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Background
Allergic asthma is an IgE-mediated condition characterized by airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), chronic airway inflammation and epithelial cell damage [1-3]. These changes in the airways are associated with increased influx of activated CD4+ T-helper (Th) lymphocytes, which in turn, recruit eosinophils via ... | 16551361 | PMC1435893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 21; 7(1):39 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of death in North America and Europe and the only major disease for which the morbidity and mortality are still increasing in these continents [1,2]. Although COPD is currently the 4th-leading cause of mortality and the 12th-leading cause of disab... | 16571126 | PMC1435894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 29; 7(1):52 |
Background
Longitudinal observational research provides critical information on the course, causes, and outcomes of rheumatological disorders [1,2]. In the field of knee osteoarthritis, a state-of-the-science evaluation identified 15 existing population-based prospective cohort studies from the United States and Europe... | 16542454 | PMC1435895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Mar 16; 7:30 |
Introduction
The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is one of the most frequently used and validated observer-rated depression scales. The scale was developed more than 20 years ago but is still favorite among researchers to measure the severity of depressive disorders and the changes of depressive sympt... | 16553958 | PMC1435896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Mar 22; 5:3 |
Background
The use of appropriate animal models to determine the effects of dietary interventions on metabolic process and gene expression regulating cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying the reported effects on plasma lipids. In our previous reviews, we have shown ... | 16566831 | PMC1435897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Mar 27; 3:17 |
Background
Deep infection of endoprostheses remains a serious complication in orthopedic surgery since the systemic treatment of infected bone with antibiotics is often impossible due to the poor accessibility of the infection site by applied antibiotics [1]. The primary infection rate in total hip arthroplasty was fou... | 16556327 | PMC1435898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Mar 24; 5:22 |
Background
Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is a significant burden on the Canadian health care system. It is considered the third most expensive disorder in terms of expended health care dollars, surpassed only by cancer and heart disease [1]. The most common MSK complaint in the elderly population is back pain, second to j... | 16556306 | PMC1435899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Mar 23; 6:5 |
Background
Automated functional annotation of proteins based on their sequence and structure is a challenging and important problem [1]. One area of interest to us is the identification of regions in protein structures that are statistically associated with a given structural or functional annotation. To provide a usef... | 16526955 | PMC1435900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Mar 9; 6:4 |
Background
The incidence of acute infections in children is high. Using data from the English fourth Practice-Based Morbidity Survey, children under 1 year of age reported an average of 3.3 infections in a year, and 1.2 infections in the age group 1–15 years [1]. Acute upper respiratory infection is the dominant diagno... | 16569232 | PMC1435901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Mar 28; 7:23 |
Background
Optimal health care requires an informed and active patient who can seek, obtain, and understand health information. Health literacy, a concept that focuses specifically on literacy concerns within the context of health, has many components including numeracy, oral literacy, print literacy, and cultural and ... | 16563164 | PMC1435902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Mar 24; 7:21 |
Background
General practitioners (GPs) participate in the follow-up of patients with cancer [1], but the role of the GP is poorly defined and varies between different places and for different kinds of patients. Research on the role of the GP in follow up of patients with cancer has suggested that improved information g... | 16549036 | PMC1435903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Mar 21; 7:19 |
Background
The presence of several catalytic domains embedded in the same polypeptide chain is an unusual molecular feature, whose evolutionary or functional advantages are still unclear [1]. However, recent works have provided evidence that a number of proteins from different organisms exhibit these complex architectu... | 16566820 | PMC1435904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Mar 27; 7:9 |
Introduction
In the last two decades, numerous human movement scientists faced the problem of the in vivo and non-invasive reconstruction of the skeletal movement from measures of the 3D position of points located on the human body surface. To this purpose, the estimation of the pose (position and orientation) of skele... | 16556302 | PMC1435905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Mar 23; 3:7 |
Background
Malaria, caused by infection with Plasmodium falciparum, kills over 1 million people each year [1]. Anaemia due to malaria is a major health problem in endemic areas, particularly for young children and pregnant women. This anaemia is caused by excess removal of non-parasitized erythrocytes in addition to im... | 16556316 | PMC1435906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Mar 23; 5:20 |
Background
In the development of new health technologies, it is widely held that drugs or procedures should first be assessed in animal models before proceeding to clinical trials in humans[1]. High quality systematic reviews provide unbiased overviews of the available evidence[2]. There have been calls for application... | 16533396 | PMC1435907 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Mar 13; 6:10 |
