text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
Q fever, a zoonosis distributed worldwide, is caused by C. burnetii and continues to be a public health problem in the entire Mediterranean region. C. burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterium which lives in the phagolysosomes of the host cells and its most important hosts are ruminant animals (cows, s... | 16539741 | PMC1459168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 16; 6:48 |
Background
Bordetella pertussis, the etiological agent of 'Whooping Cough' remains prevalent in Australia despite the introduction and wide spread use of pertussis vaccines as part of the childhood immunisation scheme. The Australian standard vaccination schedule for pertussis consists of acellular vaccines given in do... | 16542440 | PMC1459169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 16; 6:53 |
Background
Bacillus cereus belongs to the B. cereus group of organisms that comprises the genetically highly related organisms Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus weihenstephanensis, (16, 33)which for the most part are capable of producing sign... | 16512902 | PMC1459170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 2; 6:20 |
Background
The millions of species of living organisms on earth possess billions of different proteins. This enormous diversity has evolved from a limited number of ancestral proteins, likely in the range of a few thousand domains [1,2]. An expansion of more than six orders of magnitude in the number of proteins has cr... | 16603087 | PMC1459171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Apr 9; 6:8 |
Background
Over the last decade, our picture of RNA as a mere information carrier has changed dramatically. Since the discovery of microRNAs and siRNAs (see e.g. [1,2] for a recent reviews), small noncoding RNAs have been recognized as key regulators in gene expression. Both computational surveys, e.g. [3-7] and experi... | 16722605 | PMC1459172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Mar 16; 1:3 |
Background
Let s be a sequence of sets of characters from an alphabet Σ ⋃ {·}, where '.' ∉ Σ denotes a don't care (dot, for short) and the rest are solid characters, we use σ to denote a singleton character. For characters e1 and e2, we write e1 ∘ e2 if and only if e1 is a dot or e1 = e2. Allowing for spacers in a stri... | 16722593 | PMC1459173 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Mar 23; 1:4 |
Background
In a 10° year period between 1994 and 2004, 126 patients with primary esophageal cancer underwent esophageal resection in our Department of Surgery. Surgical procedures were: 74 (57%) two-phase subtotal oesophagectomy, 30 (23%) transhiatal, 10 (9%) stripping, 10 three-phase subtotal esophagectomy and 2 other... | 16638155 | PMC1459174 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Apr 26; 3:10 |
Introduction
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a heterogeneous, dominantly inherited disorder associated with a large number of different neoplasms, both benign and malignant. Pheochromocytoma occurs in 1% of patients with NF1, whereas composite tumors of the adrenal medulla are much rarer. By definition, a composite t... | 16640782 | PMC1459175 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Apr 26; 3:11 |
Background
Neck pain is a common problem [1,2] and manipulation and mobilisation are commonly used by chiropractors, osteopaths and manipulative physiotherapists to treat this condition [3-7]. Numerous surveys [8-12] have shown that the Activator instrument is also widely used within the chiropractic profession for thi... | 16623934 | PMC1459176 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Apr 19; 14:7 |
pmcBackground
Since the presence of gas vesicles was first recognized in "Bacterium halobium", now Halobacterium salinarum, by Helena Petter [1,2], gas vesicles have become beloved study objects in the biology of halophilic archaea of the family Halobacteriaceae – from the beautiful electron microscopical stereopictur... | 16613609 | PMC1459177 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:41 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Apr 14; 2:4 |
Background
During the last three decades, evidence indicating that altered serotonergic neurotransmission influences suicidal behavior has accumulated. One of the more consistent findings is the observation of low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of 5HIAA (5-hydroxy-indole-acetic-acid, a serotonin metabolite) among sui... | 16626484 | PMC1459178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Apr 20; 2:14 |
Background
In 2003, the world witnessed the spread of a novel and deadly virus, namely SARS CoV. The health care workers (HCWs) and hospital systems that bore the brunt of the SARS outbreak continue to struggle with the aftermath of the crisis. Indeed, HCWs – both in clinical care and in public health – were severely t... | 16626488 | PMC1459179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:00 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Apr 20; 7:5 |
Background
Breast cancer is a disease that affects about ten percent of Australian women. Because of its devastating impact on the community, much research has been conducted on multiple aspects of the condition, including possible causative factors, methods of treatment and patient care, and preventative measures such... | 16623956 | PMC1459180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 20; 6:98 |
Background
