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Background
Biocatalysis that exploits the catalytic activities of enzymes has emerged as a promising approach to chemical synthesis of novel and industrially significant compounds [1,2]. Enzymes can catalyze reactions exhibiting enantioselectivity and regioselectivity under appropriate conditions. Despite the tremendou... | 16620394 | PMC1459859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Apr 19; 6:23 |
Background
Osteomyelitis is a refractory condition, potentially leading to amputation or even death; treatment often requires multiple surgical interventions and local or systemic antibiotic therapy [1]. It predominantly affects both extremes of age; acute hematogenous infection occurs mainly in children and chronic os... | 16504140 | PMC1459860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Feb 26; 7:18 |
Background
There is an increasing incidence of multi drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections in several parts of the world [1]. However, the majority of the studies on the secular trends of antimicrobial resistance have been performed in tertiary medical centers in large cities. There is relatively scarcity of inform... | 16670000 | PMC1459861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 May 2; 6:41 |
Background
The diverse structural and functional activities described for restriction endonucleases (REases) is reflected by their ubiquitous abundance among prokaryotic organisms [7]. These enzymes are typically components of restriction/modification (R/M) systems where they primarily serve as defensive instruments ag... | 16646963 | PMC1459862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Apr 28; 6:40 |
Background
Malaria remains a major cause of disease and death in tropical regions. A malaria vaccine could contribute to malaria control, but as with other pathogens (e.g. HIV, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and influenza virus), malaria vaccine development is complicated by genetic diversity in vaccine antigens. Most malar... | 16626494 | PMC1459863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Apr 20; 5:31 |
Background
The molecular basis of chloroquine resistance has recently been elucidated. Pfcrt (Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter), a single copy, 13-exon gene, localized on chromosome 7, codes for a parasite digestive vacuole trans-membrane protein, which plays a key role in CQR [1,2]. The pfcrt g... | 16638153 | PMC1459864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Apr 26; 5:34 |
Introduction
Severe infection with Clostridium septicum in healthy humans is relatively rare. The organism used to be a well known complication of war wounds in the form of gas gangrene [1]. C. septicum can cause other rigorous focal or disseminated infections by spontaneous invasion from the gut of compromised patient... | 16646975 | PMC1459865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Apr 28; 3:12 |
Background
Large-scale transcriptome analysis of genes that are differently expressed in tumor tissues compared to their normal counterparts is an important route to the identification of candidates that could play a role in human malignancies. A number of techniques, ranging from differential display and nucleic acid ... | 16640784 | PMC1459866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 26; 7:94 |
Background
A great effort is usually made to induce as many as possible to reply in any study employing questionnaires. Many of the factors that influence the response rate, such as the interest to the recipient of the subject under investigation and the length of the questionnaire, can not easily be altered [1,2]. It ... | 16646970 | PMC1459867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Apr 28; 6:19 |
Background
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease which leads to death due to neurogenic muscle weakness within a median time span of three years [1]. Patients clinically develop a paralysis with signs of upper and lower motoneuron loss in limb, trunk and bulbar regions. Oculomotor neu... | 16638121 | PMC1459868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Apr 25; 6:17 |
Background
The human mitochondrial genome is a circular double stranded DNA of 16.6 kb encoding 13 respiratory chain protein subunits, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs. The mitochondrial mRNA contains no introns. There is a 1.2-kb hypervariable non-coding D-loop region that is susceptible to somatic DNA mutations. Each cell conta... | 16620376 | PMC1459869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 18; 6:93 |
Background
In mammalian cells, the NF-κB family of transcription factors is composed of homodimers and heterodimers derived from five distinct subunits, RelA(p65), c-Rel, RelB, p50 (NF-κB1) and p52 (NF-κB2) [1]. Of these, p50 and p52 arise from proteolytic degradation of larger precursor proteins, p105 and p100 respect... | 16630341 | PMC1459870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 21; 6:101 |