Background
The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated that in June 2005 4.7 million people living in sub-Saharan Africa were in urgent need of antiretroviral treatment (ART) [1]. Despite formidable logistical hurdles, the number of individuals able to access this treatment in the region is expanding. One of the prog... | 16551345 | PMC1435908 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 21; 6:59 |
Background
Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) is an acute febrile, zoonotic disease caused by Rickettsia conorii and transmitted to humans by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, which is generally considered to be the most common tick in the Mediterranean area. Nearly four hundred cases are reported every year ... | 16553943 | PMC1435909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 22; 6:60 |
Background
Antiretroviral combination therapy, where it is available, has substantially decreased morbidity and mortality in HIV-1 infection. Neurological complications and AIDS dementia complex (ADC) are rarely seen nowadays in patients on antiretroviral treatment. On the other hand, neurological complications are com... | 16566834 | PMC1435910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 27; 6:63 |
Background
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) (Streptococcus agalactiae) is a significant cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis and of severe infections in pregnant women and nonpregnant adults with underlying medical conditions [1]. GBS is also a commensal that colonizes the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. The p... | 16549015 | PMC1435911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 20; 6:57 |
Background
The etiologic agent of whooping cough is Bordetella pertussis. Diagnosis at an early stage of illness is desired to institute therapy and prevent transmission. Pertussis-like respiratory illness can also be caused by other Bordetella species including parapertussis [1], bronchiseptica [2] and holmesii [3,4].... | 16556317 | PMC1435912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 23; 6:62 |
Background
The tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology in Norway has changed in the last 30 years. TB is now more likely to occur among immigrants (median age 31 years) than among those born in Norway (median age 72 years) [1,2]. The proportion of immigrants in the total population in 2003 was 7.3% [3]. DNA fingerprinting of ba... | 16504113 | PMC1435913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 24; 6:33 |
Background
Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease displaying accelerated development of many characteristics associated with normal aging including graying and loss of hair, cataracts, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension and increased frequencies of diabetes mellitus type II and specific typ... | 16503984 | PMC1435914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Feb 17; 7:6 |
Background
Segment polarity genes induce signaling pathways that direct morphogenesis by giving cells positional information that in turn is translated into appropriate differentiation programs. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is required in many tissues for embryonic patterning, cell proliferation and diffe... | 16553965 | PMC1435915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Mar 23; 7:13 |
Background
Multidrug resistance is often the result of overexpression of membrane glycoproteins known as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) [1]. In humans, the drug transporter P-gp is encoded by the MDR1 gene while two encoding genes Mdr1a and Mdr1b, [2] are present in rodents. P-gp proteins belong to the super family of ATP-bindi... | 16545134 | PMC1435916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 17; 6:72 |
Introduction
Vaginal microbicides are products designed to prevent sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted pathogens[1]. They may help women in situations where negotiation of male condom use is not possible. PRO 2000 Gel is an investigational vaginal microbicide based on a synthetic naphthalene sulph... | 16504023 | PMC1435917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Feb 20; 3:4 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently completed an impressive global review of a large number of surveys on visual impairment, and estimated that there were 161 million persons worldwide with visual impairment in the year 2002, including 37 million with blindness [1,2]. This estimate is now commonly q... | 16539747 | PMC1435918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Mar 16; 4:6 |
Background
The currently available version of the tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) defines visual impairment categories primarily on the basis of recommendations made by a World Health Organization (WHO) Study Group in 1972 [1]. Since these rec... | 16539739 | PMC1435919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Mar 16; 4:7 |
Background
Since 2003, prostate cancer has been the tumor with the highest incidence among men in the Federal Republic of Germany. Approximately 40,600 new cases and 11,100 deaths from this disease were reported for this year in Germany [1]. A precise pathological classification is of essential importance for treating ... | 16539730 | PMC1435920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Mar 15; 6:7 |
Background
Renal cell carcinoma is the most common kidney tumor in adults and accounts for approximately 3% of adult malignancies. The incidence is higher in male and appears to be increased with cigarrete use and with obesity.[1,2] There are both familial and sporadic forms of renal cell carcinoma. Patients with von H... | 16549035 | PMC1435921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Mar 20; 6:10 |
