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Introduction
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) has evolved several strategies to escape detection by the host's immune system, including the expression of an Fc receptor (FcR) called gE-gI that is found on the surface of virions and infected cells [
1–
3]. gE-gI binds the Fc region of immunoglobulin G (IgG), likely i... | 16646632 | PMC1450327 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 2; 4(6):e148 |
Background
TRANSFAC database [1] compiles eukaryotic cis-acting regulatory DNA elements and trans-acting factors covering from yeast to humans. However, a database for bacteria and archaea with a similar global approach it is not available. We can find information dealing with prokaryotic transcriptional regulation in ... | 16539733 | PMC1453763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:02 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 15; 6:29 |
Background
Sequence variability is a major parameter when designing primers and probes for a new PCR assay, even if various other factors such as string-based alignment scores, melting temperature, primer length and GC contents are also critical [1]. Indeed, nucleotide primers are designed to specifically target a nucl... | 16515699 | PMC1453764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:02 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 3; 6:21 |
Peter Hotez and colleagues [
1] provide a persuasive case for incorporating a rapid-impact package for “neglected tropical diseases” with programs for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria as part of a pro-poor strategy for improving health in the developing world. However, we believe there is a disease that has a high c... | 16626258 | PMC1455453 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 25; 3(4):e204 |
Pieter Reitsma and colleagues have explored—in a population of patients anticoagulated with coumarin congeners—the connection between the presence of mutant alleles of a single gene and the risk of haemorrhage [
1].
Using as their denominator the odds for bleeding in a patient without mutant alleles, and using as the... | 16626259 | PMC1455462 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 25; 3(4):e205 |
Heidi Greulich and colleagues [
1] have demonstrated the significance of insertion mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (exon 20) for tumorigenesis and responsiveness to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in lung cancers. They reported that different types of
EGFR mutations conveyed different sensiti... | 16626260 | PMC1455468 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 25; 3(4):e206 |
Damian Walker and Godfrey Walker [
1] make a strong case for adding congenital syphilis to our proposed list of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Indeed, we would hasten to add all of the major treponemal infections—including yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta—could potentially qualify as NTDs. Leptospirosis a... | 0 | PMC1455471 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:39 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 25; 3(4):e207 |
William Steinsmith is correct that the odds ratio (OR) is used to approximate the relative risk, but incorrect that in this instance, and most other ones, the two would differ by more than a trivial amount, since he has failed to appreciate the case-control design.
Indeed, if the cumulative risk of disease is p1 in th... | 0 | PMC1455474 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Apr 25; 3(4):e210 |
Introduction
Pseudogenes are sequences of genomic DNA lacking the protein-coding capability of their paralogous counterpart [1,2]. A pseudogene can be arbitrarily similar to the original gene, but differ by the fact that it accumulates disablements (in-frame stop codons and sequence frameshifts), which protein-coding g... | 16680195 | PMC1456316 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:46 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 5; 2(5):e46 |
Introduction
Different proteins exhibit a wide range of abilities to functionally withstand the affects of environmental stress or mutation. One property that has been proposed to contribute to protein functional robustness is “designability,” the number of sequences that encode a protein's structure. Using simple latt... | 16680196 | PMC1456317 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:43 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 5; 2(5):e40 |
Introduction
There has been widespread anticipation of the identification and characterization of susceptibility loci for complex phenotypes through genome-wide association mapping since Risch and Merikangas [1] noted the potential for both the practical development of methods of genotyping for such studies and the inc... | 16680197 | PMC1456318 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 5; 2(5):e67 |
Introduction
