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Background
Cellular metabolism is an extensively studied process that is essential to the survival of any free-living organism. The metabolic process can be characterized as a set of biochemical transformations, each of which involves the consumption of one or more metabolites and the production of one or more metaboli... | 16519800 | PMC1420336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 6; 7:111 |
Background
Predicting the final fold of RNA from its sequence is a challenging problem, but has played a secondary role to the protein structure prediction problem. Interest in both the prediction of secondary and tertiary RNA structure is currently gaining substantial momentum. Recently, the Journal Science devoted a ... | 16515683 | PMC1420337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 3; 7:108 |
Background
Cross-sectional studies have shown that echolucent and heterogeneous internal carotid artery plaques on B-mode ultrasound scanning are associated with neurological symptoms [1-3]; similarly prospective studies have confirmed that these subjective plaque characteristics predict future neurological symptoms [4... | 16441894 | PMC1420338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jan 28; 4:8 |
The Technology Gap
“Information access,” argued Packenham-Walsh and colleagues in the
BMJ, “is the sine qua non of the professional development of all health workers—the most vital asset of any healthcare system” [
1]. And the development of the Internet has brought hope that access to health information might one day ... | 16509767 | PMC1420373 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 7; 3(3):e77 |
In a developing country such as India, there is huge inequality in health-care distribution. Although nearly 75% of Indians live in rural villages, more than 75% of Indian doctors are based in cities [
1]. Most of the 620 million rural Indians lack access to basic health care facilities [
2]. The Indian government spen... | 16509768 | PMC1420376 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 7; 3(3):e82 |
For most patients, work remains an important part of life. However, patients with chronic diseases often encounter difficulties upon returning to work after an episode of illness [
1]. Helping to reintegrate patients into their workplace should, therefore, be an important treatment goal for every doctor. However, in a ... | 16563039 | PMC1420379 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 28; 3(3):e88 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 63-year-old man presented to our accident and emergency department with a 2-hour history of crushing central chest pain, excessive sweating, and difficulty in breathing. Past history included non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus controlled by oral hypoglycaemic agents.
On examination, he appea... | 16563040 | PMC1420389 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 28; 3(3):e131 |
Elizabeth Almasi and Randall Stafford's Viewpoint: Pharmaceutical Advertising Might Produce a Valuable Placebo Effect
The impact of DTCA on patient expectations has important implications for evaluating its role in the health-care system. While these expectations can lead to inappropriate and excessive prescribing, the... | 16563041 | PMC1420390 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 28; 3(3):e145 |
In their
PLoS Medicine article, entitled “A critical reassessment of the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis,” Salas et al. [
1] reviewed reports describing identification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in several tumors. They identified many instances where the purported mutations in tumors corresponded to c... | 17411300 | PMC1420391 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 28; 3(3):e156 |
We read with great interest the recent Policy Forum by Karmela Krleža-Jerić in
PLoS Medicine on clinical trial registration [
1]. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is committed to enhancing the transparency of clinical trial information through protocol registration and through registration of the results of clinical trials.
