id int64 39 11.1M | section stringlengths 3 4.51M | length int64 2 49.9k | title stringlengths 1 182 | chunk_id int64 0 68 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
23,878 | # Penguin
## Systematics and evolution {#systematics_and_evolution}
### Taxonomy
The family name of Spheniscidae was given by Charles Lucien Bonaparte from the genus Spheniscus, the name of that genus comes from the Greek word *σφήν* *sphēn* \"wedge\" used for the shape of an African penguin\'s swimming flippers.
S... | 795 | Penguin | 1 |
23,878 | # Penguin
## Systematics and evolution {#systematics_and_evolution}
### Evolution
#### Origin and systematics of modern penguins {#origin_and_systematics_of_modern_penguins}
Modern penguins constitute two undisputed clades and another two more basal genera with more ambiguous relationships. To help resolve the evolut... | 1,067 | Penguin | 2 |
23,878 | # Penguin
## Anatomy and physiology {#anatomy_and_physiology}
Penguins are superbly adapted to aquatic life. Their wings have evolved to become flippers, useless for flight in the air. In the water, however, penguins are astonishingly agile. Penguins\' swimming looks very similar to birds\' flight in the air. Within ... | 869 | Penguin | 3 |
23,878 | # Penguin
## Behaviour
### Breeding
Penguins for the most part breed in large colonies, the exceptions being the yellow-eyed and Fiordland species; these colonies may range in size from as few as 100 pairs for gentoo penguins to several hundred thousand in the case of king, macaroni and chinstrap penguins. Living in... | 360 | Penguin | 4 |
23,878 | # Penguin
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin actually live so far south. Several species live in the temperate zone;`{{Fa... | 421 | Penguin | 5 |
23,878 | # Penguin
## Penguins and humans {#penguins_and_humans}
Penguins have no special fear of humans and will often approach groups of people. This is probably because penguins have no land predators in Antarctica or the nearby offshore islands. They are preyed upon by other birds like skuas, especially in eggs and as fle... | 753 | Penguin | 6 |
23,891 | # Particle radiation
**Particle radiation** is the radiation of energy by means of fast-moving subatomic particles. Particle radiation is referred to as a particle beam if the particles are all moving in the same direction, similar to a light beam.
Due to the wave--particle duality, all moving particles also have wav... | 573 | Particle radiation | 0 |
23,893 | # Per capita income
right\|thumb\|upright=1.4\|Nominal Gross national income per capita (2018, World Bank) **Per capita income** (**PCI**) or **average income** measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year.
In many countries, per capita income is dete... | 402 | Per capita income | 0 |
23,895 | # Purus River
The **Purus River** (Portuguese: *Rio Purus*; Spanish: *Río Purús*) is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is 371,042 km2, and the mean annual discharge is 11,207 m3/s. The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and the Purús Province (and its conformed P... | 525 | Purus River | 0 |
23,896 | # Partizan Press
**Partizan Press** is a publisher of military history, especially about the English Civil War. They are the publishing division of **Caliver Books** --- which is based in Leigh-on-Sea and Newthorpe. They also published Valkyrie Quarterly magazine and distribute miniature figurines for wargaming and ro... | 47 | Partizan Press | 0 |
23,899 | # Pastaza River
The **Pastaza River** (*Río Pastaza*, formerly known as the **Sumatara**) also known as the Patate, flowing in Ecuador and Peru is a large tributary to the Marañón River in the northwestern Amazon Basin of South America.
It has its headwaters in the Ecuadorian province of Cotopaxi, flowing off the nor... | 566 | Pastaza River | 0 |
23,901 | # Polytope compound
In geometry, a **polyhedral compound** is a figure that is composed of several polyhedra sharing a common centre. They are the three-dimensional analogs of polygonal compounds such as the hexagram.
The outer vertices of a compound can be connected to form a convex polyhedron called its convex hull... | 691 | Polytope compound | 0 |
23,901 | # Polytope compound
## Dual compounds {#dual_compounds}
A **dual** compound is composed of a polyhedron and its dual, arranged reciprocally about a common midsphere, such that the edge of one polyhedron intersects the dual edge of the dual polyhedron. There are five dual compounds of the regular polyhedra.
