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Introduction
Germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations are associated with a markedly increased lifetime risk of developing breast cancer [1,2] in female carriers. Not all mutation carriers develop breast cancer, and the age of onset of breast cancer remains unpredictable. Decisions regarding breast cancer risk management can ... | 16457692 | PMC1410769 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 14; 7(6):R1122-R1131 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer among western societies and its incidence increases constantly. Hormonal factors like early age at menarche, later age at menopause, later age at first full term pregnancy, and hormone replacement therapy are known to be the main risk factors for sporadic brea... | 16280050 | PMC1410770 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 11; 7(6):R987-R997 |
Introduction
Wnt-1-induced secreted protein 3 (CCN6/WISP3) is a cysteine-rich protein that belongs to the CCN (Cyr61, CTGF, Nov) family of genes, which also contains five other members: CCN1 (connective tissue growth factor or CTGF), CCN2 (Cyr61), CCN3 (Nov), CCN4 (WISP1) and CCN5 (WISP2) [1-3]. CCN4, the first cloned ... | 16457688 | PMC1410771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:27 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 8; 7(6):R1080-R1089 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasia and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women world-wide [1]. The majority of all new breast cancer cases have early stage tumors without lymph node involvement [2]. Based on the current clinical and pathological prognostic indicators such a... | 16457686 | PMC1410773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 2; 7(6):R1051-R1057 |
Introduction
Many epidemiological studies use cancer registration data collected by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and it is important that the data are reliable. The completeness and accuracy of cancer registration at a national and regional level have been evaluated [1] but no study has specifically examine... | 16457689 | PMC1410775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:51 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 9; 7(6):R1090-R1096 |
Introduction
Improvements in mammography screening now permit the detection of early breast lesions such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). These lesions represent the most rapidly growing subgroup of breast cancers and comprise nearly 20% of all newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer. Although DCIS is considered a no... | 16280035 | PMC1410776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Sep 13; 7(6):R881-R889 |
Introduction
The prevailing wisdom is that tamoxifen and other antiestrogens are active in preventing the development or progression of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancers only. Efficacy of tamoxifen for ER+ breast cancer has been clearly demonstrated in both metastatic and adjuvant settings. The benefit fr... | 16457695 | PMC1410777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2005 Nov 21; 7(6):R1153-R1158 |
Introduction
The circadian clocks of cyanobacteria, protists, plants, fungi, and animals produce self-sustained physiological rhythmicity that resonates with daily fluctuations in the environment. Circadian clocks regulate the timing of diverse behavioral and physiological functions, and many of the molecular component... | 16565745 | PMC1413497 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 24; 2(3):e39 |
Introduction
The theoretical basis for the resemblance between relatives due to genetic factors was developed by R.A. Fisher in a now famous and classic paper that reconciled Mendelian and biometrical genetics [1]. Following that theoretical basis, quantitative genetic parameters are estimated from the resemblance betw... | 16565746 | PMC1413498 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Mar 24; 2(3):e41 |
Background
The past few years have witnessed an enormous increase in the availability and quality of high-throughput data characterizing the status of cells at the genomic, proteomic, metabolic and physiological levels. In most cases, these data were interpreted as simple snapshots or in a comparative setting with the ... | 16441881 | PMC1413512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Jan 27; 3:4 |
Background
It has become increasingly apparent that the scope of immunization and immunotherapy is applicable not only to infectious agents but also to tumors. Persistent viruses and tumors escape immune surveillance by a variety of common mechanisms, one of the more prominent being down-regulation of class I major his... | 16507098 | PMC1413513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:54 | no | Virol J. 2006 Feb 28; 3:8 |
Background
Hopelessness is a system of negative expectations concerning oneself and one's future life [1]. It is an important concern in health and social care. Hopelessness is a strong predictor of suicide [2-4]. Suicide is closely associated with psychiatric illness, especially depression [5-7]. Though hopelessness i... | 16509984 | PMC1413514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Mar 1; 4:13 |
Background
