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Introduction
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases worldwide; strains of C. trachomatis responsible for ocular infections lead to blindness, while Chlamydia pneumoniae causes pneumonia in humans and may accelerate atherosclerosis [1–6].
All Chlamydia species are intrace... | 16710454 | PMC1463014 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e45 |
Introduction
In the environment, the gram-negative bacterium Legionella pneumophila colonizes biofilms and multiplies within various protozoa [1]. Upon transmission to the human lung, the bacteria replicate within alveolar macrophages, and may cause the severe pneumonia Legionnaires' disease [2,3]. To establish its rep... | 16710455 | PMC1463015 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e46 |
Introduction
Wolbachia are α–proteobacterial endosymbionts that are recognized for their widespread distribution and inductions of reproductive parasitism, including feminization, male-killing, parthenogenesis, and cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in arthropods [1]. The success of these modifications has likely led to... | 16710453 | PMC1463016 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e43 |
Introduction
The life cycle of retroviruses distinguishes itself from that of other viruses by the fact that it undergoes a process of reverse transcription and insertion of its genome into that of the host. This latest step is carried out by viral integrase (IN) in concert with host proteins most likely to be part of ... | 16710452 | PMC1463017 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e40 |
Introduction
As of January 2006, the TIGR Comprehensive Microbial Resource [1] contained 259 bacterial and 23 archaeal sequenced genomes, and the GOLD database [2] listed 987 ongoing prokaryotic sequencing efforts. The picture emerging from metagenomic [3] and environmental sequencing [4] efforts is that the number of ... | 16710450 | PMC1463018 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:45 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e52 |
Introduction
In 1974 Shine and Dalgarno [1] sequenced the 3′ end of Escherichia coli's 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and observed that part of the sequence, 5′–ACCUCC–3′, was complementary to a motif, 5′–GGAGGU–3′, located 5′ of the initiation codons in several messenger RNAs (mRNAs). They combined this observation with pre... | 16710451 | PMC1463019 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:46 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e57 |
Introduction
Few proteins with knotted native state conformations have been identified so far [1–7]. Therefore, it is tempting to conclude that the entire issue of knots is basically irrelevant for proteins. The goal of this paper is twofold:
First, we intend to give a more solid statistical justification to the state... | 16710448 | PMC1463020 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:45 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e45 |
Introduction
The segmented body pattern of Drosophila melanogaster is established by the expression of segmentation genes during the blastoderm stage of development (reviewed in [1,2]). The polarity of the embryo along its anterior–posterior (A–P) axis is established by maternal gradients of the Bicoid (Bcd), Hunchback... | 16710449 | PMC1463021 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:45 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e51 |
Introduction
The development of sexually dimorphic reproductive organs is a common feature among animal species. The testis and ovary represent two divergent pathways of development from the bipotential embryonic gonad. The switch that initiates divergent development of the gonad is highly diverse among species; howeve... | 16700629 | PMC1463023 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 23; 4(6):e187 |
The genetic code that dictates the translation of RNA triplets into amino acids is rife with synonyms. Both CUG and CUA encode the amino acid leucine, for instance, and CCC and CCU encode phenylalanine. Each member of these synonymous pairs works equally well—the use of any particular synonym has no effect on the incor... | 20076593 | PMC1463024 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:51 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 23; 4(6):e206 |
Introduction
Savings is a fundamental property of memory. It refers to the ability of prior learning to speed subsequent relearning even after behavioral manifestations of the prior learning have been washed out. A typical experiment that demonstrates savings has three parts. First, a novel response to a stimulus is gr... | 16700627 | PMC1463025 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 23; 4(6):e179 |
Introduction
In the standard genetic code, all U↔C and almost all A↔G substitutions in the third positions of codons are synonymous. Consequently, every protein sequence can be encoded by a large number of different nucleotide sequences, ranging from nearly 0%–100% G and C nucleotides in the third codon positions. In m... | 16700628 | PMC1463026 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 23; 4(6):e180 |