Background
The identification of molecular alterations in cancerous and pre-cancerous cells has provided insight into the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in tumor initiation and progression [1]. Oncogenes are derived from highly conserved proto-oncogenes that are altered by chromosomal point mutations, gen... | 16545136 | PMC1459871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 18; 6:74 |
Background
PDK1 was first identified as a protein-Ser/Thr kinase that linked PI3K to Akt activation in response to growth factor receptor stimulation [1,2]. PDK1 phosphorylates AGC kinases such as Akt [3,4], PKC [5,6] and SGK [7,8] in the activation domain, which is a prerequisite for catalytic activity. PDK1 has been ... | 16551362 | PMC1459872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 21; 6:77 |
Background
Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Environmental and genetic factors are both important in gastric carcinogenesis [1,2]. In recent years, knowledge about the molecular features of gastric carcinoma has increased rapidly. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on loci of chromosom... | 16608517 | PMC1459873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:06 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 11; 6:91 |
Background
The recent completion of genomes from organisms of vastly differing complexity has highlighted a key aspect: gene number does not directly correlate with organismal complexity. While Drosophila melanogaster was predicted to have just over 13,000 genes [1], the current estimate for the human genome at 20,000 ... | 16542417 | PMC1459874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 16; 7:145 |
Background
Maternal nutritional status is important for health and quality of life in women and their growing fetus. Maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status and pregnancy weight gain also affect the health and survival of the newborn. Consequently, various recommendations have been made about weight gain during pregn... | 16626498 | PMC1459875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:37 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Apr 20; 6:15 |
Background
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the most common cause of death in the Western world [1]. Major risk factors are diabetes mellitus, smoking, and dyslipidemia [2-4]. An association between cataract and cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated previously [5,6]. Cataract is an opacification of lens of the hu... | 16618373 | PMC1459876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Apr 18; 6:16 |
Background
Epidemiological studies reveal rising rates of type 2 diabetes worldwide, notably in developing countries undergoing epidemiological transition from communicable to chronic diseases [1,2]. This has also been observed in certain populations that have undergone relatively rapid transition from rural to urban l... | 16635266 | PMC1459877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Apr 24; 4:5 |
Whether you are asleep or awake, engaged in flights of fancy, or engrossed in intense concentration, your brain is a hotbed of electrical and chemical activity. Nerve cells have channels that regulate the flow of ions in and out of their membrane. In a resting neuron, the potential inside the cell is negative, averagin... | 20076588 | PMC1459878 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 16; 4(6):e191 |
Introduction
Within neurons there exist various sources of membrane noise, including stochasticity of membrane conductances [
1–
3], stimulus nonspecific synaptic conductances [
4–
6], and variable synaptic transmission [
7]. While noise sources may prove beneficial, for example, via stochastic resonance effects [
8,
9... | 16689623 | PMC1459879 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 16; 4(6):e163 |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, and altered insulin secretory capacity of pancreatic β-cells. Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90–95% of all cases of diabetes and is a major public health problem worldwide (Wild et al. 2004). Establi... | 16675414 | PMC1459913 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 15; 114(5):641-648 |
Air pollution exposure assessment studies consistently show associations between ambient fine particle [particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μg (PM2.5)], concentrations and corresponding personal exposures for panels of individuals, particularly for regional PM2.5 components such as sulfate (SO42−) and fo... | 16675415 | PMC1459914 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 15; 114(5):649-654 |
For a long time, it was assumed that ambient particulate matter (PM) damages primarily the lungs (Dockery and Pope 1994; Pope 1989). Epidemiologic evidence accumulated during the last decade shows that daily PM levels are also associated with daily changes in mortality and hospitalizations due to cardiovascular disease... | 16675416 | PMC1459915 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 13; 114(5):655-660 |
