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Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans is typically characterised by persistent high virus load, failure of the immune response to clear the virus, and fatal disease outcome. Natural hosts of closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs)—e.g., sooty mangabeys [1,2]—maintain comparably... | 16609728 | PMC1434788 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:31 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e15 |
Introduction
The parasite protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, a malady that afflicts almost 20 million people in South America and Central America, with more than 20,000 deaths reported each year [1,2]. Two different ecosystems exist for T. cruzi: one related to wild hemiptera and generally involving wil... | 16609729 | PMC1434789 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e24 |
Introduction
Type I interferons (IFNs) are rapidly mobilized in response to viral infection and trigger potent antiviral responses. One such response is the induction by IFN of a family of 2′5′ oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS); upon activation by virally encoded dsRNA, these enzymes produce 5′-phosphorylated 2′-5′ link... | 16609730 | PMC1434790 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:38:12 | yes | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e25 |
Prion Diseases and Prion Proteins
Prion diseases, sometimes referred to as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), affect a variety of mammals. These neurodegenerative diseases are incurable, with pathogenesis in the central nervous system leading slowly but inexorably to death. These diseases are exemplified ... | 16609731 | PMC1434791 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:31 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Mar 31; 2(3):e26 |
The proportion of leading women in science is so small that it can be difficult to know who they are. To increase the visibility of European women from post-docs to senior group leaders, a Database of Expert Women in the Molecular Life Sciences (
http://www.elso-cdc.org) has been created by the European Life Sciences O... | 16602822 | PMC1435409 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:49 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 11; 4(4):e97 |
A phids have never enjoyed a particularly good press. Their huddled masses rain excrement on our parked cars and bring disease and destruction to the crops and gardens of almost all temperate regions. But in the aphid rogues' gallery, one species has pride of place, the arch villain of them all—the grape phylloxera, wh... | 0 | PMC1435410 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 11; 4(4):e102 |
For far too long, conservation scientists and practitioners have depended on intuition and anecdote to guide the design of conservation investments. If we want to ensure that our limited resources make a difference, we must accept that testing hypotheses about what policies protect biological diversity requires the sam... | 16602825 | PMC1435411 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 11; 4(4):e105 |
When we consider the extraordinary abilities of our brains, we tend to focus on much-valued capabilities for the manipulation of abstract symbols and for the representation of the self. It is these capabilities that allow us to use language, do mathematics, create music, play chess, and maintain, as we do all this and ... | 16602828 | PMC1435412 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 11; 4(4):e122 |
In
PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 3, DOI:
10.1371/journal.pbio.0040072
Because of a typesetting error, the symbol “σ” is incorrectly displayed as “s” in the legends of Figures 1, 2, and 5.
In the Results section, the sentence “These data consist of ∼800,000 polymorphic SNPs in a total of 309 unrelated individuals” sh... | 0 | PMC1435413 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Apr 11; 4(4):e154 |
Introduction
The genetic patterns in human societies are often fashioned by their cultural practices. For example, it has been hypothesized that due to widespread phenomenon of patrilocality (a pattern of residence where the female spouse after marriage resides in the in-law's house) Y-chromosome variants tend to be mo... | 16617372 | PMC1435684 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Apr 14; 2(4):e53 |
The travel experiences of one Lemuel Gulliver were first published in 1726 (1). Captain Gulliver, an ordinary, middle-class Englishman, has a series of remarkable adventures, beginning with his trip to the island of Lilliput. Gulliver awakes on the island after surviving a shipwreck to discover that tiny human beings h... | 16164805 | PMC1435699 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:53 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A01 |
Introduction
In public health, because of our commitment to advocacy, there is always the danger of becoming a believer — becoming so convinced about the issues one is pursuing that it becomes difficult to consider new information objectively. Although a degree of subjectivity is inherent in all scientific inquiry, on... | 16164806 | PMC1435700 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:20 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A02 |
Introduction
The use of participatory research has been recognized as an effective way to increase the accountability of researchers to the communities they study. Health-related participatory research is designed to enhance research relevance and quality and empower communities to use the results to improve the condi... | 16164807 | PMC1435701 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A03 |
Introduction
Milk and health
Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that diet plays a major role in premature morbidity and mortality in the United States (1). Poor diet and a lack of physical activity may eventually overtake smoking as the leading preventable causes of death (2). Campaigns promoting positive chan... | 16164809 | PMC1435702 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:18:55 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A05 |
Introduction
Diabetes has become one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the United States; approximately 8.2% of the population has been diagnosed with the disease (1). Minority populations, especially American Indians, have a disproportionately higher rate of diabetes (2-5). Indian Health Service (IHS) data fo... | 16164810 | PMC1435703 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:45 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A06 |
