text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
The growing amount of scientific research in genomics and related biomedical disciplines has led to a corresponding growth in the amount of on-line data and information, including scientific literature. A growing challenge for biomedical researchers is how to access and manage this ever-increasing quantity o... | 16722581 | PMC1440302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Mar 13; 1:3 |
Background
Because of the growing size and complexity of the biomedical literature, there is increasing effort devoted to structuring knowledge in databases. One of the many key efforts is to annotate the function of genes. To facilitate this, the research community has come together to develop the Gene Ontology (GO, )... | 16722582 | PMC1440303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Mar 14; 1:4 |
Introduction
"The completion of the human genome project has ushered in a new era in which biology has become an information science."
Thus did Insel et al. [1] succinctly articulate one of the key transitions of biomedical science as we move into the 21st century. As well, research and training are becoming less orga... | 0 | PMC1440304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Mar 13; 1:1 |
Introduction
Several different cardiac muscle preparations lack low-resistance connections between the cells [1,2]. Specifically, gap-junctions appear to be absent from lower vertebrates such as reptiles, amphibians and fish [2]. They also appear to be absent from some regions of the hearts of higher vertebrates and du... | 16542447 | PMC1440307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Mar 16; 3:14 |
Background
The increasing use of high throughput technologies in different areas of biology has generated vast amounts of molecular data. This has, in turn, fueled the drive to incorporate such data into pathways and networks of interactions, so as to provide a context within which molecules operate. As a result, a wea... | 16542429 | PMC1440308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Mar 16; 3:13 |
Background
Ancient and now highly specialized associations with bacterial symbionts are widespread in invertebrate groups that feed on nutrient-poor diets [1]. Such associations are common in insects, in which the best studied symbiotic system is that of aphids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their primary symbiont... | 16536873 | PMC1440324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:59 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 14; 7:50 |
Background
In recent years, the tools available to the field of chicken genomics have increased greatly. Detailed genetic and physical maps have been constructed [1], as well as BAC contig maps [2,3] and a radiation hybrid panel [4]. There is also a substantial EST collection [5], SNP database and many full-length cDNA... | 16533398 | PMC1440325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:59 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 13; 7:49 |
Background
The number of protein-encoding human genes identified has reached a plateau [1], leaving researchers with the challenging task of ascribing biochemical function(s) for each protein [2]. Broad genome sequencing and functional genomics studies, partially motivated by the goal to discover the functions of uncha... | 16533400 | PMC1440326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:59 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 13; 7:48 |
In some ways, the developmental passage of a fruit fly from a ball of cells through discrete morphological stages—embryo, pupa, and larva—to a fully formed organism really showcases the potential of biology. Organism development (in this case of a fly) requires a temporally synchronized regulation of a myriad of genes ... | 20076582 | PMC1440716 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 20; 4(6):e177 |
Introduction
In
Drosophila, Polycomb- and trithorax-group proteins (PcG and trxG) are chromatin components that maintain the transcriptional state of the homeotic genes after it is initially set up in the early phases of embryogenesis [
1]. This initiation step is performed by a cascade of maternal and zygotic transcri... | 16613483 | PMC1440717 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 20; 4(6):e170 |
The premise of this review is that the developing immune system represents a particularly sensitive xenobiotic target that is not effectively modeled through routine screening for immunotoxicity using adult exposure. Hence, adult exposure testing for immunotoxicity is limited in application, cannot address the most sig... | 16581533 | PMC1440768 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 16; 114(4):477-483 |
Several polyether ionophores, including A23187, ionomycin, monensin, and nigericin, have been shown to transport lead ions (Pb2+) across phospholipid bilayers and to form stable complexes with Pb2+ in homogeneous solution (Erdahl et al. 2000; Hamidinia et al. 2002, 2004). Among this group, the order of transport activi... | 16581534 | PMC1440769 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 29; 114(4):484-493 |
Solvents are complex chemical mixtures containing many different hydrocarbon types, such as alkanes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, ethers, and small aromatic molecules, that evaporate and become incorporated into environmental air as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Although the percentage of each chemical in... | 16581535 | PMC1440770 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 13; 114(4):494-499 |
