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Background
Some of the most notable and early investigations of healthcare practice pattern variations were a series of studies that demonstrated that the per capita rates of common elective procedures and the rates of hospitalization vary widely across small geographic regions [1-4]. Although these findings reflected ... | 16542441 | PMC1458336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 16; 6:35 |
Background
Referral is the weak link in the organisation of many district health systems in rural Africa. In theory health centres and district hospitals should complement each other: whoever can be treated adequately at health centre level will be treated there, and the referral system will ensure that all others are ... | 16608534 | PMC1458337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Apr 12; 6:51 |
Background
Chiropractic is the most commonly used unconventional therapy in Canada and the United States, both in the total populations and among primary care and family practice patients [1]. Back pain is one of the leading reasons for seeking general medical care and the top reason for visiting a chiropractor [2,3]. ... | 16600038 | PMC1458338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Apr 6; 6:49 |
Background
The SRY (sex-determining region Y), which is normally located in the distal part of the short arm of the Y chromosome is a genetic 'master switch' of gonadal differentiation [1], the product of which is present in the male genital ridge before testis formation and is required for the regular development of m... | 16594994 | PMC1458339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Apr 4; 6:11 |
Background
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a live, attenuated vaccine derived from Mycobacterium bovis. The vaccine provides 65–95% protection against miliary and meningeal tuberculosis (TB) in children vaccinated as neonates [1]. Local and systemic adverse reactions to BCG have been summarized [2,3]. The most severe ... | 16515694 | PMC1458340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Mar 3; 6:5 |
Background
Peer assisted learning (PAL) has been defined as "the development of knowledge and skill through active help and support among status equals or matched companions" [1]. The same author has described the process of PAL as a situation in which "people from similar social groupings who are not professional teac... | 16524464 | PMC1458341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Mar 8; 6:18 |
Background
Primary melanoma of the oesophagus (PMME) is an uncommon tumor with an incidence of 0.1% of esophageal cancer and represents about 0.5% of noncutaneous melanomas [1]. Firstly Baur reported a case in 1906 [2]. PMME was not widely accepted until de la Pava in 1963 demostrated the presence of melanocytes in nor... | 16613599 | PMC1458342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Apr 13; 4:22 |
Background
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for human tuberculosis (TB). TB is the second most common infectious cause of adult mortality and over 98% of deaths from TB occur in developing countries [14]. In the past few years there have been remarkable advances in the unde... | 16620389 | PMC1458343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Apr 18; 6:35 |
It is well known that the control of follicular growth and development involves a complex exchange of signals between the pituitary gland and the ovary and among ovarian cells themselves. Although the roles for some hormones in regulating follicular growth are well established, recent research has led to the identifica... | 0 | PMC1458344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Apr 6; 4:15 |
Background
Ever since Doherty et al [1] described testicular microlithiasis on ultrasound scan in the late 80 s, the interest in this subject had been on the increase. However despite an association of testicular microlithiasis with testicular tumour [2-8] its aetiological role and the need for follow-up have remained ... | 16539727 | PMC1458345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Mar 15; 6:8 |
Background
Aseptic meningitis is inflammation of the meninges with sterile bacterial cultures of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [1]. Although the most common cause in North America is viral meningitis, the differential diagnosis includes "partially-treated" bacterial meningitis, tuberculous or fungal meningitis, inflammatio... | 16603090 | PMC1458346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 10; 6:68 |
Background
Human brucellosis is a worldwide zoonosis and affects over 500 000 people yearly in non-industrialized countries of the world. It is still public health problem in most countries of Mediterranean, including Turkey, Balkan, the Middle East and Central and South America [1].
