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Background
Bacterial vaginosis is considered a common vaginal disorder in women of reproductive age. Whereas normal vaginal microflora consists of lactobacilli, especially L. crispatus [1-4], the disturbed vaginal microflora is characterized by the overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobic bacteria such as Mobi... | 16542416 | PMC1468414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 16; 6:51 |
Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious disease caused by SARS coronavirus [1] with >8000 cases and 774 deaths reported in 2003 [2]. Much progress has been made in understanding SARS coronavirus but the pathogenesis is still unclear [3]. It was reported that old age, diabetes mellitus and h... | 16672072 | PMC1468415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 May 4; 6:82 |
Background
Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in both community and hospital practices. The organism has been found to be the most common bacterial agent recovered from blood stream infections, skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia and hospital-acquired post-operative wound... | 16677377 | PMC1468416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 May 5; 6:83 |
Background
Each year, 9 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) are recorded, of which 2 million result in fatality. Diagnostics, chemotherapy and vaccination are available, however, the disease is far from being eradicated [1]. Many genetic loci within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) genomes are polymorphi... | 16519816 | PMC1468417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:09 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Mar 6; 6:23 |
Background
An increasing number of women worldwide are benefiting from expanding access to antiretroviral treatment, allaying initial concerns that women would have inequitable access to treatment. In sub-Saharan Africa nearly six out of ten adults receiving antiretroviral (ARV) treatment are women, an equitable distri... | 16603057 | PMC1468418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Apr 7; 3:11 |
Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of acute and chronic hepatitis worldwide that can be prevented by immunization [1,2].
Co-infection with HVB and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is frequent as both share the same routes of transmission [3]. In general population, risk of developing chron... | 16600028 | PMC1468419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Apr 6; 3:9 |
Background
While predisposition to breast cancer is largely due to mutations in high penetrance tumor suppressor genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, progression of cancer is the result of accumulation of genetic alterations. These alterations include gene amplifications, microsatellite instabilities, loss of heterozygosity,... | 16670003 | PMC1468420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:09 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 2; 6:111 |
Background
Although cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer, only a fraction of smokers develop lung cancer during their lifetime, and this suggests that genetic factors are of importance in determining an individual's susceptibility to lung cancer [1].
Cyclooxygenase (COX, also known as prostanglandin end... | 16542464 | PMC1468421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:09 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 17; 6:70 |
Background
Infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) undergo multiple painful procedures throughout their stay. Those born between 27 and 31 weeks gestation undergo on average 134 painful procedures within the first two weeks of life, ranging from 2 to 8 per day [1,2]. A recent prospective observational... | 16672064 | PMC1468422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:09 | no | BMC Med. 2006 May 3; 4:11 |
Background
The Center for Disability Resources Library (CDR Library) is a special library that serves anyone living in South Carolina, especially professionals who work with individuals with disabilities and family members of children with special needs. The CDR Library is a collaborative effort between BabyNet/South C... | 16674819 | PMC1468423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 May 4; 3:4 |
Background
Sinusitis is a common condition that causes frequent physician visits. In the United States in 1999–2000, chronic sinusitis was accountable for more than 13 million ambulatory care visits, or 1.3 % of all visits [1]. The symptoms of chronic sinusitis are not easy to quantify [2] and show little association w... | 16677392 | PMC1468424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 May 5; 6:9 |
Background
Many physical activity self-report measures have been developed [1-3] but few studies have compared the performance of different measures [4]. When new measures are developed, it is particularly useful to compare their psychometric properties to well-established measures in similar samples. Two self-report m... | 16579852 | PMC1468425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Mar 31; 3:7 |
Background
An estimated 4.9 million people were newly infected with HIV around the world in 2005 [1]. The proportion of women infected by HIV worldwide has grown steadily and it is estimated that half of the people currently infected by HIV are women [1,2]. Significantly higher rates of HIV infection have been document... | 16615869 | PMC1468426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2006 Apr 14; 6:5 |
Background
