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Introduction
The cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) threshold that assures adequate cerebral perfusion still remains controversial in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI); both higher and lower CPP thresholds have been proposed to improve outcome and brain tissue oxygen pressure (PtiO2). Several retrospective repo... | 16356218 | PMC1414023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Oct 14; 9(6):R670-R676 |
Introduction
The successful use of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) as a haemodynamic goal in the management of early sepsis has led to interest in the use of this parameter in surgical patients [1]. ScvO2 measurement requires placement of a central venous catheter so that the tip lies in the superior vena cava... | 16356220 | PMC1414025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 8; 9(6):R694-R699 |
Introduction
Central venous catheters (CVCs) are commonly used in critically ill patients for the administration of fluids, medications, blood products and parenteral nutrition, for the insertion of a transvenous pacing electrode and to monitor hemodynamic status. The use of catheters is habitual in critically ill pati... | 16280064 | PMC1414031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 28; 9(6):R631-R635 |
Introduction
The interaction of neutrophils with endothelial cells is a key event in the host response to inflammatory stimuli. While beneficial in cases of infection, this same neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction can lead to tissue injury, especially in conditions associated with excessive inflammatory responses. ... | 16356222 | PMC1414036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:32 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 8; 9(6):R735-R744 |
Introduction
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a systemic process potentially producing both thrombosis and hemorrhage. DIC is characterized by elevated levels of fibrin-related degradation products, prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) as well as reduced levels... | 16280058 | PMC1414038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 19; 9(6):R596-R600 |
Introduction
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the most common nosocomial infection and its prevalence within the intensive care unit (ICU) setting ranges from 31% to 47% [1-4]. The mortality rate for HAP remains high at 20% to 50% [5-7]. HAP in surgical patients is especially characterized by the high frequency of ... | 16280065 | PMC1414040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Oct 12; 9(6):R662-R669 |
Introduction
Recent clinical investigations have identified microcirculatory abnormalities as a key component of the pathogenesis of sepsis [1,2]. These new insights have been mainly due to the introduction of orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging by Slaaf and co-workers [3], which uses green polarized light t... | 16280059 | PMC1414044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:33 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 22; 9(6):R601-R606 |
Introduction
Albumin administration in the critically ill is controversial and hotly debated, despite having been accepted and widely used for more than 50 years. A meta-analysis by the Cochrane group [1] published 5 years ago first put light to this fire, showing an increased mortality in patients treated with albumin... | 16356223 | PMC1414048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 7; 9(6):R745-R754 |
Introduction
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides temporary extracorporeal life support for children with severe respiratory or cardiac failure. Since 1989, over 27,000 children have received ECMO with an overall survival rate of 76% [1]. Overall survival for children needing cardiac support is 58% [1]. ... | 16280067 | PMC1414049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:33 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Oct 25; 9(6):R718-R724 |
Introduction
It has been shown that, in critically ill patients, impaired cardiovascular function has a role in the development of organ failure. Our understanding of the underlying mechanism responsible for this dysfunction has changed over the past 10 years. Previously, correction of disturbed hemodynamics to normal ... | 16356226 | PMC1414050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 15; 9(6):R771-R779 |
Introduction
Measurement of cardiac output (CO) is widely used in cardiac surgical patients. Over recent decades the main device for determination of CO has been the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). The use of the PAC has been decreasing over recent years in surgical and cardiac surgical patients, however, as the benef... | 16356221 | PMC1414055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 4; 9(6):R729-R734 |
Introduction
Severe acute renal failure (sARF) in the critically ill patient is associated with high rates of morbidity, mortality, and consumption of healthcare resources [1-6]. Population-based studies conducted in Australia and Europe have estimated the annual incidence of sARF at 4.2 to 13.4 per 100,000 population;... | 16280066 | PMC1414056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Oct 25; 9(6):R700-R709 |
Introduction
Despite advances in medical technology and the introduction of cardiac arrest teams, the mortality of in-hospital cardiac arrests remains high (approximately 85% [1]). Up to 80% of patients suffering cardiac arrests have signs of physiological instability (alterations in the commonly measured vital signs) ... | 16356230 | PMC1414057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 16; 9(6):R808-R815 |
