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The protein-making instructions of DNA, and the RNA messages transcribed from them, are spelled out in nucleotides. Proteins, though, are written in amino acids, and one of the seminal discoveries of the early days of molecular biology was the code that relates one to the other. Each of the 20 amino acids is represente... | 20076581 | PMC1440929 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e175 |
Egg cells have simple shapes, yet they have built-in asymmetries that can profoundly affect early steps in development. The football-shaped egg cell—or oocyte—of fruit flies contains a precisely laid mosaic of maternal molecules with the potential to induce different cell fates. As the fertilized oocyte divides, the re... | 20076571 | PMC1440930 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e160 |
Introduction
Understanding how the brain represents sequence information is key to understanding complex, goal-directed behavior. Many theories of sequential behaviors posit “associative chaining” codes [
1,
2], where neurons representing earlier sequence elements activate neurons representing later elements. In these ... | 16620152 | PMC1440931 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e134 |
Introduction
The notion of prepatterning in the mammalian egg has long been controversial [
1,
2]. Although the regulative capacity of the preimplantation embryos has suggested the absence of predetermination [
3–
6], studies in the last decade have claimed its presence in the mouse egg [
7–
10]. We recently showed tha... | 16620153 | PMC1440932 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e135 |
Your ability to survive a paper cut or conquer a cold depends on immune system cells that circulate through your body, carrying out search-and-destroy missions against bacteria, viruses, and anything else that's not you. Such cells bear invader-snagging transmembrane proteins called receptors. When a receptor latches o... | 20076575 | PMC1440933 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e168 |
Introduction
One of the most remarkable properties of the genetic code is that it is the same in the majority of organisms. This remarkable conservation suggests that it was established early in the evolution of life on earth, before the split of the three main domains of life [
1], and has remained constant since then... | 16620150 | PMC1440934 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e127 |
Plants use a wide range of reproductive strategies to get around the fact that they can't pull up stakes when conditions deteriorate. The life cycle of flowering plants precisely tracks local daylight and temperature cycles to optimize flowering and boost reproductive success. The timing of flowering is crucial. As any... | 20076577 | PMC1440935 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e171 |
From cooking to playing the piano, our activities consist of simple motions that we string together for specific purposes. When we learn a new recipe or piano sonata, we memorize the elemental gestures of the trade as well as the precise order in which they must occur to produce a coq au vin or “Moonlight Sonata.” And ... | 20076576 | PMC1440936 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e169 |
Introduction
The coordination of flowering time with environmental factors is a major determinant of reproductive success in plants, and numerous experiments in many different species have shown that populations are typically strongly adapted to their local environment. Plants decide when to flower by integrating multi... | 16623598 | PMC1440937 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e137 |
Introduction
Widespread anthropogenic dispersal of exotic organisms has raised growing concern over their devastating ecological impacts, and has prompted decades of research on the ecology of invasive species [
1–
3]. Exotic plants may become aggressive invaders outside their home ranges for a number of reasons, inclu... | 16623597 | PMC1440938 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e140 |
Humans have never been known to tread lightly on the earth, but as our global reach has expanded so have our impacts on other species. Vanishing habitat caused by human activity is the number one threat to biodiversity, but the dispersal of alien invasive species—again, caused by humans—is not far behind. Over 4,500 no... | 20076579 | PMC1440939 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e173 |
Introduction
The notion that a population's genetic composition influences its ecological dynamics is conceptually deeply rooted in population biology [
1–
3], but to date so few convincing examples have emerged [
4–
6] that genetic effects on population dynamics are generally thought to be masked or effectively overri... | 16620151 | PMC1440940 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e129 |
Introduction
Chromatin organization in the cell nucleus influences gene expression, DNA replication, damage, and repair. When the interphase nucleus forms, chromosomes partially decondense but still occupy distinct territories [
1], which have nonrandom radial positions that are conserved through evolution [
2–
5]. Cur... | 16623600 | PMC1440941 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e138 |
