text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
β-1→3-D-glucans occur as a principal component of microbial cell walls or can be secreted from both, non-pathogenic and pathogenic fungi such as S. cerevisae and C. albicans [1]. These β-1→3-D-linked glucose polymers are characterized as a fungal pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) [2]. The primary ... | 16553947 | PMC1472690 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Mar 22; 7:5 |
Background
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a latent disease, as a result it is usually diagnosed in an advanced stage, resulting a 5 year survival rate of <10% [1]. Gallbladder cancer is very common in South American countries, the Mediterranean region, Japan [2] and northern part of India [3]. Chile has the highest incide... | 16686942 | PMC1472691 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 10; 6:126 |
Background
Nonlinear regression, like linear regression, assumes that the scatter of data around the ideal curve follows a Gaussian or normal distribution. This assumption leads to the familiar goal of regression: to minimize the sum of the squares of the vertical or Y-value distances between the points and the curve. ... | 16526949 | PMC1472692 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:11 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 9; 7:123 |
Background
Topic detection is defined in this application as a task that automatically identifies topics (e.g., "Gene Function" and "Biochemical Features") based on the information content of a scientific article. Topic detection is an important field that can benefit many other natural language processing tasks includ... | 16539745 | PMC1472693 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:11 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 16; 7:140 |
Introduction
Several vertebrate genomes have been sequenced since the release of the first draft sequence of the human genome in 2001 [1,2], but the first project to fill the large evolutionary gap between mammals and fish was the completion of the genome of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus, released in December 2004... | 16741557 | PMC1472694 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 2; 2(6):e54 |
Introduction
Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are common problems in general practice and have important consequences for patients and the use of health-care resources.
There is high-quality evidence from well-designed randomized trials of the effects of antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering drugs for the pri... | 16737346 | PMC1472695 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e134 |
Introduction
Globally, there are at least six natural disasters every year that kill more than 500 people [1]. Although management of human remains is one of the most difficult aspects of disaster response, there are currently no technical guidelines for dealing with large numbers of dead bodies following natural disas... | 16737348 | PMC1472696 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e195 |
Introduction
Complications of excess fat mass, particularly central or visceral adipose tissue, include insulin resistance and resulting hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance and diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and a prothrombotic state. This constellation of obesity-related complications, often referred to as ... | 16737350 | PMC1472697 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e287 |
Introduction
Implementing high-quality clinical practice guidelines may be a way of improving clinical practice. However, the effect of implementation strategies is usually modest, and more effective interventions, such as educational outreach visits, tend to be more costly [
1]. There are numerous trials of quality im... | 16737349 | PMC1472698 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e216 |
Introduction
Random sequencing of expressed genes (ESTs) often provides a rapid and affordable opportunity to gain a comprehensive insight into the biochemical complexities underlying many biological processes. Identifying the most clinically important toxins in venoms to inform the immunotherapeutic treatment of snake... | 16737347 | PMC1472699 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e184 |
Introduction
The met1 and ddm1 mutations that affect maintenance of CG DNA methylation cause severe and variable developmental defects, suggesting that DNA methylation can affect many developmental genes [1–4]. MET1 encodes a maintenance DNA methyltransferase orthologous to mouse Dnmt1, and DDM1 encodes a SNF2-like chr... | 16741558 | PMC1472700 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun 2; 2(6):e83 |
Introduction
The centromere is a structural domain of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes essential for their correct segregation at cell division. This domain is composed of the kinetochore and the subjacent chromatin. The kinetochore is located on the outside face of the centromere, and is composed of several distinct la... | 16741559 | PMC1472701 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun 2; 2(6):e84 |
Introduction
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) represents the prototype member of the arenavirus family. The genome of these enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses [1] consists of a small (S) and a large (L) segment, each of them expressing two viral genes in an ambisense coding strategy (Figure 1). The S segmen... | 16751848 | PMC1472708 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:35 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jun 2; 2(6):e51 |