We ... | 17411301 | PMC1420392 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 28; 3(3):e157 |
The dire need to reform medical education in South Asia has been well emphasized in the
PLoS Medicine Editorial [
1]. It is encouraging to note that efforts are under way to devise strategies to bring about this reformation. However, for such reforms to be effective, it is crucial that the opinions of medical students ... | 16729849 | PMC1420393 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 28; 3(3):e159 |
We agree with the thesis of Rosen et al. [
1] that, despite initiatives such as the World Health Organization's “3 by 5” program, rationing of HIV/AIDS antiretroviral therapy (ART) will be necessary in the majority of African countries. Difficult choices will need to be made, and choices will be constrained due to the ... | 16563042 | PMC1420394 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 28; 3(3):e160 |
Castro has advocated that adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy should be understood within a patient's clinical and social context [
1]. Over 90% of worldwide HIV infection occurs in resource-limited settings [
2]. Some have suggested that individuals living in extreme poverty may have difficulties with adherence to... | 16827612 | PMC1420395 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 28; 3(3):e161 |
We gratefully acknowledge the letter by Bora Baysal [
1], which emphasizes that there is some interesting evidence for the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis mediated by nuclear DNA factors—an issue that was outside the scope of our article [
2]. We, however, do not entirely agree with him that the title of our cont... | 0 | PMC1420397 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 28; 3(3):e166 |
It is a great pleasure to read that GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is committed to registering its trial protocols and results [
1]. I am also happy to hear that GSK intends to disclose at least the 20 items of the World Health Organization (WHO) minimal dataset, and does not believe there is a need for escrow. What a great exa... | 0 | PMC1420398 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:37 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Mar 28; 3(3):e167 |
Introduction
Beyond its obvious potential for creating new gene products [
1], gene duplication also affects the structure of genetic networks [
2–
4]. Duplication initially increases the number of network interactions, but the subsequent loss of interactions can give rise to networks with novel architectures. The part... | 16555924 | PMC1420641 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 4; 4(4):e109 |
Introduction
Zugunruhe, the urge of captive birds to migrate, manifests itself in seasonally occurring restlessness. Studies of Zugunruhe [
1–
6] in migrant birds have contributed substantially to our understanding of the endogenous basis of migratory behavior. The fact that Zugunruhe develops spontaneously in time for... | 16555925 | PMC1420642 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 4; 4(4):e110 |
In a remarkable display of endurance and fitness, arctic terns fly up to 20,000 miles between their Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic seas each year. But most long-distance fliers rack up considerably less mileage, and rely on extra fat storage rather than snacking along the way, as terns do. Still other migrati... | 20076559 | PMC1420643 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 4; 4(4):e130 |
A hundred million years ago, a molecular twist of fate endowed an ancestor of today's baker's yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with an extra copy of every gene it owned—the equivalent of a factory one day finding double the number of workers reporting for duty. What did the yeast and the forces of evolution do with thi... | 20076561 | PMC1420644 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 4; 4(4):e132 |
Type “Wnt” into Google Scholar, and you'll get nearly 72,000 hits, revealing the pivotal role this widely conserved family of signaling proteins plays in development and disease. Wnt proteins trigger complex signaling cascades that regulate cell growth, migration, differentiation, and many other aspects of development ... | 20076560 | PMC1420651 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 4; 4(4):e131 |
Introduction
Wnt signaling controls a variety of adult and developmental processes, largely by modulating gene transcription [
1]. The necessity of precise regulation to prevent the inappropriate activation of Wnt signaling is underscored by the fact that misregulation of several components of the canonical Wnt signal ... | 16602827 | PMC1420652 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 4; 4(4):e115 |
Recently, two groups have examined the level of sequence constraint in noncoding DNA flanking mammalian genes, and appear to have found conflicting results. By comparing 500-bp blocks in mice and rats, we found that mean nucleotide divergence within 2 kb of the start and stop codons of protein-coding genes is substanti... | 16604186 | PMC1420656 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e19 |
Introduction
Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) are structural elements of eukaryotic cells [1]. S/MARs are required for the compaction and anchoring of chromatin to the nuclear framework. These regions are approximately 300 base pairs to several kilobases in length, and they are present in all higher eukaryot... | 16604187 | PMC1420657 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e21 |
Introduction
Several observations suggest that cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses play an important role in controlling virus replication in SIV/HIV infections. First, depletion of CD8+ T cells during chronic SIV infection of rhesus macaques leads to a rapid increase in viral loads [1], and depletion of CD8+ T cell... | 16604188 | PMC1420660 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e24 |
Authors' Reply
In their letter responding to our recent paper in PLoS Computational Biology [1,2], Keightley et al. provide a clear summary of the similarities and differences between the method used in their study [3] and that which was used in ours. They correctly point out that our study supports their conclusion th... | 0 | PMC1420661 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e26 |
In PLoS Computational Biology, volume 1, issue:DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010079
An ni was omitted from Equation 6. The correct equation is as shown below:
This correction note may be found online at DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020028.
