiki} is the set of all subsets of `{{mvar|S}}`{=mediawiki}, including the empty set and `{{mvar|S}}`{=mediawiki} itself. In axiomatic set theory (as developed, for example, in the ZFC axioms), the existence of the power set of... | 646 | Power set | 0 |
23,799 | # Power set
## Representing subsets as functions {#representing_subsets_as_functions}
In set theory, `{{math|[[Function (mathematics)#Function space|''X''<sup>''Y''</sup>]]}}`{=mediawiki} is the notation representing the set of all functions from `{{mvar|Y}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{mvar|X}}`{=mediawiki}. As \"`{{math|2}}`... | 446 | Power set | 1 |
23,799 | # Power set
## Relation to binomial theorem {#relation_to_binomial_theorem}
The binomial theorem is closely related to the power set. A `{{math|''k''}}`{=mediawiki}--elements combination from some set is another name for a `{{math|''k''}}`{=mediawiki}--elements subset, so the number of combinations, denoted as `{{mat... | 348 | Power set | 2 |
23,799 | # Power set
## Power object {#power_object}
A set can be regarded as an algebra having no nontrivial operations or defining equations. From this perspective, the concept of the power set of `{{math|''X''}}`{=mediawiki} as the set of all subsets of `{{math|''X''}}`{=mediawiki} generalizes naturally to the set to all s... | 772 | Power set | 3 |
23,809 | # Pope John II
**Pope John II** (*Ioannes II*; c. 475 -- 8 May 535), born **Mercurius**, was the Bishop of Rome from 2 January 533 to his death on 8 May 535. As a priest at St. Clement\'s Basilica, he endowed that church with gifts and commissioned stone carvings for it. Mercurius became the first pope to adopt a new... | 441 | Pope John II | 0 |
23,813 | # Pope Stephen II
**Pope Stephen II** (*Stephanus II*; 714 -- 26 April 757) was born a Roman aristocrat and member of the Orsini family. Stephen was the bishop of Rome from 26 March 752 to his death on 26 April 757. Stephen II marks the historical delineation between the Byzantine Papacy and the Frankish Papacy. Durin... | 361 | Pope Stephen II | 0 |
23,813 | # Pope Stephen II
## Duchy of Rome and the Papal States {#duchy_of_rome_and_the_papal_states}
Prior to Stephen II\'s alliance with Pepin, Rome had constituted the central city of the Duchy of Rome, which composed one of two districts within the Exarchate of Ravenna, along with Ravenna itself. At Quiercy the Frankish ... | 341 | Pope Stephen II | 1 |
23,831 | # Pope Adrian VI
class=skin-invert }}
**Pope Adrian VI** (*Hadrianus VI*; *Adriano VI*; *Hadrian VI.*; *Adrianus/Adriaan VI*), born **Adriaan Florensz Boeyens** (2 March 1459 -- 14 September 1523), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 January 1522 until his death on 14 September 1523. ... | 770 | Pope Adrian VI | 0 |
23,831 | # Pope Adrian VI
## Spain
In 1515, Charles sent Adrian to Spain to convince his maternal grandfather, Ferdinand II of Aragon, that the Spanish lands should come under his rule, and not Charles\'s Spanish-born younger brother Ferdinand, whom his grandfather had in mind. Adrian succeeded in that just before Ferdinand\'... | 433 | Pope Adrian VI | 1 |
23,831 | # Pope Adrian VI
## Papacy
He immediately entered upon the path of the reformer. The 1908 edition of the *Catholic Encyclopedia* characterised the task that faced him:
: *\"To extirpate inveterate abuses; to reform a court which thrived on corruption, and detested the very name of reform; to hold in leash young an... | 699 | Pope Adrian VI | 2 |
23,835 | # Pope Anastasius II
**Pope Anastasius II** (died 19 November 498) was the bishop of Rome from 24 November 496 to his death on 19 November 498. He was an important figure in trying to end the Acacian schism, but his efforts resulted in the Laurentian schism, which followed his death. Anastasius was born in Rome, the s... | 420 | Pope Anastasius II | 0 |
23,835 | # Pope Anastasius II
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
At the peak of the tension created by these attempts to improve relations between the East and the West, Anastasius II unexpectedly died. For those who opposed his attempts at remedying the schism his death in 498 was seen as divine retribution. The faction... | 336 | Pope Anastasius II | 1 |