Genomic DNA copy number aberrations are frequent in solid tumors [1]. The wide range in the number and types of chromosome level alterations are likely to reflect the different solutions taken by individual tumors to escape normal protective mechanisms. Thus, the spectrum of alterations is likely to reflect ... | 16620391 | PMC1459181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 18; 6:96 |
Background
The incidence of breast cancer has been rapidly increasing in Korea and it has been the most frequent malignancy in Korean women since 2002 [1]. Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease both histologically and molecularly, and hormone receptor-positive and -negative tumors are quite distinct biologica... | 16608533 | PMC1459182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 12; 6:92 |
Background
In a survey of clinical trials of potential anticancer drugs performed by Nygren and Larsson in 2003 [1], it was concluded that "in earlier phase (trials) no or modest anticancer activity was reported" and it was speculated that "the expanding knowledge in tumour biology might not easily translate into new s... | 16722592 | PMC1459183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Mar 24; 1:4 |
Introduction
The employment of preoperative radiotherapy (RT) combined or not with chemotherapy (CT) has been used in the treatment of rectal cancer for the past two decades and its employ gradually increased as adjuvant therapy, especially in T3/T4 and/or N1/N2 tumors [1,2]. The strategy of performing preoperative ins... | 16722598 | PMC1459184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Mar 28; 1:5 |
Background
Preliminary very encouraging clinical results of IMRT in HNC are available from several large centers [1-6]. Tumor control rates seem to be kept at least at the level of conventional three-dimensional radiation therapy (3DCRT); the benefit of normal tissue preservation with IMRT is proven for salivary functi... | 16722599 | PMC1459185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Mar 31; 1:7 |
Background
As an important measure of self-reported health and well-being, health-related quality of life (QOL) has been widely applied in evaluating treatment effects among different populations[1]. The effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in arresting viral replication and reducing HIV-relate... | 16549012 | PMC1459186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Mar 20; 3:6 |
Introduction
When biomedical researchers pose reference questions in the context of conceptual biology, librarians and information specialists may be puzzled. Their patrons probably want to generate and test hypotheses, often molecular ones, based on information located in biological and bibliometric databases. Innovat... | 16584552 | PMC1459187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 Apr 3; 3:2 |
Background
Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) are inorganic noncrystalline materials widely used in residential and industrial settings for insulation, filtration, and reinforcement purposes. SVFs conventionally include three major categories: fibrous glass, rock/slag/stone (mineral) wool, and ceramic fibers [1]. The che... | 16569233 | PMC1459188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Mar 28; 3:5 |
Review
Introduction
Conventional biosensors are hybrid elements consisting of a biochemical receptor for a given analyte, physically coupled to a physicochemical transducer that converts such interaction into a macroscopic, analytically useful signal [1]. In the last decades, many types of biosensors have been under co... | 16584558 | PMC1459189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Apr 3; 5:15 |
Introduction
Large interest in biofuel ethanol production from renewable sources has led in numerous attempts to construct microbial strains that efficiently ferment lignocellulose hydrolysate to ethanol [1,2]. The optimal micro-organism must be robust, ethanol and inhibitor tolerant, viable at low pH, and produce high... | 16606456 | PMC1459190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Apr 10; 5:18 |
Introduction
Willmore and Shearman[1] first described the fecal leukocyte stain in 1918 followed by its clinical use for diagnosis of bacterial diarrhea in 1972 by Harris et al [2]. Today fecal leukocyte testing (FLT) is widely used to screen for inflammatory diarrhea including C. difficile diarrhea, which account for ... | 16623943 | PMC1459191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Apr 19; 5:9 |
Introduction
The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that can cause both acute and chronic liver disease in humans. Approximately 350–400 million people are affected worldwide and up to one million deaths occur annually from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. [1,2] The use of nucleoside analogs has been shown t... | 16600049 | PMC1459192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Apr 6; 5:8 |
Background
Regular physical activity is associated with a variety of health benefits, including a reduced risk for heart attack, colon cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure and possibly stroke [1]. Despite the importance of establishing a physically active lifestyle early in life [2], results from a CDC national study ... | 16600030 | PMC1459193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Apr 6; 3:8 |
Introduction