Brucellosis is a systemic disease ... | 16606473 | PMC1458347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 11; 6:72 |
Background
Fungal endocarditis has increased in incidence during the last 2 decades. In a review of 152 cases of fungal endocarditis reported between 1995 and 2002 [1], Candida species were recovered in 94.1% of yeast infections and Aspergillus species in 71.8% of mold infections. Mural endocarditis is inflammation and... | 16608509 | PMC1458348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 11; 6:73 |
Background
Infections due to Staphylococcus aureus associated with foreign implants, such as orthopaedic prostheses and intravascular devices, are very difficult to manage by antimicrobial therapy alone and frequently require the removal of infected materials [1]. The growing proportion of clinical isolates of methicil... | 16608512 | PMC1458349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 11; 6:74 |
Background
In Western populations the vast majorities of colorectal cancers (CRC) arise from benign adenomatous polyps (colorectal adenomas) and evolve through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, a multistep process of genetic alterations [1,2]. The lifetime risk of CRC in a normal population is low in comparison to the pr... | 16542436 | PMC1458350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 16; 6:67 |
Background
The development of fibrosis is a frequent side effect that may be caused by a variety of inductors. Fibrosis especially hampers cancer treatment such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, thus severely limiting cancer therapy success. Furthermore, the development of fibrosis may reflect the integrative and inter... | 16556328 | PMC1458351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 24; 6:79 |
Introduction
Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has been widely accepted as an initial step in the management of thyroid nodules. It is relied upon to distinguish benign from neoplastic/malignant thyroid nodules, thus, influencing therapeutic decisions [1,2]. However, the diagnostic efficacy of FNA declines sharply in the di... | 16603062 | PMC1458352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Apr 7; 3:9 |
Review
Several bacteria have been reported to be able to lyse and grow on viable yeast and fungal cells by producing a variety of cell-wall degrading enzymes such as endo-β-1,3-glucanases, proteases, β-1,6-glucanases, mannanases, and chitinases. The structural complexity of the yeast cell wall, which is mainly composed... | 16545129 | PMC1458353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Mar 17; 5:10 |
Background
Paranasal mucoceles are slowly expanding cystic lesions with pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the setting of a background of chronic inflammation filled with inspissiated mucus exerting pressure on the normal boundaries of the sinus due to the obstruction of sinus ostium [1]. The mucoceles are usually... | 16620377 | PMC1458354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Apr 18; 6:6 |
Background
Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) is an obligate intracellular organism. Sero-positivity is low in early childhood (< 5 years), rising rapidly during school age such that at age 20 years approximately 50% of individuals will have detectable antibodies. Seroprevalence continues to rise, at a slower pace, in adulthood... | 16608530 | PMC1458355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Apr 12; 6:17 |
Background
Accurate data for mortality ascertainment are of critical importance for epidemiologic and health care outcomes studies. One of the national mortality databases in the U.S. is the Beneficiary Identification and Record Locator Subsystem (BIRLS) Death File that contains death dates of those who have received a... | 16606453 | PMC1458356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Apr 10; 4:2 |
Background
Given the increasing prevalence of genome-wide data, and the development of methodologies for the analysis of such data, there is an increasing need for tools that can simulate data appropriate for long, genomic regions. Two options suggest themselves:
1. Model and simulation: The traditional approach has b... | 16539698 | PMC1458357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Mar 15; 7:16 |
Background
The high density of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the genome and the easiness of their genotyping have made these markers a widely used tool for association studies in candidate genes. During the last few years, new developments in genetics have enhanced even more their privileged situati... | 16597333 | PMC1458358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Apr 5; 7:20 |
Background
A well-recognized complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the development of a left ventricular (LV) thrombus. Causes of LV thrombus include segmental dysfunction of the infarcted myocardium causing stasis, endocardial tissue inflammation providing a thrombogenic surface, and a hypercoagulable s... | 16600036 | PMC1458359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Apr 6; 4:20 |
Background
Genome sequencing and analysis projects have revealed thousands of genes with unknown or poorly characterized functions. A valuable approach to understanding the roles that novel genes play in normal biology or disease is to identify the intermolecular interactions in which they and their encoded proteins ar... | 16603075 | PMC1458360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 7; 7:195 |
Background
Sequence homology searches have been the workhorse of bioinformatics for the past 30 years, providing the means to study the function and evolution of genes and proteins. Recent technological advances in large-scale measurements of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) such as yeast two-hybrid screens [1,2] an... | 16606460 | PMC1458361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 10; 7:199 |