Chronic hypoxia (CH) occurs in people living at high altitude and in children who suffer congenital heart disease with left to right shunt; it is also a main characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a major cause of death that affects a significant proportion of adults. Chronic alveolar hypox... | 16515695 | PMC1413515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Mar 3; 6:2 |
Background
There are multiple regulatory mechanisms influencing peripheral blood lymphocyte numbers that are responsible for the maintenance of cell numbers in homeostasis [[1] and reviewed in ref [2]]. An increasing number of studies in the last years, both in humans and animal models, point to the involvement of gene... | 16509978 | PMC1413516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 1; 7:16 |
Background
The 22q11.2 region is a hotspot for rearrangements due to deletions, duplications and translocations. These rearrangements result in altered gene dosage [1] and lead to congenital malformations including DiGeorge (DGS; MIM 188400)[2], velocardiofacial (VCFS; MIM 192430)[3], der(22) [4] and cat-eye (MIM 11547... | 16512914 | PMC1413517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 2; 7:18 |
Background
Heart rate has been implicated as a risk factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1-9], cancer [10,11], and sudden death in middle-aged men [12]. Furthermore, elevated heart rate has been shown to be an independent predictor of CVD[8,10,13]. Even after other risk factors have been controlled for, resting hear... | 16509988 | PMC1413518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 1; 7:17 |
Background
Although our diets contain an equal amount of cholesterol and plant sterols, only 30–60% of cholesterol and less than 5% of total plant sterols are absorbed daily [1,2]. Additionally, of the small amounts of non-cholesterol sterols (primarily plant sterols) that are absorbed, these are preferentially excrete... | 16507104 | PMC1413519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Feb 28; 7:13 |
Background
Although the traditional measures of mortality and morbidity are frequently used as primary end points in coronary heart disease (CHD), they have limitations because they require prolonged periods of observations and are expensive to measure.
Despite the obvious value of these measures, others like health r... | 16441887 | PMC1413520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:29 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jan 27; 6:18 |
Background
Approximately 470,000 infants (~12%) are born prematurely in the US each year. Virtually all infants born at ≤27 weeks gestation, ~80% of those delivered between 27 and 30 weeks' gestation, and approximately 30% of the infants born between 30 and 32 weeks' of gestation [1] will develop respiratory distress s... | 16509967 | PMC1413521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Mar 1; 6:11 |
Background
Kidney is one of the main excretory and homeostatic organs of the body. The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The development of a nephron involves a series of reciprocal tissue inductions between the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme. Induced metanephric mesenchyme... | 16464245 | PMC1413522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Feb 7; 7:1 |
Background
Heart failure (HF) is a common and serious condition that affects more than four million people in the United States [1]. Approximately 400,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, with mortality 6 years after diagnosis of 80% in men and 65% in women [1]. In Europe, the prevalence of symptomatic heart failure ... | 16515712 | PMC1413523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Mar 6; 7:3 |
Background
Apoptosis is the most widespread form of cell death, characterised by distinguished biochemical and morphological events triggered by signalling cascades and finely regulated by the products of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, and apoptosis-specific genes. It has proven useful to distinguish two main phas... | 16438719 | PMC1413524 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jan 26; 7:6 |
Background
Pycnogenol is a standardized bark extract of the French maritime pine Pinus pinaster (Pycnogenol®, Horphag Research Ltd., UK). It comprises of a concentrate of pine bark constituents such as polyphenolic monomers, procyanidins and phenolic or cinnamic acids and their glycosides [1]. About 65–75 % of the Pycn... | 16441890 | PMC1413525 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Jan 27; 3:1 |
Background
Genes and their protein products carry out cellular processes in the context of functional modules and are related to each other through a complex network of interactions [1]. Understanding an individual gene or protein's network properties within such networks may prove to be as important as understanding i... | 16515682 | PMC1413526 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 3; 7:40 |
Background
Biology is a discipline rooted in comparisons. Comparative studies have led to the assembly of a detailed catalogue of biological similarities and, also, of differences between species, yielding insights into the mechanisms by which organisms and their genomes adapt to a wide range of ecological niches. Geno... | 16466575 | PMC1413527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 8; 7:20 |
Background