Beginning early in sex determination and gonadogenesis in fish, communication between nonadjacent tissues is necessary. This communication is accomplished through the endocrine system, which controls sex differentiation through complex interactions between the central nervous system and gonads using pituitary-derived g... | 16581536 | PMC1440771 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 27; 114(4):500-506 |
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) regulates a variety of biologic functions, including organ development, immune homeostasis, and malignance. The body subtly regulates the expression kinetics and dose of TNF-α to ensure its proper effect because TNF-α has opposite biologic effects in different circumstances (Aggarwal 200... | 16581537 | PMC1440772 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:06 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 10; 114(4):507-513 |
The trihalomethanes (THMs) chloroform (CHCl3), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform are major by-products of water-disinfection processes involving chlorine [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1991]. Typical household activities involving chlorinated water, such as sho... | 16581538 | PMC1440773 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 15; 114(4):514-521 |
Asthma, a chronic respiratory disease characterized by episodes of airway inflammation and narrowing, represents a significant public health problem. The prevalence of asthma in the United States has increased considerably since 1980 (Mannino et al. 1998), coinciding with an increasing tendency among Americans to spend... | 16581539 | PMC1440774 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 15; 114(4):522-526 |
Trivalent inorganic arsenic [As(III)] is a known human carcinogen, with liver, skin and lung as target sites (Abernathy et al. 1999). In solution at physiologic pH, As(III) is primarily in the form of the undissociated acid arsenic trioxide [As(OH)3] and not the oxyanion arsenite (Ramirez-Solis et al. 2004). The anhydr... | 16581540 | PMC1440775 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 2; 114(4):527-531 |
Tropospheric ozone is a common urban area pollutant linked to numerous harmful health effects, including reduced lung function, increased frequency of respiratory symptoms, and development of asthma [Broeckaert et al. 1999; Brunekreef and Holgate 2002; McConnell et al. 2002; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1... | 16581541 | PMC1440776 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 23; 114(4):532-536 |
A major responsibility of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) is to investigate the potential toxic and carcinogenic effects of various chemicals. Studies conducted by the NTP are used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, and other federal and state agencies in their consider... | 16581542 | PMC1440777 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 10; 114(4):537-541 |
Chromium is a transition element occurring in the environment (soil, rocks, plants, dust, and gases), primarily in the elemental, trivalent [Cr(III)], and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] oxidation states. Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are environmentally stable, and their toxicologic profiles are well known; Cr(III) has limited toxicolo... | 16581543 | PMC1440778 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 8; 114(4):542-546 |
Evolutionary toxicology is the study of the effects of contaminants on the genetics of natural populations and is rapidly becoming an essential component of ecotoxicology. The use of population genetic data to investigate effects of chronic contaminant exposure has proven effective in studies representing a diversity o... | 16581544 | PMC1440779 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 15; 114(4):547-552 |
Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) produces several forms of cellular DNA damage, including formation of uracil, apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, 8-oxoguanine, single-strand breaks, and double-strand breaks (Heinloth et al. 2003; Slupphaug et al. 2003). Cell cycle checkpoint responses to IR-induced DNA damage employ a com... | 16581545 | PMC1440780 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 19; 114(4):553-559 |
Recent epidemiologic studies have shown associations between ambient particle concentrations and changes in heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of autonomic function. In panel studies of healthy senior citizens (Creason et al. 2001; Gold et al. 2000), cardiac patients (Liao et al. 1999; Pope et al. 1999), and healt... | 16581546 | PMC1440781 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 15; 114(4):560-566 |
Developmental plasticity occurs when environmental influences affect cellular pathways during gestation, enabling a single genotype to produce a broad range of adult phenotypes (Bateson et al. 2004). Specifically, the developmental origins hypothesis postulates that nutrition and other environmental factors during pren... | 16581547 | PMC1440782 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 26; 114(4):567-572 |
To share and gain expertise in toxicogenomics and to develop a framework for reviewing data, pharmacology and toxicology reviewers and researchers within the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) formed the Nonclinical Pharmacogenomics Subcommittee (NPSC) (CDER 2004). Th... | 16581548 | PMC1440783 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 3; 114(4):573-578 |