Low back pain and its associated incapacitating effects constitute an important healthcare and socioeconomic problem, as well as being one of the main causes of disability among adults of working age [1]. The prevalence of non-specific low back pain is very high among the general population, and 60–70% of ad... | 16630342 | PMC1468427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Apr 21; 6:14 |
Background
Enemas are frequently used in obstetric settings because they are thought to reduce the risk of puerperal and neonatal infections, shorten the duration of labour and make delivery cleaner for attending personnel [1,2]. However, the use of enemas is controversial and there is little evidence of their effectiv... | 16545140 | PMC1468428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Mar 19; 6:8 |
Rewarding clinically-relevant, evidence-based research
It has been almost three years since we launched the Journal of Translational Medicine on July 24th, 2003 [1] as an open access journal devoted to the appropriate peer review and rapid publication of results generated by clinical investigations. The uniqueness of t... | 0 | PMC1468429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 May 3; 4:19 |
Background
Non-invasive carotid artery ultrasound is a well established and valid method which allows to both visualize and quantify atherosclerotic lesions. Ultrasound and autopsy studies have shown that the presence and extent of carotid atherosclerosis correlates with atherosclerosis elsewhere in the circulation, in... | 16563156 | PMC1468430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Mar 24; 4:16 |
Background
Recent advances in DNA microarray technologies have made it possible to investigate the transcriptional portion of gene networks in a variety of organisms. When microarray experiments are performed to monitor gene expression over time, researchers can address questions concerning the detection of the cellula... | 16677382 | PMC1468431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:09 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 5; 7:245 |
Background
As the number of completely sequenced microbial genomes grows, the need for efficient annotation tools becomes more acute. Gene-finding programs such as GeneMark or Glimmer [1,2] can predict protein coding regions at a generally high level of accuracy. However, there also are genes encoding rRNA, tRNA and sm... | 16677393 | PMC1468432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:09 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 5; 7:248 |
Background
Seed design for DNA sequence alignment
Comparing nucleic acid sequences is one of the most important tasks in computational biology. Although many sequence alignment algorithms have been designed, the rapid increase in size of genome databases continues to present alignment algorithms with the challenge of f... | 16533404 | PMC1468433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:09 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 13; 7:133 |
pmcBackground
Alignment of homologous biological sequence has long been a central problem in bioinformatics, dating back to the 1970s with the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm for pairwise global alignment [1]. The related Smith-Waterman algorithm [2] dealt with the case of finding pairwise local homology, and these algorit... | 16542424 | PMC1468434 | CC BY | 2023-04-19 23:17:18 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 16; 7:143 |
Background
Functional genomics is often described as one of the most important challenges in the post-genomics era. Now that many genomes have been sequenced, the next step is to understand the functions of all the gene-products. One of the most accessible genome-wide modalities that has proven useful for this task is ... | 16630343 | PMC1468435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:09 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 21; 7:216 |
Statins are recommended for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in the general population with elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol based on extensive randomized trial evidence of cardiovascular benefits. Statin use in patients with kidney disease, including patients on dialysis, is... | 16719546 | PMC1468443 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:38 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e123 |
In
PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 4, DOI:
10.1371/journal.pmed.0030090
Among the listed additional authors, J. da Silva, J. Bruges Armas, and A. Lopes Vaz are from Portugal.
Citation: Correction: Large-scale evidence for the effect of the
COLIA1 Sp1 polymorphism on osteoporosis outcomes: The GENOMOS study. PLoS Med ... | 0 | PMC1468465 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e223 |
In
PLoS Medicine, volume 2, issue 10: DOI:
10.1371/journal.pmed.0020318
Reference 3 [Deputy Secretary General United Nations (2004) Message to the inter-agency and expert meeting on MDG indicators Geneva 29 September–1 October 2004. New York: United Nations. Available:
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/techgroup/Sept2004... | 0 | PMC1468466 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e224 |
In
PLoS Medicine, volume 2, issue 11: DOI:
10.1371/journal.pmed.0020405
Reference 3 [United Nations (2005) Data availability analysis. New York: United Nations. Available:
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/techgroup/January2005/Series%20update%20status%20query_FC.xls. Accessed 13 October 2005] was publicly accessible at ... | 0 | PMC1468467 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e225 |
In
PLoS Medicine volume 2, issue 11: DOI:
10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298
Table 4: Under “Religion,” the values for “HIV cases,” “Follow-up,” and “HIV incidence rates” for the categories “Catholic or Protestant” and “Others” were reversed in error. The correct values are as follows.