Introduction
The knowledge on natural world that peoples hand down orally through the generations are usually denominated as 'local' or 'traditional'. This knowledge is culturally transmitted through the generations by using symbols, phonetic, narratives, rituals, music, and dance [1], which are imprinted in people's m... | 16603080 | PMC1473038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Apr 7; 2:19 |
Introduction
A network is composed of multiple nodes connected by edges. Most complex networks are scale-free, with a power-law distribution of the number of edges per node, or node connectivity [1,2]. That is, a scale-free network contains a small number of highly connected nodes (hubs) and a large number of poorly co... | 16751849 | PMC1473040 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun 2; 2(6):e88 |
Background
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine (KT) is an anesthetic drug used in veterinary practice [1-4]. However, recreational usage as a club drug has also been reported, and there are cases of fatal intoxication (e.g. cardiovascular and respiratory toxicity, etc.) particularly in polydrug users [5... | 16542420 | PMC1473192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:11 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Mar 16; 7:25 |
Background
Streptococcus and Actinomyces species , e.g. A. naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 and A. odontolyticus (referred to as species), constitute a large portion of the commensal microflora on oral surfaces [1,2]. While A. odontolyticus dominates at tongue surfaces, A. naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 colonize plaque a... | 16686953 | PMC1473193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:11 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 May 10; 6:43 |
Background
The pim-1 proto-oncogene was first identified as a common proviral insertion site associated with murine leukemiavirus-induced lymphomagenesis, and its oncogenic activity was verified with transgenic mice overexpressing pim-1 in the lymphoid compartment [1]. These mice show a low incidence of spontaneous T-c... | 16684349 | PMC1473194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 May 9; 7:21 |
Background
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are highly conserved proteins, found in a wide range of animals, that mediate a variety of adaptive cellular and systemic responses to hypoxia by upregulating the expression of more than 60 different genes [1] to assist animals in their adaptation and survival. HIF is a heter... | 16623959 | PMC1473195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Apr 20; 7:15 |
Background
There is a large body of valuable and high-quality research that is, for whatever reason, never published in full manuscript format[1,2]. In fact, a published abstract is often the only permanent "official" source of information on a research project[3]. Abstracts presented at the meetings of specialty and g... | 16545143 | PMC1473196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Mar 19; 6:14 |
Background
Probabilistic record linkage is increasingly used in health research [1,2] particularly in countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom where there is no system of unique national identity numbers that can be used for linkage purposes [3,4].
Despite a sound theoretical basis for probabilistic record link... | 16553951 | PMC1473197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Mar 22; 6:15 |
Background
From the same natural oviposition cyclic process, wild birds generally lay only one or a few clutches of up to two dozen eggs per year [1] whereas quail [2] and chicken [3] from highly selected commercial or experimental lines may produce several hundred eggs over the same period. Yet, their egg production c... | 16677378 | PMC1473198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 May 5; 7:26 |
Background
Cardiovascular events represent a major health burden for Canada and other modern societies and myocardial infarction (MI) accounts for a large percentage of them. MI is a very lethal disease with near 30% of deaths, among which near half occurs before arriving to hospital [1]. The prognosis of this clinical... | 16674817 | PMC1473199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 May 4; 6:21 |
Background
GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is well known for its glycolytic function of converting D-Glyceraldeide-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and it has been commonly considered as a constitutive housekeeping gene. It is widely used as a control RNA in Northern Blotting and in RT-PCR analys... | 16515701 | PMC1473200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 3; 6:49 |
Background
Dinoflagellates are a group of single celled algae that compose a highly diversified phylum that displays an amazing range of ecological adaptation. Different species employ autotrophy, heterotrophy or mixotrophy, many are known to be symbiotic or parasitic, and bioluminescence is common. They are found at a... | 16638123 | PMC1473201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:11 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 25; 7:88 |
Background