The core ... | 344 | Polytope compound | 1 |
23,901 | # Polytope compound
## Uniform compounds {#uniform_compounds}
In 1976 John Skilling published *Uniform Compounds of Uniform Polyhedra* which enumerated 75 compounds (including 6 as infinite prismatic sets of compounds, #20-#25) made from uniform polyhedra with rotational symmetry. (Every vertex is vertex-transitive a... | 328 | Polytope compound | 2 |
23,901 | # Polytope compound
## 4-polytope compounds {#polytope_compounds}
------------ ------------
75 {4,3,3} 75 {3,3,4}
------------ ------------
: Orthogonal projections
In 4-dimensions, there are a large number of regular compounds of regular polytopes. Coxeter lists a few of these in his book... | 395 | Polytope compound | 3 |
23,901 | # Polytope compound
## 4-polytope compounds {#polytope_compounds}
### Compounds with duals {#compounds_with_duals}
**Dual positions:**
Compound Constituent Symmetry
------------------------------------------------------ --------... | 360 | Polytope compound | 4 |
23,920 | # Phantom kangaroo
A **phantom kangaroo** is a report of kangaroos, wallabies, or their accompanying footprints in areas where there is no native population. Some explanations put forth are escaped zoo or circus animals (as in the UK), or publicity stunts by local businesses using photographs from Australia. Others su... | 412 | Phantom kangaroo | 0 |
23,920 | # Phantom kangaroo
## United States {#united_states}
In 1934, near South Pittsburg, Tennessee, an atypical kangaroo or \"kangaroo-like beast\" was reported by several witnesses over a five-day period, and to have killed and partially devoured several animals, including ducks, geese, a German Shepherd and other dogs. ... | 390 | Phantom kangaroo | 1 |
23,933 | # Pope Martin I
**Pope Martin I** (*Martinus I*, *Πάπας Μαρτῖνος*; between 590 and 600 -- 16 September 655), also known as **Martin the Confessor**, was the bishop of Rome from 21 July 649 to his death 16 September 655. He had served as Pope Theodore I\'s ambassador to Constantinople, and was elected to succeed him as... | 444 | Pope Martin I | 0 |
23,933 | # Pope Martin I
## Papacy (649--653) {#papacy_649653}
When Martin I was elected pope, the capital of the erstwhile Roman Empire was Constantinople. It sat amidst the eastern domains, where the most influential Church leader was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople who was also guardian of Christendom\'s holiest... | 509 | Pope Martin I | 1 |
23,933 | # Pope Martin I
## Legacy
A selection of documents recording the trial and exile of Pope Martin I was translated into Latin in Rome in the ninth century by Anastasius Bibliothecarius.
Since the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, the memorial of Saint Martin I, which earlier versions of the calendar place o... | 365 | Pope Martin I | 2 |
23,937 | # Pope Martin V
**Pope Martin V** (*Martinus V*; *Martino V*; January/February 1369 -- 20 February 1431), born **Oddone Colonna**, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431. His election effectively ended the Western Schism of 1378--1417.`{{ci... | 324 | Pope Martin V | 0 |
23,937 | # Pope Martin V
## Papacy
### Election
After deposing Antipope John XXIII in 1415, the Council of Constance (1417) was long divided by the conflicting claims of Pope Gregory XII (1406--15) and Antipope Benedict XIII (1394--1423); eventually Gregory resigned and Benedict was deposed, ending the schism. Age 48, Martin... | 809 | Pope Martin V | 1 |
23,937 | # Pope Martin V
## Papacy
### War against Braccio da Montone {#war_against_braccio_da_montone}
The main concern of Martin\'s pontificate from 1423 was the resumed war against Braccio da Montone. The following year, the combined Papal-Neapolitan army, led by Giacomo Caldora and Francesco Sforza, defeated him at the Ba... | 379 | Pope Martin V | 2 |
23,937 | # Pope Martin V
## Personal views {#personal_views}
### Position on Jews {#position_on_jews}
The excitement of the Church during the Hussite movement rendered the Jews apprehensive, and through Emperor Sigismund, they obtained from Pope Martin V various bulls (1418 and 1422) in which their former privileges were con... | 557 | Pope Martin V | 3 |
23,940 | # Proto-Human language
The **Proto-Human language**, also known as **Proto-Sapiens**, **Proto-World**, or **the Urlanguage** is the hypothetical direct genetic predecessor of all human languages.