Pulmonary echinococcal hydatid cysts have been reported coexistent with cryptococcosis and other saprophytic mycosis on histopathological examination of the affected lung tissues [1-3]. Similar findings have not been reported in Fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples. The authors describe a similar case diagnosed on FNA ... | 16573814 | PMC1435922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Mar 30; 3:7 |
Parathyroid glands and their tumors comprise a small proportion of non-palpable neck masses that are investigated by ultrasound (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). Patients with signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism are not usually evaluated preoperatively using US-guided FNAB if enlargement of the gl... | 16569241 | PMC1435923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Mar 28; 3:6 |
The past
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (IJBNPA) has celebrated its third birthday. In February 2004 the IJBNPA (IJBNPA) was launched with the first official IJBNPA publication, an editorial of the founding editors-in-chief of the journal, Simone French and Tony Worsley. This of... | 0 | PMC1435924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Mar 28; 3:6 |
Background
In general practice, skin disease accounts for a substantial part of morbidity in children and adolescents [1-4]. Compared to 1987, in 2001 the childhood morbidity encountered in Dutch general practice has changed; proportionally more skin diseases were presented to the general practitioner (GP) whereas othe... | 16551358 | PMC1435925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2006 Mar 21; 6:4 |
Background
Brucellae are Gram-negative cocccobacilli, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens of both humans and animals. The bacteria penetrate the mucosa of the nasal, oral, or pharyngeal cavities and are phagocytized by host macrophages, where survival and replication occurs. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease ... | 16556309 | PMC1435926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Mar 23; 5:13 |
Background
In non-model invertebrates for which little or no prior genetic information is available, developing suitably polymorphic nuclear markers represents a considerable impediment. Fortunately, a limited number of conserved exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC) PCR primer pairs for invertebrates are available [1,2],... | 16504057 | PMC1435927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Feb 22; 7:11 |
Disorders of the central nervous system can be very distressing at any time of life, but particularly so when they affect children. Hydrocephalus is the most common problem encountered by pediatric neurosurgeons and is a disorder for which there is no absolute cure. Hydrocephalus can be broadly defined as enlargement o... | 0 | PMC1435928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 Mar 22; 3:3 |
Introduction
The adaptive value of biological rhythms is tied at least in part to their being synchronized to the right phases of the external cycle, which in most cases is the light-dark (LD) cycle of the environment. In fact, a stable and systematic daily change in light characteristics at dawn or dusk times (twiligh... | 16553964 | PMC1435929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Mar 23; 4:5 |
Background
Malignant melanoma, like most other tumours, requires angiogenesis to sustain growth beyond a critical volume of 1–2 mm, when the diffusional exchange of nutrients and metabolites is exceeded [1-3]. Evidence that the degree of angiogenesis increases with tumour progression in melanoma has recently accumulate... | 16573823 | PMC1435930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Mar 30; 6:9 |
Background
Heterochromatin typically represents a large differentiated chromatin compartment within eukaryotic nuclei (reviewed in [1]). While the mechanisms involved in molecular definition of facultative heterochromatin seem diverse [2,3], the central role of histone H3 lysine 9 di- and trimethylation (H3K9me2 and H3... | 16512904 | PMC1435931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 2; 6:18 |
Background
Guanylyl cyclases (GCs) are responsible for the production of the secondary messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). cGMP plays important roles in a variety of physiological responses such as vision, olfaction, muscle contraction, homeostatic regulation, cardiovascular and nervous function [1]. GCs a... | 16549024 | PMC1435932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 20; 6:26 |
Background
For a number of years phylogenetic construction has been considered to be a problem of statistical inference. One of the most popular methods of inferring phylogenetic relationships is maximum likelihood (ML). It has often been considered that one of the advantages of ML over parsimony based methods is that ... | 16563161 | PMC1435933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 24; 6:29 |
Background
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate an organism's genetic program by binding to specific sites in the genome and modifying the expression of nearby genes. Mapping these sites is an important step in understanding transcriptional regulation, and can be significantly facilitated by integrating mul... | 16522208 | PMC1435934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 7; 7:113 |
Background
Recent advances in biomedical technologies such as high-throughput molecular profiling provide the ability to identify large numbers of molecules of interest simultaneously. An accessible and straightforward solution to elucidating why a set of genes might be associated with a given phenomenon is manual insp... | 16542449 | PMC1435935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 16; 7:147 |
Background
Given the burgeoning wealth of knowledge in molecular biology, including the ever more rapidly accumulating quantitative high-throughput data, and with more than a hundred complete genomes now at hand, the grand challenge of what we might call "the post-genome era" is to obtain a system-level understanding o... | 16553966 | PMC1435936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 23; 7:168 |
Background