For the last decade, genome-wide expression analysis technologies have been rapidly evolving. With the growing number of large data sets derived from a variety of technological platforms (commercial and "homemade" spotted arrays) cross-laboratory studies are becoming more challenging. These kind of studies a... | 16539734 | PMC1473202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:11 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 15; 7:51 |
Background
The large number of ongoing genome and EST (expressed sequence tag) sequencing projects provides a massively increasing amount of protein data. The physiological role and function of almost all proteins identified by these projects is not known. Due to the large number of newly identified proteins, it is not... | 16643669 | PMC1473203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:11 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 27; 7:231 |
Background
Large-scale experiments are producing huge data sets of protein-protein interactions making it increasingly difficult to visualize and analyze the information contained in these data [1]. Being able to apply computational methods can alleviate a lot of problems in this regard. Therefore, a general trend is t... | 16613608 | PMC1473204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:11 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 14; 7:207 |
Background
Metagenomics describes the functional and sequence-based analysis of DNA isolated from environmental sample without first culturing the associated microbes [1]. Four viral and four prokaryotic shotgun metagenome datasets have been published [2-8]. The acid mine drainage (AMD) metagenome data set was taken fr... | 16549025 | PMC1473205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:12:11 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 20; 7:162 |
Disease name and synonyms
Mevalonic aciduria (MVA, OMIM 251170).
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome; Periodic fever, Dutch type (HIDS, OMIM 260920).
Definition and diagnostic criteria
MVA is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by deficiency of mevalonate kinase (MVK; E.C. 2.7.1.36; A... | 16722536 | PMC1475558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Apr 26; 1:13 |
Background
For many years UK government policy has been to increase rates of breastfeeding based on a strong evidence base of the health benefits conferred on mothers and children [1,2]. However, despite a series of initiatives by the Department of Health (DH) to promote breastfeeding, rates have increased only margina... | 16722540 | PMC1475559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Apr 28; 1:9 |
Background
Plants have been an integral part of life in many indigenous communities, and African communities are no exception. Apart from providing building materials, fodder, weapons and other commodities, plants are especially important as traditional medicines [1]. Many tribes in Africa have a sophisticated plant kn... | 16674830 | PMC1475560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 May 5; 2:22 |
Background
Viruses use the host synthetic machinery to replicate. They have evolved mechanisms to exploit the host nucleic acid replication and protein translation apparatus and have also developed strategies to evade humoral immune surveillance. Viral proteins require targeting to the appropriate subcellular compartme... | 16595001 | PMC1475561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Apr 4; 3:24 |
Background
Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 inhabits an extreme and dynamic environment which presents a significant challenge to its survival. The organism has the capability to adapt to 4.5 M of salt and exhibit growth up to about 50°C, albeit at reduced rate. It responds to a wide range of environmental perturbations includi... | 16623945 | PMC1475562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Apr 19; 4:6 |
Introduction
The term "Relaparotomy" (RL) refers to operations performed within 60 days in association with the initial surgery. RL is categorized as early or late; radical or palliative; urgent or elective; and, planned or unplanned depending on the performed period, its purpose, urgency, and whether or not it is sche... | 16759414 | PMC1475563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Apr 4; 1:10 |
About a year ago I contacted Professor Moore in Denver and presented the idea of founding an Emergency Surgery Journal for worldwide participation. He replied immediately that it was a very timely concept because a new discipline termed " acute care surgeon " was being developed in the USA to meetthe expanding roleof t... | 16759416 | PMC1475564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Mar 24; 1:1 |
Introduction
Increasing expectancy of health care provided by public or private institutions have promoted a number of programs under the generic title of quality assessment. In recent years these programs have been increasingly directed toward optimization of care based on accepted standards with an attention to costs... | 16759417 | PMC1475565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Apr 11; 1:12 |
Background
Despite a better understanding of pathophysiology, advances in diagnosis, surgery, antimicrobial therapy and intensive care support, peritonitis remains a potentially fatal affliction. On the basis of source and nature of the microbial contamination peritonitis can be classified as primary, secondary and ter... | 16759427 | PMC1475566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Apr 26; 1:13 |
Background