Starting at around three months old, children can finally reach for the countless toys their parents have been dangling before them since birth. These attempts often involve a good deal of flailing about, as motor skills, like anything else, require cultivation. Motor control depends on executing the proper musculoskel... | 20076592 | PMC1463027 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 23; 4(6):e205 |
In most cases, a fertilized egg with two X chromosomes will become a girl and an XY egg will become a boy. Molecular analysis of the genomes of sex-reversed individuals identified the sex-determining region Y gene
(Sry), the primary sex-determining gene in mammals. The presence of an
Sry gene normally drives male devel... | 20076594 | PMC1463028 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun 23; 4(6):e211 |
Introduction
The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes can be protected from end-to-end fusion by two distinct mechanisms. In most organisms, sequence-specific DNA binding proteins recognize telomere-specific sequences and protect telomeres from the activity of DNA repair systems [1,2]. However, genetic studies in Drosophila ... | 16710445 | PMC1463044 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e71 |
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of death in industrialised countries, and the prevalence is increasing dramatically in developing countries. The various clinical diagnoses that comprise CAD (e.g. angina, myocardial infarction [MI]) are caused by atherosclerosis, a pervasive degenerat... | 16710446 | PMC1463045 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:39 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e72 |
Introduction
In the wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite, the vulva is formed from the descendants of three of six vulval precursor cells (VPCs) [1,2]. Each VPC is initially equivalent in developmental potential. An epidermal growth factor–like signal from the gonad activates the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK... | 16710447 | PMC1463046 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e74 |
Introduction
The study of the origin of novel genes is crucial to understanding the evolution of biological diversity. Two general evolutionary routes responsible for creating new genes have been postulated. Historically, gene duplication was the first mechanism to be considered in the 1930s [1–3], followed by a genera... | 16715176 | PMC1463047 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e77 |
Introduction
Vertebrate vision begins with absorption of light by visual pigments in retinal rod and cone photoreceptors. These activated pigments trigger a G-protein-coupled cascade that ultimately produces transient changes in the membrane potentials of the photoreceptor cells by modulating intracellular levels of cG... | 16700630 | PMC1463903 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 23; 3(6):e201 |
Introduction
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus belonging to family Togaviridae [
1,
2]. It was isolated for the first time from a Tanzanian outbreak in 1952 [
3]. It is responsible for an acute infection of abrupt onset, characterized by high fever, arthralgia, myalgia, headache, and rash [... | 16700631 | PMC1463904 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 23; 3(7):e263 |
Background
A significant proportion of breast and/or ovarian cancer families of French Canadian descent harbour specific recurrent mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 [1] which confer a significantly increased lifetime risk of developing young age of onset breast cancer and ovarian cancer [2-5]. The most common mutations were... | 16539696 | PMC1464093 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 15; 7:23 |
Background
Currently, the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) utilizes a live patient hour as one form of assessing candidates during the Step Two examination. This includes thirty minutes for the candidate to obtain a history and perform a physical examination on a patient with a neurologic disorder, and... | 16638135 | PMC1464094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Apr 25; 6:22 |
Background
Typical of the Western World, musculo-skeletal disorders in Denmark, of which LBP was the most common, comprised 50% of all work-related disorders in Denmark in the year 2000. In 2002, it was the second-most common reason for disability pension, being responsible for 22% of all disability pensions [1]. This ... | 16539729 | PMC1464095 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Mar 15; 7:27 |
Development of diagnostics for human African trypanosomiasis
Background
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. Infection with T. brucei gambiense results in the chronic form of sleeping sickness in West and Central Africa, whereas... | 16638141 | PMC1464096 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2006 Apr 25; 5:1 |
Background