Amphibian populations around the world are declining at alarming rates, but the causes of most declines are unknown. Habitat destruction and alteration are most likely the largest contributors to population declines, but other factors such as introduction of exotic species, emerging diseases, global climate change, and... | 16675417 | PMC1459916 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 8; 114(5):661-666 |
It is increasingly evident that organophosphate insecticides affect mammalian brain development through a variety of mechanisms. In animal studies or in vitro models of neurodevelopment, chlorpyrifos (CPF; O,O-diethyl O-[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl ester]phosphorothioate), the most widely applied insecticide, has direct ... | 16675418 | PMC1459917 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 29; 114(5):667-672 |
Coke oven emissions (COEs) are formed and released into the environment when coal is pyrolyzed into coke (National Toxicology Program 2002). Epidemiologic studies have shown that occupational exposure to COEs during the coking process lead to increased incidence of pulmonary and prostate cancers among coke oven workers... | 16675419 | PMC1459918 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 15; 114(5):673-677 |
Barmah Forest virus (BFV) disease is one of the common human arboviral (arthropod-borne) diseases causing public health concerns in Australia (Russell and Dwyer 2000; Russell and Kay 2004). BFV is a nonfatal disease but causes a syndrome similar to that of Ross River virus disease (Flexman et al. 1998; Mackenzie et al.... | 16675420 | PMC1459919 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 15; 114(5):678-683 |
Epidemiologic studies have observed significant associations between the mass concentration of various size fractions of ambient particulate matter (PM) and cardiorespiratory health (Brunekreef and Holgate 2002). Although the general pattern of results appears sufficiently consistent to conclude that PM does contribute... | 16675421 | PMC1459920 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 29; 114(5):684-690 |
In recent years, there has been increasing concern regarding the widespread use of pesticides in agricultural communities and potential impacts on public health. In the 1990s in the United States, some 2.5–5.0 million agricultural workers were exposed to organophosphate insecticides (Das et al. 2001). Scientific field ... | 16675422 | PMC1459921 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 23; 114(5):691-696 |
Adverse health effects in individuals of all ages have been linked to exposure to ambient air contaminants (American Academy of Pediatrics 2004; Jerrett et al. 2005; Pope et al. 2004a). Cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality are the most common health effects associated with exposure to ambient air cont... | 16675423 | PMC1459922 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 29; 114(5):697-703 |
Many studies have reported an association between immune suppression or infectious disease and exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in laboratory animals, humans, and wildlife (Bernhoft et al. 2000; De Swart et al. 1996; Jepson et al. 2005; Kimbrough 1987; Schwacke et al. 2002; Vos et al. 2000). Because marine ... | 16675424 | PMC1459923 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 13; 114(5):704-711 |
Exposure to waterborne pathogens in surface water may lead to health complaints among recreants such as bathers, divers, surfers, kayakers, and anglers. In the Netherlands, because of discharges of raw and treated sewage and manure runoff from agricultural land, pathogenic microorganisms may enter surface waters (e.g.,... | 16675425 | PMC1459924 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 16; 114(5):712-717 |
Recent studies have indicated that the proportion of male births has been declining in many countries during the past five decades (Allan et al. 1997; Marcus et al. 1998; Møller 1998; Parazzini et al. 1998; van der Pal-de Bruin et al. 1997). The cause of such a time-related trend is not known but has been suggested to ... | 16675426 | PMC1459925 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 29; 114(5):718-724 |
The impact of biomass and fossil fuel burning is felt throughout the world. Although studies have documented the impact of fossil fuel air pollution on health (Braga et al. 2001; Hoek and Brunekreef 1994; Hoek et al. 1997; Laden et al. 2000; Lin et al. 1999; Pope et al. 1995; Saldiva et al. 1994; Schwartz and Dockery 1... | 16675427 | PMC1459926 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 13; 114(5):725-729 |
