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Introduction
Since upregulation of the noncoding Xist RNA is concomitant with the establishment of the onset of X-inactivation [1,2], the precise regulation of Xist transcript levels in the nucleus is likely to be critical to this process. The increase in steady-state levels of Xist with the onset of X-inactivation was... | 16789828 | PMC1479048 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun 16; 2(6):e94 |
Introduction
The first generation of vaccines against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), designed to prevent HIV acquisition by stimulating neutralizing antibodies, failed to protect in efficacy trials [1]. Second-generation vaccines have been designed to elicit HIV-specific cellular immune responses [2]. These ca... | 16789816 | PMC1479086 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:38 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 16; 2(6):e64 |
Introduction
Combinatorial transcriptional regulation is an important means of achieving highly specific expression of individual genes using small groups of transcription factors (TFs) [1–7]. These groups, called TF modules [3–6], integrate signals from different pathways to fine-tune the cellular response at the tran... | 16789814 | PMC1479087 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:38 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 16; 2(6):e70 |
Introduction
Protein structure prediction, homology modeling, fold recognition, and design, including the prediction and design of macromolecular interactions, are among the most complex and essential problems in contemporary computational structural biology. Proteins are critical players in the cell, and their functio... | 16789811 | PMC1479088 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:38 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 16; 2(6):e63 |
Introduction
The expression levels of thousands of genes, measured simultaneously using DNA microarrays, provide information useful for medical diagnosis and prognosis [1,2]. However, their ability to provide significant help towards devising therapeutic approaches has not yet been demonstrated. This failure can be par... | 16789819 | PMC1479089 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:38 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 16; 2(6):e68 |
Background
Sensory information is conveyed from the periphery to the central nervous system via a heterogeneous population of primary sensory neurons that have their cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Sensory information is then processed within the complex neuronal circuitry of the dorsal horn before it is rela... | 16681857 | PMC1479315 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 May 8; 2:17 |
Background
With the rapid expansion of the population in Turkey, as well as a shift in the population distribution with the emergence of groups susceptible to age-related chronic diseases such as stroke, the need for adequate outcome measures for use in clinical practice becomes paramount. To this end, a programme of a... | 16556299 | PMC1479316 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Mar 23; 4:18 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common pathogen in the US and globally with a prevalence of 3%. Three million chronically infected persons reside in the US [1-5]. Patients with HCV have a lower Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) measure compared to general population, as documented by multiple studies [6-9]... | 16696859 | PMC1479317 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 May 12; 4:30 |
Background
The field of plasmid-based functional proteomics utilizes full-length cDNA plasmid libraries as a source of clones for evaluation of protein function by in vitro transcription/translation or in vivo expression methods. Since the libraries are composed of several thousand gene variants, automation of the scre... | 16670026 | PMC1479318 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 May 2; 4:10 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Eugene V. Koonin, Philipp Bucher (nominated by Mikhail Gelfand) and Frank Eisenhaber. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Introduction
Understanding the regulatory networks of higher organisms is one of the main challenges of functional genomics. Gene expres... | 16600018 | PMC1479319 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Apr 6; 1:11 |
Background
Chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) due to type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. This is one of the most important causes of premature death among patients with diabetes and a major health concern. Development of progressive renal disease is observed in only a propor... | 16672053 | PMC1479320 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 May 3; 7:42 |
Background