Although the causal nature of the relation between lead exposure and elevated blood pressure in adults is still debated [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1999; Den Hond et al. 2002, 2003; Vupputuri et al. 2003], a meta-analysis of about 60,000 subjects from 31 studies estimated that a doubling o... | 16581549 | PMC1440784 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 24; 114(4):579-583 |
Environmental pollution of industrialized countries by heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and the metalloid arsenic is largely the consequence of past emissions by nonferrous industries. Although stringent measures and controls have been put into place during the last decades, high levels of these pollutants ... | 16581550 | PMC1440785 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 20; 114(4):584-590 |
Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) house large numbers of animals, flush animal wastes into open-air waste pits, and apply partially decomposed wastes to land, releasing pollutants into soil, air, and water (National Research Council 2003). Odor and local air pollution—including ammonia (Reynolds et al. 1997; S... | 16581551 | PMC1440786 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 10; 114(4):591-596 |
Organochlorine pesticides were widely used in the United States and worldwide from 1940 through the 1970s, but most have been eliminated or restricted in use after recognition of their persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation in animals and humans, and toxicity in laboratory animals and wildlife (United Nations ... | 16581552 | PMC1440787 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 2; 114(4):597-602 |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of three- and four-ring compounds that are formed as a result of incomplete combustion. Sources of environmental contamination can be both industrial and nonindustrial, with the most common sources being cigarette smoke, coal-fired utilities, steel plants, vehicle exh... | 16581553 | PMC1440788 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 20; 114(4):603-609 |
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxin has been implicated in bysinnosis, organic dust toxic syndrome, and illness in swine confined animal feeding operations workers (Douwes et al. 2002). Endotoxin in settled dust in residential environments has been as... | 16581554 | PMC1440789 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 3; 114(4):610-614 |
The prevalence of asthma has increased dramatically over the last 25 years in the United States and in other industrialized nations as a result of ill-defined changes in living conditions in modern Western society (Pew Environmental Health Commission 2000; Mannino et al. 2002). Exposure to air pollutants, including tob... | 16581555 | PMC1440790 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:06 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 26; 114(4):615-619 |
Allergy is a TH2-mediated immunologic phenomenon that is the most significant risk factor for development of childhood asthma. In the airway, the innate immune response to environmental agents gives rise to inflammation, enhancement of antigen presentation, and development of the primary (acquired) immune response. The... | 16581556 | PMC1440791 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 26; 114(4):620-626 |
Allergic diseases are the sixth leading cause of chronic illness in the United States, affecting 17% of the population and costing the health care system about $18 billion annually [American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) 2000]. Approximately 40 million Americans suffer from allergic rhinitis (hay fe... | 16581557 | PMC1440792 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 26; 114(4):627-633 |
The documented increase in asthma prevalence over the last 25 years (Mannino et al. 2002) is likely due to changes in our environment or lifestyle because changes in our genetic makeup would take more than several generations to occur. When investigating environmental exposures [e.g., outdoor, environmental tobacco smo... | 16581558 | PMC1440793 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr 26; 114(4):634-640 |
Globalization is changing the world in ways that we may not yet fully comprehend. For the United States, the enactment of new free trade agreements, the downsizing of our manufacturing base, and consumer demand for inexpensive products are all affecting both jobs and the environment, especially in those regions with po... | 16581521 | PMC1440794 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A204-A205 |
“What’s in a name?” Shakespeare famously wrote. During our recent experience in conceptualizing and creating a new Office of Translational Biomedicine at the NIEHS, we have learned that the answer, often, is “quite a lot,” and perhaps necessarily so. The problem in this instance arises from the use of the term “transla... | 16581522 | PMC1440795 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A206 |
Nemmar et al. were surprised that we did not cite their study in our article (Geiser et al. 2005) when we referenced state-of-the-art experiments about the translocation of ultrafine particles into secondary organs. We did not cite their human study (Nemmar et al. 2002) because in Figure 2 of their article, they presen... | 0 | PMC1440796 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A212-A213 |
In the article by Rosenman et al. [
Environ Health Perspect 113:1366–1372 (2005)], the authors noted errors in Tables 8–11, which resulted from a programming error. Because of this error, the overall mean daily weighted averages (DWAs) were greater than they should have been. The corrected tables are shown below.