Introduction
Clinical trials have demonstrated that patients with diabetes who achieve optimal blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels are much less likely to experience complications than those who do not achieve recommended treatment targets (1-3). The complexity of diabetes care has increased markedly... | 16164812 | PMC1435705 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:38 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A08 |
Introduction
Physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity are strongly associated with increased mortality and morbidity, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, degenerative joint disease, depression, and cancer (1-5). The burden of these adverse health risks has become apparent at both the individual an... | 16164813 | PMC1435706 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:45:23 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A09 |
Introduction
Increasingly, there have been calls for reducing health disparities based on socioeconomic position and race and ethnicity (1) and for implementing community interventions that address segments of the population in which risk for chronic disease is concentrated (2,3). Few papers in the literature, however... | 16164814 | PMC1435707 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:16:18 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A10 |
Introduction
It is firmly established that regular physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of many chronic diseases and increases longevity (1). A joint statement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American College of Sports Medicine concluded that moderate-intensity PA performed for 30 minute... | 16164815 | PMC1435708 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:24:39 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A11 |
Introduction
The first goal of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' (DHHS's) Healthy People 2010 is to help individuals in the United States improve their quality of life and life expectancy (1). With numerous other federal, state, and local agencies, DHHS monitors the health of individuals, communities, ... | 16164816 | PMC1435709 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:16:42 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A12 |
Introduction
American Indians are defined by the Surgeon General as "persons who have origins in any of the original peoples of North America and who maintain that cultural identification through self-identification, tribal affiliation, or community recognition" (1). American Indians smoke manufactured cigarettes at r... | 16164817 | PMC1435710 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:36 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A13 |
Introduction
As part of a comprehensive tobacco-control strategy, public health experts recommend insurance coverage for evidence-based smoking-cessation treatments (SCTs) such as smoking-cessation medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1-3). These medications can double or triple the likeliho... | 16164819 | PMC1435712 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:47:01 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A15 |
Introduction
The relationship between science and policy is an important topic in evidence-based public health policy and practice (1). It seems logical to assume that as scientific research generates more quality findings, policymakers will make better decisions. However, numerous underlying obstacles exist (2).
A s... | 16164820 | PMC1435713 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:16:11 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A16 |
Cover of Minority Populations and Health: An Introduction to Health Disparities in the United States
Minority Populations and Health: An Introduction to Health Disparities in the United States, by Thomas A. LaVeist, provides a theoretical and methodological framework for examining the determinants of health and factor... | 0 | PMC1435714 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A17 |
In Reply:
On behalf of my coauthors and myself, I would like to thank Dr Bolin for initiating a discussion of dental sealants (1) and encouraging us to expand our comments beyond those conveyed in our abstract (2). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention promotes school-based and other publicly provided sealant... | 0 | PMC1435715 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:18:45 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A18 |
In the PDF version of the article “New Mexico’s Capacity for Increasing the Prevalence of Colorectal Cancer Screening With Screening Colonoscopies,” Table 4 (of four tables) was omitted. The table, “Barriers to Performing Additional Endoscopic Tests, Results of a Survey of Gastroenterologists, New Mexico, 2001,” did, h... | 0 | PMC1435716 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:19:01 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Sep 15; 2(4):A19 |
Background
Out of the total 4, 22, 000 flowering plants reported from the world [1], more then 50,000 are used for medicinal purposes [2]. In India, more than 43% of the total flowering plants are reported to be of medicinal importance [3]. Utilization of plants for medicinal purposes in India has been documented long ... | 16545146 | PMC1435742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Mar 20; 2:14 |
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD), once thought of as a purely motor disorder, is linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in several ways. Many PD patients develop memory deficits, delirium, and other hallmarks of dementia late in the course of their disease [1,2]. Dementia with Lewy bodies is now a well-recognized entity... | 16542445 | PMC1435743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Mar 16; 3:5 |
Background
In the development of the mammalian retina, a diverse range of cell types is generated from a pool of multipotent retinal progenitor cells. Among these cell types, photoreceptors account for over 70% of all cells in the retina. In vertebrates, there are two classes of photoreceptors, rods and cones. Rods are... | 16539743 | PMC1435744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Mar 16; 6:15 |
Background
In recent years, interest in the development and dissemination of health care data has increased within the United States. This interest has been fueled by the widespread use of digital technology to share information and the production of electronic medical record data by providers of care [1-3].
