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Introduction
In the past peritoneal surface malignancy was considered an incurable disease. Neither systemic chemotherapy nor intraperitoneal chemotherapy alone had any significant impact on survival. Palliative debulking surgery was almost always associated with disease recurrence within a few months. As the number of... | 16606461 | PMC1481500 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Apr 10; 4:17 |
Background
In many critical clinical situations such as septic shock or cardiac surgery, hypovolemia may lead to cardiovascular failure by decreasing cardiac preload. In this situation, volume expansion is necessary for improving hemodynamic condition. However, excessive volume loading is harmful to the body. Therefore... | 16700924 | PMC1481501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 May 16; 4:23 |
Background
Haemophilia A and B are X-linked recessive conditions which affect 1 in 7,000 males in Australia [1]. They are characterised by deficiency of Factor VIII or Factor IX (in the mild and moderate forms) and absence of Factor VIII or IX (in the severe form). Haemophilia is characterised by an increased bleeding ... | 16732890 | PMC1481503 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2006 May 29; 6:2 |
Background
The primary task of priority setting is to determine desirable resource shifts – health services to be expanded and those to be contracted – to support the achievement of health and other social objectives. A number of priority setting models have been employed by third-party fundholders to this end includin... | 16566841 | PMC1481504 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Mar 28; 4:6 |
Background
Rising health care costs and concern regarding the performance of health services has led to the development of various indicators of health care quality. In 1976, the Working Group on Preventable and Manageable Diseases proposed using "unnecessary untimely deaths" as an indicator of medical care quality [1]... | 16716230 | PMC1481505 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 23; 6:137 |
Background
In vertebrates, melatonin serves as a hormonal signal of night, and consequently, as a signal of the night's duration through the changing seasons. In a number of mammalian species, the duration of the nocturnal melatonin elevation regulates seasonal changes in reproductive hormones such as luteinizing hormo... | 16704731 | PMC1481506 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 May 16; 6:8 |
Background
Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) are a major cause of ill health globally [1,2]. RTIs can be caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs), overgrowth of organisms normally present in the reproductive tract, and medical and surgical procedures including insertion of intrauterine devices and induced ab... | 16670025 | PMC1481507 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:40 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 May 2; 6:7 |
Background
Japanese encephalitis (JE), a mosquito-borne viral infection, has a high case-fatality rate (10%–30%) [1,2] with 30%–50% of survivors left with long-term neurological disability [3,4]. Some 35,000 to 50,000 cases of JE are reported annually [1-4], a likely underestimate given that JE is not a notifiable dise... | 16603053 | PMC1481508 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Apr 7; 4:8 |
Disease name and synonyms
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease
Kikuchi's disease
Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis
Definition
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) is an enigmatic, benign and self-limited syndrome characterized by regional lymphadenopathy with tenderness, predominantly in the cervical region, usually accompanied b... | 16722618 | PMC1481509 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 May 23; 1:18 |
Background
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) is a serine hydrolase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine. This enzyme is the target of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides which phosphorylate or carbamoylate the serine of the active site blocking the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholi... | 16686937 | PMC1481510 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | BMC Biochem. 2006 Apr 16; 7:12 |
Introduction
Bioprocess technology is currently employed for the production of several economically important commodity and fine chemicals [1], enzymes and therapeutically active recombinant proteins. To give an indication of the market volume of the production of recombinant proteins, the top selling biopharmaceutical... | 16716212 | PMC1481511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 May 22; 5:19 |
Background
While the frequency of thyroid cancer in the general population is relatively low, thyroid nodules are a very common clinical problem, and palpable thyroid nodules can be identified in 4–7% of all adults in the United States [1]. The prevalence of malignancy, however, in a solitary thyroid nodule is only app... | 16606457 | PMC1481512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Apr 10; 3:10 |
Preamble