23,836 | # Pope Anastasius I
**Pope Anastasius I** was the bishop of Rome from 27 November 399 to his death on 19 December 401.
Anastasius was born in Rome, and was the son of Maximus. He succeeded Siricius as pope and condemned the writings of the Alexandrian theologian Origen shortly after their translation into Latin. He f... | 178 | Pope Anastasius I | 0 |
23,848 | # Pomeranian language
The **Pomeranian language** (*pomorszczyzna* or *język pomorski*; *links=no* or *die pomoranische Sprache*) is in the Pomeranian group of Lechitic languages (*links=no*; *links=no*) within the West Slavic languages.
In medieval contexts, it refers to the dialects spoken by the Slavic Pomeranians... | 342 | Pomeranian language | 0 |
23,848 | # Pomeranian language
## Influence on other dialects {#influence_on_other_dialects}
The Pomeranian language influenced the formation of other Polish language dialects, such as the Kociewski, Borowiacki and Krajniacki dialects. Undoubtedly, they belong to the Polish language, but they also have some features in common... | 344 | Pomeranian language | 1 |
23,848 | # Pomeranian language
## Assessment
The classification of the Pomeranian ethnolect is problematic. It was classified by Aleksander Brückner as one of the Old Polish dialects. At the same time, he classified the extant Kashubian and Slovincian dialects as belonging to the Modern Polish language. Other linguists relate... | 573 | Pomeranian language | 2 |
23,850 | # Peace of Westphalia
The **Peace of Westphalia** (*Westfälischer Friede*, `{{IPA|de|vɛstˈfɛːlɪʃɐ ˈfʁiːdə|pron|De-Westfälischer Friede.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years\' War (1618--16... | 406 | Peace of Westphalia | 0 |
23,850 | # Peace of Westphalia
## Locations
Peace negotiations between France and the Habsburg Emperor began in Cologne in 1636. These negotiations were initially blocked by Cardinal Richelieu of France, who insisted on the inclusion of all his allies, whether fully sovereign countries or states within the Holy Roman Empire.`... | 275 | Peace of Westphalia | 1 |
23,850 | # Peace of Westphalia
## Delegations
The peace negotiations had no exact beginning or end, because the 109 delegations never met in a plenary session. Instead, various delegations arrived between 1643 and 1646 and left between 1647 and 1649. The largest number of diplomats were present between January 1646 and July 1... | 410 | Peace of Westphalia | 2 |
23,850 | # Peace of Westphalia
## Results
### Westphalia pertaining to the Holy Roman Empire {#westphalia_pertaining_to_the_holy_roman_empire}
Much of the Peace of Westphalia focused on reorganizing the Holy Roman Empire, the main battleground of the Thirty Years\' War.
A common idea is that Emperor Ferdinand III was stripp... | 456 | Peace of Westphalia | 3 |
23,850 | # Peace of Westphalia
## Results
### Territorial adjustments {#territorial_adjustments}
thumb\|upright=1.35\|The Holy Roman Empire in 1648, after the territorial adjustments made by the Peace of Westphalia
- France retained the bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun near Lorraine, received the cities of the Décapole ... | 729 | Peace of Westphalia | 4 |
23,853 | # Pope Honorius II
**Pope Honorius II** (9 February 1060 -- 13 February 1130), born **Lamberto Scannabecchi**, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 December 1124 to his death in 1130.