Recently there has been a great deal of interest in understanding how recombination varies in the human genome and how hot spots of recombination (reviewed in [1–7]) may affect patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD). This has been an important issue, especially with regard to association studies that use ... | 16680198 | PMC1456319 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 5; 2(5):e70 |
Introduction
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated by a coordinated interplay of chromatin-remodeling factors, histone-modifying enzymes, general and gene-specific transcription factors, and RNA polymerases. The chromatin remodeling machinery and histone modifiers work further to impart information for the maintenanc... | 16680199 | PMC1456320 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 5; 2(5):e66 |
Introduction
The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins are reversible processes, catalyzed by opposing protein kinases and phosphatases (PP), respectively. Such reactions seem to modulate the function of several proteins involved in synaptic transmission, including voltage-gated and ligand-gated channels, i... | 16549018 | PMC1456949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Mar 20; 2:9 |
Background
In the United States it is estimated that approximately 213,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in 2006 and 41,000 women are expected to die from this disease [1]. Breast cancer will account for ~31% of new cancer cases among women in the United states in 2006 [1]. Current treatment str... | 16595007 | PMC1456950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Apr 4; 4:5 |
Background
Non-invasive evaluation of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD) has emerged as a useful tool to study vascular function. Celermajer and colleagues [1] are the first to describe this technique, in which high-resolution ultrasonography is used to measure brachial artery diameter at rest and following... | 16597328 | PMC1456951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Dyn Med. 2006 Apr 5; 5:4 |
Background
The extracellular deposition of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) (which is derived from the processing of the amyloid precursor protein [APP]) in senile plaques and intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (principally composed of phosphorylated tau protein) are the main pathological features of A... | 16504112 | PMC1456952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Feb 24; 3:3 |
Background
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a common inherited retinopathy that affects more than one million people worldwide. Clinical findings in RP include night blindness, loss of peripheral vision and progressive degeneration of the retina that usually culminates in severe visual impairment or complete blindness [1].... | 16597330 | PMC1456953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Apr 5; 7:35 |
Background
There has been considerable progress in the search for genes involved in the aetiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Whilst associations have been made between polymorphic variants in various genes (e.g. Neuregulin, Dysbindin, COMT), it is generally not clear whether the associated polymorp... | 16483362 | PMC1456954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Feb 16; 7:10 |
Background
Categorization is designed to enhance resource description by organizing content description so as to enable the reader to grasp quickly and easily what a resource is about, what are the main topics discussed in it. In a previous study [1], we developed a categorization algorithm for health resources include... | 16464249 | PMC1456955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:59 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Feb 7; 6:7 |
In 2004, a Tsunami in South Asia killed more than 180,000 people and the world recoiled in shock and disbelief. In 2005 an earthquake in Pakistan killed close to 100,000 and the world was devastated. These are truly terrible disasters that continue to claim lives, and we are rightly horrified by their scope and scale.
... | 16472382 | PMC1456956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:20 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Feb 10; 5:8 |
Background
Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is an innovative, empirically validated treatment program designed to prevent relapse in people who have recovered from depression [1]. Two randomised controlled trials have found that MBCT, when taught to patients in the remission phase, reduced the rate of relapsi... | 16603060 | PMC1456957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Apr 7; 6:14 |
Background
The phenomenon of trees dropping their leaves in autumn is an example of abscission familiar to most people. Abscission, the regulated shedding of plant organs, can involve loss of other plant organs besides leaves, such as flower petals. At the cellular level, abscission involves a separation between layers... | 16483376 | PMC1456958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Feb 16; 2:2 |
Review