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) implicates the transfer of genetic material between species. Genes acquired by this process can provide novel functions to the recipient organism, particularly when that organism is naive for functions associated with the newly acquired gene(s). Therefore, HGT has the potential... | 16472398 | PMC1413528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 10; 7:22 |
Background
Cervical cancer is the commonest malignancy of women in Uganda [1,2]. Over 80% of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer in Mulago hospital present with advanced disease, [3,4]. Cervical cancer is largely preventable by effective screening programmes and considerable reduction in cervical cancer incidence a... | 16509979 | PMC1413529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:29 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Mar 1; 6:13 |
Background
The electronic surgeon's logbook for Higher Trainees in General Surgery was initially devised by the Specialist Advisory Committee in General Surgery (SAC) and the Association of Surgeons in Training (ASiT)[1]. This did away with paper based logbooks and brought about some uniformity in collection of data. T... | 16509987 | PMC1413530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:29 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Mar 1; 6:15 |
Background
Assessment of pain in infants has remained somewhat of an enigma over the past two decades. Although a plethora of infant pain measures has been developed [1], they are infrequently and inconsistently used in clinical practice. This paucity of assessment is particularly evident in infants who are the most vu... | 16457711 | PMC1413531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Feb 2; 6:1 |
Background
Despite continuing advances in neonatal care and decades of improving outcomes, it has recently been reported that survival rates have leveled-off in premature infants during the 1990s [1-3]. In the state of Delaware, infant mortality rates improved during the early 1990s similar to national trends, only to ... | 16460568 | PMC1413532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Feb 6; 6:2 |
Background
The Viridiplantae (literally meaning green plants) include all green algae and embryophyte plants. They represent a monophyletic group of organisms, which display a surprising diversity with respect to their morphology, cell architecture, life histories and reproduction, and their biochemistry. The colonizat... | 16476162 | PMC1413533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Feb 13; 6:2 |
Background
Personal continuity of care, or an ongoing therapeutic relationship between a patient and their clinician, has been a core value for general and family practice since the 1950s [1-5]. However, its relevance in the 21st century has been questioned, particularly in countries where health service organisation m... | 16504130 | PMC1413534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Feb 24; 7:11 |
Background
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhi, which is acquired by ingestion of contaminated food and water. Each year the disease affects at least 16 million persons world-wide, most of whom reside in the developing countries of Southea... | 16504150 | PMC1413535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 27; 6:38 |
Background
Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus belongs to the betahemolytic Group C streptococci, which can cause disease both in animals and humans [1]. S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus may be found in the nasopharynx, on the tonsils, in the respiratory tract, and on the genital mucous membranes of healthy horses ... | 16504158 | PMC1413536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 27; 6:36 |
Background
The biosynthesis and/or scavenging of arginine are important during host colonization by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. In urine, expression of the E. coli argCBH operon and artJ, encoding a periplasmic transporter, increases more than 10 fold [1] and 18 fold [2], respectively. Synthesis of arginine is like... | 16504055 | PMC1413537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Feb 22; 6:14 |
Background
Viroids, satellite RNAs, satellites viruses and the human hepatitis delta virus (HDV) are the smallest known infectious RNA agents, identified as the Subviral RNAs. The HDV genome consists of a small single-stranded, circular negative sense RNA genome (~1,700 nucleotides, nt) containing self-cleaving motifs ... | 16519798 | PMC1413538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 6; 6:24 |
Background
Brucella is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes abortion in cattle, goats and sheep and a febrile illness ("undulant fever") in humans. Animal brucellosis is a serious problem worldwide and is endemic globally. In areas where it is endemic, human brucellosis is quite common but often not diagnos... | 16504063 | PMC1413539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Feb 22; 6:13 |
Background
Bacillus anthracis and B. cereus are two closely related gram-positive species belonging to the B. cereus group (B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. weihenstephanensis, B. pseudomycoides and B. mycoides). Despite their close genetic relatedness, in general B. anthracis has several phenotypic charac... | 16515693 | PMC1413540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 3; 6:22 |