Although from a humble background, his obvious intellect and outstanding abilities saw him promoted u... | 559 | Pope Honorius II | 0 |
23,853 | # Pope Honorius II
## Pontificate
### Conclave of 1124 {#conclave_of_1124}
Pressures building within the Curia, together with ongoing conflicts among the Roman nobility, would erupt after the death of Callixtus II in 1124. The pontificates of Urban II and Paschal II saw an expansion in the College of Cardinals of It... | 520 | Pope Honorius II | 1 |
23,853 | # Pope Honorius II
## Papacy
### Relations with the Holy Roman Empire {#relations_with_the_holy_roman_empire}
Honorius immediately came into conflict with Emperor Henry V over imperial claims in Italy. In 1116, Henry had crossed the Alps to lay claim to the Italian territories of Matilda of Tuscany, which she had su... | 548 | Pope Honorius II | 2 |
23,853 | # Pope Honorius II
## Papacy
### Concerns in Campania {#concerns_in_campania}
One of Honorius\'s first tasks in southern Italy was to deal with the barons in the Campania who were molesting farmers and travellers at will with their armed bands. In 1125, papal force brought to heel the lords of Ceccano. Papal armies t... | 519 | Pope Honorius II | 3 |
23,853 | # Pope Honorius II
## Papacy
### Conflict with Roger II of Sicily {#conflict_with_roger_ii_of_sicily}
Matters to the south of Monte Cassino soon occupied Honorius\'s attention. In July 1127, William II, Duke of Apulia, died childless, and almost immediately his cousin King Roger II of Sicily sailed to the mainland to... | 530 | Pope Honorius II | 4 |
23,853 | # Pope Honorius II
## Papacy
### Intervention in France {#intervention_in_france}
Aside from the Benedictines at Monte Cassino, Honorius was also determined to deal with the monks at Cluny Abbey under their ambitious and worldly abbot, Pons of Melgueil. He had just returned from the Levant after being forced out by h... | 589 | Pope Honorius II | 5 |
23,853 | # Pope Honorius II
## Papacy
### Relations with England and Spain {#relations_with_england_and_spain}
In England, the ongoing dispute between the Sees of Canterbury and York over primacy continued unabated. On 5 April 1125, Honorius wrote to Thurstan, Archbishop of York, advising him that Honorius planned to settle t... | 993 | Pope Honorius II | 6 |
23,853 | # Pope Honorius II
## Papacy
### Death of Honorius II {#death_of_honorius_ii}
After almost a year of suffering a painful illness, Honorius fell seriously ill in early 1130. Cardinal Aymeric and the Frangipani family began planning their next moves, and Honorius was taken to the San Gregorio Magno al Celio monastery, ... | 459 | Pope Honorius II | 7 |
23,855 | # Pope Honorius IV
**Pope Honorius IV** (born **Giacomo Savelli**; c. 1210 --- 3 April 1287) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 April 1285 to his death on 3 April 1287. His election followed the death of Pope Martin IV and was notable for its speed; he was chosen unanimously on the fi... | 616 | Pope Honorius IV | 0 |
23,855 | # Pope Honorius IV
## Papacy
### Sicilian Conflict {#sicilian_conflict}
Sicilian affairs required immediate attention from the new pope. Previously, under Martin IV, the Sicilians had rejected the rule of Charles of Anjou, taking Peter III of Aragon as their king without the consent and approval of the Pope.
The ma... | 848 | Pope Honorius IV | 1 |
23,855 | # Pope Honorius IV
## Papacy
### Other acts {#other_acts}
Honorius IV inherited plans for another crusade, but confined himself to collecting the tithes imposed by the Council of Lyon, arranging with the great banking houses of Florence, Siena, and Pistoia to act as his agents.