The immune system, a complex organization of cells, tissues and organs, serves to protect us from potential harm. Extraordinary advances in our understanding of the immune system have been made in the last hundred years, especially since the discovery of T and B lymphocytes [1]. Nonetheless, fundamental question... | 16545119 | PMC1456959 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2006 Mar 17; 4:1 |
Background
In Canada, cardiovascular events represent a major health burden similar to what is observed in other developed countries. Myocardial infarction (MI) accounts for a large percentage of these events [1]. Although practice guidelines regarding MI management have been widely published [2,3], regional disparitie... | 16524458 | PMC1456960 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 8; 6:60 |
Background
The need for improved access to high quality public health (PH) information has been echoed in various forums involving public health professionals, librarians, and information professionals since the mid 1990s [1-5]. The information needs of the PH workforce have become all the more urgent with the increasi... | 16597331 | PMC1456961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 5; 6:89 |
Background
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide affecting millions of people in both developed and developing countries. In particular, in most European countries cardiovascular disease contributes about 40% to all cause mortality [1]. Accumulating evidence coming up from numerous studies [2-6... | 16529663 | PMC1456962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:19 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Mar 12; 5:5 |
Background
Thalidomide, α-(N-phthalimido) glutarimide is an immunomodulatory agent, which is used as a drug to treat multiple myeloma and other types of cancers [1]. The drug thalidomide, first synthesized in 1954 [2,3], was widely prescribed to treat morning sickness in pregnant women in the early 60s. However, thalid... | 16584574 | PMC1456963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:40 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Apr 4; 7:17 |
Background
Extra-abdominal desmoid tumours or aggressive fibromatoses are rare, slow-growing, histologically benign tumours of fibroblastic origin, with variable biological behaviour [1-3]. Desmoid tumours account for about 0.03% of all neoplasms, and less than 3% of all soft tissue tumours. The estimated incidence in ... | 16584569 | PMC1456964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Apr 3; 4:21 |
Background
Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) are partial sequences of cDNA sequences that represent expressed DNA sequences (expressed genes). These short fragments are usually generated by sequencing a few hundred nucleotides from either the 5' end (forward primer) or the 3' end (reverse primer) of a cDNA sequence. Libra... | 16515706 | PMC1456965 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 4; 7:41 |
Background
The question of whether codon bias, the unequal use of synonymous codons [1,2] is acted upon by selection has been studied extensively in many organisms, including Homo sapiens. One of the models explaining the relations between codon bias and selection is the selection for translation efficiency model (or t... | 16584540 | PMC1456966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 3; 7:67 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene [1,2]. Clinical manifestations of CF include exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal obstruction, male infertility and particularly lung disease [3]. To date... | 16571124 | PMC1456967 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 29; 7(1):51 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently associated with exacerbations marked by increased dyspnea, wheezing, cough and increased sputum volume and purulence. Although the causes of such exacerbations are not always clear, bacterial infections of the lower airways may contribute substantial... | 16595015 | PMC1456968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 4; 7(1):57 |
Background
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway obstruction, epithelial damage and airway hyperresponsiveness [1,2]. The increased airway responsiveness is believed to be the result of airway inflammation as well as epithelial damage [3-5]. There is increasing evidence that ac... | 16597326 | PMC1456969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 5; 7(1):58 |
Background
Inflammation and remodeling are characteristics of the asthmatic airway. Until recently, remodeling was considered to be caused by longstanding inflammation, but this hypothesis has now begun to be questioned. Structural changes of remodeling have been found in childhood [1-3] and recently it has been shown ... | 16603074 | PMC1456970 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 7; 7(1):63 |
Background
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) is commonly responsible for nosocomial infections, including surgical site infection, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and bloodstream infection (BSI) [1,2]. In particular, this organism is responsible for 3–7% BSI cases [1,3-5]. Notably, high morbidity and mortality rates (ran... | 16542460 | PMC1456971 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 16; 6:52 |