pmcBackground
Salt ponds are enclosed or mostly enclosed water bodies that occur within coastal mangrove wetlands. They are typically hypersaline, as defined by Hammer, 1986 [1], with water salinities typically in excess of 50 parts per thousand (ppt) [2]. Salt ponds and their surrounding mangrove forests, together kn... | 16504156 | PMC1413541 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:40 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Feb 27; 2:2 |
Background
Falls are one of the major health care concerns for older adults and their impact is a significant public health problem. Annually, about one-third of community-dwellers over age 65 fall, and half of those will have a repeat fall[1-3]. Falls are responsible for two-thirds of all unintentional injury deaths i... | 16441893 | PMC1413542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Jan 27; 14:3 |
Background
Metastatic disease is the most common malignant bone tumor [1], with the humerus being the second most common long bone to be involved after the femur [1-3]. This can result in pain, loss of function and pathological fracture. The healing potential of pathologically fractured bone is low, hence the need for ... | 16509975 | PMC1413543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Mar 1; 3:5 |
Background
Computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) is widely used for health surveillance surveys. The main advantages of CATI over the traditional face-to-face interviewing are timeliness and substantial cost reduction to achieve the same sample size and geographical coverage via residential telephones. In Aus... | 16504117 | PMC1413544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Feb 24; 6:6 |
Background
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is an important regulator of epithelial cell growth. Conflicting data exist about the influence of TGF-β on the development and progression of breast cancer. The growth of many human breast cancer cell lines is inhibited by TGF-β [1,2] due to an inhibition of cell divi... | 16438724 | PMC1413545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 26; 6:25 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, both in the developed and developing world, with annual incidence rates ranging from 11.8 per 100,000 in eastern China to 86.3 per 100,000 in North America[1]. During recent decades the incidence of breast cancer has increased in Western Europe and the Un... | 16430776 | PMC1413546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jan 23; 6:17 |
Background
Since the mid-1980's, extended radical esophagectomy with three-field (neck, mediastinum, and abdomen) lymph node dissection has been performed, and it seems to have improved survival of patients with esophageal cancer [1-3]. However, there is recurrence in 27~52% of operated patients and locoregional recurr... | 16515704 | PMC1413547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 4; 6:50 |
Background
In an effort to understand follicular growth and oocyte development in the human, many animal models of folliculogenesis are in use [1-6]. Each of these models has specific similarities to the human and where one model may be inadequate, another may provide the appropriate characteristics for experimentation... | 16509981 | PMC1413548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2006 Mar 1; 3:2 |
Background
Cough is the commonest symptom for which patients seek medical advice [1] but the quality of cough sounds is currently largely ignored in the clinical examination of adults. Like many physical symptoms and signs in clinical medicine the value of assessing the cough sound is unclear. The inter-observer repeat... | 16436200 | PMC1413549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Cough. 2006 Jan 25; 2:1 |
Background
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) represents a group of heritable neurodegenerative storage diseases in man, mice, and several domestic animals like cattle, sheep, goat, cat, and certain dog breeds [1]. NCL diseases are characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent cytoplasmic storage bodies in cel... | 16515703 | PMC1413550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Mar 3; 7:13 |
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system. MS patients may be affected by a relapsing-remitting form of the disease, but a large proportion of patients will progress to a secondary progressive form of the disease, which results in a gradual and progressive l... | 16512913 | PMC1413551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Mar 2; 6:12 |
Background
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominantly transmitted neurodegenerative disorder based on expansions of translated CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene beyond a threshold of 36 to >200 units. The characteristic motor feature of HD is chorea, but parkinsonism and involuntary movements such as dystoni... | 16507108 | PMC1413552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:14 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Feb 28; 6:11 |
Background