Pharmacogenetic studies are essential both for understanding the variability of drug response observed among patients and furthering the development of personalized medicine [1-3]. Peripheral blood sample collection from patients is a critical step in obtaining DNA for genetic or pharmacogenetic studies. Thi... | 16681846 | PMC1479321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 May 8; 7:45 |
Introduction
The molecular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been extensively investigated. AD can occur as a result of genetic mutations in the genes encoding presenilin 1, presenilin 2, or amyloid precursor protein (APP). These genetic alterations accelerate the pathological characteristics of AD, i... | 16686956 | PMC1479322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 May 10; 3:11 |
Background
Vaccines have mostly been composed of killed or attenuated whole pathogens. For safety reasons, however, it could be desirable to use peptide vaccines that are able to generate an immune response against a given pathogen [1]. Such vaccines could contain peptides representing linear B-cell epitopes from the p... | 16635264 | PMC1479323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Immunome Res. 2006 Apr 24; 2:2 |
Background
Harm reduction refers to health-improving strategies that attempt to replace a highly unhealthy exposure (behavior, etc.) with one that is considerably less unhealthy, though generally not harmless (thus "harm reduction" rather than "harm elimination"). For example, smokers can eliminate almost all of the di... | 16620387 | PMC1479324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Apr 18; 3:15 |
Background
According to the prevailing understanding, the phenomenon of lower social strata suffering from worse health as compared to upper strata is less uniformly visible in adolescence than in childhood or adulthood. Instead, there seems to exist a health equality, or at least a variation in health differences depe... | 16643660 | PMC1479325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 27; 6:110 |
Background
Maternal depression is common in the months after birth. We found the point prevalence of probable depression, assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS score ≥ 13) to be between 14 and 17% in three Australian population-based surveys [1-3]. Follow-up of the first survey found that 30% of ... | 16483383 | PMC1479326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Feb 17; 6:37 |
Background
A literature review on changes in cigarette smoking by gender in different populations of the developed world after 1980 reveals that smoking is almost uniformly declining in men, but trends are much more diverse in women (Table 1) [1-15]. In most northern European and North American populations women are sm... | 16696858 | PMC1479327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 12; 6:130 |
Background
Falls and fall related injuries are a major problem in community residing elderly persons and even more in frail elderly residing in institutions. Fall incidents occur frequently in nursing homes and may have considerable consequences for the health status and quality of life of the patients involved, especi... | 16551348 | PMC1479328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Mar 21; 6:74 |
Background
Peak obstetric bodies [1-3] recommend that all pregnant women, regardless of age, are provided with information on prenatal screening tests for fetal abnormality. Women often find this information difficult to understand and studies have demonstrated low levels of knowledge [4-7]. Health professionals are an... | 16611368 | PMC1479329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 13; 6:96 |
Background
The significance of ubiquitylation for the proteasomal degradation of many proteins has been well established. Studies using cell-lines that are temperature-sensitive for the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme indicate that the bulk of proteasomally degraded proteins accumulate at the non-permissive temperature,... | 16759355 | PMC1479330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Apr 28; 1:5 |
Background
Approximately 0.3% of children who attend mainstream schools fulfil criteria for pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), among them Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA) [1,2]. Childhood AS/HFA is considered to be often associated with disturbed sleep [3-6], in particular with difficulties... | 16646974 | PMC1479331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Apr 28; 6:18 |
Background
Systematic reviews in various health care settings have demonstrated that different implementation interventions have varying effects. [1,2]. Most interventions to implement clinical guidelines focused on changing professional behaviour, but there is increasing awareness that factors related to the social, o... | 16646968 | PMC1479332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Apr 28; 6:53 |
Background
The Government set targets to be achieved by 2000 for NHS Trusts in England and Wales to see patients with suspected cancer within two weeks of an urgent referral by their GP [1], where "suspected" was defined as either a perceived level of probability or a hunch [2]. This was achieved by the implementation ... | 16584544 | PMC1479333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Apr 3; 6:43 |
