text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Introduction
Blood-feeding parasites act as vectors of an enormous range of pathogens that cause diseases in humans and other animals. For example, a single tick species (Ixodes ricinus) can transmit viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that cause tick-borne encephalitis, Lyme disease, and babesiosis. Protection by immuniza... | 16604154 | PMC1424664 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Apr 7; 2(4):e27 |
Introduction
Gene amplification is the reiteration of a segment of a genome. It is a manifestation of genomic instability that is found in many tumors, notably some cases of neuroblastoma and some breast cancer in which it is associated with poor prognosis [1,2], and that arises during tumor progression in many others ... | 16604155 | PMC1428787 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:38 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Apr 7; 2(4):e48 |
Introduction
The hallmark of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1), is the development of tumors in the parathyroid, anterior pituitary, and enteropancreatic endocrine cells. Other associations occasionally found in MEN1 patients include foregut carcinoids, facial angiofibromas, lipomas, collagenomas, meningiomas,... | 16604156 | PMC1428788 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Apr 7; 2(4):e51 |
Introduction
Epigenetic reprogramming of the genome is an essential process that occurs during both primordial germ cell development and early embryogenesis so that the epigenetic marks are cleared and reset between generations [1]. Occasionally, it appears that this epigenetic reprogramming is incomplete, since we obs... | 16604157 | PMC1428789 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Apr 7; 2(4):e49 |
Introduction
An important unanswered question in neurobiology is how neural activity organizes itself to produce coherent behavior. Lesion, electrophysiological, and imaging studies targeting specific cognitive functions have provided very detailed insights into how different regions of the brain contribute to behavior... | 16604158 | PMC1428791 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Apr 7; 2(4):e25 |
Background
Calcineurin (CN), the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, is highly conserved from yeast to mammalian cells. It consists of a catalytic (CNA) and a regulatory subunit (CNB) which form a heterodimer upon Ca2+ binding to CNB. The enzyme has been shown to play important roles in various cellular proc... | 16512895 | PMC1431509 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Mar 2; 6:12 |
Background
One of the two overarching goals of Healthy People 2010 is to increase the quality and years of healthy life for all people in the United States [1]. It is estimated that 41 million American adults 18 and older experience physical or mental impairments that affect their quality of life [2]. In public health ... | 16515690 | PMC1431510 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Mar 3; 4:14 |
Background
Migraine is a frequent debilitating neurological disorder that affects a significant proportion of the population. The pathophysiology of migraine is not fully understood, although cortical hypersensitivity, vasospasm, neurotransmitters, especially serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), platelet activation a... | 16504171 | PMC1431511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Feb 28; 7:12 |
Background
Wegener granulomatosis (WG) is a granulomatous disorder belonging to the heterogeneous group of systemic vasculitides (SV). A common feature of SV is the inflammation of the endothelium [1,2]. SV are classified according to the size of affected vessels and the type of auto-antibodies, namely anti-neutrophil ... | 16526951 | PMC1431512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 9; 7:21 |
Background
Obesity is recognized as a worldwide public health problem that may be the major cause of mortality in few years time as it contributes to various severe diseases including type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. The control of adipose tissue differentiation could play an important role in the developme... | 16542423 | PMC1431513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 16; 7:26 |
Background
Selective IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most prevalent primary immunodeficiency in white populations, with values around one out of 600 [1]. This disease is characterized by a severe deficiency or total absence of IgA class immunoglobulins in the serum and secretions. Their clinical symptoms are very variable... | 16539704 | PMC1431514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 15; 7:25 |
Background
The practice of medicine is underpinned by clinical experience, intuitive clinical reasoning and applied medical research. In recent times, there has been a shift towards evidence-based medicine (EBM) defined as the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of contemporary best research evidence in making de... | 16526965 | PMC1431515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Mar 10; 6:5 |
Introduction