Catholic or Protestant: HIV cases, 5... | 0 | PMC1468468 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e226 |
In
PLoS Medicine, volume 2, issue 4: DOI:
10.1371/journal.pmed.0030185
The correct title for Figure 2 should be “Author's Graph of
p-Value Function Based on Data in [28].” The correct title for Figure S1 should be “Episheet Showing Author's Relative Risk Calculation, Based on Data in [28].”
Citation: Correction: Th... | 0 | PMC1468472 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e236 |
David Wendler and colleagues [
1] have provided important data to help understand disparities in access to medical research among minorities. It is unfortunate, however, that they draw an unwarranted conclusion from a set of extremely heterogeneous studies. Worse still, by suggesting that the substantial body of resear... | 16719549 | PMC1468474 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e244 |
The letter by Matthew Wynia and Vanessa Northington Gamble is based on an unfortunate conflation of behavior and attitudes [
1]. Our paper evaluated the often repeated claim that individuals from minority groups are less willing to participate in health research compared with non-Hispanic whites [
2]. That is, we evalu... | 0 | PMC1468475 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e245 |
PLoS Medicine now encourages translations in languages other than English; this decision can only be welcomed.
German-speaking readers are pleased by the novelty of a PLoS title written in their language. The Editorial starts with the first line of the well-known German poem “Lorelei” by Heinrich Heine (1797–1856) [
... | 16719551 | PMC1468476 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e246 |
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are structural components of the brain and influence nerve conduction and transmitter release and action [
1]. Prostaglandins (PGs) derived from EFAs and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) modify nerve conduction and transmitter function. Ethanol (1) reduces blood linoleic acid (LA) levels... | 16719552 | PMC1468477 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e247 |
We are grateful to Undurti Das for his suggestions regarding the possible mechanisms of action of nicotinamide in response to our research article [
1,
2]. He points to the metabolism of essential fatty acids and the inflammatory responses observed after ethanol exposure. We, in fact, consider these important steps in ... | 0 | PMC1468478 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e248 |
There is an increasing trend toward the use of electronic databases of scientific information, such as the PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine and the various databases of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). These databases are frequently used nowadays for various purposes, including the pee... | 16719554 | PMC1468479 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e249 |
The Perspective by Aziz Sheikh [
1] has validly highlighted the lack of involvement of ethnic minorities in research studies, focusing on identifying the factors responsible for it. Apart from possible factors already discussed, another important factor that needs to be taken into consideration is the number of illegal... | 16719555 | PMC1468480 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e250 |
In
PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 3: DOI:
10.1371/journal.pmed.0030167
The URL provided for the Ottawa Group was incorrect. It should be
http://ottawagroup.ohri.ca/signatories.html.