The ... | 0 | PMC1440797 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A214 |
If the U.S. government were a student, it would be on the verge of flunking Ocean Policy 101, to judge by the U.S. Ocean Policy Report Card issued 3 February 2006 by the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative. The United States has accomplished far too little in response to a health crisis in the nation’s oceans, coasts, an... | 16581527 | PMC1440798 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A216 |
In 1948 an international conference in Geneva adopted a convention formally establishing what is today called the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The IMO initially worked mainly to ensure maritime safety, but after a 1967 spill of 100,000 tons of crude oil off the southern coast of England, the organization ... | 0 | PMC1440799 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A219 |
Wenten M, Berhane K, Rappaport EB, Avol E, Tsai W-W, Gauderman WJ, et al. 2005. TNF-308 Modifies the Effect of Second-Hand Smoke on Respiratory Illness–Related School Absences. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172:1563–1568.
Children are at special risk for adverse effects from exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). Estimated p... | 0 | PMC1440800 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A221 |
The volume of global trade has been rising steadily in the past few years, fueled by free trade agreements and migration of manufacturing to destinations in Asia, particularly China. Nearly 90% of global trade is by sea, involving a fleet of 45,000 oceangoing merchant ships. U.S. ports and waterways move almost 99% of ... | 16581529 | PMC1440801 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A222-A231 |
The bright and dark sides of Africa’s information technology sector are both evident at the Ikeja Computer Village, near Lagos, Nigeria. Thousands of vendors pack this bustling market, one of three major hubs where imported used electronics are repaired and sold. Computers, fax machines, cell phones—if you want one, yo... | 16581530 | PMC1440802 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A232-A235 |
In September 2005, the city of Los Angeles announced a mandate to cut the air pollution from its harbor. The head of the city’s harbor commission, S. David Freeman, gave the port managers a sobering directive: “Start acting like our lives are depending on it,” he told them, according to the 29 September 2005 Los Angele... | 16581531 | PMC1440803 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A236-A239 |
The 2005 NIEHS Division of Extramural Research and Training’s annual scientific retreat was titled “Practical and Potential Clinical and Public Health Outcomes Derived from Basic Environmental Health Sciences Research.” The retreat focused on integrating the science in our extramural research portfolio into the clinica... | 0 | PMC1440804 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A243 |
Disease Investigation through Specialized Clinically Oriented Ventures in Environmental Research (DISCOVER) [P50]
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) invites qualified investigators from academic institutions or nonprofit research institutions to submit an application for a Disease Investiga... | 0 | PMC1440805 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A244-A245 |
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has a partnership relationship with the asphalt paving and roofing industries and their associated unions. Our partners saw in the EHP Focus article “Paving Paradise: The Peril of Impervious Surfaces” (Frazer 2005) the statement on page A459: “Asphalt is... | 16581523 | PMC1440806 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:06 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A210a |
In their article “Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children’s Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides,” Lu et al. (2006) used language that is likely to be misused by organic food marketers to promote high-priced foods and could discourage lower-income parents from providing their children with a diet rich in ... | 16581524 | PMC1440807 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A210b-A211 |
Avery is concerned that the language used in our recent article (Lu et al. 2005), as well as in an earlier article (Curl et al. 2003), may be used to mislead the public regarding the relative safety of organic foods compared with foods derived from crops treated with pesticides.