Prelabour rupture of the membranes (rupture of the membranes prior to the onset of labour) occurs in 20% of all births and 40% of all preterm births [1-3]. When prelabour rupture of the membranes occurs at term there is good evidence that early delivery is associated with a lower incidence of maternal infect... | 16556323 | PMC1464097 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Mar 23; 6:9 |
Background
In general, from the human point of view, any insect that is not at the right place is a pest (Williams, cited by [1]). Pests are also harmful or awkward species, which need to be controlled for economic or social reasons (Clark, cited by [1]). Zonocerus variegatus is reported in the literature as a pest of ... | 16573815 | PMC1464119 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Mar 30; 2:17 |
Background
About 200 different Allium species were reported for the mountainous regions of Middle and South-West Asia [1]. The use of especially tasteful and curative members of this family has a long tradition in several Asian populations with apparently deep historical roots. This assumption might be illustrated by t... | 16584547 | PMC1464120 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Apr 3; 2:18 |
Background
Human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is largely produced by the highly vascular choroid plexus [1]. CSF continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal chord and in the subarachnoid space, and contains peptides and proteins that play critical roles in many physiological processes [2]. Its proximi... | 16643650 | PMC1464122 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Apr 27; 4:7 |
Background
Pax6 is a transcription factor containing an N-terminal DNA binding domain, a paired domain, separated by a glycine-rich linker sequence from a second DNA binding domain, a homeodomain, and a C-terminal proline-serine-threonine-rich transregulatory domain. It is highly conserved in very diverse species. In m... | 16674807 | PMC1464123 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 May 4; 6:21 |
Background
Evidence is growing that sleep problems in adolescents are significant impediments to learning, cognition and memory. Sleep problems negatively affect behaviour, attainment of social competence and quality of life and are more prevalent than realized by education and health professionals. There is little ind... | 16670019 | PMC1464124 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 2; 6:116 |
Background
High vaccination coverage is important in control and elimination of vaccine preventable diseases in a country. In Turkey the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) aims for 95% coverage for each antigen and complete vaccination schedules for 90% of children under 1 year of age [1]. All the vaccines included... | 16677375 | PMC1464125 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 5; 6:125 |
Background
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophilic, Gram-negative bacterium, first discovered in 1950 during a food poisoning outbreak in Osaka, Japan. V. parahaemolyticus is a seafood-borne pathogen, which is a major causative agent of gastroenteritis particularly in regions with high seafood consumption. In Taiwan, J... | 16672049 | PMC1464126 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 3; 7:104 |
Background
Proteoglycans are important and ancient mediators of cell interactions in metazoan organisms. In the simplest multicellular animals, sponges, extracellular proteoglycans contribute to adhesion between cells and processes of self-recognition and host defence [1,2]. The syndecans are the only major family of t... | 16620374 | PMC1464127 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 18; 7:83 |
Background
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a powerful technique to determine the differences between the genomes of different cell types or organisms. Typically, genomic DNA from known (sequenced) and experimental (unsequenced) genomes is labeled and hybridized to an array of DNA sequences prepared from the ... | 16638145 | PMC1464128 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 25; 7:91 |
Background
In Bolivia almost half of the population of 8.3 million is living on farming and related activities, contributing to 15% of the Gross National Product. The agricultural sector can be divided into two categories, one which is cash crop producing, mechanized large farms in the tropical Amazon lowlands, and the... | 16630337 | PMC1464129 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Apr 21; 5:10 |
Background
To improve performance in health care, providers should target their services to the health needs, beliefs and values of the populations they are intended to serve. This orientation enables them to offer an appropriate set of services that maximizes population health given the available resources [1-3]. Acco... | 16549028 | PMC1464130 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:07 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 20; 6:37 |
Introduction
