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24,110 | # President (government title)
## History
### United States {#united_states}
The modern usage of the term *president* to designate a single person who is the head of state of a republic can be traced directly to the United States Constitution of 1787, which created the office of President of the United States. Previo... | 898 | President (government title) | 1 |
24,110 | # President (government title)
## History
### Other countries {#other_countries}
Haiti became the first presidential republic in the Caribbean when Henri Christophe assumed the title in 1807. Almost all the Pan-American nations that became independent from Spain in the early 1810s and 1820s chose a US-style president... | 100 | President (government title) | 2 |
24,110 | # President (government title)
## Description
In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the powers of presidencies have varied from country to country. The spectrum of power has included presidents-for-life and hereditary presidencies to ceremonial heads of state.
Presidents in the countries with a democratic or ... | 923 | President (government title) | 3 |
24,110 | # President (government title)
## Description
### Dictatorships
In dictatorships, the title of president is frequently taken by self-appointed or military-backed leaders. Such is the case in many states: Idi Amin in Uganda, Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire, Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines, Suharto in Indonesia, and Sadd... | 467 | President (government title) | 4 |
24,110 | # President (government title)
## One-party states {#one_party_states}
### People\'s Republic of China {#peoples_republic_of_china}
The president of China is the state representative of the People\'s Republic of China. While the office has many of the characteristics of a nominal head of state, the Constitution of C... | 622 | President (government title) | 5 |
24,110 | # President (government title)
## Titles for non-heads of state {#titles_for_non_heads_of_state}
### As head of government {#as_head_of_government}
Some countries with parliamentary systems use a term meaning/translating as \"president\" (in some languages indistinguishable from chairman) for the head of parliamenta... | 576 | President (government title) | 6 |
24,110 | # President (government title)
## Titles for non-heads of state {#titles_for_non_heads_of_state}
### Other executive positions {#other_executive_positions}
#### Sub-national {#sub_national}
*President* can also be the title of the chief executive at a lower administrative level, such as the parish presidents of the ... | 683 | President (government title) | 7 |
24,110 | # President (government title)
## Titles for non-heads of state {#titles_for_non_heads_of_state}
### Judiciary
The term \'President\' is usually used in judiciary as chief justice of constitutional courts.
#### France {#france_1}
In French legal terminology, the president of a court consisting of multiple judges is... | 490 | President (government title) | 8 |
24,111 | # The Presidents of the United States of America (band)
**The Presidents of the United States of America** (occasionally referred to as **PUSA**, **PotUSA**, **the Presidents of the USA**, or simply **the Presidents**) were an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1993. The three-piece group\'s initial ... | 934 | The Presidents of the United States of America (band) | 0 |
24,111 | # The Presidents of the United States of America (band)
## History
### Full reformation and new guitarist (2003--2010) {#full_reformation_and_new_guitarist_20032010}
In 2003, the Presidents once again reformed. In August 2004, they issued *Love Everybody* on their newly formed indie label, PUSA Inc. Two singles were ... | 443 | The Presidents of the United States of America (band) | 1 |
24,111 | # The Presidents of the United States of America (band)
## History
### Post-2016: Solo work, vinyl re-release {#post_2016_solo_work_vinyl_re_release}
Following the breakup, each band member devoted time to his own solo projects. Ballew was the most prolific of the three, releasing albums with the Giraffes and the Tyc... | 367 | The Presidents of the United States of America (band) | 2 |
24,126 | # Pan flute
A **pan flute** (also known as **panpipes** or **syrinx**) is a musical instrument based on the principle of the closed tube, consisting of multiple pipes of gradually increasing length (and occasionally girth). Multiple varieties of pan flutes have been popular as folk instruments. The pipes are typically... | 266 | Pan flute | 0 |
24,126 | # Pan flute
## Structure
The pan flute\'s tubes are stopped at one end, at which the standing wave is reflected giving a note an octave lower than that produced by an open pipe of equal length. In the traditional South American style, pipes are fine-tuned to correct pitch by placing small pebbles or dry corn kernels ... | 706 | Pan flute | 1 |
24,126 | # Pan flute
## Variations
The curved-style pan flute was popularized by the Romanian musician Gheorghe Zamfir, who toured extensively and recorded many albums of pan flute music in the 1970s, and by several other artists who began recording at the same time. Today there are thousands of devoted players across Europe,... | 294 | Pan flute | 2 |
24,132 | # Priam
In Greek mythology, **Priam** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|aɪ|.|ə|m|}}`{=mediawiki}; *Πρίαμος*, `{{IPA|el|prí.amos|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) was the legendary and last king of Troy during the Trojan War. He was the son of Laomedon. His many children included notable characters such as Hector, Paris, and Cassandra.