We agree that communication of scientif... | 0 | PMC1440808 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A211a |
We read with great interest the article by Geiser et al. (2005) on the mechanism of translocation of ultrafine particles (UFPs) across cellular membranes in vivo in rats following inhalation and in vitro using porcine pulmonary macrophages and human red blood cells.
We are delighted to see this study that vindicates o... | 16581525 | PMC1440809 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A211b-A212 |
We read with great interest “Chronic Beryllium Disease and Sensitization at a Beryllium Processing Facility” (Rosenman et al. 2005). We wish to offer some observations that will broaden the context in which this article is understood.
I agree with the statement by Rosenman et al. (2005) that a limitation of the study ... | 16581526 | PMC1440810 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A213a |
We thank Kolanz for his careful reading of our article (Rosenman et al. 2005). An erratum correcting the problem he noted appears on page A214.
How do these corrected numbers change our results? More chronic beryllium disease (CBD) and sensitization occurred with exposure below the Occupational Safety and Health Admin... | 0 | PMC1440811 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A213b-A215 |
Estrogens are known to trigger rapid cellular responses, including hormone secretion and cell permeability changes, in tissues as diverse as the pancreas, the pituitary gland, and the brain. Two studies published in the December 2005 issue of Endocrinology now present an intricate picture of how estradiol, the body’s p... | 0 | PMC1440812 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A217a |
PFOA to Be Eliminated
In January 2006, eight companies agreed to an EPA agreement to eliminate perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from consumer products within the next decade. PFOA, used to make nonstick and stain-resistant materials, has been linked with cancer and birth defects in animals. The chemical has been detected ... | 0 | PMC1440813 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A217b-A219 |
Particulate matter measuring less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) has been widely linked to heart disease. These tiny particles of dust, soot, and smoke accompany emissions from power plants and vehicle exhaust, and lead to an estimated 60,000 premature deaths per year in the United States. EPA standards limit average human e... | 0 | PMC1440814 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A218a |
The safety of food additives is usually examined by varying the dose of a single additive administered to animal models or cell cultures. However, British researchers at the University of Liverpool and the University of Ulster report in the March 2006 issue of Toxicological Sciences that combinations of additives can p... | 0 | PMC1440815 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A218b |
The NIEHS and its fellow NIH institutes and centers have joined forces to reveal still more connections between genes, the environment, and human health. On 6 February 2006 Health and Human Services Secretary Mike Leavitt announced that the Genes and Environment Initiative (GEI) would receive $68 million in fiscal year... | 0 | PMC1440816 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A220a |
A safe home environment is the first line of defense in protecting children’s health. And since many kids spend a great amount of time in schools and child care facilities, safeguarding their health in those places is also essential. The Community Outreach and Education Core (COEC) of the Environmental Health Sciences ... | 0 | PMC1440817 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:07 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A220b-A221 |
Ozone is a common urban pollutant that has been linked to health effects such as reduced lung function, increases in respiratory symptoms, and development of asthma. Now a team of researchers reports that ozone may pose a danger to human health even at levels far below the limits set by current U.S. and international r... | 0 | PMC1440818 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A240a |
There is substantial evidence that a pregnant mother’s exposure to environmental substances can affect her young. Now researchers have uncovered the first direct evidence that maternal exposure to a phytoestrogen in soy can cause lifelong epigenetic changes—that is, changes in gene activity from processes other than ch... | 0 | PMC1440819 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A240b |
Confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) can pollute the surrounding air with malodorous compounds, bacteria, fungi, and endotoxin. CAFO-related health impacts have been investigated primarily in adults, but children may be at greater risk because of their size and developmental stage. Since children spend considerab... | 0 | PMC1440820 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A241a |
For two decades, scientists have known that lead exposure can induce hypertension in lab animals. More recent studies suggest it might also promote hypertension in adults. But little was known about the metal’s effects on blood pressure in children. Now researchers who studied 780 lead-exposed children for five years r... | 0 | PMC1440821 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:49 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A241b |
Edited by Nancy J. Myers and Carolyn Raffensberger
Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2006. 400 pp. ISBN: 0-262-13458-6, $62 cloth; ISBN: 0-262-63323-X, $25 paper.