Cough is a leading reason patients consult respiratory physicians. Gastric acid reflux up the esophagus is a well-recognized cause of chronic cough both in the presence and absence of underlying lung or airway diseases. Two mechanisms of this cough have been demonstrated: 1) reflux high into the laryngeal/... | 16608520 | PMC1459194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Cough. 2006 Apr 11; 2:3 |
Background
The physiological effects of progesterone are classically mediated by interaction of the hormone with the two classical intracellular progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms PR-A and PR-B [1]. Both isoforms, encoded by a single gene independently regulated by separate promoter, regulate different subsets of gene... | 16600042 | PMC1459195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2006 Apr 6; 3:4 |
Background
Natural antisense transcription has been described in several eukaryotic organisms and has been ascribed several functions [1-3]. Retroviruses have long been thought to lack antisense transcription and to rely on a single sense transcript for viral gene expression. Unspliced and spliced sense transcripts are... | 16512901 | PMC1459196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Mar 2; 3:15 |
Background
Mother-to-infant (vertical) transmission of HIV-1 occurs at a rate of 30%, and accounts for 90% of infections in children worldwide. Transmission of the virus can occur at three stages: prepartum (in utero), intrapartum (during birth), and postpartum (breast feeding). Several factors have been linked to vert... | 16600029 | PMC1459197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Apr 6; 3:21 |
Background
Dementia is relatively easy to diagnose once the clinical picture has become clear, but it is not so easy to detect in very early stages. The early diagnosis of dementia is difficult because this requires experience and ability; moreover, it is expensive in terms of time and resources. However, early diagnos... | 16606455 | PMC1459198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Apr 10; 6:15 |
Background
Health Technology Assessment (HTA) is a multidisciplinary field of applied research that aims to provide the best evidence available on health technologies in order to inform policy-making [1,2]. In HTA, the definition of health technology is broad and encompasses all methods used by health professionals to ... | 16722600 | PMC1459199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:32 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Mar 31; 1:8 |
Background
Patients with chronic kidney disease are at a greatly increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD)[1,2]. This is most prominent in patients on renal replacement therapy but also firmly established in patients with mild renal dysfunction[3]. This increased cardiovascular risk in patients with chr... | 16573836 | PMC1459200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | Trials. 2006 Mar 30; 7:8 |
Background
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) is a hereditary myocardial disorder, caused by mutations of sarcomeric proteins [1]. In roughly 25% of cases of HC there is associated obstruction to left ventricular (LV) outflow [1]. Obstruction can occur at several locations within the ventricle, depending on the distribut... | 16606458 | PMC1459201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Apr 10; 6:15 |
Background
In contrast to previous findings indicating cardioprotective effects of estrogen [1], recent primary and secondary trials of combined oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy have found no benefit for coronary heart disease, instead they showed an increase risk for stroke and venous thrombosis [2]... | 16608521 | PMC1459202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Apr 11; 6:16 |
Background
Phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is the standard treatment for visually significant cataract. In the United Kingdom, cataract surgery is usually carried out in a hospital as a day case procedure, without an overnight stay. Typically, patients for uncomplicated day case cataract su... | 16626495 | PMC1459203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Apr 20; 6:18 |
Background
One of the most interesting and important challenges in the so-called "Post-genomic Era" is the understanding of protein networks. Protein-protein interactions have been extensively investigated using a variety of methods [1], and many databases have been built becoming very helpful tools for the analysis of... | 16512892 | PMC1459204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 2; 7:104 |
Background
High-throughput technologies that monitor cellular components on a large scale are becoming ubiquitous in the post-genomic era. An important analytical paradigm in systems biology is the molecular interaction network [1]. Networks provide an intuitive visualization of component relationships and are amenable... | 16542421 | PMC1459205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 16; 7:146 |
Background
The advent of platforms for generating gene expression data for thousands of genes in a single experiment, has led to dozens of software packages to analyze the results of these experiments [1,2]. A fundamental need of biologists who generate gene expression profiles is to simultaneously compare multiple gen... | 16545118 | PMC1459206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 17; 7:151 |
Background