Advances in diagnostic and interventional radiology have meant that the number of radiological procedures that require use of iodinated contrast media have increased in recent years. The use of iodinated contrast media is associated with a risk of adverse reactions, including serious allergic type reactions ... | 16643668 | PMC1475567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2006 Apr 27; 6:2 |
Background
Limited literacy skills are common among adults in the United States [1]. Low literacy is associated with increased risk of hospitalization and worse control of chronic diseases [1-4]. Heart failure is a common chronic illness requiring multiple medications and significant self-care. Heart failure is the lea... | 16533388 | PMC1475568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 13; 6:30 |
Background
Clinical practice guidelines can provide building blocks for changing and improving health care [1] and are a useful means of bridging the gap between scientific research evidence and usual practice [2]. They are defined as 'systematically developed statements to assist physicians and patients about appropri... | 16597334 | PMC1475569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Apr 5; 6:47 |
Background
Faced with an aging population and the falling popularity of general practice as a career there have been concerns that the future Scottish general practitioner (GP) work force may be insufficient to manage a rising clinical workload [1]. As in other countries [2], there has been a marked increase in the pro... | 16686957 | PMC1475570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 May 10; 6:56 |
Background
There are a number of potential interventions in psychiatry that would help improve patient outcomes. The problem is how to decide which ones to prioritise for service development. While measures, such as Number Needed to Treat (NNT) and Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY), do provide estimates of the benefit... | 16553956 | PMC1475571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Mar 22; 2:3 |
Background
How can students' views be used for developing courses in the transition to clinical education? This question is discussed in recent reports of students' opinions and learning experiences in the transitional phase [1,2].
Since the days of Flexner, a conventional 20th century version of the medical curriculu... | 16638146 | PMC1475572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Apr 25; 6:24 |
Background
Within medical education considerable attention has been devoted to the development of teaching methods, but examiners are often expected to know how to mark assessments, being regarded as experts in their field. Marking written essays is considered particularly challenging in that it requires the marker to ... | 16638150 | PMC1475573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Apr 25; 6:25 |
Background
Epigenetics refers to modifications in gene expression that are controlled by heritable but potentially reversible changes in DNA methylation and/or chromatin structure. Nucleosome remodelling complexes twist and slide nucleosomes in an ATP-dependent manner facilitating the accessibility of the DNA to transc... | 16638127 | PMC1475574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 25; 7:90 |
Background
Describing and addressing health inequalities are a key focus for public health agendas in many countries of the world and highlighting inequalities at local area level, rather than through personal characteristics such as ethnicity or socio-economic status, are especially important in countries such as the ... | 16600044 | PMC1475575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 6; 6:90 |
Background
In December 2004, the New Zealand Smokefree Environments Amendment Act of 2003 was implemented. This Act had the effect of making nearly all workplaces and associated facilities (eg, warehouses, factories and workplace lunchrooms) smokefree. The policy includes all places licensed to sell alcohol or food, an... | 16533408 | PMC1475576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 14; 6:64 |
Background
International migration increased considerably in the last decades of the 20th century because of people escaping war, poverty, and political, economic, and religious repression. In Sweden too, immigration has increased, and on 31 December 2003 12% of the total population was first-generation immigrants. Swe... | 16630338 | PMC1475577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 21; 6:102 |
Background
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a leading cause of meningitis, septicaemia and pneumonia in young children [1]. Among children aged <5 years, the annual incidence of Hib meningitis in the Gambia was 60/100,000 [2] and of invasive Hib disease in Kenya was 66/100,000 (Cowgill et al, submitted) prior to ... | 16707013 | PMC1475578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 17; 6:132 |
Background
The identification of sequence motifs that direct proteins to appropriate intracellular and plasma membrane locales represents a fundamental objective of cell biology [1]. Once defined, such signals permit the identification of mechanisms underlying protein trafficking [2] and the targeted delivery of therap... | 16524465 | PMC1475579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Mar 8; 6:15 |
Introduction
Accumulation of DNA damage at the cellular level is linked to a number of phenotypes at the organism level including progeria, neurodegeneration and cancer. Therefore, understanding how cells respond to lesions in their DNA has become a central area of research in biomedical sciences. In particular, signif... | 16759429 | PMC1475580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 May 17; 1:7 |