Background
Normal functioning of the eye is dependent on a variety of highly specialized structures in the anterior segment of the eye. These include the cornea and lens, which are necessary for light refraction; the iris, which protects the retina from excess light; and the ciliary body and ocular drainage structures,... | 16403239 | PMC1414066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:33 | no | J Biol. 2005 Dec 14; 4(3):11 |
Background
In most organisms, copy number at any given locus has little effect on proper organismal function. Very few genes are deleterious if present in only one copy (haploinsufficiency) or are overtly deleterious in three copies. Having more or fewer copies (aneuploidy) of a large fraction of the genome is, however... | 16507155 | PMC1414069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:33 | no | J Biol. 2006 Feb 16; 5(1):3 |
Background
Most studies on biotic and abiotic stress in plants are performed under controlled laboratory and/or greenhouse environments. The advantage of this approach is that the influence of a single or a few factors affecting the plant can be studied separately in great detail. The disadvantage is that a plant growi... | 16356264 | PMC1414072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 2; 6(12):R101 |
Background
The mammalian Y chromosome seems predisposed to accumulating multiple copies of genes that play a role in spermatogenesis [1-7]. Determining the precise functions of such multicopy genes is inherently difficult. In humans and mouse, indications as to function have so far derived from the analysis of naturall... | 16356265 | PMC1414076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 2; 6(12):R102 |
Background
Gene expression is controlled through the action of transcription factors, which bind specific DNA sequences in the upstream region of genes and interact with the basic transcription machinery to facilitate or repress transcription. Characterizing the DNA sequences that serve as transcription factor binding ... | 16356266 | PMC1414079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 2; 6(12):R103 |
Background
A genome encodes more than just the structural proteins or RNA sequences that form active biological molecules. In addition, the control of expression of these structural genes is determined by elements that act at the DNA, RNA or epigenetic level and are associated with specific genes in some manner. Consid... | 16356267 | PMC1414082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 2; 6(12):R104 |
Background
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3, a hyperthermophilic anaerobic archaeon, isolated in 1992 from a hydrothermal vent at a depth of 1,395 m in the Okinawa Trough in the Pacific Ocean, grows at temperatures ranging from 85°C to 100°C, and optimally at 98°C [1]. The complete genome sequence of P. horikoshii OT3 has bee... | 16356270 | PMC1414084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Nov 18; 6(12):R98 |
Background
Understanding the genetic architecture of complex polygenic traits is a fundamental goal of modern biological and medical research, and the currently favored experimental paradigm is association mapping (reviewed by Carlson et al. [1]). Association studies genotype a dense set of single nucleotide polymorphi... | 16356268 | PMC1414086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 2; 6(12):R105 |
Background
Small lipophilic hormones such as retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and steroids control a wide range of biological pathways in higher organisms. These hormonal signals are transduced into changes in gene expression by members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that act as hormone-responsive transcription fac... | 16356271 | PMC1414087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Nov 21; 6(12):R99 |
Rationale
The catalogue of human protein-encoding genes is largely enumerated [1], but the task of discerning the functions of these genes remain a formidable challenge. A significant fraction of protein-encoding genes are entirely novel; the cellular roles of the proteins remain a mystery. As model organism genome seq... | 16356269 | PMC1414088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 2; 6(12):R106 |
Background
Polyadenylation is essential for the 3'-end formation of most mRNAs in eukaryotes. It involves two tightly coupled steps, cleavage of a nascent mRNA and polymerization of a poly(A) tail at the 3' end of the cleaved RNA. An array of factors are involved in the process, including factors that seem to be exclus... | 16356263 | PMC1414089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Nov 28; 6(12):R100 |
Background
Human autosomal abnormality is the leading cause of early pregnancy loss, neonatal death, and multiple congenital malformations [1,2]. Among all the autosomal aneuploidies, Down syndrome (DS), with an incidence of 1 in approximately 800 live births, is most frequently compatible with postnatal survival. It i... | 16420667 | PMC1414106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 16; 6(13):R107 |
Background
Obesity, the excess deposition of adipose tissue, is among the most pressing health problems both in the Western world and in developing countries. Growth of adipose tissue is the result of the development of new fat cells from precursor cells. This process of fat cell development, known as adipogenesis, lea... | 16420668 | PMC1414107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 19; 6(13):R108 |