High-throughput methods for genome sequencing, in combination with increased computer power and better algorithms for sequence assembly, have yielded a plethora of genomes accessible for analysis. However, complicated parts of sequenced genomes tend to be left unfinished to a large extent. This is especially... | 16549006 | PMC1459207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 20; 7:155 |
Background
Microarray-based approaches have become an important tool to help better understand fundamental biological processes like the mitotic cell cycle [1], meiotic development [2,3], tissue-specific gene expression [4], or the etiology and progression of diseases [5,6]. Large-scale transcriptional profiling is sti... | 16597336 | PMC1459208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 5; 7:190 |
Background
Family-based tests of allelic association have received much attention recently due in part to their robustness against a bias that may arise in population data. Population based association studies may be hindered by genetic stratification that exists even within relatively homogeneous populations [1,2], re... | 16620382 | PMC1459209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 18; 7:209 |
Background
Advances in high-throughput genotyping technology mean that it is now possible to carry out very large-scale studies to identify the genetic basis of complex disease in human and animal models. Whole genome association studies are now being carried out in humans and rodents, in which hundreds of thousands of... | 16623936 | PMC1459210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 19; 7:210 |
We have located a typesetting error in our recent publication in BMC Bioinformatics 2005,6:224 [1].
Although the error is quite minor (l' = l has been miswritten as l' ∈ L), it occurs in the central Definition 3 in the paper, and is also pasted into subsequent example code (both error sites on p.7, right column).
Thi... | 0 | PMC1459211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 20; 7:214 |
Background
Adolescence is an important stage of life for establishing healthy behaviors, attitudes, and lifestyles that contribute to current and future health. In 2002, the United Nations Special Session on Children entitled 'A World Fit for Children' underscored the importance of this by recommending that all countri... | 16608519 | PMC1459212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2006 Apr 11; 6:3 |
Background
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a multi-purpose non-invasive imaging technique with a wide range of applications both in vivo and in vitro [1]. In clinical oncology PET has been used for diagnosis, staging, and restaging after treatment or recurrence of different malignancies, including breast cancer [... | 16556298 | PMC1459213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Mar 23; 6:6 |
Introduction
For the purposes of prioritizing and planning of health care resources, it is important to obtain information on the degree to which each single disease constitutes a burden. The societal burden of a disease is a combination of its prevalence, duration and severity. The purpose of this study is to estimate... | 16618374 | PMC1459214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Apr 18; 4:3 |
Introduction
Biomedical researchers use PubMed and Google everyday, and the success of these search engines is closely linked to the fact that one does not need to know how the systems work in order to obtain useful answers to queries that are posed. Nevertheless, scientists tend to be mechanistic thinkers, so they may... | 16722601 | PMC1459215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:21 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Mar 13; 1:2 |
Background
Many transcription factors are expressed only transiently during development. After they have disappeared, the patterns of gene expression they have induced must be inherited by daughter cells. In eukaryotes, two groups of proteins, the Polycomb-group (PcG) and the Trithorax-group (TrxG), fulfil this memory ... | 16613610 | PMC1459216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Apr 14; 4:9 |
Background
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is involved in mediating the physiological and behavioral responses to stress [1-5]. Beyond activating aversive behaviors, stress also increases some appetitive behaviors. For example, food intake and relapse into drug-taking in models of addiction are both increased by n... | 16613600 | PMC1459217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Apr 13; 4:8 |
In
PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 2, DOI:
10.1371/journal.pbio.0040029
The authors wish to add to the Acknowledgments that Emery N. Brown's work on the project was supported in part by a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
Citation: Correction: Dynamic remodeling of d... | 0 | PMC1459226 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 16; 4(5):e126 |
For many, it seems obvious that some people are simply smarter than others, that intelligence is a unitary trait, and that individual differences are accurately reflected in the intelligence quotient (IQ) obtained from an intelligence test. Others, while accepting that intelligence exists, assert that it is far too sub... | 0 | PMC1459235 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 16; 4(5):e139 |
There are no mathematical equations in
On the Origin of Species. A good thing too, you might think, and it is undoubtedly true that Darwin's clear and flowing narrative style helped ensure the popularity of his writings. Modern research in evolutionary biology can make for less easy reading. Much of it concerns the dev... | 16683863 | PMC1459243 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 16; 4(5):e151 |