The concept is speculative and not amenable to analysis in historical linguistics. It presupposes a *monogenetic* origin o... | 331 | Proto-Human language | 0 |
23,940 | # Proto-Human language
## Date and location {#date_and_location}
The first concrete attempt to estimate the date of the hypothetical ancestor language was that of Alfredo Trombetti, who concluded it was spoken between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago, or close to the first emergence of *Homo sapiens*.
It is uncertain o... | 361 | Proto-Human language | 1 |
23,940 | # Proto-Human language
## Claimed characteristics {#claimed_characteristics}
Speculation on the \"characteristics\" of Proto-World is limited to linguistic typology, i.e. the identification of universal features shared by all human languages, such as grammar (in the sense of \"fixed or preferred sequences of linguist... | 645 | Proto-Human language | 2 |
23,940 | # Proto-Human language
## Criticism
Many linguists reject the methods used to determine these forms. Several areas of criticism are raised with the methods Ruhlen and Gell-Mann employed. The essential basis of these criticisms is that the words being compared do not show common ancestry; the reasons for this vary. On... | 370 | Proto-Human language | 3 |
23,959 | # Pope Marcellus II
class=skin-invert \| previous_post = `{{Indented plainlist|
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lamezia Terme|Administrator of Nicastro]] (1539–1540)
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Reggio Emilia-Guastalla|Bishop of Reggio Emilia]] (1540–1544)
* [[Santa Croce in Gerusalemme|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce i... | 429 | Pope Marcellus II | 0 |
23,959 | # Pope Marcellus II
## Cardinalate
In 1534, after Farnese had become Pope Paul III, Cervini was appointed a papal secretary (1534--49) and served as a close advisor to the pope\'s nephew Alessandro Farnese. He was made a papal protonotary. He travelled in the suite of the Pope during the papal visit to Nice, where Pa... | 807 | Pope Marcellus II | 1 |
23,959 | # Pope Marcellus II
## Papacy
Though Marcellus II desired to reform many of the inner workings of the Church, his feeble constitution succumbed to the fatigues of the conclave, the exhausting ceremonies connected with his accession, the anxieties arising from his high office, and overexertion in his performance of th... | 460 | Pope Marcellus II | 2 |
23,963 | # Phenetics
In biology, **phenetics** (`{{IPAc-en|f|ᵻ|ˈ|n|ɛ|t|ɪ|k|s}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{etymology|grc|''φαίνειν'' (phainein)|to appear}}`{=mediawiki}), also known as **taximetrics**, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually with respect to morphology or other observable traits, regardles... | 553 | Phenetics | 0 |
23,963 | # Phenetics
## Current usage {#current_usage}
Traditionally there was much debate between pheneticists and cladists, as both methods were proposed initially to resolve evolutionary relationships. One of the most noteworthy applications of phenetics were the DNA--DNA hybridization studies by Charles G. Sibley, Jon E. ... | 304 | Phenetics | 1 |
23,971 | # Pilus
A **pilus** (Latin for \'hair\'; `{{plural form}}`{=mediawiki}: **pili**) is a hair-like cell-surface appendage found on many bacteria and archaea. The terms *pilus* and *fimbria* (Latin for \'fringe\'; plural: *fimbriae*) can be used interchangeably, although some researchers reserve the term *pilus* for the ... | 877 | Pilus | 0 |
23,971 | # Pilus
## Types by assembling system or structure {#types_by_assembling_system_or_structure}
### Transfer
The Tra (transfer) family includes all known sex pili (as of 2010). They are related to the type IV secretion system (T4SS). They can be classified into the F-like type (after the F-pilus) and the P-like type. ... | 699 | Pilus | 1 |
23,971 | # Pilus
## Virulence
Pili are responsible for virulence in the pathogenic strains of many bacteria, including *E. coli*, *Vibrio cholerae*, and many strains of *Streptococcus*. This is because the presence of pili greatly enhances bacteria\'s ability to bind to body tissues, which then increases replication rates and... | 194 | Pilus | 2 |
23,972 | # Porsche 928
The **Porsche 928** is a front-engine, water-cooled grand touring 2+2 hatchback coupe manufactured and marketed by Porsche AG of Germany from 1977 to 1995 --- across a single generation with an intermediate facelift.