Background
In vitro senescence was discovered as a phenomenon that limits the replicative lifespan of cells grown in culture, and was immediately hypothesised to be a possible cause of human aging [1,2]. During several decades, attempts have been made to establish a link between the age and the replicative potential of... | 16420669 | PMC1414108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:34 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 16; 6(13):R109 |
Background
Metazoan genomes contain thousands of predicted protein-coding genes. During development, pathology, and in response to environmental changes, each of these genes is expressed in different cells, at different times and at different levels. Spatial and temporal gene expression is controlled transcriptionally ... | 16420670 | PMC1414109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:35 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 30; 6(13):R110 |
Background
Across a cellular transcriptome the loading of ribosomes onto individual mRNA species varies broadly [1-3], consistent with each transcript having a uniquely defined efficiency of translation. Translational efficiencies across the transcriptome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been estimated to vary from tra... | 16420678 | PMC1414110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:50 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Jan 3; 6(13):R111 |
Background
Microarray studies examining gene expression profiles of thousands of genes have become an important tool in uncovering molecular mechanisms of human diseases, aging and evolution [1-3]. Many such studies are conducted on postmortem human tissues, since neither cell culture nor animal models can fully recapi... | 16420671 | PMC1414111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:35 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 30; 6(13):R112 |
Background
Phylogenetic footprinting is a comparative method that uses cross-species sequence conservation to identify new regulatory motifs [1]. Based on the observation that functional regulatory motifs evolve more slowly than non-functional sequences, the method identifies potential regulatory motifs by detecting co... | 16420672 | PMC1414112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:35 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 30; 6(13):R113 |
Background
Understanding biological networks on a whole-genome scale is a key challenge in modern systems biology. Broad availability of diverse functional genomic data from protein-protein interaction, gene expression, localization, and regulation studies should enable fast and accurate generation of network models th... | 16420673 | PMC1414113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:35 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 19; 6(13):R114 |
Rationale
Efforts to utilize the rapidly growing number of large-scale datasets to describe the organization of cellular biochemical and genetic networks require sophisticated tools for graphical representation and comparison of experimental results. At the level of data analysis and hypothesis testing, heat map repres... | 16420674 | PMC1414114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:35 | no | Genome Biol. 2005 Dec 30; 6(13):R115 |
Background
The study of plant names is a quite old branche in ethnobotany. It is connected with comparative historical linguistics and Indo-European studies [1] or philological studies of singular languages, e.g. the dictionary of German plant names [2]. Names correspond with the perception and categorisation of plants... | 16512899 | PMC1420269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Mar 2; 2:13 |
Findings
Vaccinia virus (VV) is among the largest of the DNA viruses and represents the prototypic member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. It is an enveloped virus and possesses a linear double-stranded genome containing greater than 200 mostly non-overlapping open reading frames. Throughout its life cycle, VV replicates ex... | 16504157 | PMC1420270 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:54 | no | Virol J. 2006 Feb 27; 3:7 |
Background
Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first derived from the blastocysts of mice in 1981 [1,2] and humans in 1998 [3]. ES cells have two important properties: theability to maintain pluripotency, which is the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cells, and rapid proliferation. These characteristics make ... | 16504174 | PMC1420271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Feb 28; 6:11 |
Background
EGF receptor acts through Ras and the MAPK cascade to trigger differentiation and maintain survival of most cell types in the Drosophila retina [1-6]. Specification of retinal cells occurs as a 'morphogenetic furrow' spreads across the retinal epithelium from posterior to anterior. Because the morphogenetic ... | 16504047 | PMC1420272 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Feb 21; 6:8 |
Background
Induction of the COX-2 isoenzyme appears to play a major role in the genesis of central sensitization after nociceptive stimulation, with combined central and peripheral COX-2 inhibition acting synergistically to reduce the excitatory consequences of nociceptive input [1,2]. The selective COX-2 inhibitors ma... | 16529650 | PMC1420273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Mar 10; 6:3 |
Background