Introduction
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare but significant complication following myocardial infarction. Medical management alone is inadequate, and although recent advances in transcatheter closure have been promising [1], surgical repair if often the only option. Various surgical techniques have been desc... | 16722552 | PMC1479334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 May 12; 1:10 |
Introduction
Cannulation of the diminutive ascending aorta in small neonates can be difficult. Not only can this result in narrowing of the aorta once the cannula is removed and the aortotomy closed, but the cannula itself may obstruct the aorta before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. This may contribute to unstable h... | 16729894 | PMC1479335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 May 28; 1:13 |
Background
The regulation of gene expression is one of the most intensively studied areas of biology. The regulation of transcription, the first committed step in gene expression, is achieved via the interaction of transcription factors with cis acting regulatory elements (CAREs) [1]. A complete understanding of the in... | 16606469 | PMC1479336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Apr 11; 2:8 |
Background
Nucleoplasmin was initially isolated from African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) egg extracts and it was described as an acidic chaperone protein capable of assembling nucleosomes [1,2]. Indeed, it represents the "archetypal" molecular chaperone [3] and is certainly the first of a long list of chromatin assemb... | 16646973 | PMC1479337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 28; 7:99 |
Background
The eukaryote genome size is vastly diverse and is not dependent on the genetic and organismal complexity. Most of the DNA in large genomes, however, is non-coding and the gene content is relatively constant [1,2]. Arabidopsis thaliana (estimated haploid size of 115 Mb) contains more than 25,000 genes [3], a... | 16615871 | PMC1479338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 14; 7:81 |
Background
Cre-loxP recombination is an important tool in molecular genetics. Cre ("Causes recombination") recombinase from bacteriophage P1 recognizes a specific 34 bp target sequence, termed loxP, composed of an 8 bp spacer region flanked by two identical 13 bp inverted repeats [1] (Table 1). Each base in the spacer ... | 16595017 | PMC1479339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 4; 7:73 |
Background
Control of gene expression at the transcriptional level is vital and several mechanisms exist that may regulate the DNA binding of a transcription factor (TF). These include differential heterodimer formation, methylation of the DNA target site [1], phosphorylation in the TF DNA-binding domain (DBD) [2], red... | 16674813 | PMC1479340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 4; 7:107 |
Background
Leukotrienes and prostaglandins are important mediators of inflammation, and arachidonate is their precursor. In resident peritoneal mouse macrophages, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is the major enzyme responsible for release of arachidonate and this enzyme is regulated by both phosphorylation and an in... | 16674821 | PMC1479341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 May 4; 3:8 |
Background
Lymphatic filariasis, caused by the filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori, affects more than 120 million people worldwide. The most common clinical signs of infection are recurrent episodes of filarial fever coupled with inflammation of the affected lymphatics [1-4]; in mo... | 16542426 | PMC1479342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Filaria J. 2006 Mar 16; 5:3 |
Background
What processes constrain and redirect the outcome of the adult phenotype? Many developmental studies at all biological levels attempt to answer this question. While genetic instructions provide the basic template for development, the ultimate phenotype also depends on environmental influences [1-3]. Recent e... | 16539736 | PMC1479343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Mar 15; 3:4 |
Background
Sudden cardiac arrest is a major public health problem. The use of automatic external defibrillators (AED) not only by security personal, but also by concerned laymen and their relatives has become an important part of emergency medical systems [1]. Still, the outcome of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is ... | 16646966 | PMC1479344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Apr 28; 6:27 |
Background
Microarrays and related technologies such as RT-PCR have accelerated our ability to understand the effects of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and their derivatives on the transcriptome, implied metabolome, and lipid signaling cascades in various species and tissues [1,2].