Initially conceived to address changes in the automotive market, it represented Porsche... | 1,140 | Porsche 928 | 0 |
23,972 | # Porsche 928
## Design and specifications {#design_and_specifications}
During its 18-year production run, the fundamentals of the 928\'s design remained the same, though the engine and styling underwent several changes, with a distinct 'facelift' separating the first generation and second generation cars.
The origi... | 909 | Porsche 928 | 1 |
23,972 | # Porsche 928
## Later variants {#later_variants}
Porsche introduced a refreshed 928 S into the European market in the 1980 model year, although it was the summer of 1982 and MY 1983 before the model reached North America. Externally, the S wore new front and rear spoilers and sported wider wheels and tires than the ... | 1,527 | Porsche 928 | 2 |
23,972 | # Porsche 928
## Evolution
Annual changes to the 928 included:
**1978**
- Model designation: **928**
- Engine displacement: 4.5 L
- Valves: 16
- Fuel feed: Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection
- Max. Power (DIN): 240 PS / 219 bhp (North America)
- Max. Torque: 363 Nm
----------------------------------------... | 1,066 | Porsche 928 | 3 |
23,972 | # Porsche 928
## Evolution
**1987**
- Model designation: **928 S4**
- Weight: 1590 kg (3500 lb)
- Engine displacement: **5.0 L**
- Valves: Four per cylinder
- Power: **320 PS** (316 hp, 236 kW) / 300 PS (296 hp, 221 kW) for Australia.
- Changes:
- Different style pistons, cylinder heads, camshafts,... | 1,156 | Porsche 928 | 4 |
23,972 | # Porsche 928
## Evolution
**1995**
- Model designation: 928 GTS
- Engine displacement: 5.4 L
- Valves: Four per cylinder
- Power: 350 PS (345 hp, 257 kW)
- Torque: 500 N·m (369 lb·ft)
- Changes:
- Special model available in some markets containing 8\" wide front wheels.
- Special colours (on... | 73 | Porsche 928 | 5 |
23,972 | # Porsche 928
## Timeline
+---------------+----------------------------+-----------------+---+
| | | 1970s | |
+---------------+----------------------------+-----------------+---+
| | | 8 | 9 |
+---------------... | 269 | Porsche 928 | 6 |
23,972 | # Porsche 928
## Worldwide production numbers {#worldwide_production_numbers}
All production numbers are approximate figures collected from several sources. Porsche hasn\'t published actual numbers.
--------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------
**Model** **... | 397 | Porsche 928 | 7 |
23,972 | # Porsche 928
## Special versions {#special_versions}
### Porsche 942 {#porsche_942}
The **Porsche 942** was a special edition 928 presented by the company as a gift to Ferry Porsche on his 75th birthday in 1984. It\'s also known as the 928--4. It featured a 25 cm longer wheelbase than the normal 928 production mode... | 283 | Porsche 928 | 8 |
23,972 | # Porsche 928
## Racing
### The Max Moritz \'Semi Works\' 928 GTR {#the_max_moritz_semi_works_928_gtr}
Porsche\'s Racing Department never officially entered or prepared a racing 928 for a pure works entry. Porsche did arrange for the creation of a 928 GTR, to compete against the then-dominant 911 (993 GTR) on the ra... | 454 | Porsche 928 | 9 |
23,975 | # Parallelepiped
Parallelepiped
----------------
Type
Faces
Edges
Vertices
Symmetry group
Properties
In geometry, a **parallelepiped** is a three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms (the term *rhomboid* is also sometimes used with this meaning). By analogy, it relates to a parallelogram ju... | 620 | Parallelepiped | 0 |
23,975 | # Parallelepiped
## Special cases by symmetry {#special_cases_by_symmetry}
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| \ | \ |
| Octahedral symmetry subgroup relati... | 465 | Parallelepiped | 1 |
23,975 | # Parallelepiped
## Parallelotope
Coxeter called the generalization of a parallelepiped in higher dimensions a **parallelotope** . In modern literature, the term parallelepiped is often used in higher (or arbitrary finite) dimensions as well.