Background
Postweaning diarrhoea (PWD) is usually the main infectious problem of large-scale farms and is responsible for significant losses worldwide [1,2]. The disease is caused mainly by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC), also called verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) [2-7]. Po... | 16549022 | PMC1475581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Mar 20; 2:10 |
Background
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), an Alphaherpesvirus, is one of the most common viruses among cats [1-3]. Infection is associated with respiratory disorders and ocular disease, including keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal sequestration, keratoconjunctivitis and, ultimately, loss of sight [4,5]. The severity of ... | 16640781 | PMC1475582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Apr 26; 2:13 |
Background
Acute scaphoid fractures mainly occur in active adults, many of whom work as laborers or are involved in competitive athletics; therefore, returning to work or sport is an important goal of treatment. They are the most common fractures of the carpal bones. Time to union of acute scaphoid fractures ranges fro... | 16689987 | PMC1475583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 May 11; 7:41 |
Background
Expression of transgenes in bacteria is routinely accomplished by expressing the gene from an extrachromosomal plasmid. However, chromosomal expression, with its single-copy nature and inherent stability, is preferable in many situations. For example, in experiments where physiological levels of protein are ... | 16646962 | PMC1475584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:10 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Apr 28; 6:39 |
Background
In Germany medical care in the primary care setting is exclusively provided by a physician, the GP. In a normal practice, several practice nurses support the physician mainly in administrative things like arranging appointments for patients, answering telephone calls, preparing and providing the patient file... | 16515692 | PMC1475585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Mar 3; 7:14 |
Background
Protein acetylation is a very common modification with a significant impact on several cellular processes. Acetylation occurs both at lysine residues within proteins (Nε-acetylation) and at the N-terminus of proteins (Nα-acetylation). In yeast, N-acetyltransferase 1 (Nat1p) complexes with Arrest defective 1 ... | 16638120 | PMC1475586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Apr 25; 7:13 |
Background
The aquaporins (AQP), also known as the major intrinsic protein superfamily (MIP), are a family of integral membrane proteins. In mammals, 13 aquaporins were described (AQP0 – AQP12). There are two subfamilies: the aquaporins, which transport only water, and the aquaglyceroporins, which transport glycerol, u... | 16650285 | PMC1475587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 May 1; 7:14 |
Introduction
Over the years, considerable attention has been paid to the extent to which health services research findings influence health policy directions. As far back as the 1970s, various authors began to consider how research findings could be used. Weiss, for example, identified taxonomy of types of research use... | 16686961 | PMC1475588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 May 11; 3:4 |
Background
In Canada, Research Ethics Boards (REBs), also known as Research Ethics Committees (RECs), Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), and Ethical Review Boards (ERBs), have the mandate to approve, reject, propose modifications to, or terminate any proposed or ongoing research involving human subjects which is condu... | 16600040 | PMC1475589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:00 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Apr 6; 7:4 |
pmcBackground
Rotifers are small (<2 mm) and beautiful invertebrates, harmless to mankind. Their use as model organisms in teaching courses of biology, as a scandalous group in evolutionary ecology, as larval diet in aquaculture and as sensitive indicators of water quality has been widely recognized. Moreover, due to ... | 16700910 | PMC1475590 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:41 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 May 15; 2:6 |
Background
Hepatitis B infection (HBV) is a major Public Health Problem. It is estimated that more than 350 million people are chronic HBV carriers worldwide. About one forth of them will develop chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis and could develop hepatocellular carcinoma eventually [1]. The probability of becoming a chr... | 16681862 | PMC1475591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 May 9; 6:84 |
Background
Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis is characterized by an accumulation of leukocytes within the subarachnoidal space. It has been suggested that host inflammatory reactions to the invading pathogen are largely responsible for the poor outcome of pneumococcal meningitis, because pathophysiological alteration... | 16643642 | PMC1475592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 27; 6:78 |
Background
Bloodstream infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Recent statistics in the USA show that these infections are the tenth leading cause of death overall [1]. Their true incidence remains unknown, but it is estimated that around 250 000 cases occur annually in the USA a... | 16670011 | PMC1475593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 May 2; 6:80 |