Chromosomes, the packaged DNA carriers of heredity and instructions for proper cell functioning, undergo dramatic morphological transformations during the cell-division cycle. In metaphase, which includes the alignment of chromosomes before their separation between the two daughter cells, the 46 chromosomes in a human ... | 16683864 | PMC1459246 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 16; 4(5):e155 |
Introduction
Open access (OA) to the scientific literature means the removal of barriers (including price barriers) from accessing scholarly work. There are two parallel “roads” towards OA: OA journals and self-archiving [
1,
2]. OA journals make published articles immediately freely available on their Web site, a mode... | 16683865 | PMC1459247 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 16; 4(5):e157 |
PLoS Biology publishes today a research article by Gunther Eysenbach that is not about biology. It is about citations. It provides robust evidence that open-access articles (OA articles) are more immediately recognized and cited than non-OA articles. As such, it adds objective support to the belief we have always held ... | 16683866 | PMC1459260 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 May 16; 4(5):e176 |
Background
Mediastinal pseudoaneurysms are rare but lifethreatening complications of thoracic aortic operations [1,2]. Predisponing factors are the dissection of the native aorta, infection, connettive tissue disorders, preoperative chronic hypertension, aortic calcification and blowout of the aortotomy site [1].
A ps... | 16759401 | PMC1459263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Mar 24; 1:2 |
Background
Laparoscopy (LAPS) is becoming the preferred surgical approach to different pathologies due to the possibility of correctly diagnosing and treating them at one time [1-3,6,9,20,32]. There are undoubted advantages for patients thanks to this "gentle" and minimally invasive surgery, if compared to the open app... | 16759400 | PMC1459264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Mar 24; 1:9 |
Background
The management of penetrating abdominal stab wounds has been the subject of continued reappraisal and controversy. Traditionally, the concern for delayed diagnosis of intra-abdominal injuries has led many trauma centers to advocate mandatory abdominal exploration whenever a stab wound was proven or suspected... | 16759402 | PMC1459265 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Mar 24; 1:3 |
Background
The treatment of the thoraco-abdominal trauma has always represented a surgical challenge, owing to the peculiarity of these injuries. The need for specific training for surgeons involved in the care of these patients is justified by the difficulties in obtaining an exhaustive pre-operative assessment, the n... | 16759403 | PMC1459266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:49 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Mar 24; 1:5 |
Background
"Abdominal cocoon" is a rare condition of unknown etiology that primarily affects adolescent girls living in tropical and subtropical regions. The abdominal cocoon was first described and named in 1978 by Foo et al [1]. Since that report in 1978, which argued that the abdominal cocoon was caused by a low-gra... | 16759404 | PMC1459267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:49 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Mar 24; 1:8 |
Background
Perforation of the bowel especially the typhoid perforation is a serious complication and remains a significant surgical problem in developing nations. It is usually associated with high mortality and morbidity as it occurs mostly in underdeveloped countries in places where medical facilities are not readily... | 16759405 | PMC1459268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:49 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Mar 24; 1:7 |
Background
The number of patients arriving at hospitals in extremis, rather than expiring in the prehospital setting, has increased due to the maturation of regionalized trauma systems throughout the world. Salvage of individuals with imminent cardiac arrest or those already undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation oft... | 16759407 | PMC1459269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Mar 24; 1:4 |
Background
In polarized cells alignment of the mitotic spindle respective to the polarity axis is crucial for maintaining the correct ploidy from one generation to the next. Many cell types deal with this problem by building the cleavage furrow perpendicularly to the spindle and equidistant to the spindle poles [1,2]. ... | 16759408 | PMC1459270 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:19 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Apr 3; 1:2 |
Eukaryotic cells undergo cell division to produce two daughter cells with a DNA content identical to the parental cell. This process is mediated by a complex, multimeric machine composed of an effector protein-phosphorylation engine which is itself controlled and governed by a regulatory protein network. Activation of ... | 16759411 | PMC1459271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:20 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Apr 3; 1:1 |
Introduction