The human skin, and especially epidermis, constitutes an efficient barrier for foreign substances to penetrate the skin. The ability to circumvent this barrier depends on the properties of the foreign substance as well as the status of different parts of the skin. For instance it has been reported that lip... | 16672068 | PMC1464131 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 May 3; 5:12 |
Introduction
Lower-extremity venous insufficiency is a common medical condition afflicting 25% of women and 15% of men in the United States and in Europe. Great saphenous vein (GSV) reflux is the most common underlying cause of significant varicose veins. Traditional treatment of GSV reflux has been surgical removal of... | 16638133 | PMC1464132 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Apr 25; 5:26 |
Background
Acanthamoeba are opportunistic protozoans that are widely distributed in the environment. Given the opportunity and the host immune status, pathogenic Acanthamoeba can invade the human central nervous system (CNS) and produce fatal granulomatous encephalitis [1-4]. Acanthamoeba granulomatous encephalitis (AG... | 16672059 | PMC1464133 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 May 3; 6:42 |
Background
The precise form of the light response of human cone photoreceptors in vivo has not been established with certainty. Measurements have been made from single cone cells isolated from the macaque retina using the suction pipette technique, and in these experiments the dim-flash time-to-peak was about 50 ms and... | 16626487 | PMC1464134 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Apr 20; 7:34 |
Background
P2X receptors comprise a family of membrane cation channels gated by extracellular ATP. Seven subtypes (P2X1–7), each encoded for by a separate gene, are present in mammalian species (reviewed by [1]) and these combine to form either homo or hetero trimeric channels [2,3] exhibiting different expression prof... | 16529657 | PMC1464135 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Mar 10; 7:10 |
Background
Optimizing parameters of multivariate systems is a general problem in computational biology. One of the many methods developed for parameter optimization is Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which was introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995 [1,2]. Emerging from simulations of dynamic systems such as bird... | 16529661 | PMC1464136 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 10; 7:125 |
Background
The practice of systems biology seeks to comprehend the complexity of organisms, or their subsystems, by combining many different kinds of data (mRNA and protein levels, protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, protein modifications, biochemistry, etc.) to create predictive models [1]. In current practi... | 16569235 | PMC1464137 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 28; 7:176 |
Background
Metabolomics seeks to identify and quantify all metabolites in a given biological context [1]. In this respect its aim is different from metabolic fingerprinting or metabonomic approaches which utilize high dimensional unannotated variables and multivariate statistics to find biomarkers that may or may not b... | 16646969 | PMC1464138 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 28; 7:234 |
Background
Crohn's disease (CD) is a nonspecific chronic inflammatory disease that most commonly affects the distal ileum and colon and occasionally exhibits extra-intestinal manifestations. Symptomatic respiratory tract involvement is not common, pulmonary lesions, however, have been reported in CD, including chronic ... | 16603056 | PMC1464140 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Apr 7; 6:7 |
Background
The development of an efficacious prophylactic vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the goal of a concerted worldwide research effort [1,2]. Although the precise correlates of protective immunity against HIV-1 infection are not clearly defined, a large body of accumulated data suggests ... | 16620386 | PMC1464141 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:45 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Apr 18; 7:8 |
Background
Retrotransposons are mobile retroelements that utilize reverse transcriptase and RNA intermediates to relocate within the cellular genome. Retrotransposons are subdivided into two subclasses: LTR-(long terminal repeats) and non-LTR-retrotransposons. LINE-1 (Long Interspersed Nuclear Element type 1, or L1), i... | 16670018 | PMC1464142 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 May 2; 6:13 |
Background
The thrombospondins (TSPs) are extracellular, calcium-binding glycoproteins with roles in cell-extracellular matrix interactions, angiogenesis and tumor growth, synaptogenesis, and the organization of connective extracellular matrix (ECM) [1-4]. TSPs have been well-conserved in animal evolution as ECM compon... | 16620379 | PMC1464143 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Apr 18; 6:33 |
Background