Since the 1950s, several epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an inverse relation between water hardness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Crawford et al. 1968; Kousa and Nikkarinen 1997; Kousa et al. 2004; Masironi et al. 1980; Nerbrand et al. 1992; Piispanen 1993), whereas some other studies have not found such a ... | 16675428 | PMC1459927 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 13; 114(5):730-734 |
Elemental (metallic) mercury (Hg0) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that can cause serious adverse health effects [Agency for Toxic Susbtances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1997]. Sources of Hg0 exposure include dental amalgams, fossil fuel emissions, chloralkalai production, thermometers, incandescent lights, ... | 16675429 | PMC1459928 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 13; 114(5):735-739 |
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental endocrine disruptors that have half-lives of 7–10 years in the human body and exhibit adverse effects on development (Kogevinas 2001), endocrine systems (Wang et al. 2005), neural sys... | 16675430 | PMC1459929 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 13; 114(5):740-745 |
Although some organophosphates are undergoing increasing scrutiny and restriction [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2000, 2002] because of their propensity to elicit developmental neurotoxicity (Barone et al. 2000; Casida and Quistad 2004; Landrigan 2001; Rice and Barone 2000; Slotkin 2004), these compounds n... | 16675431 | PMC1459930 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 2; 114(5):746-751 |
In all vertebrate species, endogenous estrogens (E2) play a crucial role in the development, maintenance, and function of female and male reproductive tracts. In addition, the importance of E2 in many other tissues such as bone, the cardiovascular system, and the central nervous system is well documented (Emmen and Kor... | 16675432 | PMC1459931 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:39 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 8; 114(5):752-758 |
Case Presentation
A 53-year-old man from Mexico was referred to the San Francisco General Hospital chest clinic for the evaluation of a chronic cough and pulmonary nodules. His respiratory symptoms began in 1985 as an intermittent cough. The cough gradually progressed over the years and was now chronic, productive of y... | 16675433 | PMC1459932 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 24; 114(5):759-762 |
Hexachloroethane/zinc oxide (HC/ZnO) smoke, also known as white smoke, has many military and civilian applications, such as in training exercises and on the battlefield [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1997; Holmes 1999; Zerahn et al. 1999]. Inhalation is the most common route of injury. Docume... | 16675434 | PMC1459933 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 24; 114(5):763-765 |
Childhood asthma prevalence and incidence have been associated with local variation in traffic patterns within communities in many (Brauer et al. 2002; Gauderman et al. 2005; Nicolai et al. 2003; van Vliet et al. 1997; Venn et al. 2000; Zmirou et al. 2004) but not all (English et al. 1999; Waldron et al. 1995; Wjst et ... | 16675435 | PMC1459934 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 16; 114(5):766-772 |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins are persistent environmental pollutants that occur in the environment. They have varying influences on the human body. Some harmful influences of prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins on the neurodevelopment of infants have previously been shown. Longitudina... | 16675436 | PMC1459935 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 15; 114(5):773-778 |
Proper functioning of maternal and fetal hormone and endocrine systems is essential to ensure a properly developing fetus. Suboptimal endocrine functioning in utero can have lifelong effects on growth and development (Fowden and Forhead 2004). Sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, stimulate growth in childre... | 16675437 | PMC1459936 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 29; 114(5):779-785 |
High air pollution levels have been linked to infant mortality. An early example is the London Fog episode of 1952, where a sharp increase in particulate matter (PM) air pollution led to increased mortality among infants and older adults (Her Majesty’s Public Health Service 1954). Contemporary studies in countries with... | 16675438 | PMC1459937 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 13; 114(5):786-790 |
Prospective lead studies of child development from the 1980s to date show associations between low blood lead (BPb) concentration and poor neurobehavioral development (Baghurst et al. 1992; Bellinger 1989; Bellinger et al. 1986, 1987, 1994; Bornschein et al. 1985; Dietrich 1991; Dietrich et al. 1987a, 1987b, 1991, 1993... | 16675439 | PMC1459938 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:39 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 29; 114(5):791-797 |