We experience events in the environment. We are conscious of some of the events we experience. We thus experience mental states in first-person perspective. In contrast, we never observe mental states in other persons and thus in third-person perspective. Instead of other persons' mental states, we can obs... | 16759399 | PMC1459272 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 Mar 17; 1:3 |
Open-access publishing has been a spectacular innovation for science and medicine, giving readers rapid and free access to new information, and launching a global conversation on health care. Health care researchers and practitioners have, in turn, busily produced new basic experiments, clinical trials, and reviews and... | 16759410 | PMC1459273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:31 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 Mar 17; 1:1 |
Background
The term melanosis coli was initially proposed by Virchow [2]. "Melanosis" is a Greek word denoting any condition characterized by abnormal dark coloration of skin or mucosa. Melanosis, by definition, can be due not only to the deposition of melanin, but of other dark-pigmented granules, such as hemosiderin,... | 16759412 | PMC1459274 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:29 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Mar 31; 1:3 |
Scoliosis is the brainchild of a dedicated group of researchers and clinicians. In September 2003 Dr. Manuel Rigo invited leading specialists on conservative treatment of scoliosis from all over the world to Barcelona, for the first International Conference on Conservative Management of Spinal Deformities. The meeting ... | 16759409 | PMC1459275 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Mar 31; 1:1 |
Introduction
The defining property of humans and other vertebrates is the vertebral column, housing as it does a multifaceted sensory-response system integrating every aspect of movement, form, and function. Therefore it is not surprising that a deformity of the spine can be associated with a diverse array of pathologi... | 16759413 | PMC1459276 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:15 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Mar 31; 1:3 |
Introduction
In 2000, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services released the first national oral health report, Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General (1), which described a "'silent epidemic' of dental and oral diseases." Compared with other health conditions such as diabetes and depression (2... | 16263039 | PMC1459459 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:34 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A06 |
Background
Rural residents are more likely to be obese, smoke more, be less active, and have less healthy eating habits than residents of suburban areas (1). Patterson et al reported that obesity and physical inactivity are more common among rural than urban adults (2). West Virginia is the second most rural state in ... | 16263048 | PMC1459460 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:20:55 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A15 |
This special issue of Preventing Chronic Disease highlights health education as a core function of public health. Health education is "an innate aspect of public health practice" as described by Lynne Wilcox in her editorial (1), and seven key areas of responsibilities for health educators serve as their fundamental co... | 16263036 | PMC1459461 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:39 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A03 |
Background
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in the United States and has a major impact on the quality of life of the individuals who have it, as well as on their families, their friends, and society as a whole. Although no cure for asthma exists, it can be controlled with high-quality medical care an... | 16263045 | PMC1459462 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:43:27 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A12 |
Introduction
Diabetes is a growing public health problem. Nationally, the prevalence of diabetes increased almost 50% during the previous decade (1). In Oregon, the percentage of adults who reported having been told by a doctor that they had diabetes increased from 4% in 1995 to 6% in 2003 (2). Diabetes is associated ... | 16263040 | PMC1459463 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:41:32 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A07 |
Background
In 2001, the Office of Healthy Carolinians/Health Education (OHC/HE) within the Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, was awarded a $510,000 grant from the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Th... | 16263049 | PMC1459464 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:18:42 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A16 |
Natural disasters pose major public health challenges. Preparations for these disasters usually focus on how to evacuate people from affected areas; how to provide transportation, shelter, food, and water for the evacuees; and how to prevent injury and infectious diseases that may develop in crowded living situations a... | 16263037 | PMC1459465 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:36:09 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A04 |
Background
There are about 30 different names for lay individuals who provide community-level health services in the United States (1). In Texas, these lay health educators are called promotores or community health workers. The term promotores refers to lay health educators who provide services in particular along the... | 16263046 | PMC1459466 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:20:07 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A13 |