Naegleria is a common genus of soil and freshwater free-living amoeba of the vahlkampfiid family [1]. Naegleria apparently lack a sexual reproduction cycle since meiosis never has been observed or proven experimentally. Subsequently, a number of genetically-defined variants have been isolated in nature and p... | 16670006 | PMC1464144 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 May 2; 6:39 |
Background
Within the last ten years, out-of-hours primary care in the Netherlands has been substantially reorganised. Formerly, general practitioners (GP) used to be organised in small groups of GPs in which they joined a rota system. Nowadays large-scaled GP cooperatives have been set up to provide out-of-hours prima... | 16674814 | PMC1464145 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 May 4; 7:29 |
Background
Malaria was almost eradicated from the archipelago of Cabo Verde following a sustained control program between 1940 and 1970. Infections are now only observed in Santiago Island and according to WHO [1], there is only a limited malaria risk between September and November and there is no recommendation for pr... | 16630349 | PMC1464146 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Apr 21; 5:32 |
Background
Endocrine tumors can develop from a variety of tissue types and are often under- or misdiagnosed which underscores the difficulties to classify them. Ectopic ACTH overproduction not only leads to hypercortisolism but is also associated with various diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls despite performing exten... | 16643652 | PMC1464147 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 27; 6:108 |
Background
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an important public health concern in the United States. As our population ages, the number of patients with clinically significant PCa is expected to increase. In the United States, PCa is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men as well as the second leading cause of male cancer d... | 16640785 | PMC1464148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 26; 6:107 |
Background
Most cases of carotid artery dissection (CAD) in children result from trauma to the oropharynx or neck [1,2]. Spontaneous cervicocranial dissections have been reported in a variety of conditions including Marfan's syndrome, fibromuscular dysplasia, atherosclerosis, luetic arteritis, moyamoya disease, vascula... | 16608527 | PMC1464149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Apr 11; 6:16 |
Background
Progressive urbanization, and adoption of a "western" lifestyle contributed to the rising burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the developing world [1-3]. Developing nations continue to be ill-equipped to handle this burden and this coupled with poor literacy rates and lack of awareness of disease sympt... | 16643643 | PMC1464150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Apr 27; 6:18 |
Background
About 3% of infants are born with a tongue-tie or partial ankyloglossia [1]. The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol defines partial ankyloglossia as "the presence of a sublingual frenulum which changes the appearance and/or function of the infant's tongue because of its decreased length, lack of elas... | 16722609 | PMC1464379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Mar 9; 1:3 |
Disease name and synonyms
The name originally given to this syndrome by Hall et al. [1], "Solitary median maxillary central incisor, short stature, choanal atresia/midnasal stenosis syndrome", is now customarily shortened to the first part of this name: "Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome" or SMMCI synd... | 16722608 | PMC1464380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Apr 9; 1:12 |
Disease name and synonyms
Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (ICEP);
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP);
Carrington's disease.
Diagnosis criteria/definition
Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (ICEP) is a rare disorder of unknown cause characterized by subacute or chronic respiratory and general sympt... | 16722612 | PMC1464381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Apr 6; 1:11 |
Disease name and synonyms
X-linked alpha thalassaemia mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome.
Definition/diagnostic criteria
Since the identification of the causative gene (ATRX) and the advent of procedures to confirm the diagnosis by molecular means, it has become clear that there are few sine qua non diagnostic featur... | 16722615 | PMC1464382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 May 4; 1:15 |
Background
In Europe, current tobacco control (TC) research faces a series of problems (a) country TC profiles in different countries describe and compare only single TC measures [1,2]. (b) TC is a very comprehensive and rapidly changing field. Gathering comprehensive information about TC is time consuming, integration... | 16722613 | PMC1464383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Apr 18; 1:9 |
Methods
An English literature search using Pubmed-Medline database between 1960 and today was carried out. Key words used included aortic valve, aortic stenosis, aortic dilatation, bicuspid aortic valve, surgery and matrix metalloproteinase.