Background
Mycobacterium haemophilum is a slow-growing, fastidious, iron-requiring microorganism that, relative to other non-tuberculous mycobacterial species, has rarely been documented as a cause of human infection. This microorganism appears to be acquired from environmental exposure although its natural habitat and... | 16606464 | PMC1456972 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 10; 6:70 |
Background
Normal prostate secretory epithelial cells have the specialized and unique function of synthesizing and accumulating extraordinarily high levels of citrate for secretion as a major component of prostatic fluid [for recent reviews of prostate citrate metabolism see [1-3]]. This requires a continual availabili... | 16566829 | PMC1456973 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Mar 27; 7:10 |
Background
Persons living or working in closed settings, such as nursing homes, prisons, hospitals, or daycare centers, are at elevated risk of infectious gastrointestinal illness (IGI) [1,2]. In addition, IGI outbreaks have been found to occur on both civilian cruise ships and military vessels [3,4], with Norovirus be... | 16504135 | PMC1456974 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb 25; 6:9 |
Background
In 1991, midline carcinoma associated with a (15;19) translocation was identified in young individuals as a rare but clinically distinct subgroup of poorly differentiated carcinoma [1,2]. It has recently been shown that the translocation results in a novel fusion gene, BRD4-NUT [3]. BRD4 (bromodomain contain... | 16542442 | PMC1456975 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 16; 6:69 |
Background
At present, combined modality treatment (chemotherapy followed by surgery or radio-/chemotherapy) for patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is being studied extensively. It is clear, however, that for different reasons, a substantial number of patients had lesser benefits from suc... | 16515707 | PMC1456976 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 4; 6:51 |
Background
It is becoming increasingly evident that the development of cancer and response to anticancer drug therapy not only depend on discrete genetic alterations in the malignant clone but also on specific interactions between tumor cells and surrounding tissue components. The mammary gland is composed of different... | 16603054 | PMC1456977 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 7; 6:86 |
Background
Tens of thousands of high school graduates will be heading out on their own this fall. Many will be confronting the rigors of higher education while adjusting to a new environment and new pressures. With all the changes, gaining weight is common. When you consider that more than 1.5 million students are ente... | 16579846 | PMC1456978 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Mar 31; 5:11 |
Background
An essential part of discourse comprehension is building cohesive links between sentences and sentence fragments. Pronouns are devices with which these cohesive links can be established. Because pronouns normally refer back to an element earlier mentioned in the sentence representing the same entity, a coref... | 16526952 | PMC1456979 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Mar 9; 7:23 |
Background
The function of selective attention is to facilitate the processing of stimuli, selected, for example, on the basis of their modality and location in space. Investigations on spatial attention have traditionally focused on selective processing within single sensory modalities. As many objects in everyday lif... | 16608524 | PMC1456980 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Apr 11; 7:31 |
Background
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), an insulin-inhibited protein kinase, has been linked to the control of many cellular processes [1]. It was originally identified as the protein kinase that phosphorylated and inactivated glycogen synthase in rabbit muscle [2]. Two highly related forms of GSK3 (GSK3α and GSK... | 16600022 | PMC1456981 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Apr 6; 7:14 |
Background
Chronic fatigue syndrome, also known as ME (CFS/ME), is a symptomatically-defined condition in which the main complaint is medically unexplained fatigue, lasting at least six months, and of sufficient severity to impair the patient's functioning substantially [1,2]. The estimated prevalence in UK primary car... | 16603058 | PMC1456982 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Apr 7; 4:9 |
Background
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are xenobiotic compounds of great concern widely spread in the environment. PCBs occurring in soils can be partially biodegraded by consortia of aerobic PCB-cometabolizing bacteria and chlorobenzoic acid (CBA)-mineralizing bacteria [1-3]. The process can be intensified by ame... | 16549016 | PMC1456983 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Mar 20; 5:11 |