Cervical cancer remains one of the biggest killers of women worldwide. The epidemiology of cervical cancer is strongly related with a population's standard of living; thus, underdeveloped countries present elevated mortality rates that can be as high as >70 per 100,000 inhabitants [1]. In Mexico – as in many... | 16464243 | PMC1420274 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:40 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Feb 7; 6:3 |
Background
Oxidative stress, a condition in which oxidants overwhelm anti-oxidant defences, is associated with ageing and several brain pathologies. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), oxidative stress is one of the earliest events occurring prior to the onset of symptoms and it has been recognised as an essential contributor... | 16515691 | PMC1420275 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Mar 3; 3:4 |
Background
Sepsis is defined as occurring in patients who have evidence of local infection and two or more signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS, comprising perturbation of heart rate, respiratory rate, central temperature or peripheral leukocyte count)[1-3]. Despite intensive medical therapy, severe s... | 16480490 | PMC1420276 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Feb 15; 3:8 |
Background
The four susceptibility loci identified so far in T1D, the HLA class II gene complex [1], INS [2], CTLA4 [3] and PTPN22 [4,5] indicate that the regulation of T cell development, activation, expansion and homeostasis is a central component of disease development. A fifth locus, the IL2R2/CD25 region [6] await... | 16519819 | PMC1420277 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 6; 7:20 |
Background
In the twentieth century, computers began making it possible to store huge amounts of data through mass digital storage. It soon became clear that for stored data to be used, database management systems were needed. Database management systems (DBMS) help a user to locate and retrieve specific data/informati... | 16522200 | PMC1420278 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Mar 7; 6:13 |
The War on Marijuana: The Transformation of the War on Drugs in the 1990s
Federal law enforcement is targeted effectively at convicting major drug traffickers and punishing them with longer lockups in prison. [1]
-John Ashcroft, Former United States Attorney General
Background
Despite decades of discussion and inten... | 16469094 | PMC1420279 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Feb 9; 3:6 |
Background
Bipolar disorder is a recurring psychiatric condition, of chronic nature and highly invalidating. It is often under-diagnosed, thus delaying the administration of efficient treatments; it has been estimated that as many as one to two thirds of individuals with bipolar disorder do not receive appropriate trea... | 16524481 | PMC1420280 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Mar 8; 2:2 |
Background
Waiting times for important health interventions such as hip and knee replacements, cataracts, cancer surgery, and coronary artery bypass surgery have assumed increasing prominence in publicly funded health care systems globally. In Canada, waiting times have been identified as one of the crucial challenges ... | 16509992 | PMC1420281 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 1; 6:22 |
Background
Many patients' food intake is insufficient during hospitalisation, although their protein and energy intake can be increased significantly by optimising the nutritional care using available hospital food [1]. The focus on elderly medical patients' nutritional care is rooted in surprise over the distance betw... | 16457707 | PMC1420282 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 2; 6:7 |
Background
The number of blind people in Britain has been counted since 1851 and reports on the causes of low vision in England and Wales began in 1950 [1-6]. From the mid 1930's designated forms (BD8) signed by ophthalmologists were required in order to certify someone as blind or visually impaired. From 1991 the BD8 ... | 16524463 | PMC1420283 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 8; 6:58 |
Background
Dyspepsia is a common complaint in primary health care (PHC) in most western countries, accounting for 5% of all consultations in general practice [1]. Studies in Europe have reported incidence rates for functional dyspepsia between 8 per 1000 person-years [2] to 13 per 1000 person-years [3]. In Greece there... | 16515708 | PMC1420284 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 4; 6:56 |
Background
Recent increases in the prevalence of adolescent obesity have been widely documented. [1-5]. Whilst there is a common lay perception that the current generation of adolescents is less active than ever before[6], there is little published data to support this notion[1]. Furthermore, whilst there is evidence t... | 16522203 | PMC1420285 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 7; 6:57 |
Background
Breast cancer is a major cause of cancer death among women in the region of Lazio (central Italy, including Rome), and in all of Italy [1,2]. Several randomized clinical studies have shown that simple mastectomy is as effective as more radical treatment (Halsted's radical mastectomy) in terms of survival [3,... | 16464258 | PMC1420286 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 7; 6:25 |
Background
Studies concerning the effect of male exposure to ionizing radiation on human reproductive function have essentially focused on childhood cancer [1,2] and adverse pregnancy outcomes: stillbirths,[3,4] congenital malformations,[5,6] birth weight [7] and sex-ratio[8].