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is one of the most common autosomal recessive diseases, affecting approximately 1 in 6,000 to 10,000 live births, and is the leading hereditary cause of infant mortality [1,2]. SMA is a neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons that results in progressive muscle weakness and de... | 16451734 | PMC1413553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Feb 1; 6:6 |
Background
Hyperlipidemia and hypertension are prevalent and often co-existing conditions among patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) [1]. Prior studies have found significant gaps in the achievement of nationally recommended low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and blood pressure (BP) levels [2-5]. A basic p... | 16469100 | PMC1413554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Feb 9; 6:6 |
Background
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrial countries. The exercise stress test is commonly used for diagnosing CHD. The first and most widely applied electrocardiogram (ECG) marker used to indicate ischemia during exercise is depression of the ST segment [1], b... | 16515696 | PMC1413555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Mar 3; 6:9 |
Background
There is substantial clinical and experimental evidence to indicate that gender influences the myocardial response to hemodynamic overload with female sex having a beneficial effect [1-5]. In the clinical setting, for example, studies have reported that females have increased cardiac hypertrophy, more concen... | 16509993 | PMC1413556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Mar 1; 6:8 |
Review
Hydralazine as an antihypertensive
Hydralazine, a potent arterial vasodilator that reduces peripheral resistance directly by relaxing the smooth muscle cell layer in arterial vessels, has long been used for management of hypertensive disorders and heart failure [1,2]; nonetheless, its current use is limited near... | 16507100 | PMC1413557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Feb 28; 4:10 |
Background
The ability to express alternate phenotypes enables populations to colonize and persist in variable environments [1-4]. However, the role of phenotypic plasticity in the evolution of traits, and subsequent diversification and speciation, is understood in relatively few instances [4]. Populations experiencing... | 16512919 | PMC1413558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Mar 2; 4:6 |
Background
The family Accipitridae comprises approximately 237 species of predatory birds distributed worldwide except Antarctica [1], with diversity concentrated in the Neotropics [1,2]. Despite numerous taxonomic revisions (e.g., [3,4]), the evolutionary history of the family has not been sufficiently explored using ... | 16464261 | PMC1413559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Feb 7; 6:10 |
Background
Receptor-mediated signal transduction is the subject of intense research since it plays a crucial role in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions. The ligand binding to a receptor triggers conformational changes that allow for receptor dimerization and phosphorylation of numerous residues. The subs... | 16430778 | PMC1413560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jan 23; 7:34 |
Background
Many diseases develop because of errors in signaling, and newer therapeutics specifically target proteins involved in cellular signaling [1,2]. However, these therapies are not always effective [3], and the reason for failure, whether inherent poor interaction or complex cellular response, is unknown. In ord... | 16507110 | PMC1413561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 28; 7:99 |
Background
In the last few years the methodology of biochemical research has undergone tremendous changes. Various massively-parallel techniques have been developed, generating ever-increasing amounts of experimental data, from which a top-down view of the biochemistry of an organism is made possible. These methods inc... | 16519817 | PMC1413562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 6; 7:109 |
Background
Several different algorithms for detection of periodically expressed genes in DNA microarray temporal profiles have been proposed [1-7]. Theoretical and algorithmic foundations for the detection algorithms include for example Fourier analysis [1,2], spline modelling [6], single-pulse models [5], and partial ... | 16469110 | PMC1413563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 9; 7:63 |
Background
The Gene Ontology (GO) project [1] arose partly in response to the problem of non-uniform assignment of genomic annotations. Biological databases are notorious for the inconsistency of their annotation terminology, and attempts to apply statistical methods based on annotations across, or even within, genomes... | 16504139 | PMC1413564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 25; 7:94 |
Many studies show that tweaking a single gene can extend life span in the worm and other model organisms. That's nice for them, you may say, but what about humans? It stands to reason that if manipulating a key gene can increase longevity in these animals, humans may well harbor genetic variants, or alleles, that confe... | 20076557 | PMC1413565 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 4; 4(4):e119 |
There's some unwritten law of stadium parking that says after any event some fraction of hapless souls must perform an embarrassing reenactment of