Background
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer illness and death among men in the United States and the third most common cancer world wide [1,2]. According to recent estimates, it accounts for 33% percent of new cancer incidences and six percent of cancer deaths in men world wide [2,3]. In 2002, the ... | 16608523 | PMC1458362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 11; 7:202 |
Background
Evolution has equipped cells with exquisite signaling systems which allow them to sense their environment, receive and process signals in a hierarchically organized manner and to react accordingly [1]. The complexity of the corresponding molecular machineries, in accordance with the complicated tasks they ha... | 16464248 | PMC1458363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 7; 7:56 |
Background
Despite advances in dialysis therapy, mortality and morbidity remain high for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). For instance, the mortality of this very high-risk population remains at nearly 20% per year with death rates from cardiac disease that are 10–20 fold higher in dialysis patients than i... | 16504054 | PMC1458958 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Feb 22; 7:2 |
Introduction
The successful propagation of HIV-1 through the human host has been linked to its ability to subvert and overcome innate cellular defense mechanisms that function by restricting replication of the virus at various points in the life cycle [1]. APOBEC3G is a (deoxy)cytidine deaminase originally discovered a... | 16699599 | PMC1458959 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:21:58 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 12; 2(5):e41 |
Introduction
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type-1 viral protein U (Vpu) is a small (16 kDa) membrane protein encoded by HIV-1 [1,2] and certain simian immunodeficiency viruses with which HIV-1 likely shares a common ancestor [3–7]. Vpu appears to have two major functions in HIV-1 replication (reviewed in [8]). Fir... | 16699598 | PMC1458960 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 12; 2(5):e39 |
Introduction
Rickettsiae are arthropod associated obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria causing mild to severe diseases in humans. They are classified into three groups based on phylogenetic analyses [1,2]. The typhus group (TG) includes the louse-borne R. prowazekii (the agent of epidemic typhus) and the flea-... | 16703114 | PMC1458961 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 12; 2(5):e76 |
Introduction
The upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) gene encoding USF1, a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor controlling some 40 genes [1], based on its function is an attractive candidate gene for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Initially this gene was identified as the first familial combined hyperlipidemi... | 16699592 | PMC1458962 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 12; 2(5):e69 |
Introduction
Activating and inhibitory receptors containing domains of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily are major components in regulating innate immunity of vertebrates [1,2]. These genes usually belong to multigene families containing several very similar members [3–5] arranged in tight genomic clusters [4–6]. Dep... | 16699593 | PMC1458963 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 12; 2(5):e73 |
Introduction
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) refers to change from a state of heterozygosity in a normal genome to a homozygous state in a paired tumor genome. LOH is most often regarded as a mechanism for disabling tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) during the course of oncogenesis [1,2]. Although LOH is often thought to resu... | 16699594 | PMC1458964 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:44 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 12; 2(5):e41 |
Introduction
The current model of animal microRNA (miRNA) function posits that part of the 21–22nt miRNA sequence binds to the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of a target mRNA, causing a downregulation of gene expression [1]. Target recognition most often involves a short 6–8 nt “seed” fragment at the miRNA 5′ end pairing... | 16699595 | PMC1458965 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:45 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 12; 2(5):e43 |
Introduction
The study of transcriptional regulatory networks is of central importance to post-genomic research, because every cell is the product of specific programs involving regulated transcription of a large number of genes. With increasing amounts of data becoming available by advanced data collection and analysi... | 16699597 | PMC1458966 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:46 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 12; 2(5):e47 |
Introduction
The surface of a eukaryotic cell is embedded with a diversity of receptors that serve as the primary conduits for transmission of environmental information into the cell's signaling network. Binding of extracellular chemical signals to receptors and the subsequent interaction of these ligand occupied recep... | 16699596 | PMC1458967 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:45 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 12; 2(5):e44 |
Background
While the importance of measuring pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in clinical trials is increasingly recognized for children with chronic health conditions [1,2], the utility of pediatric HRQOL measurement in population health outcome evaluation from the perspective of children in large pedi... | 16630344 | PMC1459106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Apr 21; 4:26 |
Background