Published March 31, 2006.
Citation: Correction: New maximum likelihood estim... | 0 | PMC1420662 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 30; 2(3):e28 |
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020013
In PLoS Computational Biology, volume 2, issue 2:
The URL provided for the GPCR model database in the published article is no longer active. The database is now located at http://cssb.biology.gatech.edu/skolnick/files/gpcr/gpcr.html.
This correction note may be found online at DOI... | 0 | PMC1420663 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 17; 2(3):e29 |
Introduction
Oscillations play a fundamental role in many aspects of cell physiology. This is the case, for instance, of the well-known sustained oscillations associated to circadian clocks, enzyme synthesis, or the cell cycle [1]. In many of these situations, oscillations are originated by the interaction of many comp... | 16604190 | PMC1420664 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e30 |
The Kaeberlein et al. paper in the November 2005 issue of PLoS Genetics [1] claimed that calorie restriction (CR) in yeast does not require respiration to extend life span of mother cells. This claim challenges our earlier finding that deleting CYT1 (encoding cytochrome c1) prevented CR-associated longevity [2].
Howev... | 16596163 | PMC1420670 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e33 |
As in our prior work showing that life span extension by calorie restriction (CR) occurs independently of Sir2 [1], we have attempted to examine the putative role for respiration in life span extension in as comprehensive a manner as possible [2]. We have done this by measuring the effect of CR on life span across a ra... | 0 | PMC1420671 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e34 |
Introduction
Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae thrive in moist soil, where they consume smaller microbes. Nutritional stress drives cells to aggregate by means of chemotactic signals, and these aggregates then differentiate into multicellular fruiting bodies containing spores. Thus, Dictyostelium exemplifies many proce... | 16596165 | PMC1420674 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e38 |
Introduction
A growing list of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and candidate TSGs are epigenetically silenced in virtually every cancer type, and this silencing has been associated with aberrant promoter DNA methylation [1–3]. In previous studies, silencing of these genes was shown to involve dense hypermethylation of 5′... | 16596166 | PMC1420676 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e40 |
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system responsible for a large portion of neurological disabilities in young adults. Similar to what occurs in numerous complex diseases, twin, adoption, and epidemiological studies indicate a complex etiology in which both unknown environ... | 16596167 | PMC1420678 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e42 |
Introduction
The vast majority of our knowledge of the architecture and gene content of mammalian Y chromosomes is derived from analysis of a single species, human [1–4]. Although efforts are underway to complete the chimpanzee (the X-degenerate, or X-Y common, region was recently published [5]) and mouse Y chromosome ... | 16596168 | PMC1420679 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:00:57 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e43 |
Introduction
Trisomy 21 occurs in 1/750 live births. The frequency of Down syndrome (DS) is much higher at conception, given that up to 75% and 50% of DS fetuses identified during the first and second trimester, respectively, are lost before term [1,2]. Trisomy for some other autosomes occurs more frequently than triso... | 16596169 | PMC1420680 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e50 |
Background
During the past 2 decades, end-of-life care has become an increasingly high-profile issue. One of the important issues has been where people die. End-of-life care is concerned with meeting patients' and families' wishes of place of death. Several studies [1-4] have found that 50–70% of cancer patients would ... | 16524485 | PMC1421382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2006 Mar 9; 5:2 |
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterised by inflammatory lesions scattered throughout the brain tissue. According to recent data the prevalence of MS in Finland is the highest in the world being 100/100 000, although the fig... | 16504146 | PMC1421383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Feb 27; 7:11 |
Background
Hemochromatosis associated with homozygosity for HFE C282Y on Ch6p occurs predominantly in whites of western European descent, although the iron-related phenotypes of persons with this type of hemochromatosis are variable. Some C282Y homozygotes, especially those diagnosed in medical care, have serum ferriti... | 16533407 | PMC1421384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 13; 7:22 |