Though chromosomes appear as discrete, tidy rod-like bodies with distinct sizes and shapes during cell division, they unravel and morph into what looks like a tangled ball of yarn at the end of each division, when they re-form the cell's nucleus. Nevertheless, experimental evidence from the past 20 years suggests that ... | 20076580 | PMC1440942 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e174 |
Why does a population in the wild grow or shrink, or remain the same over generations? Genes would seem an obvious factor, but in fact there is remarkably little evidence that genetic effects influence year-to-year population dynamics, beyond the well-recognized negative effect from inbreeding on very small populations... | 20076568 | PMC1440943 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e150 |
Introduction
The activation of cells in the immune system is controlled by a large and diverse group of surface receptors that belong to two distinct protein families, the immunoglobulin and the C-type lectin families. The ligand-binding subunits of these receptors have only short cytoplasmic domains and activation sig... | 16623599 | PMC1440944 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 25; 4(5):e142 |
Background
Intercellular junctions are a characteristic morphological feature of differentiated epithelial cell monolayers. They represent several types of multiprotein complexes assembled at distinct positions within the lateral plasma membrane in areas of cell-cell contacts. The tight junction (TJ) is the most apical... | 16509970 | PMC1444913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Mar 1; 7:12 |
Background
Investigation into the mechanisms of action of plant-derived compounds remains an important approach in the search for new and more effective anti-cancer agents. Productive sources of chemopreventative and chemotherapeutic phytochemicals include plants and plant products associated with the diet and with tra... | 16512916 | PMC1444914 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Mar 2; 7:13 |
Background
In most Western countries, the health care system faces serious problems as a result of social trends and advances in medicine such as the ageing of the population, changes in the provision of care, increase in well-informed patients and predictive medical information. These changes have profound impact on t... | 16566822 | PMC1444915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 27; 6:39 |
Background
The number of currently solved protein structures [1] is about two orders of magnitude lower than the number of known amino acid sequences [2,3]. Despite intensifying efforts in protein structure determination, particularly structural genomic initiatives (SGI) [4,5], this large gap will probably remain for a... | 16549009 | PMC1444916 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Mar 20; 6:6 |
Background
Methamphetamine (MA) is a common illicit drug, which abuse is currently reaching epidemic proportions. According to the 2002 SAMHSA National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 12.4 million Americans age 12 and older had tried methamphetamine at least once in their lifetimes (5.3 percent of the population). This... | 16569246 | PMC1444917 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Mar 28; 2:12 |
Background
Artemisinin-containing combination treatments (ACTs) are recommended to stem the rising tide of drug-resistant malaria in Africa[1]. So far, widespread public-sector deployment of artemisinin-containing drugs has been constrained by their relatively high cost and limited global supply, as well as some linger... | 16569252 | PMC1444918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Mar 29; 5:25 |
Background
For men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), retrieval of spermatozoa from the testes for assisted reproduction using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) offers an opportunity for fertility despite limited sperm production [1-4]. The technique of testicular sperm extraction (TESE) via an open testicul... | 16549019 | PMC1444919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Mar 20; 6:9 |
Background
For most viruses, the initial encounter with the host takes place in cells of non-lymphatic origin. The outcome of this primary infection can determine the course of disease, and the cytokine response of the infected cell plays a vital part. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are potent, antivirally active cytokin... | 16571117 | PMC1444920 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:35 | no | Virol J. 2006 Mar 29; 3:17 |
Background
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major chronic metabolic disorder affecting a large portion of population world wide [1]. The diagnosis as well as the progression/remission of DM are usually based on evaluation of biochemical parameters viz., blood glucose, serum insulin and C-peptide levels [2]. Assessment of se... | 16448577 | PMC1444921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:08 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Feb 1; 6:4 |
Background