In the following document, the Cytopathology Education and Technology Consortium (CETC) states in detail its concerns with technical and scientific aspects of the federal cytology proficiency testing (PT) criteria established in 1992 regulations implementing the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 19... | 16620384 | PMC1481513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Apr 18; 3:11 |
To the editor
Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a well recognized initial diagnostic approach with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy [1]. It has been demonstrated, especially in the current era of health care cost consciousness, that FNAB is more cost effective than a tissue biopsy [2]. In addition, the ... | 16623950 | PMC1481514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Apr 19; 3:12 |
Background
Immediate or delayed breast reconstruction following conventional non-skin sparing mastectomy (NSSM) often results in prominent scars on the new breast and a paddle of skin that is of a different colour and texture. Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) preserves most of the overlying skin (figures 1 and 2) during a... | 16725046 | PMC1481515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 May 25; 3:14 |
Introduction
About 230,000 males are expected to be identified with prostate cancer in the next year that will result in about 30,000 deaths. Despite the extensive clinical and experimental studies over the recent decades, the pathogenesis of prostate cancer remains unknown. The genetic and molecular mechanisms respons... | 16700911 | PMC1481516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 May 15; 5:17 |
Background
Whilst low back pain (LBP) affects 60–80% of the population at some point in their lives [1], only 0.5% undergo surgical intervention [2]. However, this inpatient treatment forms the largest single component of overall expenditure related to LBP within the NHS [3]. It is therefore important that such interve... | 16737522 | PMC1481518 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 May 31; 7:47 |
Introduction
Development of the ovarian follicle requires coordination of the processes of somatic cell proliferation and differentiation with oocyte growth and maturation [1]. Paracrine interactions between the oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells are critical for ensuring this coordination by promoting integrated c... | 16611364 | PMC1481519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Apr 12; 4:19 |
Background
The presence of acetylcholine (ACh) in the human placenta, a non-innervated tissue, was first reported in 1933 by Chang and Gaddum [1]. Subsequent studies have documented the presence of all components of the cholinergic system in this tissue [see ref. [2] for a review]. The placenta-derived acetylcholine sy... | 16686954 | PMC1481520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2006 May 10; 4:4 |
Introduction
Several cognitive theories share the hypothesis that while most mental and neural operations are modular, certain controlled processes require a distinct capacity-limited “central executive” or “global workspace” system that can establish flexible links amongst existing processors [
1–
5]. The dynamics of ... | 16787105 | PMC1481521 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 27; 4(7):e220 |
In today's fast-paced computer age, multitasking has become routine. But even the most skillful multitaskers can't “think” about two tasks at exactly the same time. Psychologists and neuroscientists study parallel processing in the brain by modeling information as traveling sequentially through three processing stages ... | 20076611 | PMC1481522 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 27; 4(7):e244 |
Introduction
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) allows animals to receive a large part of their information from the environment and is thus essential to adjust their behavior to external cues. The developmental origin of the PNS has been the object of intensive studies in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In verteb... | 16787106 | PMC1481523 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 27; 4(7):e225 |
Just beneath the surface of the arable floor, plants engage in an intimate exchange of life-sustaining elements with their subterranean fungal partners. In a mutually beneficial relationship fine-tuned over millions of years, soil fungi deliver essential nutrients to plants and receive photosynthetically produced carbo... | 20076609 | PMC1481524 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:53 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 27; 4(7):e241 |
An enduring mystery that has captivated generations of scientists is the question of humanity's evolutionary origins. It's thought that complicated and specialized creatures such as ourselves evolved from much simpler ancestors by co-opting and elaborating upon genes, proteins, and tissue arrangements pioneered by more... | 20076610 | PMC1481525 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 27; 4(7):e243 |
Introduction