Transcription fact... | 16623957 | PMC1479345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Apr 20; 5:10 |
Introduction
Gardner's syndrome is considered to be a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis, as both entities are caused by mutations in the APC gene, 20% of which are de novo [1]. Gardner's syndrome is characterized by colorectal cancer in early adult life secondary to extensive adenomatous polyps of the colon. Po... | 16569244 | PMC1479346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Mar 28; 4:18 |
Background
Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) is a complication after surgery or trauma, although spontaneous development has also been described. CRPS1 is characterised by signs and symptoms of inflammation and central sensitisation. The diagnosis can be made using several different criteria sets, the most ... | 16689997 | PMC1479347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 May 12; 5:30 |
1 Introduction
The use of Markov chains is a classical approach to deal with complex combinatorial computations related to sequences. In the particular case of pattern count on random sequences, [5] named this method Finite Markov Chain Imbedding (FMCI, see [11] or [7] for a review). Using this technique it is possible... | 16722531 | PMC1479348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Apr 7; 1:5 |
Background
The impact of obstructive airway diseases (OAD) is increasing, leading to high disability and mortality [1]. Consequently, optimal diagnostic performance is becoming an increasing challenge in primary care [2]. Medical history taking and physical examination deliver important information for diagnosing obstr... | 16670014 | PMC1479349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 May 2; 7:28 |
Background
Bacillus anthracis, a spore forming Gram positive bacteria, is the etiological agent of anthrax, a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. The disease can be transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. In addition to being an occupational disease, limited to farmer... | 16600037 | PMC1479350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Apr 6; 6:33 |
Background
Over 70% of the 500 million malaria cases that occur every year worldwide and even a higher fraction of the mortality burden are concentrated in tropical Africa [1]. Malaria transmission is driven by the mosquito vector system, which in most of sub-Saharan Africa consists of three primary species, namely Ano... | 16553960 | PMC1479351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Mar 22; 5:19 |
Background
The mammalian startle response is a protective response that results in the contraction of skeletal and facial muscles in response to a sudden acoustic, tactile or vestibular stimulus. This response is modulated by elementary forms of learning such as sensitization [1,2] and habituation [3,4]. Short-term hab... | 16684348 | PMC1479352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 May 9; 7:38 |
Background
There is a strong association of the Reg/PAP genes with pancreatic stress and injury, especially in response to pancreatitis [1,2]. The role of these proteins has been investigated under various conditions. PAP appears to have an anti-inflammatory effect in pancreatic injury [3] as well as in inflammatory bo... | 16700916 | PMC1479353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 May 15; 6:16 |
Background
Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regulating injury and obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts is critical to understand the pathogenesis of biliary atresia, the most common cause of pathological jaundice in infants. In biliary atresia, the extrahepatic bile ducts undergo progressive inflammatory and f... | 16623951 | PMC1479354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr 19; 6:14 |
Background
Solitary plasmacytoma (SP) is a rare plasma-cell neoplasm [1]. There are two separate entities, dependent on the location of the lesion originating in either bone or extramedullary soft tissue [2]. It is defined as a proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells without evidence of significant bone-marrow plasma-... | 16677383 | PMC1479355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 5; 6:118 |
Background
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is being widely used as an adjunct to conventional chemoradiotherapy for many hematologic and solid malignancies. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in this setting can occur due to bacterial, viral and fungal infections, coagulopathy, cardiac causes, graft versu... | 16603072 | PMC1479356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 7; 6:87 |
Background
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading problems in gynecologic malignancy in females worldwide. In Thailand, ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer among females, with approximately 1,655 new cases per year [1]. Although several histologic types of epithelial ovarian cancer exist, approximately 60% are... | 16606472 | PMC1479357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 11; 6:90 |
Background