## Etymolo... | 337 | Priam | 0 |
24,132 | # Priam
## Life
In Book 3 of Homer\'s *Iliad*, Priam tells Helen of Troy that he once helped King Mygdon of Phrygia in a battle against the Amazons.
When Hector is killed by Achilles, the Greek warrior treats the body with disrespect and refuses to give it back. According to Homer in book XXIV of the *Iliad*, Zeus s... | 308 | Priam | 1 |
24,132 | # Priam
## Gallery
<File:The> Death of Priam (SM 1945).png\|alt=\|*The Death of Priam* by Johann Andreas Herrlein <File:Vincenzo> Camuccini & Tommaso Piroli - The Death of Priam, 1794-95.jpg\|alt=\|*The Death of Priam* by Vincenzo Camuccini <File:Gavin> Hamilton (1723-1798) - Priam Pleading with Achilles for the Body... | 412 | Priam | 2 |
24,136 | # Process theology
**Process theology** is a type of theology developed from Alfred North Whitehead\'s (1861--1947) process philosophy, but most notably by Charles Hartshorne (1897--2000), John B. Cobb (1925--2024), and Eugene H. Peters (1929--1983). Process theology and process philosophy are collectively referred to... | 599 | Process theology | 0 |
24,136 | # Process theology
## Themes
- God is not omnipotent in the sense of being coercive. The divine has the power of persuasion rather than coercion. Process theologians interpret the classical doctrine of omnipotence as involving force and suggest a forbearance in divine power instead. \"Persuasion\" in the causal sen... | 318 | Process theology | 1 |
24,136 | # Process theology
## Relationship to liberation theology {#relationship_to_liberation_theology}
Henry Young combines black theology and process theology in his book *Hope in Process*. Young seeks a model for American society that goes beyond the alternatives of integration of blacks into white society and black sepa... | 511 | Process theology | 2 |
24,136 | # Process theology
## Debate about process theology\'s conception of God's power {#debate_about_process_theologys_conception_of_gods_power}
A criticism of process theology is that it offers a too severely diminished conception of God's power. Process theologians argue that God does not have unilateral, coercive contr... | 1,167 | Process theology | 3 |
24,143 | # Perestroika
***Perestroika*** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɛr|ə|ˈ|s|t|r|ɔɪ|k|ə}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|PERR|ə|STROY|kə}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{lang-rus|перестройка|r=perestrojka|p=pʲɪrʲɪˈstrojkə|a=ru-perestroika.ogg|links=no}}`{=mediawiki}) was a political reform movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during... | 605 | Perestroika | 0 |
24,143 | # Perestroika
## Economic reforms {#economic_reforms}
In May 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev gave a speech in Leningrad in which he admitted the slowing of economic development, and inadequate living standards.