Only a few studies [9-11] have examined t... | 16515681 | PMC1420287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 3; 6:55 |
Background
The establishment of rapid expression and purification procedures for recombinant proteins has become a major challenge for biotechnology and indeed any laboratory which studies proteins. The genomic and structural genomic communities have driven the development of high-throughput cloning, expression and pur... | 16509985 | PMC1420288 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Mar 1; 6:12 |
Background
The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is increasing among children in many countries [1]. There is accumulating evidence that both genetic and environmental factors play important roles in the aetiology of allergic rhinitis. It is likely that there is a multilevel interaction between genetic and environmental ... | 16469096 | PMC1420289 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 9; 7(1):23 |
Background
The inhibition of gene expression mediated by antisense oligonucleotides (asODN) has a long history. The first asODN-based drug (Vitravene) for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced retinitis in AIDS patients has been approved [1], and several phase I, II and III trials for the treatment of cancer a... | 16480492 | PMC1420290 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 15; 7(1):26 |
Background
Proportional assist ventilation (PAV) is a new mode of assisted ventilation wherein the applied airway pressure is servo-controlled continuously throughout spontaneous inspiration, changing in proportion to the patient's breathing effort and allowing the patient to control the extent and timing of lung infla... | 16529660 | PMC1420291 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 10; 7(1):38 |
Background
Affymetrix GeneChip™ microarrays are used to measure gene expression for thousands of transcripts simultaneously. Each transcript is measured by 11–20 probesets, where a probeset consists of two almost identical sequences of length 25 bp. One member of the pair is the perfect match (PM) probe, where the sequ... | 16504060 | PMC1420292 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 22; 7:33 |
Background
Seeds are complex genetic entities with a diploid maternal genotype, derived from the ovary wall, a diploid embryo, with equal genetic contributions from the pollen donor and pollen recipient, and a triploid endosperm, in which the maternal genetic contribution is twice that of the paternal parent. Endosperm... | 16504176 | PMC1420293 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 28; 7:38 |
Background
A comprehensive understanding of any system, biological or non-biological, requires that we generate models for both its structure and history. This truism applies to genomics. The last decade has shown that an understanding of history can improve, sometimes dramatically, our understanding of the relation be... | 16522197 | PMC1420294 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 7; 7:44 |
Background
Chromosome 7 contains a region of the porcine genome in which the highest number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been mapped, affecting most notably growth, fat deposition and carcass composition [1-5]. Among all QTL detected on this chromosome, many have been mapped in an interval spanning the SLA com... | 16433907 | PMC1420295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jan 24; 7:13 |
Background
When today's medical students graduate, they will conduct patient encounters using multiple technology-enhanced decision support systems. Current medical student training in ambulatory settings may not prepare students for this type of practice. Students often learn from physicians who generate few (0.01 to ... | 16509977 | PMC1420296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Mar 1; 6:14 |
Introduction
Plant Methods is breaking new ground in plant science publishing by providing an open access outlet for refereed articles specifically devoted to technological innovation in plant biology. Plant Methods is published by BioMed Central and all its content is universally and freely available online to everyon... | 16515702 | PMC1420297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Mar 3; 2:6 |
Background
The role of patient advocacy is not new for nurses. Historically, patient advocacy has been a moral obligation for nurses. During recent years, nursing literature has been focused on the advocacy role and nursing professions has adopted the term 'patient advocacy' to denote an ideal of the practice [1]. Nurs... | 16509969 | PMC1420298 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Nurs. 2006 Mar 1; 5:3 |
Background
Effective therapy depends to a large extent on the adequate interpretation of early symptoms and the outcome of the diagnostic process [1]. These outcomes make a positive contribution to the communication between caregiver and patient and have a meaningful influence in goal setting for intervention. The rese... | 16504165 | PMC1420299 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Feb 27; 7:19 |