Background
Interpretation of health-related quality of life (HRQL) instrument scores and differences between subgroups is critical in the wide application of such tools [1,2]. Interpretation can, however, be hampered due to various interpretation methods/criteria, differences between measure development and scoring, an... | 16542446 | PMC1421385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Mar 16; 4:15 |
Purpose of proposed investigation
There is increasing interest in the association between outdoor pollution and stroke and growing recognition that it may be a more important factor in terms of population attributable risk than previously recognised. To date, however, studies have been relatively small scale in size wi... | 16545133 | PMC1421386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Mar 17; 5:10 |
Introduction
Panicum mosaic virus (PMV), a 4.3 kb positive-sense ssRNA virus, is the type member of the Panicovirus genus in the Tombusviridae [1,2]. Like other members of this family [3,4], PMV encodes two proteins expressed from the 5'-proximal half of the ssRNA genome (Fig. 1). For most members of the Tombusviridae ... | 16524473 | PMC1421387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 Mar 8; 3:12 |
Background
The value of studying information contained within the medical record of patients has long been recognized. One of the issues related to using such medical information for research purposes has been protecting patient privacy. Currently, investigators wishing to use medical records for research purposes have... | 16515714 | PMC1421388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Mar 6; 6:12 |
Introduction
The long-term success of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of completely and partially edentulous patients with a sufficient amount and quality of bone has been well documented in the literature [1-14]. Initial stability of the implant is, in effect, one of the fundamental criteria for obtaining lo... | 16504052 | PMC1421389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Feb 21; 2:5 |
Background
India is estimated to have one of the highest numbers of HIV-infected persons in the world [1]. The focus of HIV prevention in India has mostly been on heterosexual transmission, particularly that linked with women who sell sex [2]. As part of the Frontiers Prevention Project baseline study, we have recently... | 16478546 | PMC1421390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 15; 6:31 |
Background
Schistosomiasis japonica is a parasitic zoonosis and an important public health problem in the Philippines. The disease was first reported in the Philippines in 1906 [1]. It has been estimated that 6.7 million people live in areas endemic for Schistosoma japonicum which includes 24 provinces, 183 municipalit... | 16526960 | PMC1421391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 9; 6:61 |
Background
Studies have shown an association between smoking and tuberculosis (TB) infection,[1] disease, [2-6] and TB-related mortality. [7] Based on the premise that smokers tend to be less compliant to medication [8,9] we hypothesized that smokers with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) are less likely to comply w... | 16536868 | PMC1421392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 14; 6:66 |
Background
The career development and career satisfaction expressed by dental professionals is an area which has attracted much recent research [1-5]. Most studies have focussed on hygienists and dental practitioners. In the United Kingdom (UK) Evans &Blinkhorn [6] found that the majority of dental hygienists (87%) fou... | 16536870 | PMC1421393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 14; 6:32 |
Background
Evidence-based practice is widely promoted, but actual obstetric practice is often not evidence-informed. Research has shown large practice variations across facilities in the same country in China [1], South Africa [2] and the UK [3]; in particular, unnecessary obstetric procedures during normal birth are c... | 16524472 | PMC1421394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 8; 6:29 |
Background
Indigent populations are disproportionately affected by HIV infection. The prevalence of HIV infection is 5 to 9 times higher in urban poor populations than the general population [1,2]. Approximately one half of individuals with HIV/AIDS who receive services funded by the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resou... | 16504167 | PMC1421395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 27; 6:19 |
Background
In North America, policy-makers have primarily responded to the public health emergency among injection drug users (IDU) by allocating resources to criminal justice interventions. The reliance on law enforcement has resulted in record incarceration rates in the United States and Canada. [1] The incarceration... | 16542427 | PMC1421396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Mar 16; 3:11 |
Background