In the immediate area surrounding plant roots, called the rhizosphere, roots are in active contact with soil-borne microorganisms. Besides the beneficial or competitive interactions between roots and microorganisms that involve microbial nutrient cycling, plant supply of carbon substrates, and competition ... | 16787107 | PMC1481526 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Jul 27; 4(7):e226 |
Background
Cisplatin is the most commonly used antineoplastic agent for the treatment of solid tumors and is a well-known cause of nephrotoxicity [1]. In this study we report a case with chronic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria 20 years after the initial treatment with cisplatin the... | 16723030 | PMC1481527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 May 24; 7:10 |
Introduction
Ethical issues concerning research on human subjects have been covered extensively and there are a number of guidelines published to provide authoritative advice for the research community [1-5]. Such guidance usually states that informed consent must be gained from the trial participants before they can b... | 16689989 | PMC1481528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 May 11; 7:13 |
Background
The theory of branching stochastic processes has proved a powerful tool for cell kinetics in general and for analyzing clonal growth of cultured cells in particular. The ongoing development of mathematical aspects of this theory is frequently stimulated by or directed towards applied problems. A comprehensiv... | 16707014 | PMC1481529 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 May 17; 3:21 |
Background
Most species of bird show stereotypical patterns of mass loss during their breeding period, and studies looking at these changes in body mass have been appearing in the literature since the 1930s [1,2]. There are species-specific trends of loss during the reproductive phase, which can be related to phylogeny... | 16704728 | PMC1481530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 May 16; 3:20 |
Background
Numerous studies have shown an association between increased prevalence of HIV infection and the occurrence of opportunistic fungal infections [1,2]. Among the different HIV-associated fungal infections, oral mucosal lesions caused by Candida species are by far the most frequent manifestation [3]. Up to 90% ... | 16571139 | PMC1481531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Mar 30; 6:11 |
Background
Vibratory stimulation is one of several non-pharmacological techniques used to reduce pain. The effects of vibration on pain has been reported in both clinical [1-8] and experimental [9-16] settings. Activation of the mechanical transient receptors is likely to be important (for review see [17]), but contrib... | 16719906 | PMC1481532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 May 23; 6:20 |
Background
Studies in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom indicate that people who use natural health products (NHPs) like herbal medicines are more likely to do so as a component of self-care than upon the recommendation of a complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) practitioner [1-3]. However, in 2003, a... | 16686960 | PMC1481533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 May 10; 6:18 |
Background
The insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor is a member of a large family of transmembrane signal transducing molecules. The IGF system is composed of IGF ligands, receptors, and binding proteins. These system components form a highly regulated network of interactions both among themselves and between ... | 16725048 | PMC1481534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 May 25; 5:16 |
Background
Thoracotomy is a common procedure employed for primary lung cancer, with almost 30,000 performed annually in the United States (Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality). The procedure is extensive and can be associated with severe pain in patients already compromised by numerous other co-morbiditi... | 16672065 | PMC1481535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 May 3; 6:5 |
Background
The nuclear envelope (NE) consists of two adjacent membranes, the inner (INM) and the outer nuclear membrane (ONM). The ONM is functionally connected to the endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) and contains numerous ribosomes, while the INM contains a unique set of transmembrane proteins and maintains close contact wi... | 16719903 | PMC1481536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 May 23; 7:23 |
In 1992, the primary structure of an apical protein in Xenopus (Apx) was described [1]. Since then, three related proteins have been characterized, namely the human proteins APXL (apical protein Xenopus-like) [2] and KIAA1202 [3] and mouse Shroom [4], named after the mouse mutant phenotype. We now know that the Apx pro... | 16615870 | PMC1481537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Apr 14; 7:18 |
1. Introduction
Human exposure to environmental contaminants is ubiquitous and affects also individuals living far away from the source of contaminants such as industries, combustion and waste disposal sites. Mainly caused by dietary exposure and due to their resistance to environmental and biotic degradation persisten... | 16674832 | PMC1481538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 May 5; 5:12 |
Background