Background
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease with an unknown etiology characterized by an erosive synovitis. Genetic and environmental factors play an important role. Both humoral and cellular immune responses are present. In caucasians the prevalence of RA is 0.8–1% [1] and the inc... | 16483360 | PMC1420300 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Feb 16; 7:14 |
Background
According to the last census, Morocco has a population approaching 30 million people, experiencing a transition on different levels. In 2005, 55% of the population is living in urban areas, compared to 43% in 1982 and 29% in 1960. The Moroccan population is young, with 38% under the age of 14 years, and life... | 16522204 | PMC1420301 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Mar 7; 5:1 |
Background
The excision of introns from pre-mRNA is catalysed by the spliceosome, a macromolecular machine consisting of five small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) and a large number of non-snRNP proteins [1]. Spliceosome assembly proceeds via the step-wise recruitment of U1 snRNP, U2 snRNP, and U4/U6·U5 t... | 16512921 | PMC1420302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Mar 2; 7:7 |
Introduction
Liver is one of the most important organs in energy metabolism. Most plasma apolipoproteins, endogenous lipids and lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver [1,2], which depends on the integrity of cellular functions of liver [2,3]. Under normal physiological conditions, liver ensures homeostasis of lipid ... | 16515689 | PMC1420303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Mar 3; 5:4 |
Background
Distraction osteogenesis is a surgical process for reconstruction of skeletal deformities. It involves gradual, controlled displacement of surgically created fractures, which results in simultaneous expansion of soft tissue and bone volume. It was first used in limb lengthening by Codivilla [1] in 1905, and ... | 16524487 | PMC1420304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Mar 9; 5:18 |
Introduction
Antimicrobial proteins and peptides constitute an important part of the innate immune system of multicellular organisms including plants, insects and mammals [1]. The wide variety identified in recent years can be categorized into different structural classes including the amphipathic alpha helical peptide... | 16457734 | PMC1420305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Feb 4; 4:7 |
Background
Patients with non-specific abdominal complaints comprise a large proportion of primary care and gastroenterology practice [1-6]. Annually 15 out of every 1000 registered patients visit their general practitioner (GP) for new abdominal complaints [7]. Since chronic non-specific abdominal complaints are mainly... | 16512926 | PMC1420306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Mar 3; 7:12 |
Introduction
Gait disorders are often attributed either to muscles interfering with locomotor function or to muscles being prevented from performing their proper actions. Many options are available for addressing problems with individual muscles, including tendon transfers, tendon lengthenings, osteotomies, and localiz... | 16519796 | PMC1420307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Mar 6; 3:5 |
Background
More than 3 million malaria cases, with one million deaths due to malaria, are reported in sub-Saharan Africa, each year [1]. Historically, no malaria case has been reported on the Mount Kenya highlands in central Kenya [2]. The residents on the highlands west of the mountain began to notice this disease abo... | 16522206 | PMC1420308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Mar 7; 5:17 |
Background
Malaria is a major health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is estimated to be responsible for over 1 million deaths every year in children younger than five and pregnant women [1]. Out of the total human population in Africa, 15% live in highlands, where there are increasing risks for epidemics [1]. C... | 16480523 | PMC1420309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Feb 16; 5:13 |
Background
Exposure to both single and multiple restraint sessions has been a classic model of stress for over three decades. Restraint stress induces a number of changes in many brain regions, including suppression of long term potentiation and reduced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus [1,2], dendritic remodeling in h... | 16522198 | PMC1420310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Mar 7; 2:8 |
Background
A dermoid cyst or benign cystic teratoma is one of the most common tumors in women during reproductive life. Malignant transformation within a dermoid cyst is an infrequent occurrence estimated at less than 2% [1]. The most frequent malignant transformations are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma ... | 16509974 | PMC1420311 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 1; 6:47 |