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract and a quite common digestive disease in the general population frequently diagnosed in general practice [1]. IBS is widespread in all societies and socio-economic groups. For most patients, it is a chronic condition often w... | 16566821 | PMC1444922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Mar 27; 4:21 |
Background
During the division cycle of individual growing cells, most size-related parameters such as length (L), volume (V), surface area, dry mass and others show a continuous increase, but there is considerable controversy concerning the exact time-profile of these increases. To describe the growth period, commonly... | 16566825 | PMC1444923 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Mar 27; 3:16 |
Background
The assessment of myocardial perfusion using radioactive tracers has consistently been shown to provide important prognostic information in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease [1-3]. A number of additional non-perfusion parameters of left ventricular function have also been described to ... | 16571123 | PMC1444924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2006 Mar 29; 6:2 |
Background
From the mid-nineteenth century until the turn of the twentieth century, germ theory gradually overtook miasmatic theory as the dominant understanding of disease causation [1,2]. During this period, many large cities in the United States continued to suffer from epidemic cycles, nation-wide epidemic diffusio... | 16566830 | PMC1444925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Mar 27; 5:13 |
Background
In the last two decades, research assessing neighborhood characteristics in the United States has expanded from exclusive reliance upon administrative records such as census data to directly observed measures. Census data, used as a proxy for neighborhood characteristics, have been critical for identifying i... | 16545132 | PMC1444926 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Mar 17; 5:11 |
Background
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC, OMIM: 604401) is characterized by progressive degeneration and fibro-fatty replacement of right ventricular myocardium, causing ventricular tachyarrhythmias and resulting in sudden death, often during exercise. In Italy, where the condition has been stud... | 16569242 | PMC1444927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 28; 7:29 |
Background
Suicide is an international public-health problem. It is now among the five leading causes of death among young people worldwide. Although the highest suicide rates are currently found in Eastern Europe, the largest number of suicides takes place in Asia. Suicidal behaviour is often a process: from death wis... | 16563173 | PMC1444928 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 26; 6:76 |
Background
The breeding goals for pigs are largely directed towards retail carcass yield and meat quality because of the high economic value of these traits [1]. The marbling score, which is associated with the intramuscular fat (IMF) content, is one of the most important parameters for determining meat quality [2]. Ba... | 16504160 | PMC1444929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 27; 7:36 |
Background
Research concerning the impact of inorganic nanoparticles on cellular health will enable new developments in nanobiotechnology to reach their fullest potential. An improved understanding of nanoparticles and biological cell interactions can lead to the development of new sensing, diagnostic, and treatment ca... | 16507102 | PMC1444930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Feb 28; 4:3 |
Background
Taste buds, the transducing elements of gustatory sensation, contain a heterogeneous population of 50 to 100 elongate taste receptor cells, which extend from the basal lamina to the surface of the epithelium. Taste stimuli interact with receptors on the apical membrane, while the basolateral membranes of som... | 16573824 | PMC1444931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Mar 30; 4:7 |
Background
Brucella abortus, a facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of brucellosis: a worldwide zoonosis that causes abortion and infertility in cattle, as well as undulant fever, arthritis, endocarditis, meningitis and osteomyelitis in humans [1]; therefore it constitutes both an e... | 16556312 | PMC1444932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Mar 23; 5:14 |
Background
The most common cause of vaginal agenesis is congenital absence of the uterus and vagina which is also referred to as Müllerian aplasia, Müllerian agenesis or Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome [1]. The frequency of this syndrome is not yet entirely clear, although reported incidences vary from 1... | 16556301 | PMC1444933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Mar 23; 5:4 |
Background
The size of the inoculum that initiates infection in HIV-1 is unknown, although the loss of diversity is thought to be substantial following both horizontal [1-7] and vertical [8,9] transmission. If the bottleneck is selectively neutral, genetic drift will occur because only a small number of variants are ch... | 16556318 | PMC1444934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 23; 6:28 |
Background