The program was furthered at the 27th Congress of the Communist Party in Gorbachev\'s report to the congress, in w... | 593 | Perestroika | 1 |
24,143 | # Perestroika
## Comparison with China {#comparison_with_china}
*Perestroika* and Deng Xiaoping\'s economic reforms have similar origins but very different effects on their respective countries\' economies. Both efforts occurred in large socialist countries attempting to liberalize their economies, but while China\'s... | 747 | Perestroika | 2 |
24,143 | # Perestroika
## The role of the West in *Perestroika* {#the_role_of_the_west_in_perestroika}
During the 1980s and 1990s the United States President George H. W. Bush pledged solidarity with Gorbachev, but never brought his administration into supporting Gorbachev\'s reform. In fact, \"no bailout for Gorbachev\" was ... | 551 | Perestroika | 3 |
24,153 | # Pope Celestine II
class=skin-invert \|birth_name=Guido di Castello \|term_start=26 September 1143 \|term_end=8 March 1144 \|predecessor=Innocent II \|successor=Lucius II \|consecration=3 October 1143 \|consecrated_by=Alberic of Ostia \|cardinal=December 1127 \|created_cardinal_by=Honorius II \|birth_date= \|birth_pl... | 317 | Pope Celestine II | 0 |
24,153 | # Pope Celestine II
## Papacy
Celestine II governed the Catholic Church for only five months and thirteen days from his election until his death on 8 March 1144. Upon his accession he wrote to Peter the Venerable and the monks of Cluny, asking them to pray for him, while he was congratulated by Arnulf of Lisieux. Reg... | 374 | Pope Celestine II | 1 |
24,154 | # Pope Celestine III
class=skin-invert \| other = Celestine }} `{{Ordination
|ordained deacon by =
|date of diaconal ordination =
|place of diaconal ordination =
|ordained priest by =
|date of priestly ordination =
|place of priestly ordination =
|consecrated by = [[Ottaviano di Pa... | 517 | Pope Celestine III | 0 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
The **Palace of Westminster** is the meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is located in London, England. It is commonly called the **Houses of Parliament** after the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two legislative chambers which occupy the building. The palace ... | 349 | Palace of Westminster | 0 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## History
### Old Palace {#old_palace}
The site of the current palace and Houses of Parliament may have been used by Cnut during his reign from 1016 to 1035, and from c. 1045 Edward the Confessor built a palace and the first Westminster Abbey. The oldest surviving part of the palace is Westm... | 916 | Palace of Westminster | 1 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Exterior
Charles Barry\'s collaborative design for the Palace of Westminster uses the Perpendicular Gothic style, which was popular during the 15th century and returned during the Gothic revival of the 19th century. Barry was a classical architect, but he was aided by the Gothic architect A... | 1,103 | Palace of Westminster | 2 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Exterior
### Towers
#### Smaller towers {#smaller_towers}
Some other features of the palace of Westminster are known as towers. St Stephen\'s Tower is positioned in the middle of the west front of the palace, between Westminster Hall and Old Palace Yard, and houses the public entrance to th... | 293 | Palace of Westminster | 3 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Interior
The Palace of Westminster contains over 1,100 rooms, 100 staircases and 4.8 km of passageways, which are spread over four floors. The ground floor is occupied by offices, dining rooms and bars; the first, or principal, floor houses the main rooms of the palace, including the debati... | 427 | Palace of Westminster | 4 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Interior
### Royal Apartments {#royal_apartments}
#### Norman Porch {#norman_porch}
The Sovereign\'s Entrance is beneath the Victoria Tower. It was designed for the use of the monarch, and is used by them during the State Opening of Parliament. The Sovereign\'s Entrance is also the formal ... | 1,008 | Palace of Westminster | 5 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Interior
### Royal Apartments {#royal_apartments}
#### Prince\'s Chamber {#princes_chamber}
thumb\|upright=0.75\|*Her Majesty Queen Victoria, Supported by Justice and Clemency*, by John Gibson, Prince\'s Chamber The Prince\'s Chamber is a small anteroom between the Royal Gallery and the Lor... | 453 | Palace of Westminster | 6 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Interior
### Precincts of the House of Lords {#precincts_of_the_house_of_lords}
#### Lords Chamber {#lords_chamber}
The Chamber of the House of Lords is located in the southern part of the Palace of Westminster. The lavishly decorated room measures 13.7 by. The benches in the Chamber, as w... | 994 | Palace of Westminster | 7 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Interior
### Central Lobby {#central_lobby}
Originally named \"Octagon Hall\" because of its shape, the Central Lobby is the heart of the Palace of Westminster. It lies directly below the Central Tower and forms a busy crossroads between the House of Lords to the south, the House of Commons... | 591 | Palace of Westminster | 8 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Interior
### Precincts of the House of Commons {#precincts_of_the_house_of_commons}
#### Members\' Lobby {#members_lobby}
Continuing north from the Central Lobby is the Commons\' Corridor. It is of almost identical design to its southern counterpart and is decorated with scenes of 17th-cen... | 1,245 | Palace of Westminster | 9 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Interior
### Other rooms {#other_rooms}
There are two suites of libraries on the Principal Floor, overlooking the river, for the House of Lords Library and House of Commons Library.