In Canada and the United States, the respective Centres for Disease Control have been alerted to the fact that persons of Aboriginal and American Indian descent may be at elevated risk for HIV/AIDS [1-3], though little data is presently available to inform prevention efforts. In the province of British Col... | 16524484 | PMC1431516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Mar 8; 3:9 |
Background
In the Middle East, as it is worldwide, injecting drug use is a main route for transmitting HIV. The rise of injecting drug use, however, is still a relatively new phenomenon in Iran, where for centuries opium smoking was the predominant form of drug use [1-3]. There is a long history of opium use and produc... | 16545137 | PMC1431517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Mar 18; 3:12 |
Background
Management of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is clinically challenging and costly [1]. In ARDS patients with refractory hypoxemia, neuromuscular blocking agents may facilitate mechanical ventilation and improve oxygenation. However, prolonged recover... | 16539706 | PMC1431518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Mar 15; 6:15 |
Background
Sore throat is one of the most common illnesses for which patients consult their physicians in the United States with an estimated 6.7 million adult visits to primary care providers each year; nearly three-quarters of these visits result in antibiotic prescriptions [1,2]. The Group A streptococcus is the mos... | 16533386 | PMC1431519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Mar 13; 6:14 |
Background
Coat colours in mammals depend on skin and hair pigment synthesis. Melanocytes manufacture two types of melanin: the black/brown photo-protective eumelanin pigment, and the red-yellow cytotoxic phaeomelanin pigment. Several paracrine factors secreted primarily by surrounding keratinocytes are involved in the... | 16504149 | PMC1431520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Feb 27; 2:9 |
Background
The relationship between physical activity and health status has been described extensively in several studies. Active lifestyles are often associated with better health status and quality of life [1-8], however, the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and physical activity has been investigated... | 16448561 | PMC1431521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 31; 6:22 |
Background
With an estimated 300 million male smokers and 20 million female smokers, China has more smokers than any other country worldwide, and as a result smoking related diseases are becoming epidemic [1-4]. A growing number of Chinese studies have confirmed that cigarette smoking is the key behavioural risk factor... | 16533411 | PMC1431522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 14; 6:65 |
Background
In order to describe and analyse the burden of morbidity in a population, the morbidity and comorbidity status of each patient need to be measured, as well as the mix of groups of patients in a defined area. Case-mix analyses might thus show groups of patients defined by their morbidity status. A case-mix me... | 16483353 | PMC1431523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 16; 6:35 |
Background
The human sub-chromosomal region Xq28 has been a focus of genome research for the last 20 years, because many diseases have been linked to this region. Systematic mapping and transcript identification at this region was performed in the early and mid nineties [1-4], while the subsequent availability of the h... | 16503986 | PMC1431524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 17; 7:29 |
Introduction
Each year rabies kills more than 50,000 people and millions of animals worldwide [1]. Although vaccination of dogs, elimination of strays and control of wild animals have been effective in preventing most cases of human rabies in North America and Western Europe, the same approaches have been difficult to ... | 16480501 | PMC1431525 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2006 Feb 15; 4:2 |
Background
Medical care has undergone profound changes in recent years. One of the most important changes with far reaching implications has been the advent of patient-centered medicine [1]. In contrast with the former paternalistic approach and the concentration on the medical/scientific model of disease, a novel atti... | 16507096 | PMC1431526 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 28; 6:21 |
Background
Control of reproduction and prevention of reproductive health problems are important reasons for women to use health services. For example, in Finland in the early 1990s, 17% of all outpatient visits of women aged 25–44 years were due to contraception alone [1]. The type of provider consulted is important du... | 16519813 | PMC1431527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 6; 6:27 |
Background
Prescription drugs constitute an important component of health care. However, drugs can only benefit to patients if they are used appropriately which involves that physicians prescribe them according to evidence. One common method of assessing and correcting the appropriateness of drug prescription is drug u... | 16536865 | PMC1431528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 14; 6:33 |