For many ... | 16549023 | PMC1435745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Mar 20; 6:17 |
Background
In the last decade, second generation antipsychotics (SGA) have shown several advantages over first generation antipsychotics (FGA) in terms of positive, negative, cognitive, and affective symptoms and a lower propensity for extrapyramidal side effects [1,2]. Despite these undeniable advantages, SGA have bee... | 16542430 | PMC1435746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Mar 16; 6:11 |
Background
On 26 December 2004, the largest earthquake of the past 40 years occurred off the west coast of northern Sumatra and generated the most deadly and devastating tsunami in recorded history [1,2]. Sri Lanka was the second most seriously affected country after Indonesia, with more than 31,000 deaths, 4,000 peopl... | 16545145 | PMC1435747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 20; 6:73 |
Background
Immobilization of captive and free-ranging pinnipeds is often required for biological studies, translocation or the examination of sick or injured animals. However, pinnipeds present unique problems when using chemical immobilization agents because they have evolved specific adaptations in their respiratory,... | 16469105 | PMC1435748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Feb 9; 2:8 |
Background
The early immunological mechanisms that predispose to the development of allergic immune responses are the focus of recent studies [1]. Prior investigations have examined the development of allergen-specific T cell memory cells that is dominated by T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines [2]. The immunological events tha... | 16551363 | PMC1435749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 21; 7(1):40 |
Background
Lung fibroblasts from patients with emphysema show a reduced proliferation rate [1,2], altered growth factor response [3] and lower number of population doublings in long-term culture [1]. Together with clinical observations, these findings lend support to the hypothesis that premature aging of structural ce... | 16504044 | PMC1435750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 21; 7(1):32 |
Background
Tetrahymena thermophila is a ciliated eukaryotic unicellular organism belonging to the regnum of protozoa and bearing two nuclei, a transcriptionally silent, diploid germline micronucleus (MIC) and a transcriptionally active, polyploid somatic macronucleus (MAC)[1]. In 1923, when Nobel Laureate Andre Lwoff s... | 16549005 | PMC1435751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Mar 20; 6:21 |
Introduction
A number of studies suggest a high level of comorbidity between substance abuse and schizophrenia [1-3], and approximately half of the patients suffering from schizophrenia have also been substance abusers at some point during their illness [4]. The comorbidity of schizophrenia and substance abuse is assoc... | 16556300 | PMC1435752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Mar 23; 2:4 |
Background
The one-leg hop for distance (OLHD) has become one of the most commonly employed functional tests utilized in the evaluation of the ACL deficient (ACLD) or reconstructed patient, especially since its inclusion in the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) standard knee ligament evaluation [1-10]. ... | 16448576 | PMC1435753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Feb 1; 7:9 |
Background
In the last four decades the medical student population in the UK has diversified in terms of gender and ethnicity [1-3] but less so in relation to social class[4]. Since 1965 the proportion of women entering UK medical schools has risen from 20% to almost 55% [5]. It is predicted that the proportion will pl... | 16524457 | PMC1435754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Mar 8; 6:17 |
Background
Maternal mRNAs, accumulated in oocyte, have a crucial role in the success of early embryo development, allowing the first cleavages to occur, before the activation of embryonic genome [1]. Amongst the mRNA stored in the growing oocyte are some oocyte-specific genes called maternal effect genes which may acco... | 16551357 | PMC1435755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Mar 21; 4:12 |
Background
Streptococcus intermedius belongs to the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) and is specifically associated with the formation of abscesses, which can also develop at a distance as a result of hematogenous spread [1]. The complete clinical spectrum of infections caused by this group of bacteria has yet to be... | 16553945 | PMC1435756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 22; 6:61 |
Background
A strong relationship exits between thyroid hormone and brain development. Thyroid hormone therapy has a significant long-term impact on child behavior, locomotor ability, speech, hearing and cognition in children with congenital hypothyroidism [1]. In addition, behavioral problems were a common finding in c... | 16549027 | PMC1435757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2006 Mar 20; 6:2 |
Background
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules play a central role in the adaptive immune system, forming a complex with foreign antigenic peptides and displaying them on the cell surface for inspection by receptors of cytotoxic and helper T cells. In consort with the T cell receptor, the repertoire of MHC... | 16549002 | PMC1435758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Mar 20; 6:5 |
Background
The transmission of malaria is intense in the majority of the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in those that are located along the equatorial strip. In 2000, malaria was responsible for 18% (approx. 803,000) of deaths among children under five years of age in the African continent [1]. The crite... | 16556321 | PMC1435759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Mar 23; 5:21 |