Perchlorate (ClO4−) has been used industrially as an oxidizer for rocket fuels and propellants and in explosives and pyrotechnics. In the 1950s and 1960s, it was also used as a treatment for hyperthyroidism associated with Graves disease. Environmental emissions have resulted in detection of ClO4− levels greater than 4... | 16675440 | PMC1459939 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May 15; 114(5):798-804 |
Pick up any newspaper or magazine these days and there will most likely be a prominent story about the environment and its relation to human health, well-being, or economic security. It seems that environmental sensitivity is moving from the fringe to center stage. No better confirmation can be found for this than the ... | 16675404 | PMC1459940 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A268-A269 |
The goal of the extramural research program of the NIEHS is to fund the highest-quality science to understand how environmental exposures contribute to the development and progression of human diseases. To identify the most meritorious research proposals, all grant applications submitted to the NIEHS (as well as to oth... | 16675405 | PMC1459941 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A270 |
We thank Manton for his comments on our study (Rankin et al. 2005), and we hope that readers will be encouraged to read the entire article to place his correspondence in perspective. In our article (Rankin et al. 2005), we documented the orders of magnitude of increases in lead concentrations of processed cocoa and cho... | 16675406 | PMC1459942 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A275 |
When testing in 2003 found higher-than-allowable lead levels in the District of Columbia’s drinking water, it hit awfully close to home for some law makers, prompting three U.S. legislators to direct the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to evaluate how well the EPA regulates lead levels in drinking water. In Janu... | 16675408 | PMC1459943 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A276 |
Sports speak a universal language, bridging class, nationality, and religion around the world. Many sports figures are better known than movie stars or prominent politicians. To capitalize on the importance of sports to billions of people around the world, the Global Sports Alliance (GSA) was formed in 1999 to serve as... | 0 | PMC1459944 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A279 |
The NIEHS has a rich history of scientific accomplishments and contributions to human health and well-being. As with any large-scale organization with far-reaching activities and widespread influence, however, it is advisable to take a step back periodically to critically examine mission, goals, objectives, strategies,... | 16675409 | PMC1459945 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A280-A283 |
Training that delivers a complete picture of environmental dangers faced by communities is critical in helping environmental health nurses cultivate skills that go beyond basic health care. Now the Community Outreach and Education Cores (COECs) at the University of Wisconsin (UW)–Milwaukee Marine and Freshwater Biomedi... | 16700130 | PMC1459946 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A283-A284 |
Singhal SS, Awasthi YC, Awasthi S. 2006. Regression of melanoma in a murine model by RLIP76 depletion. Cancer Res 66:2354–2360.
Studies have shown that inhibition or depletion of RLIP76, a glutathione-conjugate transport protein that helps cells defend themselves against toxicants, causes apoptosis in a number of canc... | 0 | PMC1459947 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A284 |
Since time immemorial, people have entertained themselves with sports. Sports are emblematic of health, with the best matches played by athletes in peak physical form. But ironically, even as sports promote health, they can also degrade the environment upon which good health depends. Whether played or watched, athletic... | 16675410 | PMC1459948 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A286-A295 |
Controversy erupted early in 2003 after the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) proposed that the lives of older people were worth less in dollar terms than those of younger people. The idea was included in a plan published in the 3 February 2003 Federal Register by the OMB’s Office of Information and Regulatory... | 16675411 | PMC1459949 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A296-A299 |
Ibadan, the second largest city in Nigeria, is the center of a large agricultural region in Oyo State. Since the nineteenth century, fierce intertribal rivalries and other political unrest have pushed large influxes of refugee and military populations into the city. This chaotic growth has discouraged the kind of munic... | 16675412 | PMC1459950 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:39 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A300-A303 |