Since microarray analysis was first developed as a technique for analyzing gene expression simultaneously [1,2], functional investigation of genes has been actively carried out using microarrays and novel findings have been obtained. However, there is always a possibility that some gene functions to be disco... | 16509996 | PMC1421397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Mar 2; 2:5 |
Background
After the publication of the human genome in 2001 ([1,2]), the focus shifted from gene identification to understanding the function of the identified gene products. Although the human genome project predicted and annotated genes, cDNAs for experimental use were still only available in small numbers. Thus, a ... | 16519801 | PMC1421398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Mar 6; 6:13 |
Background
Plasmid DNA is recognised as foreign in vertebrate cells because of the abundance and the unmethylated status of CpG dinucleotides in the bacterial sequences. However, bacterially derived non-replicating minicircle DNA, which is created by removal of plasmid backbone DNA through intramolecular site-specific ... | 16529656 | PMC1421399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Mar 10; 6:17 |
Background
The lustre or glossiness of soybean seeds is a variable trait that is controlled by genetic and environmental factors [1,2]. The amount of endocarp adhering to the seed surface is the primary determinant of lustre [3,4]. The presence of adhering endocarp tissues also lightens the colour of the seed and produ... | 16536872 | PMC1421400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Mar 14; 6:6 |
Background
An intervention commonly used in the treatment of individuals with low back pain (LBP) is thrust manipulation. The Guide to Physical Therapist Practice [1] identifies mobilization/manipulation as an intervention appropriate for the care of patients with spinal disorders. Jette and Jette [2] reported mobiliza... | 16472379 | PMC1421401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Feb 10; 7:11 |
Background
Rotator cuff is essential to function, but at risk of injury
The shoulder joint is essential for placing the hand in functional positions and as such requires mobility, strength, and stability. To provide mobility, the joint has a small shallow glenoid upon which the humeral head is permitted a large range o... | 16529658 | PMC1421402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Mar 10; 7:25 |
Background
Mass lesions of the ampulla of Vater represent less than 10% of pancreatic and periampullary tumors. Among these, carcinomas, adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors are the most frequently recognized neoplasms [1].
Since 1935, pancreatoduedectomy (PD) has been used as the treatment of choice for the neoplasms a... | 16524478 | PMC1421403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Mar 8; 4:14 |
Background
The rapid adjustment of bacteria to new conditions largely relies on two-component systems (TCS). In the prototypic model an environmental stimulus interacts with the N-terminus of a sensor protein, leading to autophosphorylation of a specific histidine residue using ATP. The sensor then acts as a kinase and... | 16529647 | PMC1421404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 10; 6:27 |
Background
Enterobacter sakazakii is an emergent pathogen associated with ingestion of infant formula milk that can lead to neonatal meningitis, necrotising enterocolitis and sepsis [1-5]. The International Commission for Microbiological Specifications for Foods [6] has ranked E. sakazakii as 'Severe hazard for restric... | 16533390 | PMC1421405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 13; 6:28 |
Background
Violence is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopm... | 16526962 | PMC1421406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Mar 9; 7:15 |
Background
Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are the best established mammalian model for studying epithelial cell biology. MDCK cells differentiate into polarized cells within a few days when grown on semi-permeable filter supports. The cells form an epithelial monolayer, with tight junctions separating an apical... | 16533391 | PMC1421407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Mar 13; 7:8 |
Background
Ventriculoperitoneal shunts are used for maintaining a specific intracranial pressure and generally permanent, but on occasion temporary CSF drainage [1-3]. The placement and revision of VP shunts remains a mainstay in the surgical treatment of hydrocephalus [4]. Infection is the foremost complication of CSF... | 16524475 | PMC1421408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 8; 6:43 |
Background
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection and its associated complications (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma) are the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. An estimated one third of the global population has been infected with the virus and more than 350 million people are chronic carriers [1].