The Palace of Westminster also includes state apartments for the presiding officers of the two Houses. The o... | 171 | Palace of Westminster | 10 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Security
An official known as Black Rod (officially the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, or Lady Usher of the Black Rod) oversees security for the House of Lords, while the Serjeant at Arms does the same for the House of Commons. These officers, however, have primarily ceremonial roles out... | 1,260 | Palace of Westminster | 11 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Security
### Incidents
Similar actions have been carried out outside the Palace of Westminster. Early in the morning of 20 March 2004, two Greenpeace members scaled the Clock Tower to demonstrate against the Iraq War, raising questions about the security around such a likely target of terro... | 467 | Palace of Westminster | 12 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Rules and traditions {#rules_and_traditions}
The palace has accumulated many rules and traditions over the centuries.
### Eating, drinking and smoking {#eating_drinking_and_smoking}
Smoking has not been allowed in the chamber of the House of Commons since the 17th century. As a result, Me... | 444 | Palace of Westminster | 13 |
24,170 | # Palace of Westminster
## Culture and tourism {#culture_and_tourism}
The exterior of the Palace of Westminster`{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki}especially the Elizabeth Tower which houses the bell known as Big Ben, and its setting on the bank of the River Thames---is recognised worldwide, and is one of the most visited tourist... | 455 | Palace of Westminster | 14 |
24,181 | # Preterism
**Preterism** is a Christian eschatological view or belief that interprets some (partial preterism) or all (full preterism) prophecies of the Bible as events which have already been fulfilled in history. This school of thought interprets the Book of Daniel as referring to events that happened from the seve... | 651 | Preterism | 0 |
24,181 | # Preterism
## Schools of preterist thought {#schools_of_preterist_thought}
The two principal schools of preterist thought are commonly called *partial preterism* and *full preterism*. Preterists disagree significantly about the exact meaning of the terms used to denote these divisions of preterist thought.
Some par... | 542 | Preterism | 1 |
24,181 | # Preterism
## Schools of preterist thought {#schools_of_preterist_thought}
### Full preterism {#full_preterism}
Full preterism differs from partial preterism in that full preterists believe that the destruction of Jerusalem fulfilled *all* eschatological or \"end times\" events, including the resurrection of the dea... | 390 | Preterism | 2 |
24,181 | # Preterism
## Influences within Christian thought {#influences_within_christian_thought}
Partial preterism is generally considered to be a historic orthodox interpretation as it affirms all eschatological points of the ecumenical Creeds of the Church. Still, partial preterism is not the majority view among American ... | 302 | Preterism | 3 |
24,181 | # Preterism
## Interpretation of the Great Tribulation {#interpretation_of_the_great_tribulation}
In the preterist view, the Tribulation took place in the past when Roman legions destroyed Jerusalem and its temple in AD 70 during the end stages of the First Jewish--Roman War, and it affected only the Jewish people ra... | 521 | Preterism | 4 |
24,182 | # Per Hasselberg
**Per Hasselberg** (1 January 1850 -- 25 July 1894), until 1870 **Karl Petter Åkesson**, was a Swedish sculptor. He has received critical acclaim mainly for his delicate and allegorical nudes, copies of which are widely distributed in public places and private homes in Sweden.
## Biography
Hasselber... | 340 | Per Hasselberg | 0 |
24,182 | # Per Hasselberg
## Major works {#major_works}
### Snöklockan (Snowdrop, Paris 1881) {#snöklockan_snowdrop_paris_1881}
The original French name was *La Perce-Neige* (snow breaker) and it was first made in plaster cast for the 1881 Salon in Paris. Hasselberg\'s model was a 16-year-old Italian. At her feet shows a sma... | 691 | Per Hasselberg | 1 |
24,182 | # Per Hasselberg
## Major works {#major_works}
### Näckrosen (Water Lily, Stockholm 1892) {#näckrosen_water_lily_stockholm_1892}
*Näckrosen* was first exhibited in plaster cast at the Danish art society Kunstforeningen in Copenhagen 1892 and later that year in Gothenburg/Sweden. In 1893, it was exhibited at the World... | 402 | Per Hasselberg | 2 |
24,187 | # Prussian Confederation
thumb\|upright=1.1\|Prussian Confederation offered to incorporate Prussia into the Kingdom of Poland, 1454, Polish Central Archives of Historical Records
The **Prussian Confederation** (*Preußischer Bund*, *Związek Pruski*) was an organization formed on 21 February 1440 at Marienwerder (prese... | 838 | Prussian Confederation | 0 |
24,187 | # Prussian Confederation
## Participating towns {#participating_towns}
Towns which founded the Prussian Confederation on 14 March 1440:
Name
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Thorn (Toruń) including \"New Town\"
Culm (Chełmno)
Elbing (Elbląg) including \"New Town\"
D... | 238 | Prussian Confederation | 1 |
24,189 | # Possession (law)
In law, **possession** is the exercise of dominion by a person over property to the exclusion of others. To possess something, a person must have an intention to possess it and an apparent purpose to assert control over it. A person may be in possession of some piece of property without being its ow... | 304 | Possession (law) | 0 |
24,189 | # Possession (law)
## Importance of possession {#importance_of_possession}
Possession is one of the most important concepts in property law. There are three related and overlapping but not identical legal concepts: possession, right of possession and ownership.