Citation: Correction: Author's reply. PLoS Med 3(5): e251. | 0 | PMC1468481 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 May 30; 3(5):e251 |
Introduction
The importance of uracil and its annelated substrates is well recognized by synthetic [1–3] as well as biological chemists. [4–6] With the development of clinically useful anticancer and antiviral drugs (AZT, DDI, DDC, BVDU) there has recently been remarkable interest in the synthetic manipulation of uraci... | 16556308 | PMC1470455 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Mar 23; 2:5 |
Introduction
Non-covalent interactions are the essential tool for both crystal engineering and supramolecular chemistry [1–4]. Supramolecular synthons are the building motif for these fields [5]. Hydrogen bonding is the most important non-covalent interactions. It plays a vital role in biological structure and function... | 16603061 | PMC1470456 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Apr 7; 2:8 |
Introduction
Right after emergence and just before mating, adult insects face a crucial dilemma that The Clash [
1] celebrated in a famous song that could be slightly rephrased as: “Should I mate or should I go now? If I mate there will be trouble. But if I go it might be double.” In other words, fitness is affected by... | 16719560 | PMC1470457 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 4(6):e181 |
Introduction
The recognition of polyvalent antigens by the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) initiates a complex web of signaling events that determine cellular responses [
1]. Polyvalent antigen also induces the rapid internalization of engaged receptors which is required for the effective presentation of antigen-derived ... | 16719564 | PMC1470458 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 30; 4(7):e200 |
The notion that bacteria and other single-celled “prokaryotes” carry only one genome copy per cell is as ingrained as the notion that they lack a distinct nucleus. (Organisms with one genome copy are “haploid”; organisms with two, including humans, are “diploid”; and organisms with more than two, such as plants, are “p... | 20076595 | PMC1470459 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 4(6):e212 |
Introduction
Current theory on the evolution of virulence is based on the assumption that there is a trade-off between different parasite fitness components [
1–
4]. For example, a higher parasite reproductive rate will usually increase transmission, but this can only be achieved by harming the host more, thereby decre... | 16719563 | PMC1470460 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 30; 4(7):e197 |
Introduction
Bacterial chromosome replication results in duplication of genomic DNA for separation into daughter cells during cell division. Two of the best characterized bacterial replication systems are those of
Escherichia coli and
Bacillus subtilis. Both organisms have their genome located on a single chromosome. U... | 16719561 | PMC1470461 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 4(6):e185 |
Long before anyone realistically entertained the notion of engineering transgenic corn, cloned dogs, or designer babies, scientists looked for clues to the fundamental properties of life in much simpler organisms. Studies in one such organism—bacteria-infecting viruses called bacteriophages, or phages—produced some of ... | 20076596 | PMC1470462 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 4(6):e213 |
Introduction
Integration of bacteriophage genomes into the chromosomes of their hosts is typically accomplished by integrase-mediated site-specific recombination between
attP and
attB sites located in the phage and bacterial genomes respectively [
1,
2]. Integration generates the junction sites—
attL and
attR—that flan... | 16719562 | PMC1470463 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 4(6):e186 |
The B cell receptor (BCR) stands sentry on the front lines of the body's defenses against infection. Embedded in the surface of the B cell—one of the principal immune cells—its job is to bind foreign substances called antigens. The binding of an antigen sounds the alarm that a pathogen has invaded and activates the imm... | 20076604 | PMC1470464 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 30; 4(7):e231 |
The main argument for planting transgenic, pest-resistant crops rests on their potential to reduce widespread pesticide spraying. Such benefits require that agricultural land-use strategies impede the evolution of pest resistance. But such strategies—including the high-dose refuge (HDR) strategy mandated in the United ... | 20076597 | PMC1470465 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 30; 4(6):e214 |
When horror-movie writers run out of ideas, they can always turn to parasites. Imagine the possibilities with flesh-eating bacteria, suicide-inducing hairworms, scalp-burrowing botflies—and castrating parasites. Such debilitating effects are an inevitable consequence of infection, but it is in the parasite's interest t... | 20076601 | PMC1470466 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 30; 4(7):e223 |
Introduction
Public health decision-makers require accurate and timely information on disease-specific treatment burdens within a health system to monitor and plan resource needs [
1–
4]. A basic requirement is reliable national and sub-national data detailing the number of treatment events for a given disease or condi... | 16719557 | PMC1470663 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e271 |
Introduction