Hyperglycemia, across its entire range including non-diabetic values is established as a strong and independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality[1]. In addition, the DECODE study recently established that acute post-challenge glucose concentration, as measured during a standardized gluc... | 16606452 | PMC1459107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Apr 10; 5:9 |
Background
Tissue factor (TF) exposed after endothelial injury binds FVIIa to initiate thrombin generation (TG). In addition Factor VIIa on surface of platelets may cause TG in the absence of TF involvement [1,2]. In this process the transbilayer movement of phosphatidylserine through the flip-flop mechanism [3,4] like... | 16630353 | PMC1459108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Apr 21; 4:5 |
Background
Purpose and objectives of the research
The contribution of local knowledge systems in conservation and sustainable use of natural resources is gaining wider recognition [1]. Local knowledge associated with the use and conservation of medicinal plants is either codified in ancient scriptures or is folk-based ... | 16603082 | PMC1459109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Apr 7; 2:20 |
Background
Methodological contributions are essential in any branch of science and many researchers have shown concern with a perceived lack of methodological advances in contemporary ethnobiology [1]. Ethnobiology has often been criticized for focussing on list making and lacking methodological rigor. Before the mid-1... | 16638119 | PMC1459110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Apr 25; 2:21 |
Background
Many viral pathogens of animals are poorly characterized. To date, if a suspected new virus was identified and the virus could be cultured, morphology, physical characteristics, growth characteristics and antigenic nature were determined. This method of characterization is very time consuming and is limited ... | 16608526 | PMC1459111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Apr 11; 3:28 |
Background
Lentiviral vectors are efficient tools for gene transfer into various dividing and non-dividing target cells. They offer several advantages over other vectors, including stable integration into the host cell genome, lack of transfer of viral genes, and a relatively large capacity for therapeutic genes. A num... | 16539700 | PMC1459112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:54 | no | Virol J. 2006 Mar 15; 3:14 |
Introduction
Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) is a non-enveloped parvovirus that has demonstrated efficacy as a gene replacement vector in numerous tissues [1]. As a non-enveloped virus, AAV-2 requires an extracellular receptor for attachment before internalization and intracellular processing. In 1998 Summerford ... | 16630361 | PMC1459113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:54 | no | Virol J. 2006 Apr 22; 3:29 |
Background
In 2000, it was estimated that approximately 529 000 women died from complications related to pregnancy or delivery [1]. The majority of maternal deaths occur in developing countries. Causes of maternal deaths include complications of abortion, obstetric complications such as hemorrhage, dystocia, eclampsia,... | 16597344 | PMC1459114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Reprod Health. 2006 Apr 6; 3:2 |
Background
The medical literature has reported with increasing frequency the occurrence of maternal brain death during pregnancy [1]. Nevertheless, this event remains a rare situation for most obstetricians and critical care specialists. There is a paucity of data regarding the frequency of this event, but one organ pr... | 16643646 | PMC1459115 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Reprod Health. 2006 Apr 27; 3:3 |
Background
The value of breastfeeding in supporting the normal growth and development of infants and young children is recognized worldwide [1]. There is also a growing awareness that it is possible for women to breastfeed their adopted children, and that health care professionals should support them if they express a ... | 16722597 | PMC1459116 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Mar 9; 1:5 |
Background
The nutritional superiority and immunological benefits provided by human milk are widely accepted [1,2]. Certain populations of high-risk infants may profit even more from these protections [3-7]. Ideally, own-mother's milk is provided. There is debate about whether banked human donor milk confers similar ad... | 16722603 | PMC1459117 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Mar 27; 1:6 |
Disease name and synonyms
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Lupus
Definition/Diagnostic criteria
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous disease which is autoimmune in origin, and characterized by the presence of autoantibodies directed against nuclear antigens. It is, by definition, a multi-syste... | 16722594 | PMC1459118 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Mar 27; 1:6 |
Disease name and synonyms
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency
Norepinephrine deficiency
Noradrenaline deficiency
Definition/diagnostic criteria
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH) deficiency is a very rare form of primary autonomic failure characterized by a complete absence of noradrenaline and adrenaline in plasma to... | 16722595 | PMC1459119 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Mar 30; 1:7 |
Disease name and synonyms
Immunodeficiency, Centromeric instability, and Facial anomalies syndrome was given the acronym ICF in 1988 [1]. ICF is an autosomal recessive disease. Note that the instability is not in the centromere itself, but rather in the region adjacent to the centromere (qh), predominantly in chromosom... | 16722602 | PMC1459120 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Mar 1; 1:2 |
Disease name and synonyms
Complete atrioventricular canal (CAVC); Common atrioventricular canal; Complete atrioventricular septal defect.