Background
DNA microarray technology enables the investigator to quantitate gene expression of hundreds or thousands of genes from a single RNA sample. However, the various types of commercially available microarray technologies have different genomic targets, use different probes design methodologies, and different de... | 16522205 | PMC1420312 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 7; 6:54 |
Introduction
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare disease that usually occurs in the lung. It is also known as plasma cell granuloma, inflammatory pseudotumor, xanthogranuloma and fibrous histiocytoma [1]. The notion of IMT being a reactive lesion or a neoplasm is controversial [2]. Because of its rarity,... | 16522195 | PMC1420313 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Mar 7; 3:6 |
Background
The ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) family comprises membrane-spanning multi-domain proteins containing a metalloproteinase-like domain and a disintegrin-like domain. Approximately half of the ADAMs are catalytically active metalloproteases that shed a broad range of substrates, such as cytokines, g... | 16504143 | PMC1420314 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Feb 26; 7:19 |
Background
Behavioral sensitization corresponds to a progressive enhancement of locomotor responses following repeated exposure to cocaine or D-amphetamine (D-amph) [1]. When established, sensitization is long-lasting since it is observed after re-exposure to the drug several weeks or even one year later [2]. Sensitiza... | 16512905 | PMC1420315 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Mar 2; 7:20 |
Background
Dissociated cultures of cortical cells grown on multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) have been used in many studies of network physiology because of their superior accessibility compared to in vivo models, in terms of electrical recording and stimulation, pharmacological manipulation and imaging. These studies desc... | 16464257 | PMC1420316 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Feb 7; 7:11 |
Background
The practice of medicine has evolved through time to the current era of evidence based practice. Medical audit is thus vital to any clinical practice. Systematic approaches to peer review of medical care should be encouraged in order to identify opportunities for improvement and provide a mechanism for reali... | 16509997 | PMC1420317 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Mar 2; 6:8 |
Background
Despite considerable progress in understanding the patho-physiology of bladder dysfunction, there is presently no consistently effective treatment for disorders like the painful or overactive bladder syndromes. Painful bladder syndrome (PBS) is a chronic bladder hypersensitivity disorder that typically prese... | 16519806 | PMC1420318 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Mar 6; 6:6 |
Background
The UK diet is high in fat, particularly saturated fat, e.g. in 1992 over 40% of all energy intake was derived from fat, with over 15% coming from saturated fat alone [1]. The European Economic Community (EEC) nutrition policy goal suggested that only 20–30% of energy should be derived from fat [2]. There is... | 16539719 | PMC1420319 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Mar 15; 5:7 |
Background
Soft drinks are suspected to contribute to the global obesity crisis. For instance, the World Health Organization concluded that there is probable scientific evidence to support an association between soft drink consumption and obesity[1]. It reported that the marketing of soft drinks contributes to the glob... | 16526959 | PMC1420320 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Mar 9; 3:4 |
Background
Members of the parvulin family of peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases (EC 5.2.1.8) are involved in mitotic regulatory mechanisms and cell proliferation [1-4]. The human genome only encodes two parvulin proteins – Pin1 and Parvulin. Pin1 is a well studied mitotic regulator involved in cell cycle and transcri... | 16522211 | PMC1420321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Mar 7; 7:9 |
Scopus is an abstract and indexing database with full-text links that is produced by the Elsevier Co. The name, Scopus, was inspired by the bird, Hammerkop (Scopus umbretta), which reportedly has excellent navigation skills. The database, in development for two years, was developed working with 21 research institutions... | 16522216 | PMC1420322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 Mar 8; 3:1 |
Review
Introduction
Biological macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), and their analysis had an essential role in the rapid development of molecular genomics, biotechnology and medical diagnostics. One of the fastest growing areas in DNA/RNA analysis was the ... | 16512917 | PMC1420323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Mar 2; 5:9 |