The development and spread of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites has impaired decades of efforts to reduce the burden of malaria worldwide. In Thailand, where the most resistant parasites are found, the National Malaria Control Programme has successfully reduced malaria morbidity and morta... | 16719547 | PMC1470664 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e183 |
Introduction
Despite widespread reliance on randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and claims that they represent the “gold standard” for assessing treatment efficacy, ethical concern has been raised about the impact of RCTs on participants [
1–
4]. Specifically, there is a perception that individual patients are likely to... | 16719548 | PMC1470665 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e188 |
Background
Insects, like many eukaryotes, can be strongly affected by the microbes they harbor. Bacterial associates of insects are implicated in the degradation of plant materials and other foods, regulation of pH, synthesis of vitamins and, in relatively rare cases, induction of disease [1]. Insect-bacteria associati... | 16551367 | PMC1471774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:09 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Mar 21; 6:4 |
Background
Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved for people living in resource poor countries over the past year.[1] Palliative care is a critical component of these efforts because it improves the success of ART by providing symptom and pain control and because quality end-of-life care is needed by many ... | 16549003 | PMC1471775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:52 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2006 Mar 20; 5:3 |
Background
The amygdala plays a key role in the emotional processing of sensory stimuli [1-3]. Pain has a strong emotional component and is significantly associated with affective disorders such as depression and anxiety [4]. Accumulating evidence suggests that the amygdala is a neural substrate of the reciprocal relat... | 16681859 | PMC1471776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 May 8; 2:18 |
Background
Concha bullosa is a cystic distension of the middle nasal concha. This is a common anatomic variation of the middle turbinate, however, polyp formation within concha bullosa is rare. The first documented case of polyp in concha bullosa was noted by Yanagisawa [1] in his book "The Atlas of Rhinoscopy: Endosco... | 16681852 | PMC1471777 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 May 8; 2:11 |
Introduction
Despite existing interventions [1,2], illicit injection drug use continues to fuel infectious disease and fatal overdose epidemics in many settings, and has prompted substantial community concern [3-5]. Public health programming aimed at reducing the harms of illicit drug use commonly face community and le... | 16722550 | PMC1471778 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 May 8; 1:13 |
Background
The proportion of older people is growing faster than any other age groups throughout the world. By 2050, 2 billion people will be aged 60 years and above of whom 80% will be residents of developing countries [1]. Globally, poor oral health in older people is seen particularly as a high level of tooth loss, ... | 16536880 | PMC1471779 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Mar 15; 6:5 |
Background
Inguinal and scrotal hernias are usually caused by a congenital defect, which occurs as a weakness of the inguinal canal. About 1 % of all litters in German pig breeds are affected [1]. In several studies the estimated values of heritability for inguinal hernias in pigs range from h2 = 0.2 [2] to h2 > 0.6 [3... | 16646965 | PMC1471780 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:09 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Apr 28; 2:14 |
Findings
If the classical signs of loiasis (itching, eye worm and Calabar swellings) are well known [1,2], the more serious manifestations of the infection, i.e. the visceral ones, are still poorly documented. The renal or the neurological complications which have been reported by various authors, often occurred after ... | 16686951 | PMC1471781 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Filaria J. 2006 May 10; 5:6 |
Background
The control of human filariasis caused by Brugia malayi, Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus, currently relies on community-wide mass distribution of ivermectin and albendazole, either individually or in combination with diethylcarbamazine. Unfortunately, these drugs are mainly microfilaricidal rath... | 16563157 | PMC1471782 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Filaria J. 2006 Mar 24; 5:4 |
Background
Disability of the knee is a common problem across the population. In most population-based epidemiological studies singe-item questions are used to estimate the prevalence of knee pain. To assess the outcome of interventions due to knee injury and knee osteoarthritis however, the use of multi-item knee-speci... | 16670005 | PMC1471783 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:09 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 May 2; 7:38 |
Background
Although healthcare worker training has long been accepted as an integral part of disaster preparedness, traditional training practices have not been systematically developed, rigorously examined or objectively tested. Only in recent years, under the increased scrutiny of accelerated institutional and govern... | 16549004 | PMC1471784 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:09 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Mar 20; 6:19 |