GBM is the highest grade of astrocytoma and is also the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Approximately 50% of patients with GBM die within a year of diagnosis, despite the use of many aggressive treatment approaches [1]. Lack of reliable prognostic markers for these patients is a hindrance to impro... | 16623952 | PMC1479358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 19; 6:97 |
Background
Worldwide, the stomach is the second most common site of origin of cancer [1]. Although an array of histologic classifications is in use, that proposed by Lauren [2], retains its durability because its two types have been the most widely compared and because pathologists can reproducibly distinguish Lauren t... | 16539725 | PMC1479359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 15; 6:65 |
Background
A new family of tumor suppressor genes encoding RAS-binding proteins and named RASSF1 has been recently discovered [1,2]. They are located within a critical region at 3p21.3 and have two main splicing isoforms RASSF1A and 1C. The expression of the longer isoform, RASSF1A, is lost in many tumor lines and prim... | 16606445 | PMC1479360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Apr 10; 6:89 |
Background
Recently, meta-analyses have become an instrument that is fundamental to the idea of best medical care. Meta-analyses combine the results of a high number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to a special topic in order to gain more significant results. Should the reported effect size of RCTs change with t... | 16689990 | PMC1479361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 May 11; 6:25 |
Background
Helicobacter pylori colonizes human gastric mucosa and causes gastritis and intestinal metaplasia (IM), which may evolve towards gastric carcinoma [1-3]. H. pylori infection was established as a type I human carcinogen in IARC [4]; it was recently shown that the bacteria are also capable of inducing gastriti... | 16545139 | PMC1479362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Mar 19; 5:10 |
Background
For Aboriginal children in remote communities of the Northern Territory of Australia, otitis media (OM) commences within the first weeks of life and progresses to tympanic membrane perforation in 30% of children by 6 months of age [1]. A recent cross-sectional study of Northern Territory Aboriginal children ... | 16686940 | PMC1479363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 May 10; 6:10 |
Background
T1D is characterised as a common autoimmune disease, mainly resulting from a T-cell mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells that leaves patients completely dependent on exogenous insulin to regulate their blood glucose level. T1D is strongly clustered in families with an overall genetic risk ratio, an ... | 16626483 | PMC1479364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Apr 20; 7:22 |
Background
The field of genetic epidemiology aims to identify genetic polymorphisms involved in the development of diseases. Single-locus methods measure the effect of one locus irrespective of other loci and are useful to study genetic diseases caused by a single gene, or even loci within single genes. To study comple... | 16630340 | PMC1479365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Apr 21; 7:23 |
Background
Medical problem
Chronic pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease, which is characterized by progressive and irreversible destruction of pancreatic parenchyma and transformation into fibrous tissue. The leading symptom of chronic pancreatitis is chronic pain, which requires surgical intervention in about 50% o... | 16677402 | PMC1479366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 May 8; 7:12 |
Background
Pre-term birth (PTB) is a major determinant of neonatal mortality, morbidity and childhood disability and remains one of the most serious problems in obstetrics. PTB is defined as gestational age at birth of less than 37 completed gestational weeks. It is further classified into three main categories: mild, ... | 16618372 | PMC1479367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Apr 18; 6:13 |
Background
In the past few years a number of algorithms for cardiovascular risk assessment has been proposed to the medical community [1-6]. Their purpose is to assist physicians in defining the risk level of an individual patient with regard to developing major cardiovascular events in the following years.
These algo... | 16672045 | PMC1479368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 May 3; 6:20 |
Background
The next two decades are predicted to see dramatic changes in the health needs of the developing world. Whilst developing nations are still struggling with the unfinished agenda of communicable diseases (in particular HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis) a major increase in NCD mortality is predicted, as depr... | 16584546 | PMC1479369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Apr 3; 4:7 |
Definition
Scoliosis is defined as a lateral curvature of the spine with torsion of the spine and chest as well as a disturbance of the sagittal profile [2].