Opponents of the precautionary principle often complain that it is not a sufficient tool for decision making. They’re right—except that, as far as I know, no one ev... | 0 | PMC1440822 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:44:06 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A254a |
Advances in the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide
S. Lombardi, L.K. Altunina, S.E. Beaubien, eds.
New York:Springer, 2006. 362 pp. ISBN: 1-4020-4470-4, $79.95
Carbon and Its Domestication
A.M. Mannion
New York:Springer, 2006. 319 pp. ISBN: 1-4020-3956-5, $119
Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factors for Interspeci... | 0 | PMC1440823 | CC0 | 2021-01-04 23:43:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr; 114(4):A254b |
Background
We recently determined the whole genome sequence of the Coccolithoviridae strain EhV-86, a giant dsDNA algal virus from the family Phycodnaviridae that infects the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi [1]. Core genes common to nuclear-cytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) genomes were identified and eight... | 16553948 | PMC1440845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:54 | no | Virol J. 2006 Mar 22; 3:15 |
Background
TRIzol is a common RNA extraction reagent that has been extensively used in conjunction with microarray analysis and other applications [1-4]. One of the advantages of TRIzol is its capability of extracting RNA, DNA, and proteins from a single sample. However, TRIzol is primarily designed for RNA extraction ... | 16556310 | PMC1440846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Mar 23; 4:3 |
Background
Cost-utility analysis is regarded as an important element in the formation of policy on the use of health technologies. Guidelines suggest that a community perspective should be taken in estimating utility weights to apply to health states in decision analytic modelling [1,2]. Multi-attribute utility scales ... | 16571106 | PMC1440847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:10 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Mar 29; 4:22 |
Introduction
The intraspecific genetic diversity of crops in farmers' fields has increasingly received attention due to several convergent social and academic concerns. Crop genetic innovations for and by poor farming households have become an important focus of food security research [1]. Attention is being paid to th... | 16507113 | PMC1440848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Mar 1; 2:12 |
Introduction
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive motor disorder marked by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Increased inflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated in this neuronal death as elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 [1] and reactive m... | 16566823 | PMC1440849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Mar 27; 3:6 |
Background
Neurological complications of tacrolimus are usually mild (tremors, paraesthiae and myalgia), but can be severe with encephalopathy, seizures and coma. Severe complications have been more frequently reported following liver and lung than with renal transplantation [1-4], and typically occur with tacrolimus c... | 16573841 | PMC1440850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:52 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Mar 31; 7:7 |
Background
Female circumcision, or female genital mutilation (FGM), is defined by the World Health Organization as "all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs, whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons" [1]. Girls are commo... | 16571108 | PMC1440851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Mar 29; 6:6 |
Background
In a "nutrition transition", the consumption of foods high in fats and sweeteners is increasing throughout the developing world, while the share of cereals is declining; intake of fruits and vegetables remains inadequate [1]. These poor quality diets are associated with rising rates of overweight, obesity an... | 16569239 | PMC1440852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Global Health. 2006 Mar 28; 2:4 |
Background
The wide use of DNA microarrays to query expression of genes has created the need for updated, consistent and meaningful annotations on the probes included in the microarrays. We refer to gene annotation as a recognizable label or gene id identifying the gene that is targeted by a given probe. Gene ids shoul... | 16551360 | PMC1440853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:59 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 21; 7:58 |
Background
Mathematical modelling approaches are increasingly being employed to inform disease control strategies. Interest in these techniques in this context has been greatly augmented by recent disease outbreaks within the British cattle population. The accuracy of such models relies upon accurate estimates of popul... | 16573832 | PMC1440854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:59 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Mar 30; 2:11 |