Dude, Where's My Car? It might seem like a simple thing to remember until you consider that the brain must often process and retain new memories while simultaneously tending... | 20076554 | PMC1413566 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 4(4):e116 |
Introduction
Manipulation of single genes can confer longevity in lower organisms, supporting the notion that understanding pathways for exceptional longevity may be possible in humans. Because the contribution of genetics to lifespan is estimated to be only ˜20%, a way to enhance the odds of identifying genetic factor... | 16602826 | PMC1413567 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 4; 4(4):e113 |
Introduction
The challenge of the postgenomic era is not only to assign functions to individual genes, but also to determine how sets of genes act in concert to control biological processes. This formidable task is even more daunting when one attempts to understand the complex genetic programs underlying nervous system... | 16602821 | PMC1413568 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 4(4):e86 |
Introduction
Much of the computation performed by transcription networks occurs in the DNA
cis-regulatory region (CRR) of each gene. Most genes are regulated by multiple regulators (inputs) that bind their CRR. The way that these inputs combine to determine the rate of transcription is described by the
cis-regulatory i... | 16602820 | PMC1413569 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 4(4):e45 |
Introduction
Chemical transformations catalyzed by enzymes are central to biology, and enzymes have evolved to carry out these transformations with enormous rate enhancements and exquisite specificities. Decades of research have demystified enzymes, elucidating important features of their catalytic power. Numerous stru... | 16602823 | PMC1413570 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 4(4):e99 |
Introduction
Human [
1–
4] and animal [
5–
9] studies have revealed experience-dependent reactivations of regional cerebral activity during post-training sleep, in brain areas previously engaged in learning during wakefulness. Furthermore, in humans, post-training reactivations in hippocampal ensembles have been found ... | 16602824 | PMC1413571 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:16 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 4(4):e100 |
The sugar on your table and the oxygen in the air don't spontaneously ignite, but why not? The answer is that the conversion from reactants—sugar plus oxygen—to products—carbon dioxide plus water—requires the reactants to first adopt an extremely unstable configuration, called the transition state, in which their bonds... | 20076562 | PMC1413572 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 4(4):e133 |
It is easy to think of a gene acting like a light bulb, switching either on or off, remaining silent, or being transcribed by the RNA-making machinery. The region of DNA that controls the gene's output is called its regulatory region, and in this simple (and too simplistic) scenario, that region would act like a simple... | 20076563 | PMC1413573 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 4(4):e64 |
Introduction
Insulin-like signaling has dramatic effects on longevity in several organisms. Genetic mutations reducing insulin-like signaling can extend adult lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and, possibly, mice (Tatar et al., 2003; Baba et al., 2005). An enticing extension of these findings ... | 16441841 | PMC1413578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 17:18:14 | no | Aging Cell. 2006 Feb; 5(1):31-37 |
Introduction
Plants synthesize an array of chemical compounds that are not involved in their primary metabolism. These ‘secondary compounds’ instead serve a variety of ecological functions, ultimately to enhance the plant's survival during stress (Winkel-Shirley, 2002). In addition, these compounds may be responsible f... | 16441844 | PMC1413581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 17:18:15 | no | Aging Cell. 2006 Feb; 5(1):59-68 |
Background
The RNA molecule plays a critical role in transferring information encoded in the genome (DNA) to the many different forms of proteins. After extracting RNA from cells by various methods, scientists are provided with a direct measure of cellular activity using gene expression measurement techniques. Among th... | 16448564 | PMC1413964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Jan 31; 7:3 |
Introduction
Ten to fifteen percent of women with breast cancer also have close relatives affected, and in many multiple-case families susceptibility to the disease appears to manifest as a dominantly inherited Mendelian trait. The BRCA1 locus on chromosome 17 co-segregates with breast cancer and is characteristic of f... | 16507150 | PMC1413975 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 13; 8(1):R12 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women. Surgical removal of the tumor followed by radiation is the therapeutic mainstay for early disease [1]. Inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor BRCA1 (breast cancer susceptibility gene 1) are associated with significantly increased risk of... | 16417649 | PMC1413977 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 9; 8(1):R1 |
Introduction