According to the Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice[1], two of the principal objectives of an effective surveillance system are to "give early warning changes of incidence," and "detect outbreaks early." Unfortunately, the reality of public health practice is that monitoring agencies such as public health units ... | 16480500 | PMC1431529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 15; 6:10 |
Background
Methods of gene transfer to tissues are still to be optimized. Successful human gene therapy requires effective gene delivery and long term expression of the transgene. Among gene transfer methods, plasmid electrotransfer is a physical method for in vivo non viral gene delivery. The main target organs of thi... | 16524461 | PMC1431530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Mar 8; 6:16 |
Background
Throughout the last decades the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila has been used as the model system of choice in many areas of molecular, cell and developmental biology [1-4]. For example milestone discoveries like ribozymes that enable RNA-mediated catalysis [5], the basic analysis of dynein motors [6], the f... | 16542419 | PMC1431531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Mar 16; 6:19 |
Introduction
In a series of papers, Robins and colleagues describe inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) estimation in marginal structural models (MSMs) [1-7], a method of causal analysis of longitudinal data based on counterfactual principles. This family of statistical techniques is similar in concept to w... | 16441879 | PMC1431532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006 Jan 27; 3:2 |
Background
Technological advances during the last decades in intensive care medicine made it possible to treat an increasing number of high risk surgical patients. Nevertheless, many patients awaiting elective surgery experience diffuse anxiety and a lack of subjective predictability regarding their stay on the intensi... | 16524468 | PMC1431533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Nurs. 2006 Mar 8; 5:4 |
Background
The assessment of health-related quality of life is becoming increasingly important in evaluating the effectiveness of orthopaedic interventions. Generic health-related quality of life (QOL) instruments such as the SF 36 have the ability to examine the extent of symptoms and disability among different diseas... | 16533405 | PMC1431534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Mar 13; 7:26 |
Background
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common complaint in adolescents and younger adults. Though exact epidemiological data do not exist, 5–6 six new cases per year in Dutch GP-practices may be expected [1]. The symptom most frequently reported is a diffuse peripatellar and retropatellar localized pain, t... | 16545120 | PMC1431535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Mar 17; 7:31 |
Background
Chronic low back pain (LBP) is a major socio-economic burden for both society and individuals. In Denmark, musculo-skeletal disorders, of which LBP was the most common, was the reason for 50% of all disorders, classified as "work-related", in the year of 2000 [1]. In 2002, it was the second-most common reaso... | 16539740 | PMC1431536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Mar 16; 7:29 |
Introduction
We have described the utility of phase-space representations of simultaneously measured myoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) and left ventricular pressure (LVP) in guinea pig intact hearts during spharmacologic and pathophysiologic interventions [1-5]. We used several novel indices to describe the morpho... | 16512898 | PMC1431537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Mar 2; 5:16 |
Background
Most of the knowledge about invasive Candida infections in cancer patients has derived from patients with haematological malignancies [1], and data regarding risk factors in patients with solid tumours are sparse [2,3]. The purpose of this study was to compare the demographic features, risk factors, and aeti... | 16542444 | PMC1431538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 16; 6:50 |
Background
HIV/AIDS is a major problem in India with more than 6 million cases by the end of 2005 [1]. HIV patients are prone to develop a panorama of diseases during their lifetime. Among them diarrhea is a significant cause of morbidity observed in majority of studies [2-5]. In fact it is the 2nd leading cause of hos... | 16509972 | PMC1431539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 1; 6:39 |
Background
Parasitology studies a broad group of infectious diseases with different incidence worldwide. Most of these diseases occur more commonly in areas with poor hygiene, where they represent a major public health problem [1,2]. In addition, many forms of parasites, especially those transmitted by vectors, can als... | 16545114 | PMC1431540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 17; 6:56 |
Background
Neisseria meningitidis is one of the major causative agents of bacterial meningitis and septicemia in children and young adults, with an estimated 500,000 cases and 50,000 deaths per year worldwide [1]. This organism is subdivided into 13 major serogroups based on the chemical and serological properties of t... | 16478548 | PMC1431541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 15; 6:25 |