Since its inception 13 years ago, the Children’s Health Study has indicated that air pollution in Southern California communities reduces lung growth and development, raises the risk of developing asthma, and increases school absences due to respiratory illnesses. The latest finding from the study team zeroes in on the... | 0 | PMC1459951 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A305 |
In January 2006, the NIEHS announced its newest Centers program: the Disease Investigation through Specialized Clinically Oriented Ventures in Environmental Research (DISCOVER) Centers. The fundamental intent of these new centers is to speed the translation of mechanistically driven research into clinical application a... | 0 | PMC1459952 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A307 |
Pilot and Feasibility Clinical Research Grants in Kidney or Urologic Diseases (R21)
The Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) has a longstanding and substantial interest in research concerning the prevention and treatment o... | 0 | PMC1459953 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A308-A309 |
In a recent article, Tsan et al. (2005) reported the first study of the clinical toxicity of dimethylamine borane (DMAB) poisoning, particularly the neurologic manifestations in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. They decribed a prominent cerebellar dysfunction including impairments in performing... | 16675407 | PMC1459954 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:39 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A274a |
The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of our patient (Tsan et al. 2005) were performed on the 8th and 37th days after DMAB poisoning and show marked differences. The lesions of the bilateral cerebellar periventricular area were revealed in every mode of images (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, T2-weighted in... | 16757408 | PMC1459955 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A274b |
The article “Lead Contamination in Cocoa and Cocoa Products: Isotopic Evidence of Global Contamination” (Rankin et al. 2005) has attracted international attention (crienglish.com 2005) because of an interview that Rankin granted a reporter from Science News (Raloff 2005). Raloff’s report makes it generally known that R... | 0 | PMC1459956 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A274c-A275 |
The coal industry represents more than half of America’s energy production, and DOE estimates place the recoverable reserve at more than 250 billion short tons. Coal is notorious for its drawbacks, however, including emissions of sulfur (which in the form of sulfur dioxide can react with atmospheric water to form sulfu... | 16700107 | PMC1459957 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A277a |
Easy Rider, Easy Polluter
A Swiss study published in the 1 January 2006 issue of Environmental Science & Technology shows that motorcycles collectively emit 16 times more hydrocarbons, 3 times more carbon monoxide, and “disproportionately high” levels of other air pollutants, compared with passenger cars. Two- and thre... | 0 | PMC1459958 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A277b-A279 |
Acetaminophen is turned into at least two toxic compounds by chlorination treatment, researchers report in the 15 January 2006 issue of Environmental Science & Technology, raising concerns about the fate of this and other pharmaceuticals that end up in water supplies. Acetaminophen is one of the most widely used over-t... | 0 | PMC1459959 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A278a |
More than 1 million new U.S. cases of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) will be diagnosed this year, according to the American Cancer Society, and most will be highly curable. New melanoma will be diagnosed in only about 62,000 Americans, but will be far more fatal if not caught early; five-y... | 0 | PMC1459960 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A278b |
Most recreational water quality standards are aimed at protecting beachgoers against accidental ingestion of or skin contact with water contaminated by fecal material. But the increased popularity of water sports such as kayaking, surfing, and diving, which often occur far from regulated bathing beaches, raises the que... | 0 | PMC1459961 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A304a |
Although chlorpyrifos has been restricted for use in the home, it is still permitted for agriculture and remains the most widely used organophosphate pesticide in the world. Animal studies and in vitro models have indicated that chlorpyrifos has direct and indirect effects on fetal and neonatal neural cell replication ... | 0 | PMC1459962 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A304b-A305 |
By Susan Okie
Washington, DC:Joseph Henry Press, 2005. 322 pp. ISBN: 0-309-09310-4, $27.95 cloth.