Background
Socio-economic variations in health, including variations in health according to wealth and income, have been widely reported [1-4]. However, interventions to overcome socio-economic variations in health have achieved little success[5,6]. One potential method of improving the health of the most deprived grou... | 16571122 | PMC1440855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 29; 6:81 |
Findings
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in American men, with over 230,000 new cases predicted for 2005 alone [1]. Projections estimate that the number of new cases of PCa during the next 20 years will more than double and the number of men dying of the disease could double or t... | 16566819 | PMC1440856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Mar 27; 5:9 |
Introduction
Yucca schidigera is an herbaceous plant of the lily family, native to the deserts of the south-western United States and northern Mexico. This plant was used in traditional medicine by Native Americans to treat a variety of ailments including arthritis. Yucca products are currently used in a number of appl... | 16571135 | PMC1440857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Mar 29; 3:6 |
Background
Since the 1990s the World Health Organization Directly Observed Therapy Short Course (DOTS) management strategy has become the internationally recommended approach for tuberculosis (TB) control programmes [1-3]. By the beginning of the new Millennium, 149 countries in the world had adopted the DOTS strategy ... | 16556324 | PMC1440858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 23; 7(1):44 |
Background
The need for practitioners to stay abreast of the medical literature is critical, but tools to actively support this goal are few. One response is Health Technology Assessment (HTA), a systematic search, assessment and summary of the extant literature on a specific health intervention or policy, analyzed bot... | 16579855 | PMC1440859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:59 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Mar 31; 6:21 |
Background
Aminoglycosides are widely considered to be the treatment of choice in newborn infants with suspected or proven sepsis. Gentamicin remains one of the most commonly used aminoglycosides [1]. It is usually given in combination with a β-lactam antibiotic to provide optimum cover against organisms most frequentl... | 16545135 | PMC1440860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Mar 17; 6:8 |
Background
Retrieving the best current evidence for a specific medical discipline when searching in large electronic databases such as MEDLINE can be challenging. This challenge is due to the scatter of relevant articles in low concentration across a large number of journals, inherent limits in indexing, and lack of se... | 16556313 | PMC1440861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Mar 23; 5:4 |
Background
Obesity is a major health disorder in the US. About 30.5% of the adult population in the US is obese [1]. In the last decade alone the percent of obese people has doubled according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey [1]. Body Mass Index (BMI) is the tool currently used to measure excess ... | 16556311 | PMC1440862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Mar 23; 5:7 |
Background
Gastrointestinal metastases from malignant melanoma (MM) represent a clinical problem. Previous studies have shown that surgical resection offers good symptom palliation, prevents future emergency presentation and prolongs survival [1-3]. However, these patients often only have a median of 6 to 12 months lif... | 16573827 | PMC1440863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Mar 30; 4:20 |
Background
Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum was first described by Ludlow, who observed a "preternatural pocket" in the cervical esophagus at autopsy [1]. It is the most common type of diverticulum, with a prevalence of 0.01–0.11% in the general population and an incidence of 1.8–2.3% in patients complaining of dysphagi... | 16569226 | PMC1440864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Mar 28; 4:17 |
Introduction
While health care quality in the U.S. has been found to be inconsistent and sometimes inadequate by several investigators [1,2], objective assessments of quality can provide useful information as quality improvement programs are developed and implemented [3]. Some researchers have observed that care for so... | 16571127 | PMC1440865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Mar 29; 4:3 |
Introduction
Recent studies have demonstrated that the endogenous cannabinoids (bioactive fatty acid amides and esters termed endocannabinoids) are important modulators of fertility in mammals [1,2]. The endocannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) and congeners, cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, the A... | 16573810 | PMC1440866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2006 Mar 30; 3:3 |
Background