It is crucial to show that a classifier designed using supervised learning performs sufficiently well for the application of interest. A minimum requirement is that it is performs better than random guessing. Recently gene expression profiling using microarray technology has been widely used for classificati... | 16533392 | PMC1435937 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 13; 7:127 |
Background
A typical proteomics experiment starts with separation of the biological material of interest. Popular separation technologies include two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and liquid chromatography (LC). After separation, the proteins are commonly identified by mass spectrometry (MS) which identifies pr... | 16549013 | PMC1435938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 20; 7:158 |
Background
Finding a protein sequence with small molecule binding site annotation can be a challenge as these are not consistently well annotated in existing sequence databases, regardless as to the degree of sequence similarity to proteins of known structure with well characterized small molecule binding sites. When a... | 16545112 | PMC1435939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 17; 7:152 |
Background
The three major regulatory mechanisms that bring about formation of alternative transcript patterns from an expressed gene act at the choice of alternative sites for transcription start (TS), splicing, and polyadenylation [1-4]. Use of alternative TS site and/or alternative polyA site often accompanies alter... | 16556303 | PMC1435940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 23; 7:169 |
Background
The advances of the high-throughput technologies and enormous growth in number of experimentally determined interactions have necessitated the development of a database storing molecular interactions network. Such a database can be used to develop an algorithm that interprets the high-throughput data, for an... | 16563163 | PMC1435941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 24; 7:171 |
Background
The failure to develop a rational, generally applicable cure for obesity-related diseases can be attributed to the highly complex regulation of energy metabolism, which is not yet fully understood. On the other hand considering the historic successes in deciphering the underlying biochemical pathways, it is ... | 16551354 | PMC1435942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 21; 7:164 |
Background
Protein phosphorylation, as one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTM), is reversibly and transiently performed by protein kinases (PKs). It plays crucial regulatory roles in a variety of biological cellular processes, including transcription [1], translation [2], mitosis/cell cycle [3], n... | 16549034 | PMC1435943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 20; 7:163 |
Background
Much of our present knowledge of the relationship between genotype and disease comes from statistical studies of the correlation between particular genetic variants and the likelihood of a specific disease. Linkage analysis, which tracks the transmission pattern of genetic markers within a pedigree family, h... | 16551372 | PMC1435944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 22; 7:166 |
Background
The processes of life depend on intermolecular recognition. Molecular recognition by proteins is a complex process that is determined not only by direct interactions of a protein with the interacting molecule, but also by indirect effects arising at distant sites in the proteins. Using three-dimensional (3D)... | 16553946 | PMC1435945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:58 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 22; 7:167 |
Introduction
Peptide fragments of proteins often have intrinsic propensities for the formation of their native conformations. For example, NMR experiments [1] show that long peptide fragments have native-like conformations [2–7]. Some short peptides in solution have also been shown to adopt their native secondary struc... | 16617376 | PMC1435986 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Apr 14; 2(4):e27 |
Introduction
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs, prion diseases) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect a variety of mammalian species and include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, “mad cow” disease), chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and elk, sheep scrapie, and Creutzfeldt-Ja... | 16617377 | PMC1435987 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Apr 14; 2(4):e32 |
This editorial is the first article published in our new journal Algorithms for Molecular Biology. By starting this journal, we aim to provide an online and open access resource for the growing research community in the field of algorithmic bioinformatics. Bioinformatics or computational biology is a very broad and het... | 16722576 | PMC1435992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Feb 28; 1:1 |
Disease name and synonyms
Celiac disease (CD) in children and celiac sprue in adults are probably the same disorder with the same pathogenesis. The synonyms are: Coeliac disease (British spelling) – Celiac sprue – Nontropical sprue-Gluten-sensitive enteropathy – Idiopathic steatorrhea
Definition
Celiac disease is a ch... | 16722573 | PMC1435993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Mar 1; 1:3 |
Alternative names of the disease
Naxos syndrome
Associated diseases
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Carvajal syndrome
Woolly hair
Palmoplantar keratoderma
Definition
Naxos disease is a recessively inherited stereotype association of arrhythmogenic cardiom... | 16722579 | PMC1435994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Mar 13; 1:4 |
We are pleased to announce the launch of Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, an open access, peer-reviewed journal that will encompass all aspects of rare diseases and orphan drugs. The focus will be on review articles, but the journal will consider all contributions that are scientifically sound and within its scope.