Introduction
The United States Renal Data System (USRDS) tracks all patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States. The 2005 USRDS report indicated that there were 323, 926 prevalent patients in the United States maintained on dialysis therapy [1]. Only 25,825 (8.6%) of these prevalent patients were ... | 16600033 | PMC1456984 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:23 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Apr 6; 5:6 |
Introduction
Human resources are a central issue in health system planning [1], and a major concern for both developed and developing countries [2]. Smaller, mid-income countries that do not rely on immigrant health workers depend on their own resources in producing a qualified health workforce. In such countries, care... | 16579857 | PMC1456985 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Apr 1; 4:7 |
Background
There is increasing number of investigations in the field of the handwriting research dealing with different aspects of the handwriting. Some of the investigations are dealing with issues focusing largely on motor control, others on cross-cultural aspects of the handwriting and the neural basis of the handwr... | 16594993 | PMC1456986 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Apr 4; 6:14 |
Background
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is a mode of mechanical ventilation in which gas exchange is achieved by oscillatory swings of airway pressure around a constant mean airway pressure (usually higher than that applied during conventional ventilation (CV)), through the rapid (3–15 Hertz) delivery ... | 16464246 | PMC1456987 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:09 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2006 Feb 7; 6:2 |
The title of this book shouts loud lofty aims. Does it fulfil them? It most certainly does, and in many ways it exceeds them. To whom is it of interest? Virtually everyone interested in spina bifida, be the reader a research worker, clinician, epidemiologist or anyone among a host of others concerned with spina bifida.... | 0 | PMC1456988 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:39 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 Apr 3; 3:6 |
Background
The muscular system is the most prominent active part of the locomotor apparatus and accounts for most of the body mass. Muscle tissue largely contributes to the metabolism as well: muscle represents a major site of daily energy consumption, thermoregulation and storage of energy and amino acids. As an impor... | 16526961 | PMC1456989 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Mar 9; 7:15 |
pmcBackground
Modeling quantitative trait loci (QTL) started with Yule [1,2] and Pearson [3] (see [4,5] for the early history of quantitative genetics). However, it was Fisher [6] who laid the firm foundation for quantitative genetics. Fisher defined gene effects (additive, dominance and epistatic effects) based on th... | 16472377 | PMC1456990 | CC BY | 2023-04-13 23:15:28 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Feb 10; 7:9 |
Background
Development of high throughput transcription profiling techniques such as microarrays and SAGE [2] has made it possible to evaluate the expression levels of genes on a genome wide scale. The ability to look at expression profiles of different cellular states has the potential to provide knowledge about the m... | 16600045 | PMC1456991 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 6; 7:193 |
Background
The full utility of the spotted microarray format is clearly reflected in the range of its applications. Transcriptome arrays, containing cDNA, gDNA, or oligonucleotide probes, are used to measure differential gene expression [1-5]. Whole-genome arrays, typically composed of tiled gDNA or oligonucleotides [6... | 16509966 | PMC1456992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 1; 7:102 |
Background
Accurate classification of patients with complex diseases such as cancer is crucial for successful treatment of the diseases. High-throughput proteomics techniques based on mass spectrometry (MS) have made it possible to investigate proteins over a wide range of molecular weights in a style similar to gene e... | 16606446 | PMC1456993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 10; 7:197 |
Background
Microarray time series gene expression experiments are widely used to study a range of biological processes such as the cell cycle [1], development [2], and immune response [3]. Based on an analysis of the Gene Expression Omnibus [4], approximately a third of all microarray studies involve time series experi... | 16597342 | PMC1456994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 5; 7:191 |
Background
Monolayer of corneal endothelial cell covers the posterior surface of descemet's membrane. In normal cornea dimension of endothelial cells are uniform. Corneal endothelium is metabolically active and responsible for keeping the corneal stroma in its usual dehydrated state of 70% water [1-3].