European paediatric cardiac code
Reference of Complete atrioventricular canal is 06.06.09.
Definition
CAVC is a complex cardiac malformation characterised by a variable deficiency ... | 16722604 | PMC1459121 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:33 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Apr 5; 1:8 |
Disease name and synonyms
The Otodental syndrome has been described under various names:
• Otodental dysplasia [1,2];
• Familial otodentodysplasia [3];
• Globodontia; the term globodontia refers to the enlarged bulbous fused malformed posterior teeth with almost no discernable cusps or grooves [4-6];
• In some fami... | 16722606 | PMC1459122 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Mar 21; 1:5 |
Background
Imaging of the intracranial anatomy with direct visualization of a pathological lesion became possible only with the advent of computer-based imaging modalities in the 1970s. Roberts et al. [1] were among the first in 1986 to integrate the spatial information on tumour extent as calculated by a computer into... | 16640775 | PMC1459123 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Apr 26; 2:10 |
Background
In Canada approximately 5 to 40% of hemodialysis patients utilize a central venous catheter for vascular access for hemodialysis [1]. The major complications of these catheters include infection, thrombosis, and poor blood flow resulting in inadequate hemodialysis. Approximately fifty percent of hemodialysis... | 16608513 | PMC1459124 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Apr 11; 7:8 |
Background
We have implemented a distributed system for the management of hypertensive patients. The study is one of a number of initiatives in which the management of chronic conditions is addressed by improving the connections between different community-based professionals and, specifically, extending the traditiona... | 16597341 | PMC1459125 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Apr 5; 6:20 |
Introduction
Amber, the fossil form of plant resins, occurs in terrestrial sediments throughout the geologic record from about the early-middle Mesozoic forward and is relatively common in Cenozoic sediments [1]. Older fossil "resins" are known from the occurrence of resinites in coals as old as the Carboniferous, but ... | 16759406 | PMC1459126 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Geochem Trans. 2006 Mar 1; 7:2 |
Background
Local health departments are considered the backbone of public health response plans for any and all infectious disease outbreaks. An influenza pandemic is considered increasingly likely, and is now considered one of the most significant and urgent threats to the nation's public health preparedness infrastru... | 16620372 | PMC1459127 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 18; 6:99 |
Background
The global burden of mental health problems has been addressed by the World Health Organization as a major challenge for the next decades [1,2]. A recent publication points to the need to reallocate resources to meet the needs for treatment [3]. Sick listed employees with psychological problems and muscle sk... | 16542443 | PMC1459128 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 16; 6:69 |
Background
The first AIDS case in Tanzania was reported in the Kagera region in 1983 [1]. In the late 1980's sentinel surveillance activities in antenatal clinics (ANC) were initiated in the Kagera region. Subsequently, in the early 1990s, basing on the assumption that pregnant women attending ANC are representative of... | 16603091 | PMC1459129 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 10; 6:91 |
Background
Some of the key public health concerns in developed countries include alcohol misuse; poor nutrition – including excessive calories, saturated fat and free sugars; and gambling (given its association with problem gambling) [1-3]. The marketing of these products are therefore an area of concern from a public ... | 16608525 | PMC1459130 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 11; 6:95 |
Background
Unintentional injuries represent a major public health risk worldwide accounting for more than 5 million deaths annually and are projected to increase to 8.4 million in 2020 [1,2]. Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death of young people worldwide, and is responsible for 15% of disability adjusted ... | 16533384 | PMC1459131 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 13; 6:63 |
Background
European transformation has catalyzed political, economical, social, and cultural changes in the Western and Eastern Europe during the last decades. A lot of effects on economical and behavioral alcohol related issues were observed due to economical changes of the former Soviet block and due to the European ... | 16539722 | PMC1459132 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 15; 6:67 |
Background
Tourism has played an important role in economic growth in Developed and Developing Countries.