Acquired disruption of the lymphatic circulation can lead to either regional or generalized accumulation of interstitial fluid, known as lymphedema [1]. Among the predicted 200,000 patients who develop breast cancer annually [2], conservative estimates dictate that 15–20% will ultimately develop secondary ly... | 16571129 | PMC1440867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 29; 6:84 |
Background
In Western countries, breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women and its incidence is still increasing. Several factors have contributed to this increase. Screening mammography temporarily increases incidence by discovering incident, as well as prevalent cases. Higher exposure to breast cancer ris... | 16551373 | PMC1440868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:10:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 22; 6:78 |
Background
The beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols on human health have been widely assumed to act through various biological effects such as free radical scavenging, metal chelation, modulation of enzymatic activity and altering signal transduction pathways [1-3]. Epidemiological studies have also highlighted th... | 16566826 | PMC1440869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Mar 27; 6:7 |
Background
Echocardiography came into use in Nigeria in the mid 70's, however, in very few centres mostly concentrated in urban areas. Accessibility to echocardiography in Nigeria is still very low due to the high costs of the technique and to the lack of highly specialized personnel performing it. In fact, the country... | 16551364 | PMC1440870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Mar 21; 4:13 |
Background
Chagas' disease is a protozoan infestation caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and is one of the most relevant public health problems and a major cause of heart failure and death in Latin America. More than 100 million people are estimated to be infected and at risk of acquiring the disease and more than 18 million ... | 16573837 | PMC1440871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Mar 31; 4:18 |
Background
Cardiologists are able to quantify the coronary flow velocity during coronary angiography by means of a Doppler guide wire system. The computer analysis of the Doppler shift reflects the actual blood flow velocity in the coronary artery [1]. In addition, measuring the coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) du... | 16553954 | PMC1440872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Mar 22; 4:14 |
Background
A systems biology approach which is becoming increasingly used in microarray data analysis is the search for enriched (aka over-represented or enhanced) terms in a list of interesting genes. This kind of approach tries to disclose the biological meaning behind the massive amount of data derived from high-thr... | 16504085 | PMC1440873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 23; 7:86 |
Introduction
ATR-X syndrome is a severe, nonprogressive form of X-linked mental retardation that is frequently associated with multiple congenital abnormalities [1]. It is usually associated with a mild form of α-thalassaemia, caused by reduced expression of structurally intact α-globin genes, and characterised by the ... | 16628246 | PMC1440874 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Apr 21; 2(4):e58 |
Introduction
Urinary incontinence (UI) is an increasing medical problem in ageing populations. Affecting more than 12 million afflicted people in the US alone, UI is a frequent cause of confinement and lifestyle modification [1]. UI is defined as the involuntary loss of urine, and may result from a number of causes inc... | 16683034 | PMC1440875 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Apr 21; 2(4):e57 |
Introduction
Genealogy-based population genetics (coalescent theory) provides a mathematical framework for modeling underlying processes such as mutation, demography, and genealogical structure [1], making it convenient and powerful for exploring evolutionary processes and demographic events, as well as for providing a... | 16636697 | PMC1440876 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:02 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Apr 21; 2(4):e59 |
Introduction
Post-translational phosphorylation is a ubiquitous mechanism for cellular regulation, playing a role in such diverse processes as signal transduction, transport, cytoskeletal regulation, and metabolism. A variety of amino acids can be phosphorylated, but serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most importa... | 16628247 | PMC1440919 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Apr 21; 2(4):e32 |
Introduction
Many new classes of functional RNA structures (fRNAs), such as snoRNAs, miRNAs, splicing factors, and riboswitches [1–3], have been discovered over the last few years. These structures function both as independent molecules and as part of mRNA transcripts. These recent discoveries verify that fRNAs fulfill... | 16628248 | PMC1440920 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Apr 21; 2(4):e33 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.