Background
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO), the joint united nation programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and their partners released an updated software, the Estimations and Projections Package (EPP 2005) for HIV/AIDS [1], to estimate and project adult HIV prevalence in countries with heterosexual epidemics of ... | 16672043 | PMC1471785 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:09 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 3; 6:120 |
Background
Traditionally infectious diseases have been the leading cause of death especially among children [1]. However with the efforts of local health departments and international organizations such as World Health Organization, infectious diseases have been substantially controlled and injuries have become the num... | 16670023 | PMC1471786 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:09 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 2; 6:117 |
Background
Surveillance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics (ANC) has been the mainstay system of monitoring of HIV epidemic in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa [1-5]. Several studies from the 1990s showed that ANC based prevalence estimates approxim... | 16643653 | PMC1471787 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:09 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 27; 6:109 |
Background
Most of our dietary fat is derived from vegetable oils, particularly soy oil, which is rich in the n-6 fatty acid (FA) linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA). LA is the precursor of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA). Especially linseed oil, and to a less extent rapeseed oil and soy oil contain substantial amounts of the n... | 16549021 | PMC1471788 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Mar 20; 5:6 |
Background
Smooth working relationships between doctors and nurses are prerequisite for efficient delivery of health care. This has often been overlooked to the detriment of patients' care and increased cost to the health care system, particularly in developing countries. In many countries, doctors determine the scope ... | 16504039 | PMC1471789 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Nurs. 2006 Feb 21; 5:2 |
Background
In the Canadian health care system, general and family physicians (GP/FPs) play a large role in performing minor office procedures. GP/FPs have a broad base of general medical training that allows them to appreciate the indications, contraindications and non-procedural treatments for a wide array of conditio... | 16545142 | PMC1471790 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Mar 19; 7:18 |
Background
Finding pseudo-periodic repeats (or tandem repeats) is an important task in biological sequence analysis [1-3]. The genomes of many species are dominated by short sequences repeated consecutively. It is estimated that over 10% of the human genome consists of tandemly repeated sequences. About 10–25% of all k... | 16722520 | PMC1471791 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Feb 28; 1:2 |
Background
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a zoonosis caused by different species of hantavirus (HV). China is the most severe endemic country, 90% of the total HFRS cases in the world were reported [1]. Although integrated intervention measures involving rodent control, environment management, and vacc... | 16638156 | PMC1471792 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 26; 6:77 |
Background
Integral membrane (IM) proteins constitute nearly a third of the proteins of sequenced genomes and play critical roles in intercellular signaling, homeostasis and metabolite transport. Additionally, they are the target of a majority of therapeutic pharmaceuticals. However, our understanding of this class of ... | 16704729 | PMC1471793 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:09 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 May 16; 6:10 |
Background
The concept of impulsivity covers a wide range of "actions that are poorly conceived, prematurely expressed, unduly risky, or inappropriate to the situation and that often result in undesirable consequences" [1]. The multi-factorial nature of this personality trait [2], which is well illustrated by this defi... | 16569223 | PMC1471794 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Mar 28; 2:10 |
Background
Intra-uterine brachytherapy following external beam radiotherapy is an integral component of the treatment of locally advanced cervix cancer. Patients who are unable to proceed with brachytherapy because of insufficient tumor regression during external beam radiotherapy, irregular pelvic anatomy or concurren... | 16722546 | PMC1471795 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 May 4; 1:13 |
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by a dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia that results in characteristic motor abnormalities including postural instability and gait impairment. Short shuffling steps, slow walking speed, and increased stride variability characterize abnormal gait in PD. Although PD is ... | 16674823 | PMC1471796 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 May 4; 3:9 |
Background