Background
Human pathogenic leishmanias are family of protozoa that are transmitted by female sandflies to mammalian hosts such as dogs, rodents, or humans. Three clinical forms of human leishmaniases are distinguished: visceral (caused e.g. by Leishmania donovani), mucocutaneous (e.g. L. braziliensis), and cutaneous l... | 16522215 | PMC1431542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 8; 6:25 |
Background
Horizontal gene transfer via natural transformation is believed to be the main mechanism to generate genetic diversity among Neisseriae [1-3]. Horizontal transfer has for example contributed to the spread of resistance to penicillin in pathogenic Neisseriae, where the origin of the transforming DNA was trace... | 16503987 | PMC1431543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Feb 17; 6:11 |
Background
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe, is a major colonizer of gingival tissues, causing severe forms of adult periodontitis, in which the gingival fibroblast suffers extensive damage [1]. As replication inside mammalian cells is a common strategy adopted by many pathogenic bacteria, P. gingival... | 16524480 | PMC1431544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | yes | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 8; 6:26 |
Background
Kim et al., [1] utilized octamer-based genome scanning to evaluate genome diversity among E. coli O157 isolates. Based upon this genetic fingerprinting method they noted two distinct lineages of this pathogen, one of which tended to cluster the majority of human isolates utilized in their study, and the seco... | 16539702 | PMC1431545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 15; 6:30 |
Background
Adolescents' consultation of primary care services remains problematic despite their accessibility [1]. The reproductive health service seeking behavior of adolescents is the object of much research but little is known about how this behavior is influenced by the gatekeeping system.
The gatekeeper, accordin... | 16536876 | PMC1431546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Mar 14; 7:16 |
Background
Fifteen per cent of the Australian population consume alcohol at risky levels, while another 5% are at high risk of damage from alcohol or are alcohol-dependent [1,2]. Alcohol misuse takes a toll on individual health. It also contributes to health care costs through general practice (GP) and emergency depart... | 16536866 | PMC1431547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Mar 14; 7:17 |
Article
The National Health Service Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) in the UK routinely invites women aged 50–70 years for mammographic screening on a 3 yearly basis. However debates have been underway for many years as to whether or not extending screening to include women age 40–49 should be considered. The age o... | 16460572 | PMC1431548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Feb 6; 3:4 |
Background
The sulfur atom of methionine residues is susceptible to oxidation by reactive oxygen species. Oxidation of methionines may affect protein structure and function and has been implicated in various processes, such as oxidative stress, accelerated aging, and neurodegenerative diseases (reviewed in [1-6]). This... | 16542431 | PMC1431549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Mar 16; 7:11 |
Background
Dietary habits in a population may be a determining factor of health, and inadequate intakes of certain nutrients have been associated with increased risk for chronic disease, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. More recently, folate has drawn attention as a key nutrient involved in health ... | 16472386 | PMC1431550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Feb 10; 5:5 |
Background
Statistical problems that require going beyond standard logistic regression
Although logistic regression has become the cornerstone of modelling categorical outcomes in medical statistics, separate regression analysis for each outcome of interest is hardly challenged as a pragmatic approach even in the situa... | 16539711 | PMC1431551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Mar 15; 6:13 |
Background
Most medical researchers are aware that it is necessary to perform a randomised controlled trial to effectively establish the usefulness of a new treatment. The aim is that treatments are compared on similar groups of patients. Completely random allocation of patients to treatments does not, however, ensure ... | 16539715 | PMC1431552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Mar 15; 6:11 |
Background
Colorectal cancer remains a major cause of cancer mortality in the Western world both in men and women. It is the second most common malignancy (13.1%) and the second most common cause of cancer death in Europe[1]. The incidence of colorectal cancer has been increasing worldwide rapidly over the past decades... | 16507107 | PMC1431553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 28; 6:46 |
Background
Breast cancer remains the main cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in women in most countries all over the world [1,2]. While localised disease is potentially curable, even in stage I and II disease, 30 % of patients can be expected to experience a relapse [3]. Especially at risk for cancer recurrence ar... | 16539726 | PMC1431554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 15; 6:63 |