According to the data of the body representing the private sector in all parts of the travel and tourism industry worldwide, i.e. the World Travel and Tourism Council, travel and tourism industry contribute 10.9% ... | 16620388 | PMC1459133 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 18; 6:100 |
Background
The majority of subjects granted a disability pension have chronic diseases. The course of these diseases is generally not altered by retirement, in spite of the physical or mental burden of work being relieved [1,2]. In most cases disability pensions are granted because of diseases that are not life threate... | 16630360 | PMC1459134 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 22; 6:103 |
Background
Health care is usually provided when an individual patient seeks help. In contrast population-screening programmes seek to identify disease in groups of people who have not sought care. While the overall aim of screening is to improve population health by reducing preventable morbidity and mortality, not eve... | 16638147 | PMC1459135 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 25; 6:106 |
Background
Accurate methods are needed for estimating the burden of morbidity in a population to enable resource allocation corresponding to the health care needs of the population. This is particularly important in relation to the funding of primary health care (PHC) centres, as there is greater variation in terms of ... | 16483369 | PMC1459136 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 16; 6:36 |
Background
Particularly since Taiwan joined the WTO in 2002, the government has been taking serious measures to gain greater control over tobacco usage. The cost of cigarettes to Taiwan consumers has historically been considerably less than that to people in other countries [1,2]. On average, 77 minutes of working time... | 16529653 | PMC1459137 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 10; 6:62 |
Background
Body mass index [BMI, weight (kg)/height (m2)], a measure of weight adjusted for height, is a simple and inexpensive index that is often used as a proxy for overall health of populations. [1] Body habitus, as described by BMI, is related to skeletal size, muscle mass, and adiposity. As such, it is influenced... | 16542418 | PMC1459138 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 16; 6:70 |
Background
Apart from the inherent goal of health promotion for the population, a responsive health system should commit itself to meet the psychological need of the people it serves and to undertake an examination of what people care about when they interact with the health system [1]. Improving these non-health funct... | 16542462 | PMC1459139 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:04 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 17; 6:72 |
Background
The divide between rich and poor countries adversely affects world health, undermines global stability and is one of the challenging problems of the 21st century. Rampant disease in poor countries impedes development and contributes to growing North-South disparities. A stark illustration of this divide is p... | 16542448 | PMC1459140 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Global Health. 2006 Mar 16; 2:3 |
Background
The ribosome, which plays an important role in the translational mechanism, is universal to all organisms. Mammalian ribosomes consist of four RNA species and 79 ribosomal proteins (RPs) [1]. More than 2000 pseudogenes of RP genes are present in the human genome [2], and this has made it difficult to gain an... | 16504170 | PMC1459141 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Feb 28; 7:37 |
Background
A small number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the continuous production of mature blood cells throughout life. This process is based on the capability of the HSC to replenish itself through a process called self-renewal [1-3], and to differentiate into all hematopoietic lineages. Cons... | 16600034 | PMC1459142 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 6; 7:75 |
Background
Alternative splicing is a major mechanism for generating functional and evolutionary diversity of proteins in mammals [1,2], for a review see [3]. Indeed, alternative splicing allows for generation of novel proteins without sacrificing old ones [2]. If a new isoform proves to be beneficial, its fraction incr... | 16620375 | PMC1459143 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 18; 7:84 |
Introduction
FERM domains define the band 4.1 superfamily [1]. The domain takes its name from the 4.1 (four point one) and ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) proteins where it was first discovered [1], but many metazoan cytoplasmic proteins that associate with membranes contain FERM domains: such proteins include merlin, tal... | 16626485 | PMC1459144 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 20; 7:85 |