Etiology
Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common of all forms of lateral deviation of the spine. By definition, it is a lateral curvature of the spine in an othe... | 16759357 | PMC1479370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 May 8; 1:5 |
Introduction
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in the Western world [1-3]. Today, more patients with prostate cancer are being diagnosed in early stages of the disease than used to be the case 10 years ago. The increasing incidence may be due to increased ... | 16759347 | PMC1479371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Apr 3; 1:4 |
Introduction
Gastric cancer incidence has markedly decreased in some countries, such as United State [1] but it remains high in others such as Japan [2] and Iran [3,4]. It is the first leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men, and the second one among women in Iran [3]. According to the identification of many pred... | 16759358 | PMC1479372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 May 11; 1:5 |
Introduction
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) may be produced from the inner cell mass (ICM) of intact blastocysts [1,2], by immunosurgery [3,4], by other methods to isolate pluripotent cells constituting the ICM [5] or single blastomeres [6,7]. Such techniques to derive ESC are easily reproduced in a murine model, the mouse... | 16681851 | PMC1479373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 May 8; 4:20 |
Background
Gametic disequilibrium (widely known as linkage disequilibrium or LD) is a genetic phenomenon which occurs when alleles at different loci are non-randomly associated in a given population. This correlation between polymorphisms is caused and/or influenced by their shared history of mutation and recombination... | 16643648 | PMC1479374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 27; 7:227 |
Background
Naïve mature B cells in peripheral lymphoid organs respond to a variety of extracellular signals through the activation of signal transduction pathways initiated by the B cell antigen, pattern-recognition, cytokine and chemokine receptors. B cell responses to signaling depend on the combination of ligands pr... | 16670020 | PMC1479375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 2; 7:237 |
Background
Although there has been a upsurge of interest in jointly modelling longitudinal and event data during the last decade [1-9], no statistical models have been developed to characterize the shared genetic basis for these two types of traits. In biomedicine, the identification of specific genetic variants respon... | 16539724 | PMC1479376 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 15; 7:138 |
Background
Alternative splicing (AS) is suggested to be a major source of transcriptome/proteome complexity and gene function diversity [1-7], and highly relevant to several human diseases [8-10]. AS is also reported to alter important protein features, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, and transmembrane helices ... | 16536879 | PMC1479377 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 15; 7:136 |
Background
Aortic stenosis (AS) and aortic sclerosis are common findings in elderly patients, affecting 50% of those over the age of 84 years [1]. Echocardiography provides an accurate noninvasive assessment of disease severity and progression [2,3]. Studies have found that the presence of aortic valve calcium is assoc... | 16551359 | PMC1479378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Mar 21; 4:12 |
Background
Somatostatin (SST) is an endogenously produced peptide in neuroendocrine and immune cells. It exists as two biologically active forms, SST-14 and SST-28, which are produced by tissue-specific proteolytic processing of a common precursor [1]. SST is a potent inhibitor of hormone and growth factor secretion as... | 16519802 | PMC1479379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Mar 6; 6:5 |
Introduction
Mitotic catastrophe (MC) has been observed following alterations in specific cellular proteins, or by treatment of cells with chemicals, heat, and/or ionizing radiation [1-13]. MC is characterized by an aberrant nuclear morphology observed following premature entry into mitosis [10] and often results in th... | 16640786 | PMC1479380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Apr 26; 6:11 |
Background
Multiple proteases, including matrix metalloproteases (MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14), cysteine proteases (cathepsin B and cathepsin L), aspartyl protease (cathepsin D) and serine proteases (plasmin, matriptase and urokinase) participate in cancer cell growth, metastasis and angiogenesis [1-4]. High expression of ... | 16466576 | PMC1479381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:50 | no | BMC Chem Biol. 2006 Feb 8; 6:1 |
pmcBackground
RNA secondary structure analysis is a common task in research on RNA and its manyfold functions. The first algorithm capable of computing the structure with minimum free energy (MFE) based on the nearest neighbour energy model was introduced in [1]. It was capable of calculating the MFE-structure only, a... | 16480488 | PMC1479382 | CC BY | 2023-04-11 23:15:33 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Feb 15; 4:5 |
Background
Carotenoids are conjugated double-bond pigment molecules synthesized by plants and some bacteria, algae and fungi. Their primary function in these organisms is to absorb light during photosynthesis and to aid in photoprotection [1]. They are classified by structure as carotenes and xanthophylls, depending up... | 16620373 | PMC1479383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Apr 18; 4:10 |