DNA sequences from different varieties or accessions of a given species are becoming available through a number of sequencing projects. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), together with insertion/deletions (InDels), are the most common type of polymorphism in the genomes studied so far. Large sets of pre... | 16686952 | PMC1471797 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:47 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 May 10; 7:27 |
Background
In the field of statistical genetics, phenotype and genotype misclassification errors can substantially reduce power to detect association with genetic case/control studies [1-4]. Misclassification also can bias population frequency parameters such as genotype, haplotype, or multi-locus genotype frequencies.... | 16689984 | PMC1471798 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:47 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Apr 27; 7:24 |
Background
Introduction
Compared with biomedical research, few resources have been devoted to translating knowledge into practice. However health care researchers are increasingly aware of the persistent and substantial gap between what we know and what we do. One of the most common strategies advocated for closing thi... | 16722541 | PMC1471799 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Apr 28; 1:10 |
Background
Nanosciences shaping disciplinary identities
The nanosciences and -technologies are interdisciplinary research fields, which developed over the past two decades at the interface of physics, chemistry, biology, molecular biology and material sciences. The field researches the structure of material characteris... | 16646961 | PMC1471800 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Apr 28; 3:6 |
Background
The combined surgical technique of phacotrabeculectomy has become a common technique for management of eyes with co-existent cataract and glaucoma [1,2]. Phacotrabeculectomy is either done as a single site surgery with both phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy performed from the same site or more commonly ... | 16545141 | PMC1471801 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Mar 19; 6:14 |
Background
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal inherited disease in the Caucasian population. It was once considered a childhood disease; however, with advances in health care there is a growing population of adults with CF [1]. A life expectancy that was only 8 years of age in 1974 had advanced to the age o... | 16681861 | PMC1471802 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:09 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 May 8; 6:9 |
1.0 Background
1.1 The burden of illness due to osteoporosis
Osteoporosis (OP) is characterized by a reduction in bone mass and disruption of skeletal microarchitecture leading to an increased susceptibility to fracture with minimal trauma. In Canada, one in four women have OP and in 1993 the total expenditure for frac... | 16640783 | PMC1471803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Apr 26; 7:10 |
Background
Primary research question
Can an automated system of electronic feedback (e-Nudge) reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events in high risk patients in general practice, compared to "usual care"?
Background
A major focus of chronic disease management is the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). An i... | 16646967 | PMC1471804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Apr 28; 7:11 |
Introduction
Through mutualistic symbioses with bacteria, eukaryotes have been able to acquire metabolic capabilities that in turn have allowed the utilization of otherwise unavailable ecological niches. Among the diverse examples of such symbioses, those involving bacteria that live inside the cells of their host are ... | 16729848 | PMC1472245 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 6; 4(6):e188 |
Introduction
The release of neurotransmitters by Ca
2+-evoked synaptic vesicle exocytosis is a central event in interneuronal communication. This process involves a series of steps that include docking of synaptic vesicles to specialized sites of the plasma membrane known as active zones, a priming reaction(s) that lea... | 16732694 | PMC1472246 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 6; 4(7):e192 |
Introduction
The study of evolutionary responses to temperature has served as an important model for understanding the process of adaptation to novel environments [1], in part because the evolutionary and mechanistic causes of thermal adaptation are relatively transparent. Temperature is a component of the environment ... | 16732695 | PMC1472247 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 6; 4(7):e201 |
Though scientists recently downsized estimates of insect species from over 30 million to around 4 million to 6 million, it's safe to say that insects are among Earth's most numerous and diverse group of organisms. At least some of this success derives from mutually beneficial interactions with bacteria, established as ... | 20076598 | PMC1472248 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 6; 4(6):e218 |
A vital aspect of a neuron's job is deciding when to pass their cache of chemicals on to neighboring cells. To do this in a way that ensures effective communication, neurons must keep tight reins on their neurotransmitters—the chemical messengers they release to influence neighboring cells. Neurons quickly collect and ... | 20076599 | PMC1472249 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 6; 4(7):e221 |