... | 0 | PMC1435995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Mar 1; 1:1 |
Separate and often disparate public systems deal with substance abuse as well as provide substance abuse treatment and prevention. These include: legislation pertaining to substance abuse; correctional supervision of substance abusers; medical treatment and screening; mental health services; research and evaluation of ... | 0 | PMC1435996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Jan 12; 1:1 |
Introduction
In the past ten years, there has been an explosion of new therapeutic community (TC) programs in prisons across the United States. By 2001, nearly every state in the country had at least one TC program in a prison within its borders, or was planning to start one, and 31 states had a TC program for women [1... | 16722560 | PMC1435997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Jan 12; 1:3 |
The link between cannabis use and low motivation is a source of extensive debate. Anecdotal information describes the cannabis user as listless and incapable. Subsets of cannabis users demonstrating low motivation receive considerable attention in the media and among proponents of marijuana prohibition. Decades ago, re... | 16722561 | PMC1435998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Jan 12; 1:2 |
Background
An essential need in contemporary U.S. drug policy is to establish sensible and sensitive measures to treat cocaine-addicted mothers and their children [1]. The debate about long-term, non-clinical effects of prenatal cocaine exposure has continued for over two decades. Meta-analyses of the long-term effects... | 16722564 | PMC1435999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Feb 1; 1:4 |
Background
In France, care for alcoholic outpatients is provided by specialized centres which group together physicians trained in addiction problems, psychologists and social workers. These centres, the CCAA (Centre de Cure Ambulatoire en Alcoologie, or outpatient centres for the care of alcoholics), are funded by the... | 16722570 | PMC1436000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Feb 1; 1:5 |
Background
Introduction
Emerging in the 1980's, evidence-based medicine is quickly becoming the standard for classification of health care outcome research [1]. The classification relies on a hierarchy of evidence for efficacy where randomized clinical trials rate as the highest level of evidence for a particular inter... | 16722591 | PMC1436001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Feb 6; 1:6 |
Introduction
It is predicted that in 2006 there will be 1.25 million non-skin cancers diagnosed in North America, and 75% of these patients will receive radiotherapy sometime during the course of their disease. Although there has been much success in terms of local tumour control using radiotherapy there has been less ... | 16722574 | PMC1436002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Feb 28; 1:1 |
Introduction
Carcinoma of the prostate is the most common form of cancer in men [1]. In 2005, 232,090 new cases of prostate cancer and 30,350 prostate cancer deaths were projected in the United States [1]. External beam radiotherapy constitutes one of the mainstays of therapy for patients with localized disease. Given ... | 16722575 | PMC1436003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Feb 28; 1:2 |
Background
18F-FDG (fluorine-18 deoxyglucose) has become widely used as a radiolabeled marker for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of solid tumors. In some regions of the body, the predictive power for identifying cancer using 18F-FDG approaches 95% [1,2].
While altered glucose metabolism is a unique feature... | 16722588 | PMC1436004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Feb 28; 1:3 |
Introduction
Not only since its association to exposed firefighters after the collapse of the World Trade Center [1] or work-related stress [2] is chronic cough discussed as a potential work-related disease. Chronic cough is a common disease [3] and the entity occupation-related chronic cough could be defined as a dise... | 16722562 | PMC1436005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Feb 2; 1:3 |
Background
The impact of chronic respiratory conditions on employment even when work is not a cause of these conditions has been the subject of a growing literature. Most of the studies have concerned the impact of asthma [1-18], although a few concern other discrete respiratory conditions, including allergic rhinitis ... | 16722563 | PMC1436006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Feb 2; 1:2 |
Editorial
The Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology is an Open Access, online journal that publishes research articles, short reports and reviews related to the field of occupational/environmental medicine and toxicology. The first published articles focus on respiratory medicine and infectious diseases [1-5]... | 0 | PMC1436007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Feb 2; 1:1 |