Specifically in *n*-dimensional space it is called *n*-dimensional paralle... | 435 | Parallelepiped | 2 |
23,985 | # Parasitic computing
**Parasitic computing** is a technique where a program in normal authorized interactions with another program manages to get the other program to perform computations of a complex nature without exploiting vulnerabilities to execute attacker-supplied code on the latter. It is, in a sense, a secur... | 491 | Parasitic computing | 0 |
24,002 | # List of political parties by region
This page serves as a directory to lists of political parties worldwide, organized by their respective regions. Each linked page contains a table listing sub-pages for countries or jurisdictions within the specified region. The tables provide information on the dominant party syst... | 92 | List of political parties by region | 0 |
24,008 | # Pope Benedict I
**Pope Benedict I** (*Benedictus I*; died 30 July 579) was the bishop of Rome from 2 June 575 to his death on 30 July 579.
Benedict was the son of a man named Boniface, and was called Bonosus by the Greeks. The ravages of the Lombards rendered it very difficult to communicate with the emperor at Con... | 439 | Pope Benedict I | 0 |
24,010 | # Pope Benedict III
**Pope Benedict III** (*Benedictus III*; died 17 April 858) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 29 September 855 to his death on 17 April 858.
## Early career {#early_career}
Little is known of Benedict\'s life before his papacy. His father was named Peter. Benedict was educ... | 309 | Pope Benedict III | 0 |
24,011 | # Pope Benedict V
**Pope Benedict V** (*Benedictus V*; died 4 July 965) was the pope and ruler of the Papal States from 22 May to 23 June 964, in opposition to Leo VIII. He was overthrown by Emperor Otto I. His brief pontificate occurred at the end of a period known as the *Saeculum obscurum*.
## Early career {#early... | 374 | Pope Benedict V | 0 |
24,011 | # Pope Benedict V
## Overthrow
Together with his clerical and lay supporters, and clad in his pontifical robes, Benedict was brought before a synod which Leo had convened. Benedict was asked by the archdeacon how he dared to assume the chair of Saint Peter while Leo was still alive. He was also accused of having brok... | 465 | Pope Benedict V | 1 |
24,019 | # Pope Benedict XIII
**Pope Benedict XIII** (*Benedictus XIII*; *Benedetto XIII*; 2 February 1649 -- 21 February 1730), born **Pietro Francesco (or Pierfrancesco) Orsini** and later called **Vincenzo Maria Orsini**, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 May 1724 to his death in February... | 494 | Pope Benedict XIII | 0 |
24,019 | # Pope Benedict XIII
## Pontificate
### Actions
Not a man of worldly matters, Benedict XIII made an effort to maintain his monastic lifestyle. He endeavoured to put a stop to the decadent lifestyles of the Italian priesthood and of the cardinalate. He also abolished the lottery in Rome and the Papal States, which on... | 523 | Pope Benedict XIII | 1 |
24,019 | # Pope Benedict XIII
## Pontificate
### Other activities {#other_activities}
Benedict XIII elevated 29 new cardinals into the cardinalate in a total of 12 consistories; one such new cardinal was Prospero Lambertini, who later became Pope Benedict XIV.
Benedict XIII, whose orders were descended from Scipione Rebiba, ... | 389 | Pope Benedict XIII | 2 |
24,019 | # Pope Benedict XIII
## Cause of beatification {#cause_of_beatification}
The process for his beatification was opened in Tortona in 1755 under Pope Benedict XIV but it did not at all advance and so was stalled. On 21 February 1931, also in Tortona, the process was revitalized but the presumed doubts about the moralit... | 156 | Pope Benedict XIII | 3 |
24,041 | # Pavane
thumb\|upright=1.35\|*A Pavane*, Edwin Austin Abbey, 1897
The ***pavane*** (`{{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|v|ɑː|n|,_|p|ə|ˈ|v|æ|n}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|pə|VA(H)N}}`{=mediawiki}; *pavana*, *padovana*; *Paduana*) is a slow processional dance common in Europe during the 16th century (Renaissance).
The pavane, the earlies... | 607 | Pavane | 0 |
24,041 | # Pavane
## Modern use {#modern_use}
The step used in the pavane survives to the modern day in the *hesitation step* sometimes used at weddings.