There is increasing evidence that normal tissue stem cells are the cells of origin of many cancers, and the identification of such cells is, therefore, key to understanding the aetiology of carcinogenesis [1-4]. Stem cell identification strategies rely on the prospective isolation of candidate cell populat... | 16417656 | PMC1413978 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 12; 8(1):R7 |
Introduction
Use of menopausal hormone therapy has been shown to increase the risk of breast cancer[1], and data indicate that combined medium potency estrogen-progestin therapy (mainly estradiol or conjugated estrogens combined with progestin) is associated with a higher risk for breast cancer than medium potency estr... | 16507159 | PMC1413980 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 17; 8(1):R11 |
Introduction
Over 80% of women suffering from advanced breast cancer ultimately develop bone metastases [1,2]. As revealed by observations published more than a decade ago [3], patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive neoplasms are more prone to develop skeletal secondaries. Metastatic breast cancer cells stimulat... | 16417650 | PMC1413981 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 12; 8(1):R2 |
Introduction
Around one-third of women attending the UK National Health Service Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) from 1996 to 2000 were using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) at the time and about 16% were former users [1]. Women undergoing mammography are at a higher risk of being recalled to assessment with no su... | 16417651 | PMC1413983 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 23; 8(1):R8 |
Introduction
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the most important breast cancer susceptibility genes identified to date. A recent meta-analysis of 22 population-based studies of breast and ovarian cancer [1] estimated the risk for breast cancer by age 70 years in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers to be 65% and 45%, respectively. The correspo... | 16417652 | PMC1413985 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 12; 8(1):R3 |
Introduction
Estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) belong to the nuclear receptor family and function as hormone inducible transcription factors in target cells [1]. ERα is thought to mediate the mitogenic actions of estrogen by inducing the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, including cyclin D1, MYC and st... | 16417658 | PMC1413986 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jan 3; 8(1):R10 |
Introduction
Biological features of endocrine responsiveness, namely the overexpression of estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PgR), are important predictive and prognostic markers in breast cancers [1]. About 50% of patients with ER-positive primary tumors that relapse after adjuvant tamoxifen therapy... | 16417653 | PMC1413988 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:52 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 7; 8(1):R4 |
Introduction
Enlarged terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) are common alterations in the adult female human breast. They are typically lined by crowded columnar epithelial cells, and the degree of enlargement can be substantial (Fig. 1). They have been discussed intermittently in the medical literature since the early 1... | 16417654 | PMC1413990 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 16; 8(1):R6 |
Introduction
Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived leukocytes specialized in antigen presentation [1]. They play an essential role in initiating and directing cellular and humoral immunity, including antitumor responses. Tumor production of immunosuppressive factors (cytokines, arachidonic acid metabolites, gly... | 16417648 | PMC1413992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 16; 8(1):R5 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women in North America [1,2]. It is a complex disease in which multiple genetic factors can combine to drive pathogenesis [3-5]. Changes in copy numbers of genes such as ERBB2 and c-MYC have bee... | 16417655 | PMC1413994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Jan 3; 8(1):R9 |
Introduction
The potent vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) is released in response to sepsis and endotoxemia [1,2]. Recent investigations have shown that in rats subjected to cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) the plasma concentration of ET-1 increases until a maximum has been reached 10 to 12 h after the surgi... | 16280068 | PMC1413997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Oct 18; 9(6):R677-R686 |
Introduction
Weaning (or discontinuation) from mechanical ventilation is definitive cessation of mechanical ventilation and differs from extubation, which is removal of the endotracheal tube [1,2]. Determining the optimal time at which to discontinue mechanical ventilation must not be based simply on clinical impressio... | 16356229 | PMC1413999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 16; 9(6):R798-R807 |
Introduction