Introduction
Osteosarcoma is the commonest primary tumour that arises from bone and is the second highest cause of cancer-related death in the paediatric age group. It most commonly afflicts young people in the second and early third decades of life, with over 60% of diagnoses being made between the ages of 10–20 years... | 16551370 | PMC1435760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Mar 21; 3:7 |
Background
Motor recovery after neurological injury largely depends on maximizing neural plasticity [1,2]. The degree of functional neural plasticity is highly influenced by the amount of neural activity during rehabilitation. Passive, imposed movements can promote activity in sensory pathways but may not promote activ... | 16504172 | PMC1435761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Feb 28; 3:3 |
Background
Posterior fossa tumours constitute two thirds of all paediatric brain tumours [3]. The main tumours appearing in this zone are medulloblastomas, pilocytic astrocytomas, and ependynomas, which together make up about 90% of the cases [4-6]. The most frequent are the astrocytoma and medulloblastoma. These tumou... | 16539720 | PMC1435762 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Mar 15; 2:9 |
Background
Tumour markers are often used to detect disease recurrence after primary treatment for cancer [1,2] and to monitor response to therapy in patients with advanced disease [3]. In breast cancer, the most widely adopted combination of tumour markers are carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and mucin (MUC1), commonly d... | 16563172 | PMC1435763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 26; 6:81 |
Background
Primary or secondary chemoresistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy is a frequent phenomenon in patients with solid or hematological malignant tumors and is a major cause of death of these patients. The most common cytotoxic agents used for the treatment of advanced cancers act by inducing the apoptosis of tumor ... | 16545138 | PMC1435764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 18; 6:75 |
Background
Cervical cancer (CC) is an important health problem and is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide in women. [1] When exposed to and infected by one of the high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), vulnerable cervical epithelium may enter a complex multistep process and develop an invasive carcinoma. [2-... | 16524460 | PMC1435765 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 8; 6:55 |
Don't let the title fool you, this book gives a wide view of the state of the field in HIV treatment world-wide and includes some enticing discussions of potential targets and strategies on the horizon. Given its wide range of topics and its focus on more than just small molecule inhibitors of HIV, the title seems almo... | 0 | PMC1435766 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Mar 23; 3:7 |
Introduction
The establishment of flow cytometry as the first single cell analysis method with the potential to describe the distribution of cellular properties within a large number of cells has considerably changed our knowledge of cell populations. Before the establishment of flow cytometry our understanding of the ... | 16551353 | PMC1435767 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Mar 21; 5:12 |
Background
The south-american tree Tabebuia avellanedae (Bignoneaceae) is known in the popular medicine as Ipê-Roxo, Pau D'Arco, Lapacho, among others [1,2]. For many decades, preparations made with this plant were used in South and North America as antineoplasic, antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial, antiparasitical a... | 16553949 | PMC1435768 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Mar 22; 5:5 |
Background
The discovery of powerful antiviral compounds in the 90's raised hopes for the eradication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, AIDS still remains a major health problem throughout the world and despite the considerable success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the identification of... | 16515685 | PMC1435769 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Mar 3; 3:16 |
Introduction
Anal cancer in the general population is rare, with an incidence of only 0.8 cases per 100,000 per year. However, the incidence of this malignancy has increased during the past three decades [1-3]. Risk of anal cancer is greatly elevated among HIV-1 seronegative and HIV-1 seropositive men who have sex with... | 16549010 | PMC1435770 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Mar 20; 3:4 |
Background
Sudden deafness (SD) accounts for approximately 1% of all cases of sensorineural hearing loss, and most cases of spontaneous SD have no identifiable cause [1]. Numerous clinical and laboratory investigations have attempted to identify the case of this disorder, and although the suggested causes include circu... | 16551347 | PMC1435771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Mar 21; 6:5 |
Background
Molecular noise has been shown to play many roles in the biological functions of genetic regulatory networks, including noise-driven divergence of cell fates and population heterogeneity, noise-induced amplification of signals, generation of errors in DNA replication leading to mutation and evolution, and ma... | 16457708 | PMC1435772 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 2; 7:52 |
Background
The biological interpretation of DNA microarray experiments to measure gene expression requires contrasting the detected patterns of gene expression (obtained, for example, using a clustering algorithm) with the functions of the genes that correspond to those patterns. Because of the high number of genes int... | 16549014 | PMC1435773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 20; 7:159 |