More recent works titled \"pavane\" often have a deliberately archaic mood. Examples include:
- *Pavane* (1887) by Gabriel Fauré, a modern version of the Renaissance gen... | 506 | Pavane | 1 |
24,047 | # Phase (waves)
In physics and mathematics, the **phase** (symbol φ or ϕ) of a wave or other periodic function $F$ of some real variable $t$ (such as time) is an angle-like quantity representing the fraction of the cycle covered up to $t$. It is expressed in such a scale that it varies by one full turn as the variable... | 339 | Phase (waves) | 0 |
24,047 | # Phase (waves)
## Mathematical definition {#mathematical_definition}
Let the signal $F$ be a periodic function of one real variable, and $T$ be its period (that is, the smallest positive real number such that $F(t + T) = F(t)$ for all $t$). Then the *phase of $F$ at* any argument $t$ is $\varphi(t) = 2\pi\left[\!\!\... | 546 | Phase (waves) | 1 |
24,047 | # Phase (waves)
## Phase shift `{{anchor|Phase shift|Shift|Phase difference|Difference}}`{=mediawiki} {#phase_shift}
The difference $\varphi(t) = \varphi_G(t) - \varphi_F(t)$ between the phases of two periodic signals $F$ and $G$ is called the *phase difference* or *phase shift* of $G$ relative to $F$. At values of $... | 896 | Phase (waves) | 2 |
24,047 | # Phase (waves)
## Phase comparison {#phase_comparison}
*Phase comparison* is a comparison of the phase of two waveforms, usually of the same nominal frequency. In time and frequency, the purpose of a phase comparison is generally to determine the frequency offset (difference between signal cycles) with respect to a ... | 419 | Phase (waves) | 3 |
24,052 | # The Night's Dawn Trilogy
British author Peter F. Hamilton\'s ***The Night\'s Dawn Trilogy*** consists of three science fiction novels: *The Reality Dysfunction* (1996), *The Neutronium Alchemist* (1997), and *The Naked God* (1999). A collection of short stories, *A Second Chance at Eden*, shares the same universe, a... | 294 | The Night's Dawn Trilogy | 0 |
24,052 | # The Night's Dawn Trilogy
## Humanity in the 27th century {#humanity_in_the_27th_century}
In the *Night\'s Dawn* trilogy, humankind, although now united under an organization known as the Confederation, has been broken up into two major divisions, *Adamists* and *Edenists*. The economy is dominated by the Edenists, ... | 691 | The Night's Dawn Trilogy | 1 |
24,052 | # The Night's Dawn Trilogy
## Characters
- **Samual Aleksandrovich**: The commanding officer of the Confederation Navy, Admiral Aleksandrovich is in command of the military response to the possession crisis. A realist, he understands that military force is fundamentally unable to deal with such a problem, as a deci... | 1,817 | The Night's Dawn Trilogy | 2 |
24,054 | # Pope Boniface II
**Pope Boniface II** (*Bonifatius II*; died 17 October 532) was the first Germanic Bishop of Rome. He ruled the Holy See from 22 September 530 until his death on 17 October 532. Boniface died of natural causes, likely an illness or old age.
## Early life {#early_life}
Boniface\'s father\'s name wa... | 185 | Pope Boniface II | 0 |
24,055 | # Pope Boniface III
**Pope Boniface III** (*Bonifatius III*) was the bishop of Rome from 19 February 607 to his death on 12 November of the same year. Despite his short pontificate, he made a significant contribution to the Catholic Church.