Background
Despite the widespread adoption of screening mammography, many breast cancers still escape detection at an early stage [1,2]. Identifying relevant biologic markers could improve our ability to diagnose early-stage breast cancer [3-7]. Compared with DNA analysis (genomics) and RNA analysis (expression profili... | 16542425 | PMC1431555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 16; 6:68 |
Background
It is well established that most cancers are triggered by somatic or, less commonly, germline mutations in caretaker and gatekeeper genes [1-6]. The caretakers are broadly defined DNA repair genes that are responsible for maintenance of genome stability. Mutations in the caretaker genes, which are considered... | 16469093 | PMC1431556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 9; 6:36 |
Background
Vitiligo is an acquired depigmenting disorder due to destruction of melanocytes and the resultant absence of pigment production affecting skin and mucosal surfaces with a prevalence of about 1%. Different theories regarding its pathogenesis have been put forward, autoimmunity being the most popular one. The ... | 16526964 | PMC1431557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2006 Mar 10; 6:3 |
Background
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) encompasses a group of heritable skin disorders manifesting with easy blistering and erosions as a result of minor trauma to the skin. Evaluations of epidemiology of EB in other countries [1-5] were reported. In U.S., the special report of the large size American population for inh... | 16480504 | PMC1431558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2006 Feb 15; 6:2 |
Background
We have previously reported a major quantitative trait locus (QTL), denoted FAT1, with large effects on fatness and growth located on SSC4q using a wild boar intercross [1,2]. Progeny that carried the wild pig chromosome 4 segment had higher fat deposition, shorter length of carcass, and reduced growth. QTL ... | 16542463 | PMC1431559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Mar 17; 7:17 |
Background
Most newly emerging human pathogens are zoonotic [1], yet little is known about the natural reservoirs from which these zoonoses emerge. RNA viruses, due to their extraordinary genomic variability, have been particularly capable of establishing infection in new host species [1-5]. As examples, the transfer o... | 16549011 | PMC1431560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Mar 20; 3:19 |
Background
Normal pregnancy is associated with a substantial change in maternal cardiovascular haemodynamics. Despite an increase in blood volume and cardiac output, blood pressure falls in the first half of pregnancy, as a result of systemic arteriolar vasodilatation, before returning to pre-pregnancy levels towards t... | 16542455 | PMC1431561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:37 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Mar 16; 6:7 |
Background
Foods are no longer appreciated by consumers only in terms of its taste and immediate nutritional needs, but also in terms of its ability to provide specific health benefits. Functional foods became an important food sector promoting health benefits via functional ingredients in these products. Functional fo... | 16533410 | PMC1431562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Mar 14; 6:6 |
Background
Once atrial fibrillation (AF) has been present for more than a few days, the optimal method for restoring sinus rhythm is DC-cardioversion[1,2]. Unfortunately, only about 25% of the patients remain in sinus rhythm at one year post-cardioversion, with the proportion rising to approximately half of patients if... | 16533393 | PMC1431563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Mar 13; 6:11 |
Background
DNA microarray technology has the potential to create enormous quantities of data in short times. The vast amounts of information generated by microarray experiments have led to the need for methods for analyzing such data. Clustering has proved to be an important tool for this purpose. The ability of cluste... | 16533412 | PMC1431564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:56 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 14; 7:134 |
Background
Affymetrix GeneChip arrays have become a widely used microarray platform. An advantage of such a broadly accepted platform is that it greatly helps to compare RNA expression patterns between experiments from different researchers. RNA expression patterns are a starting point for high-level analysis such as c... | 16539732 | PMC1431565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 15; 7:137 |
Background
It has been suggested many times that the rate at which a protein evolves decreases with the number of physical interactions it participates in [3-6]. The intuition behind this idea is that proteins with a greater fraction of amino acid residues playing an essential role will, on the whole, evolve slower the... | 16533385 | PMC1431566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 13; 7:128 |
Background