Prior to 1970s,... | 16519812 | PMC1456995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Mar 6; 6:9 |
Background
Normal wound healing response begins the moment the tissue is injured. Wound healing is the process of repair that follows injury to the skin and other soft tissues. Following injury, an inflammatory response occurs and the cells below the dermis begin to increase collagen production. Later, the epithelial t... | 16597335 | PMC1456996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Apr 5; 6:12 |
Background
Osteoarthritis is a painful and debilitating joint condition that affects hundreds of millions worldwide [1,2]. Despite the prevalence of the disease the current therapeutic options have significant limitations. The popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory class of therapeutics (NSAIDs), which block cyclo-oxy... | 16603065 | PMC1456997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Apr 7; 6:13 |
Background
An increasing number of Americans are receiving health care from alternative care providers [1-3]. A study conducted by Eisenberg et al [1] demonstrated that more Americans are consulting alternate care providers than conventional allopathic trained physicians, and that 425 million visits were made to provid... | 16509963 | PMC1456998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Mar 1; 6:5 |
Introduction
Circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior have been described in a wide variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. These rhythms are driven by circadian pacemakers that are capable of generating oscillations with a periodicity close to 24 hours. Several studies have shown that in many organis... | 16594995 | PMC1456999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Apr 4; 4:6 |
Background
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is a heterogeneous disease with highly variable clinical courses. Two major clinical staging systems, mainly based on tumor load, were developed to estimate prognosis in B-CLL [1-3]. Both these systems, however, are unable to prospectively discriminate between the ... | 16509989 | PMC1457000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:29 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Mar 1; 4:11 |
Introduction
In 2005 there will be an estimated 22,200 new cases of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and 16,210 deaths from it in the United States, where EOC is the fifth most common cause of cancer-related death in women [1]. The 5-year overall survival rate for patients with distant metastases is 30.9% [2]. Platinum ... | 16603073 | PMC1457001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Apr 7; 4:16 |
Background
Processed pseudogenes are derived from reverse transcription of RNA molecules followed by insertion of DNA copies into the genome. Therefore, for a processed pseudogene to be inherited from one organismal generation to the next, it must be derived from RNAs encoded by genes expressed in cells of the germline... | 16469101 | PMC1457002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Feb 9; 6:12 |
Background
Comparison of long, orthologous DNA sequences usually reveals patterns consisting of alternating segments of higher and lower interspecies similarity [1]. Many slowly evolving segments are under selective constraint, due to their function as protein-coding exons, UTRs, transcription factor binding sites, etc... | 16472383 | PMC1457003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Feb 10; 6:14 |
Background
The number of globin families has grown markedly since the 1970's, when they were limited to the α- and β-globins and Mbs, mostly of vertebrates, and the SHbs (legHbs) of legume plants [1-3]. The ensuing years brought to light several new globins: SHbs in plants other than legumes, NsHbs in a wide variety of... | 16600051 | PMC1457004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Apr 7; 6:31 |
Introduction
The apolipoprotein E
(APOE) gene influences lipid metabolism and disease risk. The encoded 299-residue plasma protein apoE is a surface component of primarily triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, such as very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), their remnants, chylomicron remnants, and high-density lipoproteins (... | 16671834 | PMC1457005 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 9; 3(6):e176 |
The seven countries of South Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) have a collective population of nearly 1.4 billion people [
1]. This region has a long history of hostility and mistrust among its nations, and heavy governmental spending on defense has diverted resources away from ... | 16646634 | PMC1457006 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 9; 3(5):e108 |
Ever since Haldane proposed in 1949 that thalassaemia might protect individuals against the scourge of malaria [
1], the challenge has been to provide supporting evidence—be it at the cellular, clinical, or epidemiological level. The general topic of human red cell polymorphisms and malarial protection has attracted en... | 16646635 | PMC1457007 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 9; 3(5):e235 |
Psychopathology, especially depression, is the most important risk factor for suicidal behaviour [
1,
2] with between 25% and 40% of depressed patients attempting suicide [
3] and about 3.4% completing suicide eventually [
4]. Given recent figures suggesting that the lifetime prevalence of a major depressive episode am... | 16646633 | PMC1457008 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 9; 3(5):e107 |
Introduction
Breast cancer is overall the most common cancer in women worldwide [
1]. Twin and family studies have clearly demonstrated the importance of genetic contribution to breast cancer risk [
2,
3]. Genetic studies of familial breast cancer have identified several high-penetrance mutations in genes such as
BRCA1... | 16671833 | PMC1457009 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 9; 3(6):e168 |
Unscrewing the lid of a honey jar stuck tight takes more than simply muscle power and a vice-like grip. It also takes coordination between your hands—one twisting the lid and the other holding the jar—to open the jar without it spinning out of your grasp.