Definition
Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease aff... | 16722611 | PMC1464384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Mar 3; 1:7 |
Background
Prostate cancer is the most common malignant tumour in men. At present, approximately 200.000 new diseases are diagnosed per year in the USA leading to the death of more than 30.000 patients. Due to the increased use of PSA screening the number of patients diagnosed in localised disease is rising strongly. R... | 16722607 | PMC1464385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Apr 10; 1:9 |
Background
The risk of cardiac toxicity associated with mediastinal radiotherapy is well known. Multiple studies have addressed the prevalence of valvular disease, myocardial changes, coronary artery disease and the resulting risk of myocardial infarction or death from cardiac disease after thoracic radiotherapy, in pa... | 16722610 | PMC1464386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Apr 20; 1:10 |
Introduction
The methylxanthine drug Pentoxifylline (TRENTAL, Sanofi-Aventis) is clinically well established for the treatment of cerebral ischemia and a variety of other vasoocclusive disorders such as intermittent claudication. [14,50]. Systemically the drug operates by enhancing the flexibility of blood cell membran... | 16722614 | PMC1464387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 May 3; 1:12 |
Introduction
A defining characteristic of herpesviruses is their ability to persist for the life of the infected host by establishing latent infection after acute infection is cleared. Herpesviruses can reactivate from latency, generating new infectious virus that can either re-initiate lytic replication (a process ter... | 16733540 | PMC1464388 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 19; 2(5):e37 |
Introduction
The Earth provides an environment with considerable heterogeneity. Commensurate with this, the Earth is inhabited by an outstanding array of species, varying significantly in complexity and design. The vast majority of these species are part of an intricate network involving direct and indirect interaction... | 16733541 | PMC1464392 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e42 |
“Les phénomènes biologiques présentent une telle complexité que lorsqu'on a établi une règle les concernant, il faut toujours s'attendre à des exceptions plus ou moins nombreuses. [Biological phenomena are so complex, that when a new rule has been established, it is expected to find several exceptions.]” —Elie Metchnik... | 16733542 | PMC1464394 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:37 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e44 |
Introduction
Sequence variability is a common feature in surface proteins of pathogenic microorganisms. Such variability may confer increased fitness because it allows the pathogen to use alternative receptors or allows infection of different tissues or even different species [1–5]. However, in most cases the variabili... | 16733543 | PMC1464397 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e47 |
Introduction
Epigenetic gene silencing is a heritable change in gene expression that occurs without a change in nucleotide sequence. Homology-dependent silencing of gene expression has been reported in plants, animals, and fungi [1–7] and was shown to proceed by one of two mechanisms, inactivation at the transcriptiona... | 16733544 | PMC1464398 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:34 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e48 |
Introduction
A wide range of microbial pathogens causes disease by secreting proteins into their plant and animal host cells [1–3]. Bacterial effectors are known to carry leader sequences that enable their transport through specialized machinery dedicated to the pathogenic process. These leaders and their associated se... | 16733545 | PMC1464399 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e50 |
Albinism is a congenital disorder that is characterized by lack of pigment in hair, skin and eyes. Recently, the causative mutations for the siamese and burmese temperature-sensitive alleles have been identified in tyrosinase (TYR; Lyons et al. 2005). Complete albinism in cats is hypothesized to be caused by an additio... | 16573534 | PMC1464423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 17:18:15 | no | Anim Genet. 2006 Apr; 37(2):175-178 |
Introduction
The underlying pathology of atherosclerosis obliterans (ASO) is basically atherosclerosis, and complete occlusions by fresh or old thrombi are often observed (Schwartz et al., 1995; Williams & Tabas, 1995). Recent evidence indicates that the incidence of thrombotic disease is steadily increasing among Asia... | 16611256 | PMC1464425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 17:18:15 | no | Int J Immunogenet. 2006 Apr; 33(2):117-122 |
Introduction
During the course of evolution, the complexity of organisms as measured by the total number of their cells and the number of different cell types has increased greatly. The different processes that have produced these increases in biological complexity are of fundamental interest, and the data available fr... | 16733546 | PMC1464810 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:46 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e48 |
Introduction
Sequence comparisons are among the most useful computational techniques in molecular biology. Sequences of characters in the four-letter nucleotide alphabet and in the 20-letter amino acid alphabet are extremely good symbolic representations of the underlying DNA and protein molecules, and encode substanti... | 16733547 | PMC1464811 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:46 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e49 |
Introduction
A central challenge to determining the structure of genetic regulatory networks is the development of systematic methods for assessing whether a set of transcription factors (TFs) co-regulates a given set of co-expressed genes. Although classical genetics approaches allow the identification of key regulati... | 16733548 | PMC1464814 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:46 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e53 |
Introduction
Initially put forward by Stevens in 1951 [1] and later advocated by Ohno in his seminal work [2], gene duplication followed by functional divergence is now seen as a general mechanism for acquiring new functions [3]. Also, regulatory networks are thought to be shaped significantly by genetic duplication [4... | 16733549 | PMC1464816 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:45 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e58 |
In PLoS Computational Biology, volume 2, issue 4: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020027
The abbreviation GB/SA had an incorrect definition in the Abstract, Introduction, and Abbreviations list. The correct definition of GB/SA is generalized-Born/surface area.