In common law countries, possession is itself a propert... | 472 | Possession (law) | 1 |
24,189 | # Possession (law)
## Obtaining possession {#obtaining_possession}
Possession requires both control and intention. It is obtained from the first moment that both those conditions exist simultaneously. Usually, intention precedes control, as when you see a coin on the ground and reach down to pick it up. Nevertheless,... | 564 | Possession (law) | 2 |
24,194 | # Pope Gregory III
**Pope Gregory III** (*Gregorius III*; died 28 November 741) was the bishop of Rome from 11 February 731 to his death on 28 November 741. His pontificate, like that of his predecessor, was disturbed by Byzantine iconoclasm and the advance of the Lombards, in which he invoked the intervention of Char... | 433 | Pope Gregory III | 0 |
24,194 | # Pope Gregory III
## Ecclesiastical policy {#ecclesiastical_policy}
A temporary lull in the conflict between the Byzantines and the Lombards allowed Gregory to deal with some longstanding internal issues, in particular the ongoing jurisdictional dispute between the patriarchs of Grado and Aquileia. Although the Syno... | 322 | Pope Gregory III | 1 |
24,194 | # Pope Gregory III
## Lombard threat {#lombard_threat}
Conscious of the ongoing Lombard threat, Gregory undertook and completed the restoration of the Aurelian Walls during the early 730s. He also refortified Centumcellae, purchasing from Thrasimund II of Spoleto the fortress of Gallese along the Via Flaminia, which ... | 647 | Pope Gregory III | 2 |
24,195 | # Pope Gregory IV
**Pope Gregory IV** (*Gregorius IV*; died 25 January 844) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from October 827 to his death on 25 January 844. His pontificate was notable for the papacy's attempts to intervene in the quarrels between Emperor Louis the Pious and his sons. It also saw ... | 426 | Pope Gregory IV | 0 |
24,195 | # Pope Gregory IV
## Carolingian quarrels {#carolingian_quarrels}
In 817, by a solemn deed, confirmed by Paschal I, Louis had made a division of the empire in favour of his three sons from his first marriage: the future emperor Lothair I, Pepin I of Aquitaine, and Louis the German. Over time, papal dependence on the ... | 930 | Pope Gregory IV | 1 |
24,195 | # Pope Gregory IV
## Building activities and religious issues {#building_activities_and_religious_issues}
Gregory repaired the Aqua Traiana, which had been damaged during the pontificate of Leo III. Sometime after 841 Gregory rebuilt and fortified parts of the port of Ostia against the attacks of Saracens, renaming i... | 544 | Pope Gregory IV | 2 |
24,198 | # Pope Gregory VIII
**Pope Gregory VIII** (*Gregorius VIII*; c. 1100/1105 -- 17 December 1187), born **Alberto di Morra**, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States for two months in 1187. Becoming Pope after a long diplomatic career as Apostolic Chancellor, he was notable in his brief reign for re... | 639 | Pope Gregory VIII | 0 |
24,227 | # Pope Gregory XI
**Pope Gregory XI** (*Gregorius XI*; born **Pierre Roger de Beaufort**; c. 1329 -- 27 March 1378) was head of the Catholic Church from 30 December 1370 to his death, in March 1378. He was the seventh and last Avignon pope and the most recent French pope. In 1377, Gregory XI returned the papal court t... | 848 | Pope Gregory XI | 0 |
24,227 | # Pope Gregory XI
## Death
Gregory XI did not survive much longer after his move to Rome. He died on 27 March 1378 aged 48--49. Pope Urban VI, an Italian, was elected to the papacy after his death. However, his decision to move the papacy back to Rome led to the Western Schism and the rise of the Antipopes. Most of E... | 105 | Pope Gregory XI | 1 |
24,229 | # Pope Gregory XV
class=skin-invert \| previous_post = `{{Indented plainlist|
* [[Apostolic Signatura|Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura]] (1593–1596)
* [[Vicegerent|Vicegerent of Rome]] (1597–1598)
* [[Sacred Roman Rota|Auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota]] (1599–1612)
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bologna|Archb... | 428 | Pope Gregory XV | 0 |