Background
Gene expression profiling has gained a tremendous importance in functional genomic research. The presently often used approach is to compare gene expression in discrete time points resulting for example of different genotypes or cell lines, morbid and healthy (control) objects or under different physiologica... | 16478547 | PMC1435774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 15; 7:69 |
Background
The ratio of the ankle to the brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP), the ankle-brachial index (ABI), is an indicator of atherosclerotic vascular disease in the lower extremities and a simple, non-invasive measure of subclinical atherosclerosis [1-9]. The ABI has been shown in cross-sectional studies to be a... | 16504033 | PMC1435775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Feb 21; 6:7 |
Background
Estimation of rate constants for nucleotide substitutions at silent sites of encoding DNA is important to understanding the dynamics of molecular sequence evolution [1-6]. Synonymous substitution can be used draw inferences about functional change in protein, explore the influence of generation time on the r... | 16545144 | PMC1435776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 20; 6:25 |
Introduction
Although malaria causes more than 200 million episodes of fever among young African children every year, fewer than 1% of these episodes are fatal [
1,
2]. The reasons that some children die, whereas most survive are complex and poorly understood; however, one approach that may help to understand this proc... | 16605300 | PMC1435778 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 18; 3(5):e158 |
Introduction
The protozoan parasite
Leishmania is responsible for several pathologies collectively known as leishmaniases. The cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniases are caused by different
Leishmania species and affect several million individuals worldwide [
1–
3]. The treatment of leishmaniasis in endem... | 16605301 | PMC1435779 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 18; 3(5):e162 |
With more than 6 million HIV positive individuals—the highest of any country in the world—South Africa is the epicentre of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In much of sub-Saharan Africa, especially South Africa, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is growing fastest in teenagers, especially young girls (see sidebar) [1]. Hence, any future vac... | 16608384 | PMC1435780 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 18; 3(7):e180 |
According to the World Health Organization, about 10 million people—most of them in low- and middle-income countries—die needlessly every year because they do not have access to existing medicines and vaccines [1]. Countless others suffer from neglected tropical diseases, such as sleeping sickness, lymphatic filariasis... | 16608382 | PMC1435781 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 18; 3(6):e136 |
Over the course of human history, hundreds of thousands of genetic mutations have arisen in the global population. The most harmful ones usually disappear—by affecting an individual's “fitness,” i. e., the ability to reproduce, the mutations are lost before carriers can pass them on to their children—whereas most mutat... | 0 | PMC1435782 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 18; 3(5):e221 |
Demographic and social conditions in Ethiopia pose serious challenges to human survival. These challenges are particularly relevant to women, who often have the prime responsibility for the welfare of children and the family at large. Women's status in Ethiopia, as in other developing countries, is low, and their daily... | 16605308 | PMC1435783 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 18; 3(4):e192 |
Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases that are endemic (constantly present) in many tropical and temperate countries. Every year, 2 million people become infected with one of 20 pathogenic species of
Leishmania through the bites of infected female sand flies. These pick up parasites by biting an infected animal (zoonoti... | 0 | PMC1435784 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 18; 3(5):e230 |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) first emerged in Guangdong Province, the People's Republic of China, in November 2002. The disease was characterised by a rapidly progressive atypical pneumonia [
1]. In addition to other pathogens, a coronavirus not previously discovered was identified in patients with SARS. Re... | 16608385 | PMC1435785 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 18; 3(5):e194 |
Concerns about adverse events, including deaths, in recent large clinical trials, both publicly and privately sponsored, prompted Elias A. Zerhouni, Director, National Institutes of Health (NIH) to convene a meeting at the NIH on January 11–12, 2005, to discuss “Moving from Observational Studies to Clinical Trials: Why... | 16608383 | PMC1435786 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 18; 3(6):e144 |
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most common, nongenetic cause of mental retardation, and has a significant national health impact [
1]. Meeting the criteria for this condition requires the identification of specific features, involving craniofacial dysmorphology (particularly midfacial anomalies), growth retardatio... | 16605309 | PMC1435787 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 18; 3(4):e196 |
Introduction
In late 2002, Chinese health officials reported an unusual number of atypical pneumonia cases in Guangdong Province, and within 2 months, the World Health Organization (WHO) was alerted of an outbreak widespread throughout the province [
1]. By March 2003, the illness designated severe acute respiratory sy... | 16605302 | PMC1435788 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 18; 3(5):e149 |