Background
In recent years, it has become clear that human infections with highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are associated with severe, often fatal disease. In 1997 in Hong Kong, avian influenza A (H5N1) infected both chickens and humans. During this outbreak, 18 people were hospitalized and 6 of them di... | 16553963 | PMC1459145 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Mar 23; 7(1):43 |
Introduction
A major symptom of asthma is an excessive contraction of airway smooth muscle cells (SMCs) which results in airway hyper-reactivity. To alleviate this acute and chronic airway constriction, β-adrenergic agonists, that relax SMCs, are commonly administered [1]. Yet, despite their efficacy and wide-spread ap... | 16504084 | PMC1459146 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 23; 7(1):34 |
Background
The WAP 4-disulphide core domain 2 (WFDC2) gene product, also known as human epididymis 4 (HE4), was originally identified as a transcript exclusively expressed in the epididymis and was proposed as a specific marker for this tissue [1]. WFDC2 is a member of the Whey Acidic Protein (WAP) domain family of pro... | 16600032 | PMC1459147 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 6; 7(1):61 |
Background
Mechanotransduction involves the ability of the cell to respond to mechanical strain with a biological message and alteration of protein production. Studies of lung cells in vitro have identified some of the intracellular signaling pathways that mediate this effect, which include members of the mitogen-activ... | 16643666 | PMC1459148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:26 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 27; 7(1):68 |
Background
Scorpion venoms are a rich source of polypeptides with diverse biological activities, including many neurotoxins that exert their action via target-specific modulation of ion channel function (reviewed in [1,2]). Among the well-characterised peptide toxins are those derived from the venom of scorpions belong... | 16542451 | PMC1459149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Mar 16; 6:18 |
Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of premature death in England and affects some population groups more than others. In the UK, CVD mortality rates have fallen less than in other developed countries [1], even though the disease is largely preventable and the risk factors are well understood [... | 16630335 | PMC1459150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Apr 21; 6:16 |
Background
Patient aggression is a common problem in acute psychiatric wards. Violent outbursts threaten the health, safety and well-being of other patients and staff. Psychiatric nurses are at particularly high risk of being victimized. However, psychiatric staff is not only a passive target of potential patient viole... | 16638122 | PMC1459151 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Apr 25; 6:17 |
Background
Evidence-informed patient choice
Evidence-informed patient choice "involves providing people with research-based information about the effectiveness of health care options and promoting their involvement in decisions about their treatment" [1]. This concept is based on the assumption that the patient's insig... | 16539697 | PMC1459152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 15; 6:34 |
Background
Injuries to tendons and ligaments are significant causes of lameness and financial losses in the equine industry. They account for nearly a third of all equine injuries that occur during racing, with a reported incidence of 8–43% [1-4]. These tissues heal extremely slowly and the repaired tissue is inferior ... | 16611357 | PMC1459153 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:29 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Apr 12; 2:12 |
Background
Thyroid hormone plays a crucial role as a regulator of nervous system myelination, of growth and puberty, and of metabolism and organ functions [1]. It has been well recognized that hypothyroidism at early stages of life, such as congenital hypothyroidism, can cause various abnormalities including mental ret... | 16623938 | PMC1459154 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Apr 19; 6:12 |
Background
Measuring the health impact of painful disorders is problematic, as it is difficult to objectively measure subjective sensations like pain. Pain's overall impact is made up not only of its severity, but also of its effect on other aspects of people's lives such as perceived disability and self-identity [1]. ... | 16597329 | PMC1459155 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Apr 5; 7:34 |
Background