Advances in genomics have enabled the large scale reconstruction of biochemical reaction networks where the main information provided concerns the stoichiometry and reversibility of the involved reactions. While such models disregard the kinetics of the reactions, biologically meaningful predictions can neve... | 16533403 | PMC1431567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 13; 7:129 |
Background
Traditionally, the nonsynonymous to synonymous rate ratio (the dN/dS ratio, also known as ω) is a measure of the strength of selection acting on a protein coding nucleotide sequence. When the nonsynonymous substitution rate is higher than the synonymous substitution rate at a particular codon site, this site... | 16542458 | PMC1431568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 16; 7:148 |
Background
Typical eukaryotic genes are composed of several relatively short exons that are interrupted by long introns. The primary transcripts of most eukaryotic genes are composed of introns and exons separated by canonical splice sites. These mRNA precursors are shortened by a process called RNA splicing in which t... | 16519805 | PMC1431569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:55 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 6; 7:110 |
Background
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biologically important mechanism, and a medically promising method of suppressing gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Two main types of interfering RNAs (endogenous microRNAs, and exogenous short interfering RNAs) silence genes by complementary interactions with their mRNA targe... | 16472402 | PMC1431570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 12; 7:65 |
Background
Determining whether a gene is differentially expressed under different conditions is an important statistical problem [1-3]. Consider, for example, a common microarray experiment: for a particular gene Y, one has an unordered set of measurements of log-expression levels y1c⋯yn1c
MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiar... | 16529652 | PMC1431571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 10; 7:126 |
Background
The term 'grid' was coined in the mid-1990s and designates distributed computing infrastructures for science and engineering [1]. Today, Grids seek to provide seamless, scalable, high-performance and secure mechanisms for locating and negotiating access to remote and possibly heterogeneous resources [2,3]. T... | 16539707 | PMC1431572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:56 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 15; 7:139 |
Background
Expressed sequence tags(ESTs) are single strand reads of transcribed sequence generated from cDNA clones [2-6]. EST sequencing typically originates in the vector, and can include either 5'- or 3'-terminal sequence of the cDNA clone. ESTs have historically provided data for gene discovery [7-11], tissue- or s... | 16503995 | PMC1431573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 17; 7:77 |
Background
Although cisplatin is a widely used anticancer drug [1,2], it has a number of side effects and a limited spectrum of activity [3-7]. In an attempt to reduce toxicity and widen the spectrum of activity thousands of cisplatin analogues have been prepared by varying the nature of the leaving groups and the carr... | 16533399 | PMC1431574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:50 | no | BMC Chem Biol. 2006 Mar 13; 6:3 |
Abstract mathematical reasoning is often treated as a uniquely human endeavor. But many species, from pigeons to primates, show some ability to grasp the concept of number, suggesting that these numerical abilities represent the evolutionary building blocks of higher math in humans. Sophisticated symbolic number proces... | 20076567 | PMC1431576 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 11; 4(5):e149 |
Introduction
Intuitively, language influences the way we think about number. However, substantial evidence indicates that preverbal children and human adults, as well as other animals, share a fundamental mechanism for representing approximate numerical values that is independent of language [
1–
10]. Further, humans a... | 16594732 | PMC1431577 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 11; 4(5):e125 |
From the black widow spider to the six-toed sloth, every multicellular organism starts life as a single cell. This cell and the embryonic stem cells it spawns will live or die, grow, proliferate, migrate, and differentiate at the direction of a tightly controlled genetic program. Embryonic stem cells can self-renew to ... | 20076566 | PMC1431578 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 11; 4(5):e146 |
A protein's structure dictates its function, and one of the most direct and powerful ways to explore a protein's function is by modifying its structure. Such an exploration is carried out naturally every time a protein's gene is mutated, and the same process can be mimicked in the lab. Unfortunately, approaches that in... | 20076565 | PMC1431579 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 11; 4(5):e136 |
Introduction
Our understanding of how protein sequence relates to structure and function is aided by comparisons of sequences related by evolution [
1,