The 2002 SARS outbreak that started in China spread quickly to Hong Kong, Singapore, Vietnam, and Canada. Although the 774 people it killed was a small number compared with the global death toll from other infectious diseases, the outbreak caused widespread panic because of the lack of global preparedness for what coul... | 0 | PMC1435789 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 18; 3(5):e222 |
Introduction
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disease of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase system that leads to defective production of toxic oxygen metabolites and impaired killing of certain microbes [1]. Clinically, patients develop recurrent life-threatening infections with catalase-producing organ... | 16617373 | PMC1435791 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Apr 14; 2(4):e28 |
Introduction
Schistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent and serious of the parasitic diseases, with an estimated 200 million people infected in 76 countries and territories, located predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions. The disease is caused by three major schistosome species, Schistosoma japonicum,... | 16617374 | PMC1435792 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Apr 14; 2(4):e29 |
Introduction
Flagella are complex surface structures that serve as the primary means of locomotion for many bacterial species and a mechanism by which numerous bacterial pathogens mediate adhesion, invasion, and virulence factor secretion [1]. However, bacterial flagella also activate host immune responses during infec... | 16617375 | PMC1435793 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Apr 14; 2(4):e30 |
Background
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a widespread Herpes virus, usually produces asymptomatic infections in immunocompetent hosts. Serious disease can occur in immunocompromised individuals and in congenitally infected newborns. Symptoms in these patients range from a mild disease to life threatening multiorgan sys... | 16571138 | PMC1435869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Mar 30; 3:20 |
Background
AZT (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine or zidovudine), the first anti-retroviral drug approved for AIDS therapy, is a synthetic nucleoside analogue that inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase activity in vitro [1]. It is often included as one of the best anti-HIV 'drugs of choice' in highly active anti-retroviral thera... | 16571109 | PMC1435870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Mar 29; 4:4 |
Background
Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that affects approximately 5% of Canadians aged 20 years and older, with type 2 diabetes accounting for 90% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes [1]. Type 2 diabetes is associated with several microvascular complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy,... | 16553957 | PMC1435871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Mar 22; 4:17 |
Background
A recent challenge to bone and cartilage tissue engineering is to lift up research-scale products to a level of reproducible tissue substitute fabrication that is clinically effective, e.g. by the use of bioreactors [1,2]. Bioreactors can be considered as devices in which biological and/or biochemical proces... | 16509983 | PMC1435872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Mar 1; 2:6 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive impairment as a consequence of neuronal dysfunction and loss. The amyloid hypothesis maintains that the neuronal dysfunction and death that give rise to the clinical symptoms of AD are caused by the accumulation o... | 16569229 | PMC1435873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Mar 28; 3:7 |
Background
Trisomy 21 (+21) is the most common human chromosomal aneuploidy at term, and the only one with long-term viability. This syndrome has attracted intense research interest as a prevalent cause of mental retardation, and adults with DS develop pathological and neuropsychiatric aspects of Alzheimer's disease as... | 16539728 | PMC1435874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 15; 7:24 |
Background
Ischaemic stroke is a complex trait, with genetic influences likely to work through various risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. Hypertension and dyslipidemia are known to influence atherosclerosis and thus predispose to ischaemic stroke. Although lipids are a weaker risk factor for stroke than blood pr... | 16551349 | PMC1435875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 21; 7:28 |
Background
The clinical hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy include progressive albuminuria followed by a gradual decline in renal function concluding, after 5–15 years, with end-stage renal disease. Glomerular basement thickening and mesangial expansion, due to accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, have been id... | 16539708 | PMC1435876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Mar 15; 7:6 |
Background
Flavonoids and stilbenes are plant-specific natural products with a wide range of biological activities, such as UV protection, as signals of bacterial root nodulation, coloration and defense against herbivory and microbial pathogens[1,2]. The uncovering of an increasing number of health benefits associated ... | 16551366 | PMC1435877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Mar 21; 6:22 |
Background
There is currently considerable therapeutic interest in novel anti-inflammatory drugs with mechanisms other than the inhibition of cyclooxigenase activity, typical of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and thus devoid of irritant effects on the gastric mucosa and suitable for use in chronic infla... | 16569220 | PMC1435878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Mar 28; 3:4 |