The two largest religious orders recei... | 369 | Pope Honorius IV | 2 |
23,856 | # Paulinus of Nola
Saint Paulinus}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix=Saint
|name=Paulinus of Nola
|birth_date=22 June 354
|death_date=22 June {{death year and age|431|354}}
|feast_day={{ubl|Anglican tradition: {{avoid wrap|22 June}} (memorial)|[[Catholicism]]: 22 J... | 322 | Paulinus of Nola | 0 |
23,856 | # Paulinus of Nola
## Life
Pontius Meropius Paulinus was born c. lk=no at Bordeaux, in southwestern France. He was from a notable senatorial family with estates in the Aquitaine province of France, northern Iberia, and southern Italy. Paulinus was a kinsman of Melania the Elder. He was educated in Bordeaux by his tea... | 692 | Paulinus of Nola | 1 |
23,856 | # Paulinus of Nola
## Influence
As bishop of Nola, Paulinus is traditionally credited with the introduction of the use of bells in church services. One form of medieval handbell was known as the **nola** and medieval steeple bells were known as **campana*s* from this supposed origin. However, Dr. Adolf Buse, professo... | 663 | Paulinus of Nola | 2 |
23,856 | # Paulinus of Nola
## Legend
Gregory the Great recounts a popular story that alleges that when the Vandals raided Campania, a poor widow came to Paulinus for help when her only son had been carried off by the son-in-law of the Vandal king. Having exhausted his resources in ransoming other captives, Paulinus said, \"S... | 391 | Paulinus of Nola | 3 |
23,864 | # Production car racing
**Production car racing**, **showroom stock racing**, **street stock**, **pure stock**, **touring** and **U-car racing** are all categories of auto racing where unmodified (or very lightly modified) production cars race each other, outright and also in classes.
## Oval track racing {#oval_trac... | 590 | Production car racing | 0 |
23,864 | # Production car racing
## Touring car racing {#touring_car_racing}
Further information: Touring car racing
Many production racing categories are based on particular makes of cars. There are many Porsche and Audi racing series around the world. These are also called \"one make series\". Some series use a handicapped... | 286 | Production car racing | 1 |
23,864 | # Production car racing
## Drag racing {#drag_racing}
Further information: Drag racing The World Drag Alliances (WDRA), which operates in the U.S., Canada, and Aruba provides a \"Factory Street\" class for factory produced vehicles to race legally and safely on a drag strip. The regulations for Factory Street vehicle... | 258 | Production car racing | 2 |
23,865 | # Phenols
In organic chemistry, **phenols**, sometimes called **phenolics**, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of one or more hydroxyl groups (−O H) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest is phenol, `{{chem|C|6|H|5|OH}}`{=mediawiki}. Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenol... | 715 | Phenols | 0 |
23,867 | # Pompey
**Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus** (`{{IPA|la|ˈgnae̯ʊs pɔmˈpɛjjʊs ˈmaŋnʊs|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 29 September 106 BC -- 28 September 48 BC), known in English as **Pompey** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|m|p|i}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|POM|pee}}`{=mediawiki}) or **Pompey the Great**, was a Roman general and statesman who was promine... | 572 | Pompey | 0 |
23,867 | # Pompey
## Pompey during Sulla\'s civil war {#pompey_during_sullas_civil_war}
In the year prior to Sulla\'s return Pompey had raised and equipped a full legion from amongst his father\'s old clients and veterans in Picenum. In the spring of 83 Sulla landed in Brundisium. As he marched north-west towards Campania, Po... | 569 | Pompey | 1 |
23,867 | # Pompey
## Sicily, Africa and Lepidus\' rebellion {#sicily_africa_and_lepidus_rebellion}
The surviving Marians escaped to Sicily, where their ally Marcus Perperna was propraetor. They were supported by a fleet under Carbo, while Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus occupied the Roman province of Africa. Perperna abandoned Si... | 444 | Pompey | 2 |
23,867 | # Pompey