2]. With only limited numbers of highly divergent sequences, however, such analyses are often uninformative. Furthermore, because the sequences have been culled by natu... | 16594730 | PMC1431580 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 11; 4(5):e112 |
Introduction
Embryonic stem (ES) cells can generate all somatic cell types. They constitute a unique cellular system for uncovering the molecular basis of pluripotency and delineating mechanisms of primary lineage commitment. ES cells also present opportunities for disease modelling, pharmacological screening, and cell... | 16594731 | PMC1431581 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 11; 4(5):e121 |
Background
Colour polymorphisms are widespread and prominent in several taxa such as coral reef fish [1], birds [2] and tree frogs [3]. In many cases the genetic basis has been investigated [1,4]. However, the nature of selection pressures maintaining such polymorphisms are rarely known. One exception is a study on the... | 16522202 | PMC1431586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 6:19 |
Background
An unexpected observation from the early genome sequencing era has been the extent to which different sets of putatively orthologous genes often yield strongly supported but incompatible tree topologies. Whether this disagreement is due primarily to violations of phylogenetic assumptions or to lateral geneti... | 16472400 | PMC1431587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Feb 11; 6:15 |
Background
Rates of nucleotide substitution for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are several times higher than those for nuclear DNA (nDNA) for most animals. Several reasons for this difference in rates have been proposed. Because mtDNA is haploid and usually maternally inherited, the effective population size of mitochondria... | 16542456 | PMC1431588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 16; 6:24 |
Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation has been established as an effective and curative therapy for ventricular tachycardias (VTs) or symptomatic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) originating from the outflow tract (OT-VT/PVCs) in structurally normal hearts [1]. Most of these arrhythmias have their origin in th... | 16943864 | PMC1431589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Jul 1; 5(3):155-159 |
Introduction
Rate responsive pacemakers sense some physiological or non-physiological signal(s), and translate changes in that signal into a pacing rate that is appropriate for the metabolic demands of the patient. Most sensors, although coupled with a normal HR response through a surrogate parameter, do not directly m... | 16943865 | PMC1431590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Jul 1; 5(3):160-174 |
Introduction
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
The most recent treatment option of medically refractory heart failure includes cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) by biventricular pacing in selected patients in NYHA functional class III or IV heart failure (HF) caused by idiopathic dilated (DCM) or ischemic cardiom... | 16943866 | PMC1431591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Jul 1; 5(3):175-185 |
In early generation of dual-chamber pacemakers (PMs) paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATAs) were considered a contraindication to pacing modes with atrial tracking due to concerns of rapid ventricular tracking of atrial arrhythmias. Automatic mode switching (AMS) was first introduced as a trademark in implantable de... | 16943867 | PMC1431592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Jul 1; 5(3):186-196 |
Introduction
Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging is a diagnostic technique used to obtain high quality images of the human body. The structure and abundance of water in the different tissues of the human body is the key to clinical MR imaging. The basic concept of MR is the absorption or emission of electromagnetic energy ... | 16943868 | PMC1431593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Jul 1; 5(3):197-209 |
The association between traditional time and frequency domain measures of heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiovascular outcomes has been the subject of numerous investigations. Although there were earlier reports suggesting the potential clinical importance of HRV, the well-known paper published by Kleiger and colle... | 16943869 | PMC1431594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Jul 1; 5(3):210-220 |
Introduction
The duration of ventricular repolarisation, represented by the QT interval on the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), is influenced by a variety of physiological and pathological factors, such as heart rate, autonomic tone, hormone concentrations, drug therapy, presence of heart disease or ventricula... | 16943870 | PMC1431595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Jul 1; 5(3):221-232 |
Introduction
Atrial fibrillation is known to be the commonest cardiac rhythm disturbance and a significant source of associated mortality and morbidity [1-3]. Its medical treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs has proved rather disappointing, with reported failure rates for maintaining sinus rhythm exceeding 80% in the me... | 16943871 | PMC1431596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Jul 1; 5(3):233-243 |