Background
The estimation of phylogenetic relationships among angiosperms has received considerable attention during the past decade with the rapid increase in availability of DNA sequence data from a wide diversity of markers and taxa [reviewed in [1]]. Most previous molecular phylogenetic studies of flowering plants ... | 16603088 | PMC1479384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Apr 9; 6:32 |
Background
Mating behaviour is likely to be one of the most important biological processes contributing to speciation in animals [1], sexual isolation being the most obvious evolutionary strategy to impede the production of unfit hybrids when two species meet in the wild [2,3]. Studies on sexual isolation have been typ... | 16684352 | PMC1479385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 May 9; 6:40 |
Background
In nature, different types of efflux/influx systems have evolved to maintain an osmotic equilibrium. These systems play a role in balancing any excessive entrance (or exit) when elevated differences in cations' concentrations are present between the surrounding and cellular environment. These systems are par... | 16529655 | PMC1479386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 10; 6:21 |
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a severe and debilitating chronic disease that develops in nearly 5% of the world's population [
1,
2]. For all patients who have type 1 diabetes (insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells) or severe type 2 diabetes (impaired insulin secretion combined with reduced... | 16768546 | PMC1479387 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 20; 3(7):e215 |
Introduction
Since the discovery of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, much attention has been focused on characterizing the remaining genetic risk of breast cancer. It is typically estimated that strongly predisposing mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for 15%–25% of the familial component of the risk [
1,
2]. Data from twi... | 16768547 | PMC1479388 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 20; 3(7):e217 |
Introduction
Hypoxia is universally experienced at high altitudes and is a detrimental feature of many medical conditions. The human response to acute hypoxia includes hyperventilation, pulmonary vasoconstriction, systemic peripheral vasodilation, and tachycardia. Our understanding of how these systemic responses are e... | 16768548 | PMC1479389 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jul 20; 3(7):e290 |
Presentation of Case
A 47-year-old woman was hospitalized in the ear, nose, and throat department of another hospital due to acute left ear hearing loss and tinnitus. General physical examination was not performed. However, audiometric testing on admission showed a sensorineural hearing reduction of up to 60 dB at 1,00... | 16768545 | PMC1479417 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 27; 3(6):e233 |
Introduction
Palladium catalyzed allylic substitutions provide valuable tools for stereoselective C-C- and C-heteroatom connections [1–2]. The control of regio- and enantioselectivity is challenging, especially with unsymmetrical substrates, e.g. with monoaryl allyl units. According to computational analyses of electro... | 16573833 | PMC1479457 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Mar 30; 2:7 |
Tyrosine kinases (TKs) are found only in metazoans, where they regulate multiple critical multicellular functions, including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, adhesion, and mobility [
1]. As these functions also play critical roles in tumorigenesis, TKs are the prototypical class of oncogenes involved in many human m... | 16288556 | PMC1479603 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:39:20 | no | PLoS Med. 2005 Nov 29; 2(11):e377 |
Background
The ZP domain is a sequence of ~260 amino acids that drives polymerisation of a large number of essential secreted proteins from multicellular eukaryotes [1-3]. It has been suggested that the domain, which includes 8 highly conserved Cys residues, consists of two subdomains [4-6]. The N-terminal subdomain (Z... | 16600035 | PMC1479692 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Apr 6; 7:11 |
Introduction
The primate brain consists of numerous fields with specific roles in sensing and perceiving the environment. Concerning the cortical regions involved in the perception of sound, anatomical studies suggest that there are around a dozen auditory cortical fields (ACFs) [
1–
5]. Based on their subcortical inpu... | 16774452 | PMC1479693 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 20; 4(7):e215 |
No self-respecting concertgoer of a certain era would consider wearing earplugs at a show, but that was long before Pete Townsend and other rock icons spoke out about the risk of deafness. Today, most people recognize that high-intensity noise causes hearing loss—except maybe for those iPod users who routinely blast ea... | 20076612 | PMC1479694 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 20; 4(7):e245 |
Introduction
Synapses, commonly considered as computational units of the brain, process information encoded in the spike sequences via a dynamic, history-dependent modulation of synaptic transmission, known as short-term plasticity (STP) [
1,
2]. Both excitatory and inhibitory synapses express various forms of STP—faci... | 16774451 | PMC1479695 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 20; 4(7):e207 |