Health education is an innate aspect of public health practice and difficult to discuss as a separate entity. Nevertheless, this special issue of Preventing Chronic Disease provides in-depth examinations of the purposes and uses of health education programs. We thank Neil Hann of the Oklahoma State Department of Health... | 16263034 | PMC1459467 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:15:39 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A01 |
Background
Public health and medical care systems throughout the United States struggle to address the increasing burden of chronic disease at the national, state, and local levels. Preventable chronic disease conditions represent the nation's leading causes of death and account for 75% of all health care costs (1). A... | 16263043 | PMC1459468 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:19:07 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A10 |
Introduction
Physical activity among children is a growing concern. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Youth Media Campaign Longitudinal Survey, 61.5% of children aged 9 to 13 years, or tweens, do not participate in any organized physical activity during their nonschool hours, and 22... | 16263041 | PMC1459469 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:19:58 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A08 |
Introduction
The Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH) estimates that in 2005, more than 24,000 people in Alabama will be diagnosed with cancer, and approximately 10,000 people will die of the disease (1). Health disparities compound this problem and create additional challenges for the public health infrastructu... | 16263050 | PMC1459470 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:35:06 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A17 |
Introduction
Health promotion and education components of state health agencies are at the center of the application of modern public health practice. Two reports on the future of public health, issued 15 years apart, detailed the changing nature and systemic problems of public health in the late 20th century (1) and ... | 16263038 | PMC1459471 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:36 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A05 |
Background
The statistics on youth overweight, levels of physical inactivity, and poor food choices have become a public health concern. The prevalence of overweight among U.S. children has more than doubled in the last 20 years and tripled among adolescents (1). Overweight in youth is related to numerous long-term he... | 16263047 | PMC1459472 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:46 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A14 |
In 1927, heavy spring rains and swollen tributaries caused the Mississippi River to flood across its vast plains, eventually covering 16 million acres in seven states (1). Hundreds of people lost their lives, months passed before the waters receded, and years passed before the region recovered (2). Federal, state, and ... | 16263035 | PMC1459473 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:16:06 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A02 |
Background
Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in the nation. An estimated 210,000 Americans aged younger than 20 years, or approximately one in every 400 (0.26%), have diabetes (1). Type 2, the most common form of diabetes in the United States, is becoming more common among that population; however, the vast ... | 16263044 | PMC1459474 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:45 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A11 |
Introduction
U.S. children today are more likely to be overweight than children in previous decades, and the upward trend in the prevalence of childhood obesity is continuing (1). Between 1980 and 2000, the prevalence of obesity doubled among children aged 6 to 11 years (2). The increase is particularly evident among ... | 16263042 | PMC1459475 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:54 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Oct 15; 2(Spec No):A09 |
Introduction
Photoperiod and the temperature are the most stable abiotic rhythms on the earth, and they are considered to be the principal exogenous factors that affect daily periodicity of behaviors of all organisms, particularly nocturnal feeders [
1]. Nonetheless, many cues, including biotic factors, are available t... | 16686546 | PMC1459477 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 16; 4(6):e164 |
Light and temperature exert significant control over the daily lives of plants and animals. Many nocturnal species feed during the cover of night to escape a bevy of potential predators that hunt during the day. The effect of photoperiod (the 24-hour daylight cycle) is so great that zoos can trick nocturnal animals int... | 20076589 | PMC1459478 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 16; 4(6):e194 |
The Challenge
Throughout the world, people who are vulnerable and socially disadvantaged have less access to health resources, get sicker, and die earlier than people in more privileged social positions. Health equity gaps are growing today, despite unprecedented global wealth and technological progress [
1,
2].