Introduction
One year ago, the authors of this article reported in this journal [1] on the malaria situation in Sri Lanka prior to the tsunami that hit on 26 December 2004, and estimated the likelihood of a post-tsunami malaria outbreak. Here they report on changes in malaria incidence recorded by the Anti Malaria Camp... | 16700913 | PMC1475594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 May 15; 5:42 |
Background
Malaria accounts for more than one million deaths of mostly African children yearly. Early detection and prompt treatment is a key component of the global strategy for malaria control [1]. Across Africa, Plasmodium falciparum resistance to common affordable antimalarial drugs, chloroquine and sulphadoxine-py... | 16704735 | PMC1475595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 May 16; 5:43 |
Background
The survival benefit of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV infection and its impact on the incidence of opportunistic infections have been well studied in the developed world [1-3]. In resource-poor settings, where such treatment was started only recently, limited data exist both on treatmen... | 16600050 | PMC1475602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Apr 7; 3:10 |
Background
CD36 is an 88 kd glycoprotein expressed on the surface of many cell types including adipocytes, skeletal muscle cells, platelets, endothelial cells, monocytes and macrophages. It is a membrane protein with a broad ligand-binding specificity and has been postulated to have a variety of functions in lipid tran... | 16515687 | PMC1475603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Mar 3; 7:8 |
Background
Development of sporadic colorectal adenomas and carcinomas has been associated with several lifestyle factors, including cigarette smoking [1,2]. Cigarette smoke contains a large number of carcinogens, which may bind to DNA and form adducts, potentially causing irreversible genetic damage in the normal color... | 16545110 | PMC1475604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 17; 6:71 |
Background
Cancer patients take a wide range of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM). These include ingested therapies such as herbs, and vitamins, homeopathic remedies and traditional Chinese medicines as well as psychological, physical and spiritual techniques [1-4]. Currently between 20% and 84% of cancer p... | 16504038 | PMC1475605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Feb 21; 6:39 |
Background
High-risk HPV type infections is detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in approximately 15% of esophageal carcinoma patients [1]. The incidence of high-risk HPV type in esophageal carcinoma varies between different geographical areas [1]. It is postulated that areas with high incidence of esophageal ... | 16620378 | PMC1475606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 18; 6:94 |
Background
The proteasome is a large protein complex with ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. In the evolutionarily highly conserved ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP), a protein is "tagged" for degradation by the proteasome, when it is labeled with a chain of multiple ubiquitin molecules [1]. Bortezomib is a reversibl... | 16689991 | PMC1475607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 11; 6:129 |
Background
Hypocalcaemia is a known side-effect in high-dose Cisplatin chemotherapy of solid tumors [1,2]. In the classic case, hypocalcaemia is caused by excessive urinary loss and decreased renal up-take during high-dose Cisplatin treatment. Proximal tubular damage leads to decreased reabsorption of cations. Acute ne... | 16686958 | PMC1475608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 10; 6:128 |
This paper examines two quite different topics in Japanese medical ethics: non-disclosure of medical information by Japanese physicians, and the history of human rights abuses by Japanese physicians during World War II. An analysis of these contrasting issues shows how culture shapes our view of ethically appropriate b... | 16759415 | PMC1475609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 Apr 3; 1:4 |
The sociology of psychiatry – the ways in which psychiatry is shaped by and shapes wider society and its values – is a matter of enormous importance, because psychiatry has major impacts of many people's lives, and it costs a lot of money. Important but neglected, with some brave exceptions, among whom Szasz has ranked... | 16759418 | PMC1475610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 Apr 25; 1:6 |
Introduction
In their book, Evidence-based Medicine: How to practice and teach EBM, David Sackett, Sharon Straus, Scott Richardson, William Rosenberg, and Brian Haynes define it as follows. 'Evidence based medicine is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.' [1]
This is a ... | 16759426 | PMC1475611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 Mar 17; 1:2 |
Background
Cervical carcinoma remains the second leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Risk factors for cervical squamous carcinoma include early onset of sexual activity, early age of first pregnancy, multiple sexual partners, exposure to human papilloma virus (HPV), cigarette smoking, immunosuppression, h... | 16686955 | PMC1475623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 May 10; 3:15 |
Background