## Early career {#early_career}
The son of Iohannes (John) Cataadioce, Bonif... | 265 | Pope Boniface III | 0 |
24,055 | # Pope Boniface III
## Papacy
Boniface was elected to succeed Pope Sabinian, who died in February 606, but his return from Constantinople to Rome was delayed by almost a year. There is much debate over why there was such a long vacancy. Some authorities believe that it was to allow Boniface to complete his work in Co... | 272 | Pope Boniface III | 1 |
24,056 | # Pope Boniface IV
**Pope Boniface IV** (*Bonifatius IV*; 550 -- 8 May 615) was the bishop of Rome from 608 to his death on 8 May 615. He was a member of the Benedictine order. Boniface had served as a deacon under Pope Gregory I, and like his mentor, he ran the Lateran Palace as a monastery. As pope, he encouraged mo... | 599 | Pope Boniface IV | 0 |
24,071 | # Phoebe Hearst
**Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson Hearst** (December 3, 1842 -- April 13, 1919) was an American philanthropist, feminist and suffragist. Hearst was the founder of the University of California Museum of Anthropology, now called the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, and the co-founder of the National Pa... | 845 | Phoebe Hearst | 0 |
24,071 | # Phoebe Hearst
## Religion
Hearst was raised a member of the Christian Cumberland Presbyterian community in the 1840s. In 1898 she declared her belief in the Baháʼí Faith, and helped play a key role in the spread of the religion in the United States.
Hearst had already been an early investor in the initiative of Sa... | 400 | Phoebe Hearst | 1 |
24,071 | # Phoebe Hearst
## Death
She died at her home, Hacienda del Pozo de Verona, in Pleasanton, California, aged 76, on April 13, 1919, during the worldwide influenza epidemic of 1918--1919, and was buried at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California | 42 | Phoebe Hearst | 2 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
Pearson IT Certification\|url=<https://www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2731934&seqNum=24%7Caccess-date=2020-09-25%7Cwebsite=www.pearsonitcertification.com>}}
\
133 MB/s (32-bit at 33 MHz`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki} the standard configuration)\
266 MB/s (32-bit at 66... | 591 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 0 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## History
Work on PCI began at the Intel Architecture Labs (IAL, also Architecture Development Lab) c. 1990. A team of primarily IAL engineers defined the architecture and developed a proof of concept chipset and platform (Saturn) partnering with teams in the company\'s desktop PC... | 360 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 1 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## Auto configuration {#auto_configuration}
PCI provides separate memory and memory-mapped I/O port address spaces for the x86 processor family, 64 and 32 bits, respectively. Addresses in these address spaces are assigned by software. A third address space, called the PCI Configura... | 282 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 2 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## Interrupts
Devices are required to follow a protocol so that the interrupt-request (IRQ) lines can be shared. The PCI bus includes four interrupt lines, INTA# through INTD#, all of which are available to each device. Up to eight PCI devices share the same IRQ line (INTINA# throu... | 322 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 3 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## Conventional hardware specifications {#conventional_hardware_specifications}
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Diagram showing the different key positions for 32-bit and 64-bit PCI cards
These specifications represent the most common version of PCI used in normal PCs:
- clock with synchro... | 1,408 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 4 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## Physical dimensions {#physical_dimensions}
PCI brackets heights:
- Standard: 120.02 mm;
- Low Profile: 79.20 mm.
PCI Card lengths (Standard Bracket & 3.3 V):
- Short Card: 169.52 mm;
- Long Card: 313.78 mm.
PCI Card lengths (Low Profile Bracket & 3.3 V):
- MD1: 12... | 567 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 5 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## PCI bus transactions {#pci_bus_transactions}
PCI bus traffic consists of a series of PCI bus transactions. Each transaction consists of an *address phase* followed by one or more *data phases*. The direction of the data phases may be from initiator to target (write transaction) ... | 552 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 6 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## PCI bus transactions {#pci_bus_transactions}
### PCI command codes {#pci_command_codes}
There are 16 possible 4-bit command codes, and 12 of them are assigned. With the exception of the unique dual address cycle, the least significant bit of the command code indicates whether th... | 1,174 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 7 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## PCI bus latency {#pci_bus_latency}
Soon after promulgation of the PCI specification, it was discovered that lengthy transactions by some devices, due to slow acknowledgments, long data bursts, or some combination, could cause buffer underrun or overrun in other devices. Recommen... | 429 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 8 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## PCI bus bridges {#pci_bus_bridges}