Assuming the absence of a massive asteroid strike, gamma ray burst, or other globally devastating event, the survival of a species depends on its ability to adapt to environmental changes. To understand how such adaptations occur in nature, scientists study much simpler systems in the lab. A classic lab evolution exper... | 20076603 | PMC1472250 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 6; 4(7):e230 |
Why are cows sacred? Travel anywhere in India and they have the right of way. Travel anywhere in the eastern United States and you'll see squirrels, more than likely, as roadkill. Yet both species serve a similar epidemiological function: they receive bites from infected vectors that might otherwise have bitten humans,... | 16729846 | PMC1472550 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e231 |
Health research needs to focus not just on the growing divide in health status between the world's rich and poor but also on the unacceptable gap between our unprecedented knowledge of diseases (including their control) and the implementation of that knowledge, especially in poor countries. Directed and innovative rese... | 16729844 | PMC1472551 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e186 |
Envenoming resulting from snake bites is an important public health hazard in many regions, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries [
1–3]. Although antivenoms are being produced by various laboratories in every continent, the burden of snake bite envenoming—causing both morbidity and mortality—still has a g... | 16729843 | PMC1472552 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e150 |
The term antidepressant refers to a drug that helps to rectify specific biological abnormalities that give rise to the symptoms of depression. This exemplifies what we have called the “disease-centred” model of psychotropic drug action [
1]. Modelled on paradigmatic situations in general medicine—such as the use of ins... | 16724872 | PMC1472553 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 6; 3(7):e240 |
In a new paper in
PLoS Medicine, Fretheim and colleagues report the results of the Rational Prescribing in Primary Care (RaPP) trial, a cluster-randomised controlled trial of a multicomponent intervention to improve prescribing of antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering drugs in primary care [
1]. In a second paper, ... | 16729845 | PMC1472554 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e229 |
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has effects on lipoprotein metabolism and the vasculature that have long been considered to be anti-atherogenic [
1]. In the plasma, apoE is found on the surface of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, such as very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and remnant particles. ApoE is also found on high dens... | 16729847 | PMC1472555 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e258 |
Patients and their families can be our greatest teachers. Such was the case with the initiation of the Warm Autopsy Program at the Dorothy P. & Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease at the University of Pittsburgh. This brief essay describes events that led to our beginning the program, which we belie... | 16724871 | PMC1472556 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 6; 3(7):e234 |
The infused autograft absolute lymphocyte count (A-ALC) is an independent prognostic factor for survival in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) status after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) (Porrata et al, 2004). An A-ALC is dependent on the preaphaeresis absolute lymphocyte count (PA-ALC) at the time of aphaeresis (... | 16704437 | PMC1472657 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 17:18:15 | no | Br J Haematol. 2006 Jun; 133(6):628-633 |
Background
Peroxisomes were first isolated from liver and biochemically characterized by the group of de Duve [1]. Later it became clear that these organelles can differ substantially between species with respect to their enzyme content. The conversion of fatty acids into carbohydrates through the glyoxylate cycle is t... | 16556314 | PMC1472686 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Mar 23; 1:8 |
Background
Under-nutrition is associated with >50% of all childhood mortality in developing countries [1,2], with the risk of mortality being 5–8 fold among severely compared to moderately malnourished children [3]. Because of the high risk of death, most severely malnourished children are managed in hospital. Unfortun... | 16542415 | PMC1472687 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Mar 16; 6:7 |
Background
Cognitive dysfunction appears to be an additional complication of diabetes [1]. Accelerated declines in cognitive functioning have been consistently reported for older and middle-aged adults with diabetes [1-9]. In a recent systematic analysis, Cukierman and colleagues concluded that people with diabetes had... | 16650284 | PMC1472688 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 May 1; 6:8 |
pmcBackground
Beginning in the 1990's, massive avian and fish epornitics have occurred in the Salton Sea and over 200,000 eared grebes have died [1]. The largest single epizootic occurred in 1992 when an estimated 155,000 birds, primarily eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis), died from an undiagnosed cause. The cause o... | 16623944 | PMC1472689 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:41 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Apr 19; 2:5 |
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