24,229 | # Pope Gregory XV
## Papacy
thumb\|left\|upright=0.7\|*Bust of Pope Gregory XV*, 1621 by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
### Papal conclave {#papal_conclave}
Ludovisi remained in his episcopal see in Bologna until he went to Rome after the death of Pope Paul V to take part in the conclave at which he was chosen as pope and he... | 783 | Pope Gregory XV | 1 |
24,236 | # Power (physics)
**Power** is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the watt, equal to one joule per second. Power is a scalar quantity.
Specifying power in particular systems may require attention to other quantities; for example, the... | 669 | Power (physics) | 0 |
24,236 | # Power (physics)
## Mechanical power {#mechanical_power}
Power in mechanical systems is the combination of forces and movement. In particular, power is the product of a force on an object and the object\'s velocity, or the product of a torque on a shaft and the shaft\'s angular velocity.
Mechanical power is also de... | 460 | Power (physics) | 1 |
24,236 | # Power (physics)
## Electrical power {#electrical_power}
The instantaneous electrical power *P* delivered to a component is given by $P(t) = I(t) \cdot V(t),$ where
- $P(t)$ is the instantaneous power, measured in watts (joules per second),
- $V(t)$ is the potential difference (or voltage drop) across the compo... | 258 | Power (physics) | 2 |
24,239 | # Pai gow poker
**Pai gow poker** (also called **double-hand poker**) is a version of pai gow that is played with French-suited playing cards rather than Chinese dominoes. The game of pai gow poker was created in 1985 in the United States by Sam Torosian, owner of the Bell Card Club.
The game is played with a standar... | 900 | Pai gow poker | 0 |
24,239 | # Pai gow poker
## Variants
There are a number of variations of Pai Gow poker that are popular in casinos today. These variations were mainly formulated in 2004 through 2009. Pai Gow Mania was the first variation to be created which allows for two side bets instead of the traditional one side bet per hand. Fortune Pa... | 460 | Pai gow poker | 1 |
24,241 | # Protoscience
In the philosophy of science, **protoscience** is a research field that has the characteristics of an undeveloped science that may ultimately develop into an established science. Philosophers use protoscience to understand the history of science and distinguish protoscience from science and pseudoscienc... | 263 | Protoscience | 0 |
24,241 | # Protoscience
## Thought collective {#thought_collective}
: *This material is from Ludwik Fleck § Thought collective*
Thomas Kuhn later discovered that Fleck 1935 had voiced concepts that predated Kuhn\'s own work. That is, Fleck wrote that the development of truth in scientific research was an unattainable ideal... | 369 | Protoscience | 1 |
24,241 | # Protoscience
## Conceptual framework {#conceptual_framework}
### Cognitive field {#cognitive_field}
Philosophers describe protoscience using the cognitive field concept. In every society, there are fields of knowledge (cognitive fields). The cognitive field consists of a community of individuals within a society w... | 424 | Protoscience | 2 |
24,241 | # Protoscience
## Conceptual framework {#conceptual_framework}
### Protoscience
Philosophers define protoscience as an undeveloped science field, undeveloped meaning an incomplete or approximate science field. Mario Bunge defined a protoscience as a research field that approximately satisfies a similar set of the 12 ... | 371 | Protoscience | 3 |
24,241 | # Protoscience
## Origin of protoscience {#origin_of_protoscience}
Protoscience may arise from the philosophical inquiry that anticipates science. Philosophers anticipated the development of astronomy, atomic theory, evolution and linguistics. The Greek philosopher Anaximander (610--546 BC) viewed the earth as a non-... | 455 | Protoscience | 4 |
24,242 | # Pope Gregory XII