But you might not suspect that in tasks like this, you unconsci... | 20076591 | PMC1457010 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 4(6):e196 |
The human genome lies deep within the cell interior, sequestered behind the double-walled membrane of the nucleus, yet still remains vulnerable to a wide variety of hazardous materials. Two of DNA's worst enemies, ultraviolet light and chemical carcinogens, can wreak havoc on the molecule by mutating individual nucleot... | 20076585 | PMC1457011 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 4(6):e184 |
Eating at an Ethiopian restaurant might give one an appreciation for the process of phagocytosis, a widespread method immune cells use to ingest particles. To dine using injera, the spongy Ethiopian flatbread, you form a pocket of bread around the food that you pinch off and, with practice, stuff cleanly into your mout... | 20076587 | PMC1457012 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 4(6):e190 |
Introduction
A hallmark of human behavior is the ability to coordinate the two hands for effective manipulation of the environment. Bimanual coordination has been the subject of intensive investigation the last decades. Most of this research has concerned situations in which the two hands have difficulties acting indep... | 16669700 | PMC1457013 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 4(6):e158 |
Any kid who spent summers playing in the woods knew Mom wouldn't let you back in the house without a head-to-toe search for ticks—vectors for a wide range of pathogens throughout the world's temperate regions. In the United States, Rocky Mountain spotted fever was the main concern until 1975, when Lyme disease was foun... | 20076583 | PMC1457014 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 4(6):e182 |
Introduction
At least 10% of mammalian genes are transcribed from only one allele that, in most instances, is chosen at random [
1]. The mechanisms for achieving differential regulation of homologous alleles in a stochastic manner are poorly understood [
2]. X-chromosome inactivation in mammals is an example of random ... | 16669701 | PMC1457015 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 4(6):e159 |
Introduction
DNA-damaging agents constantly challenge the integrity of DNA. A network of distinct DNA-repair systems collectively removes most injuries and safeguards the stability of the genome [
1]. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a DNA repair mechanism capable of removing different structurally unrelated DNA hel... | 16669699 | PMC1457016 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 4(6):e156 |
Introduction
Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis by professional phagocytes requires the extension of a tightly apposed, actin- and membrane-rich pseudopod over the target particle. In spite of this commitment of plasma membrane, macrophages are able to engulf many particles without a concomitant loss in surface ... | 16669702 | PMC1457017 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 4(6):e162 |
Molecular biology often seems like it leaves nothing to chance: signal A triggers reaction B, which activates enzyme C and silences gene D—leading cells to divide, differentiate, or die. But chance does sometimes meddle with molecular biology, as shown for instance by the apparently random inactivation (silencing) of t... | 20076590 | PMC1457018 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 4(6):e195 |
Introduction
Many emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases of humans are zoonoses transmitted by vectors. Examples include West Nile virus, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme disease. In each case, the vector—usually a mosquito or tick—acquires the pathogen from a vertebrate host during a ... | 16669698 | PMC1457019 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 9; 4(6):e145 |
Background
Major achievements have been accomplished in the field of mass spectrometry, namely the mild ionization techniques of MALDI [1] and ESI [2], which have been honoured in 2002 by the Nobel Prize in chemistry [3]. These breakthroughs have raised protein analysis to a level, where in one experiment the study of ... | 16512920 | PMC1458320 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Mar 2; 4:2 |
Background
The principal objectives of a reintroduction project are to establish a viable, free-ranging population in the wild, of a species, which has become globally or locally extinct in the wild [1]. Within this reintroduction concept there are two types of reintroduction: (a) re-establishment: the use of captive-b... | 16611369 | PMC1458321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Apr 13; 6:5 |
Background
The major components of the eye are derived from two embryonic epithelial layers, the head surface ectoderm and the neurectoderm of the optic vesicle. The surface ectoderm will develop into the lens, as well as the epithelia of the cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, and Harderian gland duct [12,21,28,40,41... | 16539717 | PMC1458322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Mar 15; 6:14 |
Background