Diabetes has adverse effects on sexual function in women [1-3]. Symptoms consistent with autonomic neuropathy have been associated with decreased subjective sexual arousal in diabetic women [4]. In a recent study, Erol et al. noted that women with type II diabetes experienced higher prevalence rates of sexua... | 16734901 | PMC1481539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Physiol. 2006 May 30; 6:4 |
Background
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is prevalent among the general population and can progress to hepatitis and cirrhosis change. The high prevalence rates (up to 20% in the US population) have had a great impact on public health. The clinical syndrome of liver damage can range from steatosis to nonalcoholic st... | 16707022 | PMC1481540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 May 18; 5:12 |
Background
Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi), the cause of trypanosomiasis (Surra), constitutes one of the major veterinary problems worldwide. The disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in camels in the Sudan, which has a population of over 3 million camels [1]. trypanosomiasis in camels occurs both in chroni... | 16712737 | PMC1481541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2006 May 20; 5:2 |
Introduction
Knowledge of the deep subsurface biosphere is constantly increasing, which creates a need for new analytical methods. Only during the last decade has it been evident that lithoautotrophs exist deep in the ocean crust in association with hydrothermal systems [1,2]. Such bacteria are found attached to volcan... | 16759373 | PMC1481542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Geochem Trans. 2006 May 30; 7:5 |
Background
The β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) plays an important role in the parasympathetic and sympathetic regulation of heart rate and contractility both in intact cardiovascular system and disease [1]. Apart from its cardiovascular function, the β2-AR also exerts vasodilatory and relaxing effects on different types of vas... | 16573811 | PMC1481543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 30; 7:31 |
Background
Since 1990, important efforts have been made to identify genes influencing complex traits, often by relying on the use of a priori selected candidate genes. According to the updated 2004 version of the Human Obesity Map, 113 candidate genes showed initial association with obesity, out of which only 18 genes ... | 16725041 | PMC1481544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 May 25; 7:50 |
Background
Genetic association mapping is one of the primary tools used to identify loci involved in common complex disease. Such analyses are typically implemented by testing for a difference between allele frequencies at a locus in a population sample of cases and controls. However, such an approach only considers on... | 16595019 | PMC1481545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Apr 5; 7:34 |
Background
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most-common endocrine disorders for premenopausal women with a prevalence rate of 4–12% internationally [1]. PCOS is characterized by irregular menses, chronic anovulation, infertility, hyperandrogenism, and insulin resistance [2]. In 1991, Poretsky and Nestler ... | 16603055 | PMC1481546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Apr 7; 7:36 |
Background
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by a pathological response after exposure to gluten in genetically susceptible individuals [1]. HLA class II genes, mainly the alleles DQA1*0501 and DQB1*02 (HLA-DQ2) but also DQA1*0301 and DQB1*0302 (HLA-DQ8), have been found to play an im... | 16579847 | PMC1481547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Mar 31; 7:32 |
Findings
Human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) and their simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) counterparts belong to the Retroviridae family and are globally referred to as primate T-cell lymphotropic viruses (PTLV). Thus far, four distinct groups of PTLV have been discovered: PTLV-1, -2 and -3 include both human... | 16725042 | PMC1481548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 May 25; 3:29 |
Background
The reproductive success of males in teleost fish with external fertilization is often influenced by the level of sperm competition, which is assumed to be raffle-based. If the raffle is "fair", the proportion of eggs fertilized by a male will reflect the proportion of its sperm in the competition. In a "loa... | 16712724 | PMC1481549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 May 19; 6:7 |
Background
There is a long history of women engaging in the sex industry, both in developed and developing countries, and a large body of literature exists on the risks these women face in the course of their work [1]. Previous research has documented the risks of blood borne virus (BBV) transmission and sexually trans... | 16719928 | PMC1481550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 May 24; 6:24 |
Background