Recent research has shown a backlash against the enthusiastic promotion of technological solutions as replacements for traditional educational content delivery[1,2]. Many institutions, including the University of Virginia, have committed staff and resources to supporting state-of-the-art, showpiece education... | 16638140 | PMC1475624 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 Apr 25; 3:3 |
Background
Various murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) are capable of inducing progressive motor neuron degeneration after peripheral inoculation into susceptible strains of neonatal mice (Reviewed in [1-5]). The prototypic virus of this class is an ecotropic virus referred to as CasBrE, which was originally isolated from w... | 16696860 | PMC1475625 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 May 12; 3:26 |
Findings
In contrast to most other enveloped viruses, the surface Env glycoproteins of lentiviruses, including HIV-1, contain very long C-terminal cytoplasmic tails (CTs). In the case of HIV-1, the Env-CT has a conserved length of about 150 amino acids (aa) and mutant viruses, encoding truncated Env proteins, are unabl... | 16700925 | PMC1475626 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 May 16; 3:27 |
Background
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are widely accepted as the gold standard for evaluating healthcare interventions [1,2] and decision makers are increasingly looking to the results of RCTs to guide practice. RCTs are a major, increasing component of both NHS-supported and non-commercially funded research[3... | 16603070 | PMC1475627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Apr 7; 7:9 |
Background
Over the last several years, rat genomic data has grown dramatically, including the genomic sequence [2], single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) [3], and microarray gene-expression profiles [4]. Several rat genetic markers, such as simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs), expressed sequence tags (ESTs) ... | 16584579 | PMC1475628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:47 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Apr 4; 7:19 |
Background
In model-based linkage analysis, one assumes that the causative mechanisms of both the trait and marker phenotypes are known without error, including the number of loci involved, the mode of inheritance and allele frequencies. With the advancement of genetic research in complex traits, we are dealing more wi... | 16618369 | PMC1475629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:47 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Apr 20; 7:21 |
Background
The occurrence of hernias is a significant problem facing pig producers, and leads to poor animal welfare and severe economic loss. The most commonly occurring hernias are hernia inguinalis and hernia scrotalis which occur within the pig population at frequencies from 1.7% to 6.7% [1]. By definition, an ingu... | 16672048 | PMC1475630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:47 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 May 3; 7:25 |
Background
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that continues to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) despite improved ventilation support and surfactant therapy. BPD is defined clinically by the need for extra oxygen at 36 week... | 16620381 | PMC1475638 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:13 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Apr 18; 6:8 |
Background
The observations that abciximab was associated with a reduction in angiographic restenosis rates in the ISAR-SWEET- study [1] was surprising. In previous placebo-controlled trials of abciximab during coronary intervention, GP IIb/IIIa blockade was found to reduce target vessel revascularization (TVR) rates a... | 16595000 | PMC1475639 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Apr 4; 6:14 |
Background
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases such as atherosclerosis, alcoholic liver cirrhosis and cancer etc [1,2]. Oxidative stress is initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O - 2), perhydroxy radical (HOO-) and hydroxyl radical (HO·). The... | 16542432 | PMC1475640 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Mar 16; 6:8 |
Background
The amino acid sequences from a set of homologous proteins contain an imperfect record of the history of sequence divergence within that protein family. Much of this history can be modeled by a process that formally reconstructs the sequences of ancestral proteins throughout an evolutionary tree, given a mul... | 16504077 | PMC1475641 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:04 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 23; 7:89 |
Background
The history of molecular biology is punctuated by a series of discoveries demonstrating the surprising breadth of biological roles of RNAs. The repertoire of known non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has grown rapidly [1]. The housekeeping roles of RNAs, such as those of tRNA, rRNA, RNaseP, snRNA and snoRNA, we... | 16677380 | PMC1475642 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:12 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 5; 7:244 |
Background
The metabolic networks of a wide variety of organisms, in particular procaryotes, have been reconstructed by means of a combination of genomic annotations with biochemical and physiological data, see e.g. [1]. These networks are compiled in databases, in particular in the KEGG resource [2].