Most of the biologic effects of vitamin A are mediated by all-trans retinoic acid (RA) receptors (RARs) encoded by three genes, RARα, β and γ, each of which give rise to multiple receptor isoforms. RARs regulate gene transcription upon heterodimerization with retinoid X (9-cis RA) receptors (RXRs). RARs and ... | 16563162 | PMC1444935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Mar 24; 5:12 |
Background
The importance of the database (DB) integration problem to bioinformatics has been recognized for many years [1-6]. Many questions in bioinformatics can be addressed only by combining data from multiple DBs, and DB integration also permits cross-checking of individual DBs for validation. In 1993 a summary of... | 16556315 | PMC1444936 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 17:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 23; 7:170 |
Introduction
Medicinal plants constitute the base of heath care systems in many societies. The recovery of the knowledge and practices associated with these plant resources are part of an important strategy linked to the conservation of biodiversity, the discovery of new medicines, and the bettering of the quality of l... | 16556305 | PMC1444943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Mar 23; 2:15 |
Background
Adequate sleep (AS) is a critical factor for adolescent health and health-related behaviors. However, the relationships between AS and health status, e.g. frequency of doctor visits, non-obesity and health-related behaviors, are not well understood. Humans spend almost a third of their lifetimes sleeping; qu... | 16524482 | PMC1447528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 8; 6:59 |
Background
On 17 October 2003, the Convention for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage was adopted in Paris at the 32nd Session of UNESCO [1]. In the Convention it was stated for the first time that knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe are part of our cultural heritage. This means that ethnob... | 16563158 | PMC1447602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Mar 24; 2:16 |
pmcBackground
Halophilic archaea (haloarchaea) are extremophiles that grow optimally under conditions of extremely high salinity, 5–10 times that of seawater [1]. They contain a similarly high concentration of salts internally and exhibit a variety of novel molecular characteristics, including acidic proteins that res... | 16542428 | PMC1447603 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:40 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Mar 16; 2:3 |
Introduction
The complexity of the transcriptome is significantly greater than that of the genome due to alternative splicing. It is estimated that between 35%–65% of human genes are alternatively spliced [1,2]. The slo gene, for example, is estimated to produce more than 500 distinct transcripts, which regulate variou... | 16683015 | PMC1447652 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 2(4):e34 |
Nostra culpa. Not only did we foist a hastily conceived and incorrectly executed simulation on an overworked RECOMB conference program committee, but worse—nostra maxima culpa—we obliged a team of high-powered researchers to clean up after us! It was never our intention to introduce an alternative way of constructing s... | 16683016 | PMC1447653 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 2(4):e35 |
Many functionally important regions of the genome can be recognized by searching for sequence patterns, or “motifs.” Aside from the genes themselves, examples include CpG islands, often present in promoter regions, and splice sites that denote intron/exon boundaries. Other motifs of great interest correspond to sites b... | 16683017 | PMC1447654 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 2(4):e36 |
Introduction
The degeneracy of the genetic code entails that all amino acids except methionine and tryptophan are encoded by multiple synonymous codons. The usage of synonymous codons is far from neutral, though, and strong biases in their frequencies were observed in the first genomic sequences (see [1]). A general re... | 16683018 | PMC1447655 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Apr 21; 2(4):e37 |
Introduction
For years evolutionary biologists have been interested in knowing to what extent natural selection and genetic drift have shaped the genetic variation of populations and species [1–5]. Neutrality tests have provided powerful tools for developing hypotheses regarding this issue. The first objective of relat... | 16683019 | PMC1447656 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:36 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 2(4):e38 |
Introduction
Designing a self-assembly nanodevice to perform a particular biological function is the ultimate goal for the upcoming era of nanobiology [1–4]. A nanodevice, to name a few, can be a drug delivery agent [5], a scaffold for tissue regeneration, or a biosensor [6,7] for detecting a toxic chemical or a partic... | 16683021 | PMC1447657 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 09:20:41 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 2(4):e42 |
Introduction
Experimental results of the past several years reveal that the bacterial cytoplasm is more complex and sophisticated than previously thought. To cite a recent review on the prokaryotic cell cycle: “Many signal transduction proteins are dynamically localized to specific subcellular addresses … and proper lo... | 16683020 | PMC1447658 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Apr 28; 2(4):e39 |