Background
The Future of Family Medicine Report [1] calls for a fundamental redesign of the American family physician workplace. This change will require additional time, effort, and financial investment [2], at a time when academic family practices are under heavy economic pressure. Departments of family medicine are ... | 16549030 | PMC1435879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 20; 6:38 |
Background
Prior to the development of preoperative assessment clinics, patients were typically admitted to the hospital before the day of surgery to undergo a medical evaluation by an anesthesiologist and when necessary, medical internists. The ultimate goal of the preoperative assessment clinic is to provide an effic... | 16504058 | PMC1435880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Feb 22; 6:13 |
Background
The Pap-test is an effective preventive measure in reducing cervical cancer incidence and mortality [1]. It is recommended by the EU commission guidelines for all women aged 25–64 once every 3–5 years [2]. These guidelines also recommend implementing organised screening programs, because they assure quality ... | 16545125 | PMC1435881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 17; 6:36 |
Background
Morning report is an integral part of most medical residency programs across North America. The format is typically a presentation of a recent clinical case and discussion of this case led by one or more residents with attending physicians, residents, and medical students participating in the case discussion... | 16563171 | PMC1435882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Mar 26; 6:20 |
Background
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are of great therapeutic potential because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple tissues[1]. They enhance engraftment of donor hematopoietic cells after co-transplantation in animal models[2]. In humans, MSC have been used to regenerate the marrow microen... | 16529651 | PMC1435883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Mar 10; 7:14 |
Background
The study of developmental disturbances using mammals is complicated because of the internal development of the embryo. The zebrafish has become an important model organism in developmental biology because of its external fertilization and development, and the ease by which embryos can be manipulated by cont... | 16545121 | PMC1435884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 17; 7:56 |
Background
DNA microarray technology provides a powerful tool for characterizing gene expression on a genome scale. While the technology has been widely used in discovery-based medical and basic biological research, its direct application in clinical practice and regulatory decision-making has been questioned [1-4]. A ... | 16551369 | PMC1435885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 21; 7:59 |
Background
DNA triplexes [1] are formed when a duplex containing a poly-purine track is recognized by single-stranded polynucleotide (noted as the triplex-forming oligonucleotide; TFO). The third strand interacts through the major groove of the duplex, thereby making specific hydrogen bond interactions with the Watson-... | 16566817 | PMC1435886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 27; 7:63 |
Background
Adverse employment experiences, particularly exposure to unemployment and the threat of unemployment, have been associated with a range of adverse mental and physical health outcomes [1-3] including suicide [4-6]. However, virtually no research has been conducted on the trans-generational impact on the healt... | 16566815 | PMC1435887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 27; 6:77 |
Background
For more than two decades the perceived ill-health of Vietnam veterans has been a public issue in Australia. As part of the Allied Forces in Vietnam, over 50 000 Australians served from 1964–1972, with approximately 500 losing their lives and nearly 2500 wounded [1]. Vietnam veterans have been studied in Aus... | 16556325 | PMC1435888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 24; 6:75 |
Background
One of the factors described in the literature that influences mortality rates in developed countries is ethnic origin [1]. For some migrants a higher mortality is observed, while others benefit from lower mortality rates compared to native population [2]. Factors like socio-economic status, the healthy migr... | 16566833 | PMC1435889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 27; 6:78 |
Background
In 1992, we assessed the health and social needs of over 1100 residents of a deprived housing estate in Edinburgh, using Rapid Participatory Appraisal [1]. Ten years later we repeated this assessment to investigate how the needs of a defined, local community had changed over time, establish what recommendati... | 16539712 | PMC1435890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 15; 6:68 |
Background
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) is one of the most frequent pathogens involved in nosocomial pneumonia [1]. This Gram-negative bacillus is associated with a mortality rate reaching 70% in some studies and an attributable mortality approaching 40% [2]. Instillation of this pathogen into the air spaces increases t... | 16553944 | PMC1435891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 22; 7(1):41 |
Background
Thickening of the epithelial reticular basement membrane (RBM) is one characteristic feature of airway remodelling in asthma. It has been reported in both adults and school-aged children [1-3]. However, the clinical significance of RBM thickening, and the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis remain unclea... | 16566832 | PMC1435892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 27; 7(1):46 |
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