**Pope Gregory XII** (*Gregorius XII*; *Gregorio XII*; c. lk=no -- 18 October 1417), born **Angelo Corraro**, **Corario**, or **Correr**, was head of the Catholic Church from 30 November 1406 to 4 July 1415. Reigning during the Western Schism, he was opposed by the Avignon claimant Benedict XIII and... | 803 | Pope Gregory XII | 0 |
24,242 | # Pope Gregory XII
## Historiography
The *Annuario Pontificio* has historically recognized the decisions of the Council of Pisa (1409). Until the mid-20th century, the *Annuario Pontificio* listed Gregory XII\'s reign as 1406--1409, followed by Alexander V (1409--1410) and John XXIII (1410--1415). However, the Wester... | 95 | Pope Gregory XII | 1 |
24,244 | # Pope Gregory XIII
class=skin-invert \| previous_post = `{{Indented plainlist|
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Vieste|Bishop of Vieste]] (1558–1560)
* Legate to Spain (1565)
* Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura (1565)
* Cardinal-Priest of San Sisto Vecchio (1565–1572)
}}`{=mediawiki} \| other = Gregory \| alma_mater = ... | 550 | Pope Gregory XIII | 0 |
24,244 | # Pope Gregory XIII
## Pontificate
### Reform of the Church {#reform_of_the_church}
Once in the chair of Saint Peter, Gregory XIII dedicated himself to reform of the Catholic Church. He implemented the recommendations of the Council of Trent. He mandated that cardinals reside in their sees without exception, and des... | 366 | Pope Gregory XIII | 1 |
24,244 | # Pope Gregory XIII
## Pontificate
### The Gregorian calendar {#the_gregorian_calendar}
Pope Gregory XIII is best known for commissioning the Gregorian calendar, initially authored by the physician/astronomer Aloysius Lilius and aided by Jesuit priest/astronomer Christopher Clavius, who made the final modifications. ... | 371 | Pope Gregory XIII | 2 |
24,244 | # Pope Gregory XIII
## Pontificate
### Foreign policy {#foreign_policy}
Though he feared the invasion of Europe by the Turks, Gregory XIII\'s attentions were more consistently directed to the dangers of the Protestants. He encouraged the plans of Philip II to dethrone Elizabeth I of England (reigned from 1558 to 1603... | 612 | Pope Gregory XIII | 3 |
24,244 | # Pope Gregory XIII
## Death
The pope suffered from a fever on 5 April 1585 and on 7 April said his usual private Mass, still in ill health. He seemed to recover enough that he was able to conduct meetings throughout 8 and 9 April, although it was observed he did not feel well. But a sudden change on 10 April saw him... | 90 | Pope Gregory XIII | 4 |
24,247 | # Province of Canada
French \| currency = `{{plainlist|
* [[Canadian pound|Canadian pound sterling]], 1841–1858
* [[Canadian dollar]], 1858–1867
}}`{=mediawiki} \| iso3166code = omit \| leader_title1 = \| leader_name1 = \| leader_title2 = \| leader_name2 = \| leader_title3 = \| leader_name3 = \| legislature = Parliame... | 639 | Province of Canada | 0 |
24,247 | # Province of Canada
## Parliamentary system {#parliamentary_system}
### Capitals (seat of government) {#capitals_seat_of_government}
The location of the capital city of the Province of Canada and of its bureaucracy changed six times in its 26-year history, because its elected politicians could not agree on a perman... | 1,206 | Province of Canada | 1 |
24,247 | # Province of Canada
## Parliamentary system {#parliamentary_system}
### Governors general {#governors_general}
#### Edmund Walker Head, 8th Baronet (1854--1861) {#edmund_walker_head_8th_baronet_18541861}
thumb\|left\|upright=0.57\|Edmund Walker Head *Main article: Edmund Walker Head* It was under Head, that true pol... | 242 | Province of Canada | 2 |
24,247 | # Province of Canada
## Parliamentary system {#parliamentary_system}
### Legislative Council {#legislative_council}
The Legislative Council of the Province of Canada was the upper house. The 24 legislative councillors were originally appointed. In 1856, a bill was passed to replace the process of appointing members b... | 471 | Province of Canada | 3 |
24,247 | # Province of Canada
## Political parties {#political_parties}
### Reform Association of Canada {#reform_association_of_canada}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|The Second Meeting House, Sharon, where the Reform Association met in June 1844 During the year-long constitutional crisis in 1843--44, when Metcalfe prorogued Parliamen... | 424 | Province of Canada | 4 |
24,247 | # Province of Canada