Introduction
Immunological tolerance to self-antigens is the result of the deletion of self-reactive T lymphocytes in the thymus (central tolerance) and suppression of the activation of potentially self-reactive T lymphocytes in the periphery (peripheral tolerance) [1]. Suppression of pathogenic T cell responses is med... | 16652169 | PMC1447668 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 12:21:58 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Apr 28; 2(4):e33 |
Introduction
The agent of Legionnaires pneumonia, the Gram negative Legionella pneumophila, creates a replication vacuole that is dependent on the function of the Dot/Icm protein translocation machine, a member of the specialized type IV conjugative secretion machinery family [1,2]. This system transports at least 30 d... | 16652170 | PMC1447669 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Apr 28; 2(4):e34 |
Introduction
The innate immune system recognizes microbes based on their pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which provoke pathogen-specific responses tailored to meet the challenge [1]. This ensures that parasites, viruses, bacteria, and fungi are each attacked appropriately. Fungi are opportunistic pathog... | 16652171 | PMC1447670 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Apr 28; 2(4):e35 |
Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) get recurrent infections with a variety of bacterial and fungal pathogens as a consequence of phagocyte defects in production of antimicrobial reactive oxygen metabolites. Patients with CGD often present with clinical syndromes, such as pneumonia or lymphadenitis, for w... | 16652172 | PMC1447671 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Apr 28; 2(4):e36 |
Findings
Although human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are common in the general population, they can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals [12]. Several drugs have been approved to treat these infections, including ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir, yet the toxicity associat... | 16571131 | PMC1448171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:54 | no | Virol J. 2006 Mar 29; 3:18 |
Background
Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has been carried out in the UK for over twenty years. The effectiveness of this intervention in detection and management of abdominal aortic aneurysms has been the subject of debate in the literature [1-5]. However, recent evidence suggests that screening for AAA... | 16571121 | PMC1448172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 29; 6:80 |
Background
Tobacco, the second major cause of death in the world, is currently responsible for the death of one in ten adults worldwide (about 5 million deaths per year) [1]. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that, if current smoking patterns continue, it will cause some 10 million deaths every year by 2020, wh... | 16569250 | PMC1448173 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Mar 29; 3:13 |
Introduction
Methamphetamine is a stimulant drug with high dependence liability, and is a commonly misused illicit substance worldwide. The drug first appeared as a legal drug in nasal decongestant preparations during the 1930s, but methamphetamine has been used for non-medical purposes wherever it has been readily ava... | 16571134 | PMC1448174 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Mar 29; 3:14 |
Background
The Norwegian National Health Service has the last years been through a period of substantial growth. The Health Service's share of the gross national product increased from 8.2 to 9.5 percent during the period 1995–2004 [1]. When health care costs are calculated in USD and corrected for purchasing power, on... | 16579861 | PMC1448175 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Apr 2; 6:42 |
Background
Over the past 30 years there has been a trend towards the development of humanities curriculum in medical education, both in the United States and Europe. [1-3] Primarily, humanities researchers have developed the area of medical humanities, a discipline that is often part of a medical school faculty. Medica... | 16519815 | PMC1448176 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Mar 6; 6:16 |
Background
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterised by recurrent venous and arterial thromboses, recurrent foetal loss and spontaneous abortions, thrombocytopenia, and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies [1,2]. While there is an association with other autoimmune diseases such ... | 16573816 | PMC1448177 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2006 Mar 30; 3:3 |
Background
Neutropenic enterocolitis is the most important and a highly life-threatening abdominal infection in neutropenic patients. This complication most frequently occurs after intensive chemotherapy in acute leukaemias. The pooled incidence, derived from all available studies, was calculated to be 5.3% in patients... | 16504141 | PMC1448178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 26; 6:35 |
Background
Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been established as the gold standard for the treatment of both symptomatic and asymptomatic high-grade (≥ 70%) internal carotid artery (ICA) disease, based on the results of several prospective, randomized controlled trials [1-5]. However, though elderly people are typically... | 16573829 | PMC1448179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Mar 30; 6:12 |
Background
Kinesins are a diverse family of microtubule-based motor proteins important for intracellular transport and cell division in all eukaryotes [1,2]. Genetic and biochemical dissection of kinesin function implicates specific kinesins in the trafficking of organelles [3], signaling complexes [4], and vesicular c... | 16504166 | PMC1448180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:50 | no | BMC Chem Biol. 2006 Feb 27; 6:2 |
Introduction
Bone metastasis is a significant complication in tumor progression and a contributing cause of patient mortality. Contributing factors to such skeletal "homing" include the ability of the tumor to stimulate remodeling of the bone matrix thereby providing a niche supportive of its survival and growth [revie... | 16569238 | PMC1448181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Mar 28; 6:8 |
Background
Globally nearly 5 million deaths per year, as well as 12% of the deaths of people over 30 years of age are attributable to smoking, which makes smoking one of the world's most important health issues [1]. Cigarette smoke is known not only to cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, chronic bronch... | 16539723 | PMC1448182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Mar 15; 6:6 |
Background
Nasal polyp constitutes a benign growth process in the nasal and sinus mucosa which is mainly located in the middle meatus and never in the inferior meatus. The etiology of nasal polyps, which is a common clinical condition, is not well understood. Infections, allergy and immunological factors are considered... | 16551346 | PMC1448183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Mar 21; 7:4 |
Background
The use of porcine cells, tissues, and organs for transplantation or extracorporeal perfusion would greatly benefit the 86,000 patients on the United Network for Organ Sharing transplant waiting list, as well as those considered medically unsuitable for transplantation of scarce human organs or tissues [1]. ... | 16549031 | PMC1448184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:45 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Mar 20; 7:3 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterised by defective chloride transport in epithelial cells and excess mucus secretion. It is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), resulting in defective cAMP-dependent chloride conducta... | 16571105 | PMC1448185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Mar 29; 7:18 |
Background
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the infection of the meninges caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The diagnosis of TBM is complicated as it causes various clinical manifestations, which overlap with those of other chronic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) such as viral and pyogenic meningi... | 16571142 | PMC1448186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 Mar 30; 3:5 |
Background
AIDS and tuberculosis annually kill more than three million people worldwide and the numbers are growing. Of the >40 million adults and 5 million children infected with HIV, 95 percent live in developing countries and about one-third are co-infected with M. Tb. As many as half of HIV-infected patients in Afr... | 16573838 | PMC1448187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Mar 31; 3:8 |
Introduction
Oral cancer is the most common cancer and constitutes a major health problem in developing countries, representing the leading cause of death. Although representing 2–4% of the malignancies in the West, this carcinoma accounts for almost 40% of all cancers in the Indian subcontinent [1]. A key factor in th... | 16556320 | PMC1448188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | yes | Mol Cancer. 2006 Mar 23; 5:11 |
Background
Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid ligand, is an ethanolamine
amide of arachidonic acid that was first isolated from porcine brain and has been proposed to be an endogenous agonist of cannabinoid CB1 receptors [1]. On the other hand, several investigators have provided pharmacological and molecular eviden... | 16623933 | PMC1448189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Cough. 2006 Mar 30; 2:2 |
Background
Short chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) are a mixture of oligosaccharides consisting of glucose linked to fructose units; links between fructose units are β-(1,2) [1]. They are produced commercially from sucrose using an enzymatic process. ScFOS are poorly digested in the human small intestine but are fe... | 16569219 | PMC1448190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Mar 28; 5:8 |
Introduction
Increasing numbers of older people worldwide has created a need for additional knowledge of age-related changes relevant to nutrition, which has importance in the treatment and prevention of disease and in maintaining good health and quality of life in an ageing population [1,2]. Ill health frequently has ... | 16569253 | PMC1448191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Mar 29; 5:9 |