The ... | 16681414 | PMC1459479 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 23; 3(6):e106 |
This is the first in a series of two articles that look at the lessons for clinical medicine from systems biology.
Since Descartes and the Renaissance, science, including medicine, has taken a distinct path in its analytical evaluation of the natural world [
1,
2]. This approach can be described as one of “divide and... | 16681415 | PMC1459480 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 23; 3(6):e208 |
This is the second in a series of two articles that look at the lessons for clinical medicine from systems biology.
In the first article in this series, we examined the reductionist approach that pervades medicine and explained how a systems approach (as advocated by systems biology) may complement it [
1]. In order ... | 16683861 | PMC1459481 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 23; 3(7):e209 |
Introduction
Epidemics of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever result in a fatal illness in the majority of patients who become infected, with case-fatality rates nearing 90%. Studies of patients who survive infection indicate that components of the adaptive immune system are activated in infected survivors [1], suggesting th... | 16683867 | PMC1459482 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 16; 3(6):e177 |
Introduction
Both anemia and diabetes mellitus (DM) are recognized as strong, independent risk factors for mortality and recurrent ischemia after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). [1-6] Anemia is 2–3 times more common in individuals with DM compared to those without DM, controlling for glomerular filtration rates and ... | 16603081 | PMC1459852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Apr 7; 5:8 |
Background
Oral exposure to HIV infectivity is known to occur in mother-to-infant transmission by nursing [1-3] and for participants in receptive oral intercourse [4-7]. HIV virions and/or HIV infected cells are shed in body fluid released by the donor and mucosal surfaces in the oral cavity of the recipient are transi... | 16600047 | PMC1459853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:54 | no | Virol J. 2006 Apr 6; 3:25 |
Neuronal activity helps to form the complex neuronal circuitry that develops throughout life [1-4]. Among many candidate molecules for mediating activity-dependent plasticity, the transcription factor cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) has been widely investigated. Two major functions of CREB that hav... | 16640787 | PMC1459854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Apr 26; 2:15 |
Background
Cancer-associated hypercalcemia (CAH) frequently occurs in patients with advanced oral cancer and indicates that the patients have entered the terminal stage of the disease [1]. Increased serum calcium (Ca) levels induce symptoms in the gastrointestinal, kidney, and central nervous systems [2], reducing the ... | 16603094 | PMC1459855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Apr 10; 2:9 |
Background
The past three decades have witnessed fundamental changes in the way health care is financed and delivered in the United States and other industrialized countries. Faced with mounting economic, social, and political pressures, health services institutions have struggled to adopt methods of quality improvemen... | 16638142 | PMC1459856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Apr 25; 6:23 |
Background
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) [1] takes account of the social model of disability [2] which considers disability to result from the interaction between individuals and their environment rather than being a characteristic of the individual. The ICF introduces Env... | 16638126 | PMC1459857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 25; 6:105 |
Background
Food insecurity has been defined as the 'limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways' [1]. Severe food insecurity and hunger can lead to food intakes that are continuously insufficient to m... | 16466571 | PMC1459858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 8; 6:26 |
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