Fed Up! traces the obesity epidemic through the lives of children, families, teachers, and researchers. Examining the origins of the obesity epidemic, Susan Okie, a family physician and journalist, covers the distance be... | 0 | PMC1459963 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A318a |
Biochemical Mechanisms of Detoxification in Higher Plants: Basis of Phytoremediation
G. Kvesitadze, G. Khatisashvili, T.Sadunishvili, J.J. Ramsden
New York:Springer, 2006. 256 pp. ISBN: 3-540-28996-8, $169
Building Healthy Communities in Environmental Justice Areas
Janine M. Legg
North Charleston, SC:BookSurge Pub... | 0 | PMC1459964 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:42 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May; 114(5):A318b |
Introduction
In westernised countries, chronic diseases now account for approximately 60% of global deaths and almost half of the global burden of disease [1]. In Australia, chronic conditions such as diabetes, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contribute significantly to the burden of disease, a... | 16608529 | PMC1462963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006 Apr 12; 3:4 |
Background
The discovery of the elaborate and versatile systems of RNA silencing in eukaryotes is one of the pivotal advances in biology of the last decade [1-6]. There are two major, distinct forms of regulatory small RNAs involved in eukaryotic gene silencing: small interfering (si) RNAs and micro (mi) RNAs. siRNAs a... | 16545108 | PMC1462988 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Mar 16; 1:7 |
Background
The male accessory glands (AGs) of Drosophila melanogaster are necessary for male fertility [1,2]. They are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of a large number of seminal fluid proteins, many of which have not been structurally or functionally characterised. The most studied AG products are male-sp... | 16670001 | PMC1462989 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 May 2; 4:9 |
Introduction
Cigarette smoking has been associated with inflammatory diseases of the lung, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These changes are characterised by increased vascular permeability, neutrophil sequestration, and increased cytokine, oxidant and protease production in the [1,2] lung. T... | 16551356 | PMC1462990 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Mar 21; 3:3 |
Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice and is associated with an increase in total and cardiovascular mortality, as well as cardiovascular morbidity, including stroke and heart failure. [1]. It is therefore important to detect and treat AF at an early stage to p... | 16623947 | PMC1462991 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Apr 19; 7:39 |
Background
ADHD is one of the most frequently diagnosed childhood mental health conditions, with a prevalence of 8–10% in school age children[1]. Children diagnosed with ADHD can suffer from academic impairments, social dysfunction, and a higher risk of both cigarette smoking and substance abuse [2,3]. In addition, Row... | 16606463 | PMC1462992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Apr 10; 5:5 |
Background
Since the original reports of the presence of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled breath of mammals including humans [1], and of the increased levels in subjects with asthma [2], there has been a rapidly increasing interest in the measurement of exhaled NO. The concentration of NO in exhaled breath relates to the d... | 16626491 | PMC1462993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 20; 7(1):67 |
Background
Digital clubbing is a well described finding in various pulmonary, cardiovascular, neoplastic, infectious, hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal diseases[1]. However, tuberculosis (TB) is not listed in the differential diagnosis of clubbing in some major modern textbooks of medicine[2]. In an earlier study in N... | 16529654 | PMC1462994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 10; 6:45 |
Background
Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesised proteinaceous bactericidal substances produced by bacteria [1]. Mutacins are bacteriocins produced by Streptococcus mutans [2] that are active against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria [3,4]. To date, four types of mutacin have been described: the mono- or... | 16626493 | PMC1462995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Apr 20; 6:36 |
Background
HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are closely related human retroviruses which have a preferential in vivo tropism for CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes respectively. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of adult T cell leukaemia (ATL) and a neurodegenerative disorder, tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/... | 16551350 | PMC1462996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Mar 21; 3:20 |
Background
Human embryonic stem cells (hES cells) show great promise for many novel cellular therapies due to their pluripotent nature [1]. These cells have the capacity to give rise to mature cells and tissues that arise from all three germ layers during embryonic development [2-4]. Several pluripotent hES cell lines ... | 16623949 | PMC1462997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Apr 19; 3:24 |
Background
High-throughput analysis of gene expression offers a powerful means of studying how genes work and of uncovering the secrets encoded in genome sequences. Differential gene expression, which plays a key role in various cellular processes, can be quantified by analyzing a large number of transcription products... | 16626500 | PMC1462998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 21; 7:86 |
Background
The pathobiology of acute damage to the CNS includes production of the superoxide anion (O2-.) and other reactive oxygen species that rapidly induce oxidative injury by lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and protein nitration [1] Many studies in the last decade have focused on the study of antioxidant proteins d... | 16638118 | PMC1462999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Apr 25; 7:35 |
Background
An imbalance between inhibition and excitation in the CNS may lead to seizures that involve the synchronous and repetitive discharges of a large group of neurons.