Background
The influence of the toxicity of aluminium and its compounds on humans has been the cause of much controversy for many years. Since the 1930's an 40's it has been known that high-level and long term occupational exposure to metallic aluminium powder and aluminium oxide can cause lung disease. At that time em... | 16722569 | PMC1436008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Feb 17; 1:4 |
Implementation Science
Research continually produces new findings that can contribute to effective and efficient healthcare. However, such research cannot change outcomes unless health services and healthcare professionals adopt the findings into practice. Uneven uptake of research findings – and thus inappropriate car... | 0 | PMC1436009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Feb 22; 1:1 |
Introduction
Numerous studies have shown that at least 40% of the patients do not receive high-quality medical care [1]. So far, strategies to implement best evidence to improve clinical practice have been mainly targeted at improving the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of healthcare workers [2]. Examples of these s... | 16722567 | PMC1436010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Feb 22; 1:2 |
Introduction
The United Kingdom (UK) Labour government has introduced a wide programme of reform for the prevention and management of chronic conditions [1]. One of the key areas identified for action relates to the promotion of self-care. Self-care skills training has increasingly been seen as an effective strategy fo... | 16722568 | PMC1436011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Feb 23; 1:6 |
Introduction
Clinical and health services research is continually producing new findings that may contribute to effective and efficient patient care. However, despite the considerable resources devoted to this area, a consistent finding is that the transfer of research findings into practice is unpredictable and can be... | 16722571 | PMC1436012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Feb 23; 1:4 |
Background
Despite the considerable resources devoted to biomedical science, a consistent finding from the literature is that the transfer of research findings into practice is a slow and haphazard process. For many years, the traditional approach to dissemination has been the publication of research findings in journa... | 16722572 | PMC1436013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Feb 22; 1:3 |
Introduction
The Improved Clinical Effectiveness through Behavioural Research Group (ICEBeRG) authors assert [1,2] that a key weakness in implementation research is the unknown applicability of a given intervention outside its original site and problem. They argue that more widely applicable interventions (and imply th... | 16722583 | PMC1436014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Feb 23; 1:5 |
Background
In utero microinjection of mouse embryos has proven valuable for exploring the developmental consequences of altering gene expression using adenoviral or retroviral vectors [1-12], or for injecting cells to study cell lineage or migration [13,14]. Microinjection is also a useful approach for rescuing mutant ... | 16504164 | PMC1436015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Feb 27; 6:10 |
Background
The cell cycle in developing organisms is intricately orchestrated by extrinsic signals [1-3]. Different signaling pathways probably define the rate-limiting cell cycle steps in different cell types, thus providing and explanation for why different cancers target different tissues. Thus, understanding the co... | 16542414 | PMC1436016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Mar 16; 6:16 |
Background
Many genes have been implicated in syndromal and/or non-syndromal cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P). The majority of these candidate genes show expression in the facial ectoderm, including MSX1, BMP4, PVRL1, MID1 and p63, although some (eg. MSX1 and BMP4) also have key roles in the mesenchyme [1]. In a... | 16563169 | PMC1436017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Mar 24; 6:18 |
Background
In 2004, approximately 640,000 worldwide children became infected with HIV, primarily through mother-to-child (MTCT) transmission of the virus [1]. Transmission occurs in-utero, at the time of childbirth, and postnatally through breastfeeding. Programs to prevent MTCT provide HIV testing and counselling befo... | 16722580 | PMC1436018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Mar 9; 1:2 |
Editorial
Welcome to International Breastfeeding Journal, a new open access peer-reviewed journal with a multidisciplinary focus.