As earth's biodiversity continues to plummet, conservation biologists are redoubling their efforts to characterize the number and geographic range of the species that still inhabit it. But knowing how many species inhabit a given area (called species richness) and the extent of their range across the landscape is just ... | 20076606 | PMC1479696 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 20; 4(7):e237 |
Anything that's alive runs the risk of infection. How you respond to infection, however, depends on where you sit on the evolutionary tree. Humans and other vertebrates can fend off billions of pathogens by routinely recombining bits of genes for surface molecules on the cells charged with pathogen recognition. Insects... | 20076613 | PMC1479697 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 20; 4(7):e246 |
Introduction
Large-scale patterns of spatial variation in species geographic range size are central to many fundamental questions in macroecology and conservation biology. These include such issues as the origin and maintenance of diversity, the potential impacts of environmental change, and the prioritisation of areas... | 16774453 | PMC1479698 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 20; 4(7):e208 |
Animals' neurons, and the synapses that connect them, are constantly changing. This plasticity is thought to underlie learning and memory. Take the rat in the maze. As he learns to navigate a new environment, familiarity with the space is reflected in the neuronal activity of a small almond-shaped brain structure calle... | 20076608 | PMC1479699 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 20; 4(7):e240 |
Introduction
The insect's innate immune system is activated upon specific recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Upon recognition, these receptors can either directly mediate microbial killing through mechanisms such as encapsulation and phagocyto... | 16774454 | PMC1479700 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 20; 4(7):e229 |
Background
Behaviors with a compulsive and/or addictive component can characteristically be triggered by environmental cues [1]. Recent research has highlighted a central role of the glutamatergic system in mediating this cue reactivity.
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor has been... | 16719909 | PMC1479803 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 May 23; 6:22 |
Introduction
The association between excess adipose tissue and the development of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease has long been recognised. It is now established that adipose tissue is a significant endocrine organ of humans that secretes over 30 proteins many of which have actions on the proc... | 16669997 | PMC1479804 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 May 2; 5:10 |
Background
Atherothrombosis, characterized by atherosclerotic lesion disruption with superimposed thrombosis, is the main cause of acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death) [1]. It represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized world. Experimental, p... | 16725052 | PMC1479805 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2006 May 25; 6:3 |
The term cancer refers to more than hundred types of the disease. Almost every tissue in the body can spawn malignancies and some can yield several types. Cancer cells possess an even more insidious property to migrate from the site where they originate and form masses at distinct sites in the body. Cancer progression ... | 16689993 | PMC1479806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 May 11; 5:14 |
Background
All organisms require nutrients that provide both building blocks and energy supply to drive their metabolism and synthesize the necessary cellular components. Apart from their essential role in metabolism, certain nutrients are also potent regulators of sophisticated signalling pathways. These nutrient-indu... | 16759348 | PMC1479807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Apr 3; 1:3 |
Introduction
Left ventricular free wall rupture post myocardial infarction has a high mortality and therefore, rarely presents to the cardiac surgeon. Conventional approaches to this condition include ventricular repair with teflon buttressed sutures using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Coronary artery bypass grafting m... | 16722556 | PMC1479808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 May 18; 1:11 |
Background
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the prototype member of a superfamily of growth factors that includes activins, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), inhibins, growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), and glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) [1]. TGF-β is widely distributed in both embryonic and ad... | 16549026 | PMC1479809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:40 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Mar 20; 7:15 |
Background
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) elicits its cellular effects through activation of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors [1,2]. The constitutively active type II receptor phosphorylates specific serine and threonine residues in the juxtamembrane region (so-called GS domain) of the type I ... | 16571110 | PMC1479810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Mar 29; 7:16 |
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