Large scale bact... | 16478540 | PMC1475643 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 14; 7:67 |
Background and objective
Pharmacoeconomic analyses are used to highlight potential advantages of new drugs over older ones by showing, in general, that higher effectiveness and/or less frequent side effects may be worth the (generally) higher cost. Assumptions and findings from these analyses may not reflect everyday p... | 16553942 | PMC1475644 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Mar 22; 4:4 |
Introduction
Scoliosis, simply defined as a lateral curvature of the spine, has been recognized clinically for centuries. The deformity is actually much more complex and to describe more completely and quantify scoliosis deformity, three planar and three dimensional terminology and measurements are required [1]. Howeve... | 16759428 | PMC1475645 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Mar 31; 1:2 |
Background
In protein synthesis the rules of the genetic code are established through catalytic aminoacylation of tRNAs by their cognate synthetases. With some notable exceptions, each aaRS enzyme acylates a specific amino acid to its cognate tRNA. Throughout the three Domains of life synthetases are partitioned into t... | 16529662 | PMC1475646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 12; 6:22 |
Welcome to the new journal Diagnostic Pathology [1]! This journal will be an open access, online journal encompassing all aspects of surgical pathology, including classic diagnostic pathology, prognosis-related diagnosis and therapy-related findings. There will be a focus on the technological aspects of pathology, incl... | 16759425 | PMC1475647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Mar 31; 1:1 |
Few biological processes as central to the survival of viviparous species are so incompletely understood as childbirth (parturition) [
1]. Premature labor and prolonged gestation due to failure of labor to commence are associated with an increased risk for perinatal death and long-term handicap. Even when labor begins ... | 16752954 | PMC1475648 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 13; 3(6):e276 |
Two leaders in the global fight against HIV/AIDS—Richard Feachem, Executive Director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, and Peter Piot, Executive Director of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)—have recently argued that HIV represents an extraordinary national security thre... | 16752951 | PMC1475649 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 13; 3(6):e171 |
Introduction
The onset and progression of normal labor involves complex maternal and fetal interactions leading to dilation of the cervix and coordinated uterine contractions.
Temporal disruption of this process can lead to preterm delivery, and ineffective uterine contractility can cause failure to progress in labor ... | 16768543 | PMC1475650 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 13; 3(6):e169 |
We would be lying if we said that our journal's impending first impact factor is not of interest to us. What
PLoS Medicine's impact factor might be is certainly one of the questions that crops up most regularly in discussions with authors, and because our authors' opinions matter to us, we are obliged to take it seriou... | 16749869 | PMC1475651 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 6; 3(6):e291 |
In an ecological study in this issue of
PLoS Medicine, Milane and colleagues found a temporal association between prescription of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants and suicide rates in the United States [
1]. Their study addresses a subject of great public health importance and clinical inter... | 16752953 | PMC1475652 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 13; 3(6):e220 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.