## Sertorian War {#sertorian_war}
The Sertorian War began in 80 BC when Quintus Sertorius, a prominent proscribed Marian general, initiated a rebellion in Hispania, where he was joined by other Roman exiles like Perperna. Supported by local Iberian tribes, he took control of Hispania Ulterior and repeatedly ... | 951 | Pompey | 3 |
23,867 | # Pompey
## Campaign against the pirates {#campaign_against_the_pirates}
Pirates operated throughout the Mediterranean, while their fleets often formed temporary alliances with enemies of Rome, including Sertorius and Mithridates. Their power and range had increased over the past fifty years, partly because of the de... | 355 | Pompey | 4 |
23,867 | # Pompey
## Third Mithridatic War and re-organisation of the east {#third_mithridatic_war_and_re_organisation_of_the_east}
### Third Mithridatic War {#third_mithridatic_war}
thumb\|left\|upright=1.15\|Asia Minor and surrounding region, first century BC
In 73 BC, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, formerly one of Sulla\'s ch... | 914 | Pompey | 5 |
23,867 | # Pompey
## Return to Rome and the First Triumvirate {#return_to_rome_and_the_first_triumvirate}
thumb\|right\|upright=1.15\|Denarius minted in 56 BC by Pompey\'s supporter Faustus Sulla
Before his return to Italy in 62 BC, Pompey paid his troops bonuses totalling around 16,000 talents, but despite fears he intended... | 823 | Pompey | 6 |
23,867 | # Pompey
## From confrontation to civil war {#from_confrontation_to_civil_war}
thumb\|left\|upright=1.25\|The Roman Empire and satellite states, prior to the outbreak of civil war c. 49 BC
In 54 BC, Caesar continued his conquest of Gaul, Crassus opened his campaign against the Parthians, and Pompey remained in Rome... | 526 | Pompey | 7 |
23,867 | # Pompey
## The Road to Pharsalus {#the_road_to_pharsalus}
When the war began, Caesar was a rebel with no navy and three understrength legions, while Pompey was backed by all the resources of the Roman state and his clients in the East. However, his position was weaker than it seemed, since he was simply an advisor t... | 1,084 | Pompey | 8 |
23,867 | # Pompey
## Marriages and issue {#marriages_and_issue}
Pompey had five wives:
- Antistia. They married in 86 BC and divorced in 82 BC. By her he had no issue.
- Aemilia Scaura. When they married in 82 BC, Aemilia was pregnant by her former husband and died in childbirth in the same year.
- Mucia Tertia. They m... | 586 | Pompey | 9 |
23,867 | # Pompey
## Literary heritage {#literary_heritage}
Pompey was so striking a figure, and his fall so dramatic, that his story became the subject of frequent literary treatment. In the century after his death, the civil war between himself and Caesar was retold in Lucan\'s epic *De Bello Civili*, now known as the *Phar... | 416 | Pompey | 10 |
23,867 | # Pompey
## Chronology of Pompey\'s life and career {#chronology_of_pompeys_life_and_career}
- 29 September 106 BC -- Born in Picenum;
- 86 BC -- Marriage to Antistia;
- 89 BC -- Serves under his father at Asculum (during the Social War);
- 83 BC -- Aligns with Sulla, after his return from the First Mithridat... | 480 | Pompey | 11 |
23,875 | # Phoenix (Australian TV series)
***Phoenix*** is a Logie Award-winning Australian crime drama television series broadcast by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation from 1992 to 1993. It was created by Alison Nisselle and Tony McDonald.
The first series recounts the investigation of the bombing of a Victorian police... | 598 | Phoenix (Australian TV series) | 0 |
23,875 | # Phoenix (Australian TV series)
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
**Logie Awards**
- 1993: Most Outstanding Series (**won**)
- 1994: Most Outstanding Achievement in Drama Production (**won**)
## Home release {#home_release}
The series was released in 2009 by the ABC on DVD in two volumes, ea... | 72 | Phoenix (Australian TV series) | 1 |
23,878 | # Penguin
**Penguins** are a group of aquatic flightless birds from the family **Spheniscidae** (`{{IPAc-en|s|f|ᵻ|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|ᵻ|d|iː|,_|-|d|aI}}`{=mediawiki}) of the order **Sphenisciformes** (`{{IPAc-en|s|f|ᵻ|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|@|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}`{=mediawiki}). They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. Only one species,... | 653 | Penguin | 0 |
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