Symptomatic defects in the articular cartilage and underlying bone of various joints can result from different means, including osteoarthritis, trauma and osteochondritis dissecans. One accepted means of treatment is osteochondral implantation, which has been used to treat chondral and osteochondral defects ... | 16545115 | PMC1459156 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Mar 17; 7:32 |
Background
For osteotomies of the hand oscillating saws are usually used [1]. Even though they are varied in size, they are not very precise for use in the vicinity of nerves and arteries. They also pose problems while being used in conjunction with magnification, as one's range of sight and focus is restricted when we... | 16611362 | PMC1459157 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:05 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Apr 12; 7:36 |
Case report
A 55 year old man presented to the accident and emergency department of a district general hospital after having fallen 3 metres from a ladder while cutting his garden hedge. He complained of left sided chest pain and worsening shortness of breath and dizziness. On examination, HR was 155/min, RR 37/min, BP... | 16722596 | PMC1459158 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Mar 28; 1:8 |
Background
Hemangiopericytoma is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm, accounting for about 1% of vascular tumors [1]. Hemangiopericytoma is known to be derived from the vascular pericyte and was first reported by Stout and Murray in 1942 [2]. The tumor occurs most commonly in the skin, subcutaneous soft tissues, muscles of the... | 16643656 | PMC1459159 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Apr 27; 4:23 |
Background
Environmental policy decisions in the United States are often informed by two lines of evidence. Risk assessment techniques can quantify the magnitude of public health benefits anticipated from proposed control strategies (hereafter referred to as health benefits analysis), a process required for all regulat... | 16569243 | PMC1459160 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Mar 28; 5:2 |
Introduction
Radiofrequency (RF) techniques have been used to heat biological tissues for many years. However, in recent years its use for new medical applications has expanded enormously [1]. To illustrate this, although the term "radiofrequency ablation" is relatively new, the number of papers published per year on t... | 16620380 | PMC1459161 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Apr 18; 5:24 |
Background
The main function of the female ovary is the production of the mature oocyte for fertilization to allow subsequent generation of healthy progeny. The ovary also has an endocrine function which is essential for the sexual maturation and reproductive ability of the female. The establishment of the germ line th... | 16611366 | PMC1459162 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Apr 12; 4:21 |
Introduction
Aside from wound healing and certain pathological processes, including neoplasia, the vascular system in the adult is generally quiescent. An exception takes place in the ovaries where there is intense angiogenesis and increased permeability of blood vessels during follicular development, ovulation and sub... | 16611363 | PMC1459163 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Apr 12; 4:18 |
Introduction
Follicular development begins during foetal life with the transformation of primordial germ cells into oocytes and their enclosure in structures called follicles. In most mammals, primordial follicles form either before, or in the first few days after birth. Primordial follicles give rise to primary follic... | 16603089 | PMC1459164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Apr 10; 4:16 |
Introduction
Impaired fetal growth and subsequent adult cardiovascular disease [1] provide the best known example of fetal programming of adult pathology. Fetal programming is triggered when a stimulus or insult occurs at a gestational age critical for target organ differentiation, growth or development and induces per... | 16606451 | PMC1459165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Apr 10; 4:17 |
Introduction
Folliculogenesis is generally defined as the formation of mature preovulatory follicles (Graafian) from the pool of primordial (non-growing) follicles. Primordial follicles continuously enter the growing pool, but greater than 99% of all growing follicles die by atresia. In a landmark paper, Hodgen (1982) ... | 16611367 | PMC1459166 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Apr 12; 4:22 |
Background
Since its discovery in 1961, the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has gradually become more frequent over the world [1-3]. In the early 1990s, United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries were essentially non-endemic for MRSA. Since then, MRSA has become establishe... | 16504036 | PMC1459167 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 21; 6:30 |
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