Pr... | 16504137 | PMC1421409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 25; 6:34 |
Background
Influenza A virus infects many animals such as humans, pigs, horses, marine mammals, and birds [1]. In avian species, most influenza virus infections cause mild localized infections of the respiratory and intestinal tract, but highly pathogenic strains such as H5N1 cause system infections in which mortality ... | 16512903 | PMC1421410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 2; 6:40 |
Background
According to recent reports of the World Health Organization, there are more than 40 million people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) around the world [1]. Sixty-five percent of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. In Western Europe, an estimated 720,000 people are living with HIV, and in the ... | 16524459 | PMC1421411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 8; 6:44 |
Background
Spontaneous, non-surgical meningitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is a rare disease with an annual incidence in Denmark of 0.22 per 100 000 population[1]. Mortality rates (50%) are higher than for other types of bacterial meningitis [1-3]. Age, diabetes mellitus, disseminated intravascular coagulation[4],... | 16542437 | PMC1421412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 16; 6:49 |
Introduction
For the purposes of this paper gait analysis will be assumed to refer to the instrumented measurement of the movement patterns that make up walking and the associated interpretation of these. The core of most contemporary gait analysis is the measurement of joint kinematics and kinetics. Other measurements... | 16512912 | PMC1421413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Mar 2; 3:4 |
Introduction
Organophosphorus compounds have found a wide range of application in the areas of industrial, agricultural, and medicinal chemistry owing to their biological and physical properties as well as their utility as synthetic intermediates. [1] The synthesis of phosphate esters is an important objective in organ... | 16545109 | PMC1421414 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:53 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Mar 16; 2:4 |
Background
Multiple factors have been hypothesized as potential contributors to the disparity between observational studies, which found that estrogen/hormone therapy (ET/HT) is associated with improved cognitive function and/or reduced risk (20–50%) of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in postmenopausal women [1-6],... | 16533397 | PMC1421415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Mar 13; 7:24 |
Background
The development of venous thrombosis has been occasionally reported in the setting of acute cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent adults, possibly as a result of a procoagulant effect on endothelial cells. Such a vascular event may take place in the splanchnic territory (portal and mesenteric vein), b... | 16529659 | PMC1421416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar 10; 6:10 |
Background
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are local, irreversible enlargements, affecting 0.4% of people over the age of 50. 15,000 patients die each year from AAA rupture in the US alone. Rupture may occur spontaneously once the induced mechanical wall stress exceeds the local minimum strength of the AAA wall. Howe... | 16529648 | PMC1421417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Mar 10; 5:19 |
Introduction
Mitral valve defects are a common source of severe mitral regurgitation. 3D echocardiography, especially the intraoperative TEE, allows a detailed assessment of the valve leaflets and commissures [1]. It is currently available in most cardiac surgical operating rooms. In some centers, intraoperative 3D ech... | 16512925 | PMC1421418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Mar 3; 5:17 |
Background
Fever, a beneficial immune host response [1], is often a cause of significant anxiety among parents of febrile children. Fever phobia [2], which refers to unproven concerns about fever causing serious harm, is widely prevalent among caregivers [2,3], and may lead to abuse of antipyretics with subsequent risk... | 16515705 | PMC1421419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Mar 4; 4:4 |
Background
Active immunization against solid tumors is amongst the most promising therapeutic approaches for such diseases. Different immunization schedules are currently being explored in numerous clinical trials, including vaccination with MHC class I restricted T-cell epitopes derived from tumor associated antigens ... | 16533402 | PMC1421420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Mar 13; 4:5 |
Background
Numerous market and educational research studies have been carried out to evaluate strategies of improving response rates to postal questionnaires. However, none have been specific to the health care setting, nor to the context in which participants are receiving or being allocated an experimental health car... | 16504090 | PMC1421421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Feb 23; 6:5 |
Background
QUADAS is a tool to assess the quality of diagnostic accuracy studies included in systematic reviews. We defined quality as being concerned with both the internal and external validity of a study. QUADAS was developed in a systematic manner, based upon three reviews of existing evidence and a Delphi procedur... | 16519814 | PMC1421422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Mar 6; 6:9 |