Convulsant drug administration has proven to be effective and therefore a useful tool to study experimental epilepsy, since it produces behaviora... | 16615872 | PMC1463000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Apr 17; 7:32 |
Background
Numerous studies point to the potential benefits of activity-related support from significant others on physical activity levels among youth. In particular, research to date has shown that children and adolescents are more likely to be physically active when their parents and friends are active [1-5], encour... | 16566842 | PMC1463001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Mar 28; 3:5 |
Background
SSeCKS, originally identified as a transcriptionally-suppressed gene in v-src and ras-transformed rodent fibroblast cells [1], is the orthologue of human GRAVIN/AKAP12 gene that encodes a kinase-scaffolding protein [2] that is targeted as an autoantigen in some cases of myasthenia gravis [3]. SSeCKS/Gravin/A... | 16638134 | PMC1463002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 25; 6:105 |
Background
For enhancing gene therapeutic effects of breast cancer, there are several approaches including the inhibition of oncogene functioning [1], the rehabilitation of the tumor suppressor genes [2], enhancement of the immune response of tumor cells or immunological cells [3,4], increase in the immunological toler... | 16539746 | PMC1463003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 16; 6:66 |
Background
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of pediatric cancer while acute myeloid leukemia (AML) occurs approximately 5 times less frequently in children. There is evidence that some childhood acute leukemias originate in utero. Indirect proof of the pre-natal origin has been given by the ca... | 16630339 | PMC1463004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 21; 6:100 |
Background
The hypothesis that placental dysfunction is involved in the development of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) has been supported by numerous studies [1-3]. Thus, clinical studies have suggested that preclampsia, especially early onset, often is preceded by placental dysfunction in terms of fetal growth re... | 16630351 | PMC1463005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Apr 21; 6:16 |
Background
In the 1990s two large hospital cohort studies in the UK and a population-based Australian cohort study drew attention to the significant burden of physical ill health among women in the year after giving birth [1-3]. Common experiences highlighted by these studies include back pain, exhaustion, urinary and ... | 16608507 | PMC1463006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Apr 11; 6:12 |
Background
A lot of anaesthetic has flowed in the labour wards since James Simpson in 1847 used ether to provide analgesia for a vaginal delivery and John Snow administered chloroform to Queen Victoria for the birth of her eighth and ninth children. Yet more than a century later, the debate over the choice and safety o... | 16623941 | PMC1463007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Apr 19; 6:14 |
Background
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has widespread therapeutic potential in the treatment of hematological malignancies, genetic defects in the hematopoietic system and autoimmunity [1-4]. The goal of achieving solid organ transplantation tolerance may also be facilitated by the induction of mixed hematopoieti... | 16638128 | PMC1463008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:45 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Apr 25; 7:9 |
Background
A major goal of proteomics is to study biological processes comprehensivelythrough the identification, characterization, and quantification of expressed protein in a cell or a tissue. Recently, tandem mass spectrometry has been shown to be a powerful tool for sensitive high-throughput identification of prote... | 16638152 | PMC1463009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 26; 7:222 |
Background
K-Means and hierarchical clustering analyses are increasingly used in microarray studies to reveal correlated expression between groups of genes. Through time-series experiments, regimes of co-expression and regulatory cascades have been described. Nonetheless, determining the mechanistic relationship underl... | 16670029 | PMC1463010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 3; 7:238 |
Background
Meiotic recombination occurs more frequently in some regions of the eukaryotic genome than in others, with variations of several orders of magnitude observed in frequencies of meiotic exchange per unit physical distance [1]. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, meiotic recombination is initiated by double-strand DNA... | 16640774 | PMC1463011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 26; 7:223 |
Background
The recognition of dendritic cells (DCs) as the most potent antigen-presenting and immunostimulatory cell [1] has led to their incorporation into various immunotherapeutic and immunomodulatory strategies and has prompted the development of flow cytometry strategies for monitoring DCs. Monitoring of longitudi... | 16635268 | PMC1463012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Apr 24; 4:18 |
Background
Plastids are organelles found in plants and algae. Plastids originated in the endosymbiotic uptake of a cyanobacterium, which was subsequently transformed from a complex free-living bacterium to the highly specialized organelle now integrated with its host. At the genomic level, this integration involved the... | 16630350 | PMC1463013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Apr 21; 4:12 |
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