In recent years violence by patients against staff members in mental health institutions has become an important challenge for care providing institutions. Violent attacks may not only cause somatic injuries but can also have posttraumatic consequences with high rates of stress and other sequelae for mental ... | 16606454 | PMC1458323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Apr 10; 6:15 |
Background
Genotyping the X-Y homologous amelogenin gene segment for gender identification is widely used for DNA profiling in DNA databasing, forensic casework, archeological specimens, preimplantation and prenatal diagnoses [1-4]. The amelogenin gene is a single copy gene, homologues of which are located on Xp22.1-Xp... | 16603093 | PMC1458324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Apr 10; 7:37 |
Background
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a group of enzymes known to play an important role in the detoxification of several endogenous and exogenous toxic and carcinogenic substances [1]. In humans, GST enzymes are divided into five subclasses: alpha (A), mu (M), pi (P), theta (T) and zeta (z). In addition, ea... | 16620396 | PMC1458325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Apr 19; 7:38 |
Background
In 1983, Graham Hughes described a condition of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in which there was a danger of thrombosis. The condition is readily detectable by blood tests and, once diagnosed; the risk of further thrombosis can be significantly reduced by anticoagulation treatments. Affected groups of patients c... | 16603067 | PMC1458326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2006 Apr 7; 6:1 |
Background
Staphylococcus. Aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive bacterium, which causes a variety of suppurative infections and toxinoses in humans. The death rate associated with S. aureus infection is still high even with antimicrobial drug treatments due to the development of antibiotic resistance in Methicillin Re... | 16595020 | PMC1458327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 5; 7:74 |
Background
Turkey, with its large land area, more than 70 million people, and growing economy, resembles a bridge in geographical aspects between Europe and Asia. There are few existing large population studies on the epidemiology of metabolic syndrome-related disorders of Turkey. Turkish Adults Risk Factor Study (TEKH... | 16606462 | PMC1458328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 10; 6:92 |
Background
Over four million Canadians receive their drinking water from private water supplies, predominantly from groundwater wells [1]. In Canada, the legal responsibility for the condition of private water supplies, such as private wells and cisterns, lies with their owners [2]. There are reports, however, that Can... | 16608511 | PMC1458329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 11; 6:94 |
Background
Nursing personnel are engaged in a wide range of practical and intellectual tasks and frequent social encounters at work, and are exposed to physical, as well as social, emotional, and intellectual work demands. These work demands do not necessarily represent a problem to the nursing staff, but if the demand... | 16613606 | PMC1458330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:03 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 13; 6:97 |
Background
Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and structural remodeling of the lung [1]. These processes may result in sub-epithelial fibrosis that leads to thickening of the lamina reticularis, which contains an increased amount of connective tissue components such as collagens, tenascin, fibronectin and p... | 16571120 | PMC1458331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 29; 7(1):50 |
Background
Asthma is characterised by reversible airways obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and chronic inflammation of the bronchial mucosal lining. Inhaled corticosteroids, particularly in combination with long-acting β-agonists, are efficient in reducing symptoms and exacerbations. However, a proportion of ... | 16600024 | PMC1458332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 6; 7(1):59 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases, primarily cigarette smoking, albeit not all smokers develop the disease [1]. COPD is also associated with systemic inflammation [2], which is likely to contribute sig... | 16606450 | PMC1458333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 10; 7(1):64 |
Background
Cigarette smoke can trigger acute symptoms in patients with asthma, and exposure to cigarette smoke is strongly correlated with asthma severity [1-3]. Animal models support these findings [4,5]. Recent evidence suggests that active smoking is a risk factor for the onset of adult asthma [6], but whether there... | 16571114 | PMC1458334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 29; 7(1):49 |
Background
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and the local production of COX products that affect inflammation [1]. Nevertheless, the role of NSAIDs in several biologic pathways, at high doses, has been questioned [2,3]. Some NSAIDs have been shown to be cancer preventi... | 16571133 | PMC1458335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Mar 29; 6:7 |
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