Introduction
In 1962, Abrahams et al. described 12 patients, with an unusual form of left ventricular aneurysm, which they termed “annular subvalvular left ventricular aneurysm“ [1]. These aneurysms are of two types: subaortic and submitral. Submitral aneurysm (SMA) is a congenital outpouching of left ventricular (LV) ... | 16943872 | PMC1431597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Jul 1; 5(3):244-249 |
Why should one consider the surgical option to treat atrial fibrillation (AF)? The answer lies in the influence of this arrhythmia on the stroke rate, NYHA class and quality of life. In the United States, 2.2million people have AF and 75000 strokes occur in these patients each year [1]. The stroke rate varies between 2... | 16943873 | PMC1431598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Oct 1; 5(4):251-253 |
Introduction
Permanent atrial fibrillation (pAF) is a serious concomitant problem in many patients undergoing open heart surgery, particularly in those with advanced age: a prospective analysis among 4590 patients, which were scheduled for open heart surgery in our institution between February 2001 and December 2004, r... | 16943874 | PMC1431599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Oct 1; 5(4):254-262 |
Introduction
Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs as consequence of many heart diseases affecting ventricles such as coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction (MI), and long QT syndrome and accounts for most cases of sudden cardiac death [1]. So emergent t... | 16943875 | PMC1431600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Oct 1; 5(4):263-271 |
Introduction
As recently demonstrated by Natale et al catheter ablation has become first-line therapy for common atrial flutter (AFL) in patients without structural heart disease and without left atrium enlargement [1]. In a recent study by Anselme et al [2], one third of the patients still complained with palpitations... | 16943876 | PMC1431601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Oct 1; 5(4):272-278 |
Introduction
Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation is the procedure of choice for the potential cure of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) with high success rates. Slow pathway (SP) ablation is the best method for the treatment of AVNRT. It has been shown that successful atrial flutter ablation was as... | 16943877 | PMC1431602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Oct 1; 5(4):279-288 |
Introduction
Electrical cardioversion is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) that has been successfully employed since the 1960’s [1]. Early devices used both alternating and direct current for defibrillation. However, by the 1960’s it was apparent that alternating current was m... | 16943878 | PMC1431603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Oct 1; 5(4):289-295 |
Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common serious rhythm disturbance worldwide [1] and its incidence progressively increases with the aging of population by two fold with every decade after 55 year of age [2]. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality [3], and it is an independent risk factor... | 16943879 | PMC1431604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Oct 1; 5(4):296-304 |
Introduction
Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia other than sinus tachycardia encountered in hyperthyroidism. Atrial fibrillation occurs in 10-15% of patients with hyperthyroidism [1]. It may be the presenting problem in some of them. Higher prevalence occurs in elderly and in those with other coe... | 16943880 | PMC1431605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Oct 1; 5(4):305-311 |
Introduction
Since the first surgical correction was performed in 1954 [1], several epidemiologic studies evidenced the good prognosis of the patients operated on for total correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), with a perioperative death less than 1% [2], and a survival rate 30 years after the surgery very close to ... | 16943881 | PMC1431606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:19 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005 Oct 1; 5(4):312-324 |
Background
The completion of the human and mouse genome sequences has provided the means to study the total mammalian gene complement in silico [1,2]. Subsequently, global transcription surveys have been used to provide a more accurate estimate of the transcribed regions of the genome and the structure of genes. Accord... | 16507138 | PMC1431701 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:56 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jan 26; 7(1):R5 |
Background
A major goal in functional genomics, proteomics, and systems biology is to define the biological functions of the genes encoded in each genome and to reconstruct the network of functional interactions that underlies normal and altered cellular and organismal biology [1]. DNA microarrays, mass spectrometry, a... | 16507139 | PMC1431703 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:56 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Jan 31; 7(1):R6 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.