Fungi are an increasingly important cause of nosocomial infections in intensive care units (ICUs) [1,2]. Systemic fungal infections are difficult to diagnose and are associated with substantial morbidity, attributable mortality, prolonged hospital stay, and healthcare costs [1-6]. Despite advances in medic... | 16280069 | PMC1414000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:33 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Oct 25; 9(6):R710-R717 |
Introduction
Since the American College of Chest Physicians and the Society of Critical Care Medicine proposed broad definitions of the terms 'sepsis' and the 'systemic inflammatory response syndrome' (SIRS) in 1992 [1], the concept of sepsis has changed dramatically. However, despite recent progress in new therapies, ... | 16280061 | PMC1414001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:32 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Oct 11; 9(6):R653-R661 |
Introduction
We describe a case of refractory status epilepticus (RSE) secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI) requiring 25 days of pharmacological coma with subsequent excellent neurological recovery. A review of the relevant literature on RSE, including diagnostic and treatment issues as well as the difficult ethic... | 16280070 | PMC1414004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Oct 27; 9(6):R725-R728 |
Introduction
Cardiac troponin is specific to the myocardium, and levels in the serum rise 3–4 hours after the occurrence of cardiac symptoms in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) [1]. Because of its high sensitivity and specificity, elevated levels of troponin indicate myocardial damage but not the mechanis... | 16280062 | PMC1414005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 28; 9(6):R636-R644 |
Introduction
The development of agents aimed at reducing mortality from severe sepsis has been predicated on the hypothesis that death results from sepsis-induced organ dysfunction, the latter being the consequence of an excessive or uncontrolled host response to the infection [1-3]. Fundamental to this hypothesis is t... | 16280057 | PMC1414006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:30 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Sep 22; 9(6):R607-R622 |
Introduction
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in critically ill patients in the USA. It develops in 750,000 people annually, and more than 210,000 of these die [1,2]. About 9% of patients with sepsis progress to severe sepsis, and 3% progress to septic shock [3]. Early and accurate diagnosis and risk assessment are... | 16356231 | PMC1414007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 15; 9(6):R816-R824 |
Introduction
Septic shock is usually accompanied by acute renal injury, heralded by a drop in diuresis. However, when standard intermittent haemodialysis (IHD) is used to treat renal failure, the initiation of renal replacement therapy is often delayed by concerns about haemodynamic tolerance. With the availability of ... | 16356224 | PMC1414012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:33 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 9; 9(6):R755-R763 |
Introduction
Spontaneous breathing in any phase of the mechanical ventilator cycle is possible during airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), a technique that provides ventilatory support by time-cycled switching between two continuous positive airway pressure levels [1-3]. Studies in patients with acute lung injur... | 16356227 | PMC1414014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:33 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 16; 9(6):R780-R789 |
Introduction
The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) is commonly used to assess the performance of intensive care units (ICUs) by comparing the observed hospital mortality with the mortality predicted by statistical models [1,2]. This approach is valid only when it is used with models characterized by excellent calibrat... | 16280063 | PMC1414016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:33 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Oct 6; 9(6):R645-R652 |
Introduction
Strict glycemic control is increasingly recognized as an important goal in a broad spectrum of critically ill patients, even in the absence of pre-existing diabetes. After myocardial infarction, stress hyperglycemia is associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality in both diabetic and non-diab... | 16356228 | PMC1414017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:33 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 16; 9(6):R790-R797 |
Introduction
Goal-directed therapy (GDT) is a term used to describe the use of cardiac output or similar parameters to guide intravenous fluid and inotropic therapy. When commenced in the pre-operative period, this technique has been shown to improve outcome after major general surgery [1-3]. Although the number of pos... | 16356219 | PMC1414018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 8; 9(6):R687-R693 |
Introduction
Infection in hospitals continues to be a major concern for health boards and trusts throughout the UK and the rest of the world. Severe sepsis (infection-induced organ failure) usually develops as a consequence of infection in general medical and surgical wards, and is often initially managed by the non-in... | 16356225 | PMC1414020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:31 | no | Crit Care. 2005 Nov 11; 9(6):R764-R770 |
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