Background
The advent of laser capture microdissection (LCM) technology has remarkably advanced cancer research. Developed in a collaborative effort between the National Institutes of Health and Arcturus Engineering in 1996, LCM has served as an invaluable tool for separating tumor cells from normal tissue within heter... | 16457726 | PMC1420324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Feb 3; 5:5 |
Background
The parapharyngeal space, an inverted pyramid-shaped region, extends from the skull base to the greater cornu of the hyoid bone [1]. Tumors of this space are rare, accounting for 0, 5 % of head and neck neoplasms [2]. Only 20% of these neoplasms are malignant and 50% of these neoplasms arise from the deep lo... | 16509976 | PMC1420325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Mar 1; 6:3 |
Background
Increasing evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may participate in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. Support to this comes from the experimental demonstration that vessel walls of patients with atherosclerotic risk factors are characterized by a signif... | 16519809 | PMC1420326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Mar 6; 7:14 |
Findings
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterised by primary demyelination with relative axonal sparing and by a clinical course that varies from relapsing remitting (RR) to chronic progressive (CP). Cognitive dysfunction occurs in 25–40% of patients w... | 16504169 | PMC1420327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Feb 27; 5:3 |
Background
Falls are a common and serious problem facing elderly people and are associated with considerable mortality and morbidity [1]. Forty to sixty percent of falls cause injuries with an estimated 5% of incident falls resulting in fractures[2,3]. Falls result in institutionalisation[4], hospitalisation[5] and inj... | 16542012 | PMC1420328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Feb 27; 7:5 |
Background
Several longitudinal studies have investigated the impact of different ECG abnormalities on future development of coronary heart disease (CHD) with morbidity, based on episodes of chest pain or mortality as end-points [1], excluding those with silent myocardial infarction (MI). The prevalence and prognosis o... | 16519804 | PMC1420329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Mar 6; 6:10 |
Background
Cells of actively growing tumors are exposed to varying micro-environmental conditions due to non-homogeneous vascular supply [1], leading to the development of localized regions in tumors having low oxygen tension, low glucose concentration and acidic extracellular pH due to accumulation of metabolic by-pro... | 16509995 | PMC1420330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Mar 2; 4:12 |
Background
Recently, the molecular study of the tumor microenvironment has taken a dramatic turn. It has now been shown in three different tissue types, breast, colon and prostate, that the cellular microenvironment surrounding the tumor epithelium actually demonstrates similar epigenetic changes to those found in the ... | 16512911 | PMC1420331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Mar 2; 4:13 |
Introduction
The completion of the human genome project together with the development and implementation of microarray technologies have opened new opportunities for progress in cancer research. For instance, an increasing number of molecular markers with prognostic and diagnostic potential have been identified in a br... | 16464241 | PMC1420332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Feb 7; 4:8 |
Background
An important task of bioinformatics research is to acquire and represent biomedical knowledge in computable form so that it can be efficiently stored, retrieved, and used for discovery of new knowledge. For example, the Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium [1] and the Gene Ontology Annotation (GOA) project [2] are ... | 16466569 | PMC1420333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 8; 7:58 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (~22 nt-long) non-protein-coding RNAs. In metazoans, miRNA initially thought to be primarily involved in post-transcriptional control [1] have now been shown to have profound and tissue-specific effects on mRNA transcript abundance across significant fractions of the transcriptom... | 16519803 | PMC1420334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:52 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 6; 7:112 |
Background
Controlled vocabularies and ontologies have evolved into essential tools in large-scale high-throughput scientific data annotation and retrieval. They ensure data consistency and increase the efficiency and accuracy of queries by standardizing the wide variations in terminology that may exist in a particular... | 16507094 | PMC1420335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 28; 7:97 |
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