Table 4 has several rows that did not appear in bold font in... | 0 | PMC1464817 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:46 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e60 |
Introduction
In typical phylogenetic studies of individual genes, the estimated gene tree topology is used as the estimate of the species tree topology. When many loci are studied, the species tree topology is often estimated using the most frequently inferred gene tree topology [1–5]. Although it is well-known that th... | 16733550 | PMC1464820 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e68 |
David Botstein's name came up twice when the PLoS Genetics editors tossed around ideas for potential interviewees, and with good reason. First, he is now director of an exciting development on the Princeton University campus, the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, which weaves the physical, computational,... | 16733551 | PMC1464829 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e79 |
Comparative Primate Genomics and the Evolution of the Human Brain
Among the traits that distinguish humans from other primates are a large brain, small canine teeth, bipedalism, an elaborate language, and advanced tool-making capabilities. There are also species-specific changes in skeletal features associated with che... | 16733552 | PMC1464830 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e80 |
Introduction
Obesity is a multifactorial disease in which inherited allelic variation, together with environmental variation, determines the predisposition of an individual to developing the disease. Although the evidence in support of a genetic component to the development of obesity is overwhelming [1–3], and a numbe... | 16733553 | PMC1464831 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 May 26; 2(5):e81 |
Background
A spatial cluster is defined as a limited area within the general study area with a significant increase in the incidence of a disease (a hot-spot cluster) [1], p. 104. The identification of a cluster of disease can help epidemiologists determining putative environmental risk factors and lead to improved und... | 16608532 | PMC1468395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Apr 12; 5:15 |
Background
Ocular albinism type 1 (Nettleship-Falls type, OMIM +300500) is the most common form of ocular albinism. The disease is transmitted as an X-linked disorder, in which affected males show all the ocular signs of albinism: severely impaired visual activity, nystagmus, photophobia, iris transillumination, hypopi... | 16646960 | PMC1468396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Apr 28; 7:41 |
Background
Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive disorder highlighted byiron-overload [1]. HH was recognized more than a century ago as a condition with three symptoms: diabetes, skin bronzing, and cirrhosis [2]. In Caucasians, HH affects 3–8 in every 1000 individuals, with an approximately 10% prev... | 16672055 | PMC1468397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 May 3; 7:43 |
Background
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) causes constriction of murine airways that is sensitive to atropine both in vivo and in vitro [1,2]. This response is markedly reduced after removal of the epithelium in the isolated mouse trachea [3]. Hence, it has been suggested that stimulation of epithelial 5-HT2A re... | 16608531 | PMC1468398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 12; 7(1):65 |
Background
The people in Taiwan are occasionally criticized for having the habit of "doctor-shopping", implicating frequent attendances and switching of physicians. This phenomenon has been also reported in Japan [1] and Hong Kong [2,3]. No concrete, large-scale data are yet available to describe the patterns of physic... | 16672073 | PMC1468399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 May 4; 6:54 |
Background
The health consequences of migration are classically conceptualised in terms of exposures experienced in the home country; exposures acquired in the new country; health or disease selection of those who migrate; and, exposures due to the process of migration itself [1]. The usual typologies of migrant – sett... | 16533387 | PMC1468400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Mar 13; 3:2 |
Background
Human thyroid gland derives mainly from one median anlage, which develops from invagination in the floor of the primitive pharynx, at the base of the tongue. This anlage, during its maturation, migrates downward, along the transient thyroglossal duct, which undergoes atrophy prior the definitive thyroid form... | 16672060 | PMC1468401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 May 3; 4:24 |
Background
A 45-year-old female presents with a 6-month history of progressive tiredness, lethargy and mild, intermittent alopecia. She also reported mild shortness of breath and ankle swelling. Her family has noted a slowed mentation with approximately 8 kg weight loss (~10% of body weight) during this time. There was... | 16684360 | PMC1468402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2006 May 10; 6:3 |