## Effects of responsible government {#effects_of_responsible_government}
No provision for responsible government was included in the Act of Union 1840. Early Governors of the province were closely involved in political affairs, maintaining a right to make Executive Council and other appointments... | 361 | Province of Canada | 5 |
24,247 | # Province of Canada
## Legislative initiatives {#legislative_initiatives}
The *Baldwin Act 1849*, also known as the Municipal Corporations Act, replaced the local government system based on district councils in Canada West by government at the county level. It also granted more autonomy to townships, villages, towns... | 301 | Province of Canada | 6 |
24,256 | # Phoniatrics
**Phoniatrics** or **phoniatry** is the study and treatment of organs involved in speech production, mainly the mouth, throat (larynx), vocal cords, and lungs. Problems treated in phoniatrics include dysfunction of the vocal cords, cancer of the vocal cords or larynx, inability to control the speech orga... | 76 | Phoniatrics | 0 |
24,263 | # Panga
The **panga** (***Pterogymnus laniarus**\'\'), or**panga seabream**is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. It is the only species in the monospecific genus***Pterogymnus**\'\'. This species is endemic to the coasts of South Africa. The ... | 619 | Panga | 0 |
24,266 | # Profinite group
In mathematics, a **profinite group** is a topological group that is in a certain sense assembled from a system of finite groups.
The idea of using a profinite group is to provide a \"uniform\", or \"synoptic\", view of an entire system of finite groups. Properties of the profinite group are general... | 732 | Profinite group | 0 |
24,266 | # Profinite group
## Examples
- Finite groups are profinite, if given the discrete topology.
- The group of $p$-adic integers $\Z_p$ under addition is profinite (in fact procyclic). It is the inverse limit of the finite groups $\Z/p^n\Z$ where $n$ ranges over all natural numbers and the natural maps $\Z/p^n\Z \to... | 418 | Profinite group | 1 |
24,266 | # Profinite group
## Properties and facts {#properties_and_facts}
- Every product of (arbitrarily many) profinite groups is profinite; the topology arising from the profiniteness agrees with the product topology. The inverse limit of an inverse system of profinite groups with continuous transition maps is profinite... | 649 | Profinite group | 2 |
24,283 | # Pope Urban I
**Pope Urban I** (*Urbanus I*), also known as **Saint Urban** (175?--230), was the bishop of Rome from 222 to 23 May 230. He was born in Rome and succeeded Callixtus I, who had been martyred. It was believed for centuries that Urban I was also martyred. However, recent historical discoveries now lead sc... | 781 | Pope Urban I | 0 |
24,285 | # Pope Urban III
**Pope Urban III** (*Urbanus III*; died 20 October 1187), born **Uberto Crivelli**, reigned from 25 November 1185 to his death in 1187.
## Early career {#early_career}
Crivelli was born in Cuggiono, Italy as the son of Guala Crivelli and had four brothers: Pietro, Domenico, Pastore and Guala. It is ... | 490 | Pope Urban III | 0 |
24,297 | # Pope Urban V
**Pope Urban V** (*Urbanus V*; 1310 -- 19 December 1370), born **Guillaume de Grimoard**, was head of the Catholic Church from 28 September 1362 until his death, in December 1370 and was also a member of the Order of Saint Benedict. He was the only Avignon pope to be beatified.
Even after his election ... | 493 | Pope Urban V | 0 |
24,297 | # Pope Urban V
## Italian missions {#italian_missions}
### First mission {#first_mission}
In the summer of 1352 Pope Clement VI summoned Abbot Guillaume for an assignment. Northern Italy had been in a chaotic state for some time, due to the ambitions of the Visconti of Milan, led by Archbishop Giovanni Visconti. He ... | 825 | Pope Urban V | 1 |
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