Background
Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer and poses an increasingly important health problem. Surgery offers the best chance for cure in the early stage of disease. However, when melanoma is detected with a thickness of > 4.0 mm or in the presence of regional lymph node involvement, the risk of recurrence ... | 16504154 | PMC1421423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 27; 6:44 |
Background
Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer world-wide[1]. It is often not detected until an advanced stage; consequently, the 5-year survival rates are low (10 to 20%). Owing to local invasion and metastasis, radiation therapy or chemotherapy does not significantly increase the length or quality of life... | 16536871 | PMC1421424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 14; 6:57 |
Background
There are about 150,000 metastatic brain tumors diagnosed annually compared to 17,000 primary brain tumors in the United States and the incidence of CNS metastases is steadily increasing [1-4]. While advances in cancer therapy have translated into longer survival for patients with extraneural disease, these ... | 16524486 | PMC1421425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 9; 6:56 |
Background
A feature common to all commercialized or in-house DNA expression arrays up to date is the two-dimensional nature of the format. An array platform (MetriGenix 4D™ Array System, MetriGenix, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) was introduced in which molecular interactions occur within three-dimensional volumes of order... | 16536878 | PMC1421426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 15; 6:59 |
Background
The most commonly diagnosed cancer among men, prostate cancer will account for nearly 30,000 deaths in the United States in 2005 and cause countless men to suffer significant morbidity [1]. Accumulating evidence implicates oxidative damage, possibly due to prostatic inflammation, as an important contributor ... | 16539699 | PMC1421427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 15; 6:62 |
Background
At least 10% of both breast cancers and colorectal cancers are estimated to develop because of heredity. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are the major causes of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, but the underlying genetic defect remains unresolved in the majority of the families with familial or hereditary bre... | 16539695 | PMC1421428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 15; 6:64 |
Background
Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) usually affects long bones of the body and its involvement of facial bones is relatively rare. Mandible is usual site of involvement in facial skeleton but usually it originates from the region of body and ramus (in the region of molars) [1,2]. At few occasions, it is reported to b... | 16533409 | PMC1421429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Mar 14; 6:4 |
Background
Genetic mapping studies for familial prostate cancer have identified numerous chromosomal regions linked to prostate cancer susceptibility. On chromosome one a genetic association has been demonstrated between clinically significant prostate cancer and the brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme at 1p36 (CArcino... | 16507112 | PMC1421430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Mar 1; 5:9 |
Background
There is good reason to believe that climbers at extreme altitudes, for example on the summit of Mt. Everest, are very close to their limit of tolerance to hypoxia. The combination of extreme hypoxemia combined with an extraordinary degree of respiratory alkalosis indicates a degree of physiological derangem... | 16524477 | PMC1421431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Physiol. 2006 Mar 8; 6:3 |
Background
In pediatric respiratory medicine airway malacia disorders and disorders of size and shape are common [1] yet there are no in-vivo quantitative measurement studies of these disorders. The semi-quantitative photogrammetric techniques that have been published regarding these disorders [2,3] are limited by a nu... | 16524474 | PMC1421432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:53 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Mar 8; 6:5 |
The authors presented and discussed with the participants about Open Access (Additional file 1) and the Peer-Review process (Additional file 2). At the end of the retreat, a task force for designing an instructional guide tailored specifically to cytopathology manuscripts was created. The model instructional guide from... | 16566816 | PMC1421433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Mar 27; 3:5 |
Background
Corneal scars following perforating corneal injuries cause significant visual reduction, mainly because of the direct obscuration of rays by the opacity and also because of the irregular corneal astigmatism that results due to scar. Most of these patients require penetrating keratoplasty for an optimal visua... | 16536877 | PMC1421434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Mar 14; 6:11 |
Background
Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis is a rare cause of small bowel obstruction, and can be classified as idiopathic or secondary (most importantly and most frequently due to chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis). The idiopathic form (also known as abdominal cocoon) was first described by Foo et al in 1978... | 16476161 | PMC1421435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:54 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Feb 13; 6:3 |
Background
The influence of genotype on phenotype is not limited to the coding of peptides and functional RNAs by nucleotide sequences. An organism's phenotype is also affected by the chromosomal arrangement of genes and the interaction of gene products. Comparative genomics has revealed a variety of gene clusters and ... | 16469102 | PMC1421436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Feb 9; 6:13 |
Background
Papillomaviridae are a family of small dsDNA viruses that infect warm-blooded vertebrates [1]. Papillomaviruses (PVs) infect different species of mammals in the orders Primates (human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, macaque monkey, colobus monkey, and spider monkey), Carnivora (cat and dog), Perissodactyla (ho... | 16526953 | PMC1421437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 9; 6:20 |
Background
The stochastic simulation of chemical and biochemical reaction networks, also known as kinetic Monte Carlo, has been successfully used to accurately predict the intracellular dynamics of biological organisms [1-6], including behavior that is not captured by deterministic methods, such as noise-induced oscill... | 16504125 | PMC1421438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 24; 7:93 |
Background
Retinal photoreceptor cells, the specialized cells involved in light detection and phototransduction, are essential for mammalian vision. Many retinal diseases occur as a result of inherited dysfunction of the rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Photoreceptor degeneration, for example, constitutes an important... | 16524483 | PMC1421439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:54 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 8; 7:116 |
Background
Antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) have served as powerful tools during the post-genome era. They provide an important approach to sequence-specific knockdown of gene expression, offering significant advantages over gene knockout techniques in respect of cost, time and resource requirements, and have therefor... | 16526963 | PMC1421440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:54 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 9; 7:122 |
Background
Analysis of 16S ribosomal rRNA (rRNA) sequences is currently the de-facto gold standard for the assessment of phylogenetic relationships among prokaryotes. There are various reasons that have made the 16S rRNA gene the first choice as a phylogenetic marker, such as the presence of positions with different ev... | 16476165 | PMC1421441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 13; 7:66 |
Background
As an individual research laboratory we began high-throughput DNA sequencing in 1998. Accumulated experience with five independent expressed sequence tag (EST) projects (sorghum, pine, horse, human, and the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius), BAC shotgun sequencing, and a variety of ad hoc applications, inc... | 16522212 | PMC1421442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:54 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 7; 7:115 |
Background
The accurate identification of T-cell epitopes remains a critical step in the development of subunit and peptide-based vaccines [1]. The first step of such studies is usually in silico prediction of potential MHC binders from the sequence of a studied protein, followed by labor-, time- and resource-consuming... | 16533401 | PMC1421443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:54 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 13; 7:131 |
Background
In recent years, chemically-detailed metabolic networks capable of simulating growth have been reconstructed at the genome-scale for nearly twenty organisms [1]. Any metabolic network can be represented as a stoichiometric matrix, and by assuming steady-state conditions one can compute the "space" in which a... | 16533395 | PMC1421444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:54 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 13; 7:132 |
Background
Cellular function in a biological system normally involves participation and interaction of multiple genes. Mutations that alter function of any one of these genes can potentially increase disease susceptibility. For example, the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 suppresses cell growth and participates in transcri... | 16536867 | PMC1421445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:54 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 14; 7:135 |
Background
There is vast amount of heterogeneous biological data today that is warehoused in multiple databases. Among these are databases of protein sequences [1,2], protein structures [3], DNA sequences [4], protein-protein interactions [5,6], cellular pathways [7,8], and many others. These databases are typically hi... | 16480496 | PMC1421446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 15; 7:71 |
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