Background
Since October 2002 UK Primary Care Trusts (PCTs), the major providers of community health care services, have had statutory responsibility for having and maintaining a Major Incident plan [1]. With the implementation of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004, PCTs have been designated Level 1 responders, with an o... | 16638157 | PMC1468403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 26; 6:108 |
Background
Pontiac fever (PF) is the mild form that takes infection by Legionella. It usually appears on an epidemic mode and is not associated with pneumonia [1]. Like for Legionaires' disease, infection stems from inhalation of an aerosol contaminated by Legionella [2]. Clinically, Pontiac fever's symptoms mimic infl... | 16646972 | PMC1468404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 28; 6:112 |
Background
Kidney cancer incidence and mortality rates have increased during the last years in different countries [1-4]. Renal cancer caused 29,546 deaths in men and 16,682 in women in the European Union in 1998[5], and accounts for approximately 3% of all malignant tumours[6]. In the last decades of the 20th century,... | 16672041 | PMC1468405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 3; 6:119 |
Background
Infectious organisms resistant to disinfectants, such as protozoa and viruses have caused several outbreaks around the world, including in developed countries. The most noticeable pathogen is Cryptosporidium which caused the Milwaukee outbreak [1,2], and several episodes in the US, the UK and Canada [3-6]; b... | 16672062 | PMC1468406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 3; 6:122 |
Background
While the injection of illicit psychoactive drugs has traditionally been associated with industrialized countries, particularly the US [1], the problem is increasing rapidly in developing and transitional countries. The most recent estimate of the numbers of injecting drug users (IDUs) found that 10 million ... | 16512922 | PMC1468407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:08 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 2; 6:54 |
Background
The classification of human tumors using microarray data has been an area of intense research, but it remains a daunting task to validate a new profile and generate a clinically useful test. Many different gene expression-based predictors have been developed for breast cancer [1-9], and two different gene ex... | 16643655 | PMC1468408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:09 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 27; 7:96 |
Background
DNA microarray technology has proven valuable for improving the efficiency of traditional approaches for studying genome structure and function [1,2]. Microarray technology allows for the simultaneous examination of thousands of genes for applications ranging from transcriptional profiling (used to gain insi... | 16595014 | PMC1468409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:09 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 4; 7:72 |
Background
Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a facultative, gram-negative bacterium capable of coupling the oxidation of organic carbon to a wide range of electron acceptors such as oxygen, nitrate and metals, and has potential for bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites [1-5]. The complete 5-Mb genome of S. oneid... | 16600046 | PMC1468410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:11:09 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 6; 7:76 |
Background
Considerable literature exists on how seniors experience and respond to illness, including how they make decisions to use health services. Researchers have learned that many older people find it difficult to determine the importance of their symptoms, and that this "figuring-out" process is potentially time-... | 16677391 | PMC1468411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 May 5; 7:30 |
Background
As available opportunities for gambling increase, it appears that problem gambling is increasing in prevalence [1]. Gambling disorders have been shown to have high comorbidity with the use of tobacco [1], problem drinking [2,3], other substance misuse [4], and mood disorder [5]. As well as impacting on an in... | 16606465 | PMC1468412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Apr 10; 7:25 |
Rectal adenomas and the dilemmas of surgical treatment
Adenomas of the rectum are a common condition since most rectal cancers are the end result of the adenoma – carcinoma sequence. All rectal adenomas should be excised or ablated since it is well established that gradual increase in the size of the adenoma carries a ... | 16674824 | PMC1468413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 May 4; 3:13 |
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