The PCI standard permits multiple independent PCI buses to be connected by bus bridges that will forward operations on one bus to another when required. Although PCI tends not to use many bus bridges, PCI Express systems use many PCI-to-PCI bri... | 385 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 9 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## PCI bus signals {#pci_bus_signals}
PCI bus transactions are controlled by five main control signals, two driven by the initiator of a transaction (FRAME# and IRDY#), and three driven by the target (DEVSEL#, TRDY#, and STOP#). There are two additional arbitration signals (REQ# an... | 489 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 10 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## PCI bus signals {#pci_bus_signals}
### Address phase {#address_phase}
A PCI bus transaction begins with an *address phase*. The initiator (usually a chipset), seeing that it has GNT# and the bus is idle, drives the target address onto the AD\[31:0\] lines, the associated command... | 693 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 11 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## PCI bus signals {#pci_bus_signals}
### Data phases {#data_phases}
After the address phase (specifically, beginning with the cycle that DEVSEL# goes low) comes a burst of one or more *data phases*. In all cases, the initiator drives active-low byte select signals on the C/BE\[3:0... | 702 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 12 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## PCI bus signals {#pci_bus_signals}
### Ending transactions {#ending_transactions}
Either side may request that a burst end after the current data phase. Simple PCI devices that do not support multi-word bursts will always request this immediately. Even devices that do support bu... | 945 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 13 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## PCI bus signals {#pci_bus_signals}
### Transaction examples {#transaction_examples}
This is the highest-possible speed four-word write burst, terminated by the master:
0_ 1_ 2_ 3_ 4_ 5_ 6_ 7_
CLK _/ \_/ \_/ \_/ \_/ \_/ \_/ \_/ \
... | 530 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 14 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## PCI bus signals {#pci_bus_signals}
### Parity
The PCI bus detects parity errors, but does not attempt to correct them by retrying operations; it is purely a failure indication. Due to this, there is no need to detect the parity error before it has happened, and the PCI bus actua... | 614 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 15 |
24,075 | # Peripheral Component Interconnect
## PCI bus signals {#pci_bus_signals}
### 64-bit PCI {#bit_pci}
Starting from revision 2.1,`{{clarify|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki} the PCI specification includes optional 64-bit support. This is provided via an extended connector which provides the 64-bit bus extensions AD\[63:... | 698 | Peripheral Component Interconnect | 16 |
24,097 | # Principle of bivalence
In logic, the semantic **principle** (or **law**) **of bivalence** states that every declarative sentence expressing a proposition (of a theory under inspection) has exactly one truth value, either true or false. A logic satisfying this principle is called a **two-valued logic** or **bivalent ... | 486 | Principle of bivalence | 0 |
24,097 | # Principle of bivalence
## Criticisms
### Future contingents {#future_contingents}
A famous example is the *contingent sea battle* case found in Aristotle\'s work, *De Interpretatione*, chapter 9:
: Imagine P refers to the statement \"There will be a sea battle tomorrow.\"
The principle of bivalence here assert... | 956 | Principle of bivalence | 1 |
24,100 | # Pope Clement III
**Pope Clement III** (*Clemens III*; 1130 -- 20 March 1191), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 December 1187 to his death in 1191. He ended the conflict between the Papacy and the city of Rome, by allowing the election of magistrates, which reinstalled the Pap... | 359 | Pope Clement III | 0 |
24,100 | # Pope Clement III
## Papacy
Shortly after his accession at the conclusion of the papal election of December 1187, Clement succeeded in allaying the conflict which had existed for half a century between the popes and the citizens of Rome, with an agreement by which the citizens were allowed to elect their magistrates... | 521 | Pope Clement III | 1 |
24,102 | # Pope Clement V
**Pope Clement V** (*Clemens Quintus*; c. 1264 -- 20 April 1314), born **Raymond Bertrand de Got** (also occasionally spelled *de Guoth* and *de Goth*), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his death, in April 1314. He is remembered for suppressing the orde... | 472 | Pope Clement V | 0 |
24,102 | # Pope Clement V
## Pontificate
### Clement V and the Knights Templar {#clement_v_and_the_knights_templar}
Early in 1306, Clement V explained away those features of the Papal bull *Clericis Laicos* that might seem to apply to the king of France and essentially withdrew *Unam Sanctam*, the bull of Boniface VIII that ... | 1,095 | Pope Clement V | 1 |
24,110 | # President (government title)
`{{Executive}}`{=mediawiki}
**President** is a common title for the head of state in most republics. Depending on the country, a president could be head of government, a ceremonial figurehead, or something between these two extremes.
The functions exercised by a president vary accordin... | 857 | President (government title) | 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.