Background
Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, leading each year to the death of an estimated number of 1–2.7 million individuals, mostly children [1]. Chloroquine (CQ) resistance of P. falciparum represents today a major health care problem in... | 16569231 | PMC1448192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Mar 28; 5:24 |
Background
Extensive bile duct proliferation is a key feature of the tissue reaction to clinical and experimental forms of liver injury and in many cases, this proliferation may affect liver function [1,2]. It has long been appreciated that bile duct epithelial cells can be isolated and cultured in vitro from human [3-... | 16584555 | PMC1448193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:00 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr 3; 6:13 |
Background
There is clinical evidence of cognitive dysfunction in certain schizophrenic patients that is likely to be independent of psychotic symptoms [1]. This dysfunction does not seem to involve a single brain region but rather a network that includes cortical and sub-cortical regions such as the hippocampus. The t... | 16573831 | PMC1448194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:01 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Mar 30; 7:28 |
Background
Five major conditions – pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, measles and malnutrition- are responsible for 7 million child deaths each year globally [1]. The irony is that these deaths could have been avoided through the uptake of health interventions that are not only available but also proven to be cost-effectiv... | 16573821 | PMC1448195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Mar 30; 4:4 |
Introduction
During the typical estrous cycle of common mono-ovulant animals, such as women, monkeys, cows, ewes, etc., the growth of a single dominant follicle is shown by only one of the ovaries, despite exposure to pituitary gonadotropins concentrations by perfusion of both ovaries with the same peripheral blood [1,... | 16509991 | PMC1448196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:44 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Mar 1; 4:11 |
Background
Prenylation is a lipid posttranslational modification (PTM) of proteins at cysteine residues in the C-terminal region [1-7]. The specific sequence environment recognized by prenyltransferases consists either of the CaaX box for farnesyltransferase (FTase) and geranylgeranyltransferase 1 (GGTase1) or C-termin... | 16507103 | PMC1448197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Feb 28; 7:6 |
Introduction
Counting outcomes are often characterized by a large proportion of values at zero with the remaining values highly skewed toward the right. This type of distribution may occur in physical activity measures in which number of days of physical activity may be of interest, nutritional measures assessing, for ... | 16551368 | PMC1448198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:44 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006 Mar 21; 3:3 |
Background
Dennis Gabor invented holography in 1948 while attempting to improve upon the resolution of electron microscopy. Although at the time this new invention was a significant advance, the requirement of a coherent light source precluded its practical use. The invention of the laser and the introduction of off-ax... | 16556319 | PMC1448199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Mar 23; 5:21 |
Background
Disturbances of proliferation and apoptosis are fundamental events in early carcinogenesis, and may be useful in characterizing tissue that is histologically normal but at high-risk for neoplastic growth. Field effect – referring to genetically altered but phenotypically normal-looking cells in the vicinity ... | 16545117 | PMC1448200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:01 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 17; 6:73 |
Background
The c-KIT proto-oncogene encodes the type III receptor tyrosine kinase KIT, which consists of an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, a negative regulatory juxtamembrane domain and a split kinase domain [1-3] (Figure 1). In healthy humans as well as in dogs, c-KIT is expressed by mult... | 16579858 | PMC1448201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:01 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 1; 6:85 |
Background
Drug abuse is a serious problem in the United States and around the world that places tremendous social and economical burdens on individuals and on the whole society [1]. Psychostimulants are a group of drugs that stimulate the activity of the central nervous system and produce a series of effects in humans... | 16515684 | PMC1448202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Mar 3; 6:6 |
Review
Introduction
Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease and an important cause of chronic morbidity in tropical countries. In 1998, the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) was initiated, aiming at the worldwide elimination of this parasitic disease as a public health proble... | 16569234 | PMC1448203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Filaria J. 2006 Mar 28; 5:5 |