My interest in breastfeeding was sparked when I became a mother in 1984 and began to learn about feeding infants. I was intrigued by the pioneering studies of Niles Newton in which she expe... | 16722586 | PMC1436019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Mar 9; 1:1 |
Introduction
Echolocating bats forage on the wing in darkness. Their primary sensory system for hunting in the dark is echolocation [
1,
2]. They emit short pulses of broadband sound, predominantly at ultrasonic frequencies, to derive information from the returning echoes. Bats engage in a natural version of the “homic... | 16605303 | PMC1436025 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 18; 4(5):e108 |
Introduction
The processing of visual information is a fundamental computational task for the brain involving various cortical and subcortical regions. Starting at the retina and thalamus, visual information passes through a series of hierarchically organized cortical regions eventually reaching higher cognitive struct... | 16605306 | PMC1436026 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 18; 4(5):e120 |
Introduction
Active touch is a closed-loop process in which sensor motion determines the sensory input and the sensory input determines future sensor motion [
1,
2]. Both sensor motion and touch signals are reported to the brain by peripheral neurons. Limb movements are reported via proprioceptive mechanoreceptors loca... | 16605304 | PMC1436027 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 18; 4(5):e124 |
Introduction
An important goal of memory research is to describe how perceptual experiences are transformed into new memories [
1]. Human neuropsychology and neuroimaging have offered important insights into the functional neuroanatomy of episodic memory formation, revealing that it involves a network of brain regions ... | 16605307 | PMC1436028 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 18; 4(5):e128 |
Imagine you are late for your train. As you approach within sight of the station, the last car pulls off to the left. So you start running in a diagonal to catch up with it. The difficulty is deciding how much to bear left. A different angle will be needed depending on both your speed and the train's speed. For a given... | 20076569 | PMC1436029 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 18; 4(5):e152 |
In the rat, whiskers are highly specialized sensory organs that serve much the same function as eyes and hands do for humans—they are a prime source of tactile and spatial information. The study of whisker sensory processing has proven fruitful for understanding how information is received, delivered, processed, and ac... | 20076570 | PMC1436030 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 18; 4(5):e153 |
In the1950s science-fiction cult classic
Forbidden Planet, Robby the Robot talks, cleans, learns new tasks, and understands the commands of his masters. Scientists are not at the point where they can produce Robby knockoffs with computer-driven cognition, but they are learning to use robots to probe the structure and f... | 20076572 | PMC1436031 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 18; 4(5):e161 |
The ephemeral quality of memory is captured in a classic Steven Wright joke. “The other day I . . . no, wait,” he deadpans. “That wasn't me.” Most real-life bouts of episodic memory loss are more mundane—what did I have for dinner last night?—and perfectly normal. And considering the constant stream of stimuli most peo... | 20076573 | PMC1436032 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 18; 4(5):e165 |
Americans have long been ambivalent about science. Conflicting attitudes toward science are not uncommon among industrialized countries—Canadians, Europeans, and Japanese, for example, also appreciate the benefits of science but worry about potential impacts on society. What sets Americans apart is that their reservati... | 16605305 | PMC1436033 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 18; 4(5):e167 |
Introduction
Rapidly spreading resistance to antimalarial drugs is threatening the ability to treat malaria effectively in nearly every malaria-endemic region of the globe. The least expensive and safest treatment, chloroquine, has been replaced as the first-line drug in many countries due to increasing prevalence of r... | 16573365 | PMC1440294 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 4; 3(5):e141 |
Editorial
Geochemical Transactions, the first online-only journal in geochemistry and environmental chemistry, is now the first major open access journal in this subject area. All issues of Geochemical Transactions, including the back content, will be fully and permanently available online to all, without a subscriptio... | 0 | PMC1440295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Geochem Trans. 2006 Jan 1; 7:1 |
Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery (JCTS) is an open access, peer-reviewed, online journal, which will encompass all aspects of research in the field of cardiothoracic surgery. JCTS will provide a forum for the publication and free-access of high quality scientific reports documenting clinical and experimental advances ... | 0 | PMC1440296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Mar 3; 1:1 |
Text
The phase one results from the randomized Radial artery versus Saphenous Vein Patency (RSVP) trial are published in the current issue of the Journal [1]. Fifty-two patients had quantitative angiography with Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow assessment, approximately 3 months after coronary bypass g... | 16722578 | PMC1440297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Mar 3; 1:5 |
In the first issue of this new journal Denvir and colleagues [1] touch on a subject which is probably the single most important threat to cardiac surgery- the increasing tendency of some cardiologists to treat patients with severe coronary artery disease without a surgical opinion. Increasingly, the best interests of p... | 16722584 | PMC1440298 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Mar 3; 1:3 |
Introduction
Atrial Fibrillation is the most common complication following cardiac surgery with a reported incidence between 20% and 40% [1,2]. It usually occurs between the second and fourth post-operative day. However, although this complication occurs frequently, the mechanism behind its development is less understo... | 16722587 | PMC1440299 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Mar 3; 1:6 |
Background
Coronary revascularisation rates vary widely and are not explained by geographical variations in the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) [1-3]. Previous studies from North America have suggested that variations tend to reflect inappropriately high thresholds in low frequency areas, rather than overuse... | 16722589 | PMC1440300 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Mar 3; 1:2 |
Ultramini abstract
We compared 3-month post-operative flow characteristics and in-vivo flow responses of radial artery (RA) and long saphenous vein (LSV) grafts. Basal velocity was significantly greater in RA versus LSV grafts, but volume flow was similar. RA grafts, but not LSV grafts, showed endothelium-dependent vas... | 16722590 | PMC1440301 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Mar 3; 1:4 |
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