Background
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality affecting as many as 30–40% of infants born less than 30 weeks gestation [1]. While the pathophysiology of BPD includes both inflammatory and fibrotic processes, a critical component is an arrest of lung development at th... | 16566837 | PMC1448204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 27; 7(1):47 |
Background
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are a group of diseases where obstructive pathologic changes occur in the small musculature of the pulmonary arteries [1]. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by shortness of breath, chest pain, edema, and syncope and is associated with life-threatening righ... | 16579853 | PMC1448205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 31; 7(1):55 |
Background
The Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) scale was originally developed in Germany as a health-related quality of life scale (HRQoL) [1]. The scale was designed as self-administered scale (a) to assess symptoms of aging (independent from those which are disease-related) between groups of males under different conditi... | 16573813 | PMC1448206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Mar 30; 4:23 |
Background
With over 4 million individuals affected with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the U.S., dementia of the Alzheimer's Type (DAT) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. These current estimates are projected to triple over the next 50 years as the population ages [1-3]. AD has a complex etiology with stron... | 16515697 | PMC1448207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 3; 7:19 |
Background
Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), a mitochondrial multienzyme complex responsible for the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain keto acids derived from branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), leucine, isoleucine a... | 16579849 | PMC1448208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 31; 7:33 |
Background
Normalization of gene expression data between different samples generated in the same laboratory using a single platform, and/or generated in different geographical regions using multiple platforms, is central to the establishment of a reliable reference database for toxicogenomics and pharmacogenomics. Tran... | 16571132 | PMC1448209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 29; 7:64 |
Background
Several million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have already been collected and deposited in public databases [1] and these are important resources not only for use as markers to identify disease-associated genes [2], but also for an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the diversification of... | 16579865 | PMC1448210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 3; 7:66 |
Background
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a folate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reductive methylation of dUMP by 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to form dTMP and dihydrofolate [1,2]. Because the TS-catalyzed enzymatic reaction provides the sole intracellular de novo source of thymidylate, an essential precursor for... | 16584549 | PMC1448211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:01 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 3; 7:68 |
Background
Epidemics can have profound effects upon human populations, states and governments [1]. The bubonic plague started in southern China in 1855, but the situation was rather ignored by the rest of the world (in part because of the 1851–1864 Taiping rebellion in the area; [2]). But, when the plague reached Hong ... | 16545128 | PMC1448212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Mar 17; 5:12 |
Background
Trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons convey sensory inputs including painful stimuli from head tissues like skin and mucosal surfaces, tooth pulp and meninges. The characterization of nociception-transducing receptors on TG neurons thus becomes important to understand certain forms of acute and chronic pain.
Im... | 16566843 | PMC1448213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Mar 28; 2:11 |
Introduction
When a disease, or group of diseases, rises rapidly without a specific explanation, it stimulates investigation to identify the cause, so that preventive measures can be devised. An example of this is the rise in the incidence and prevalence of atopic disorders that has occurred over the last 30–40 years.... | 16630145 | PMC1448690 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Clin Exp Allergy. 2006 Apr; 36(4):402-425 |
Introduction
Extranodal lymphoma diagnosis, classification and appropriate treatment are a frequent challenge in routine lymphoma diagnosis, due to the significant variety of morphologies, molecular alterations and clinical presentations that the term extranodal lymphoma encompasses. Thus, B- and T-cell lymphoma diagn... | 16623775 | PMC1448691 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Histopathology. 2006 Apr; 48(5):481-504 |
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