The loosening of associations, defined by Bleuler [1] as abnormal linking of thoughts and dissociation between thoughts, emotions and behavior, has been considered a key feature of schizophrenic psychopathology, and has been assumed to mediate symptoms like thought disorders, hallucinations and delusions, an... | 16719924 | PMC1481551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 May 23; 6:23 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is estimated that about one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, more than eight million new cases of active TB occur annually and the estimated global annual mortality from this disease i... | 16630356 | PMC1481552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Apr 21; 5:11 |
Background
The use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) for management of ventricular arrhythmias has become an increasingly popular option since Mirowsky and colleagues first introduced the device in 1980 [1]. Following the publication of several large multi-center trials in the last few years, indication... | 16723025 | PMC1481553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 May 24; 6:22 |
Background
Prenatal micronutrient supplementation is indicated for all pregnant women, because the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for many vitamins and minerals are not met during pregnancy with dietary sources alone [1,2]. Prior to 1990's, physicians typically commenced prenatal micronutrients at the time of diagn... | 16595003 | PMC1481554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Apr 4; 6:10 |
Background
Azithromycin (Zithromax®) is an azalide antibiotic belonging to a subclass of macrolide antibiotics developed as an alternative treatment to improve the spectrum of activity and to eliminate some of the clinical disadvantages associated with other macrolides [1]. Structural modification resulting from substi... | 16734900 | PMC1481555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 May 30; 6:18 |
Background
Addison's disease, also referred to as chronic adrenal insufficiency or hypoadrenocorticism, has been reported in many individual dogs. Although mixed breeds present as the "breed" most frequently diagnosed with Addison's, certain pure-breds, including the Great Dane, Rottweiler, Standard Poodle, Portuguese ... | 16670022 | PMC1481556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 May 2; 2:15 |
Since the late 80s of the last century, I've been earning a crust teaching and researching in the field of bioinformatics and molecular evolution. Recently, I have tentatively and with trepidation crossed the fence between that familiar territory and the rolling unknown prairies of immunology. It is frightening out the... | 0 | PMC1481557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:59 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 May 18; 5:32 |
Background
It is estimated that approximately 340,000 Americans [1] and 100,000 Canadians are current injection drug users (IDU) [2]. Injection drug use can lead to overdose, infectious disease, loss of social and economic functioning and extensive engagement in criminal activity. In addition to the morbidity and morta... | 16723029 | PMC1481558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 May 24; 3:18 |
Background
The control of diseases associated with highly variable RNA viruses requires close monitoring of the variant virus types that periodically dominate in viral populations. This is due to high mutation rates, quasispecies dynamics and population bottlenecks that often accompany virus transmission [reviewed in [... | 16709242 | PMC1481559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 18; 7:117 |
Background
Recently several data sets of both whole genome genotype and expression data have been published [1-4]. In a major departure from conventional genetic trait analysis, now 105 to 106 phenotypic traits are represented by distinct gene expression measurements. Theoretically, chromosomal regions can be linked to... | 16719927 | PMC1481560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 24; 7:125 |
Background
For many years the aging process has been a major subject of interest for biologists because of its complexity and diversity: the lifespans of closely apparented species can be very different, and there are species such as turtles that do not seem to age at all. In addition, the large number of phenotypic fe... | 16584578 | PMC1481561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 4; 7:69 |
Background
Balanced decision making in health care requires evidence on the potential adverse effects of interventions as well as their beneficial effects. Although well-conducted systematic reviews of adverse effects are important sources of evidence such reviews are relatively rare in the literature [1] and it is not... | 16681854 | PMC1481562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 May 8; 6:22 |
Background
Measurement errors can seriously affect statistical analysis and interpretation; it therefore becomes important to assess the magnitude of such errors by calculating a reliability coefficient and assessing its precision. For instance medical diagnosis, clinicians have now become cognizant to the paramount im... | 16686943 | PMC1481563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 May 10; 6:24 |
Background
There are occasions when an unexpected event produces major changes in a process that provide an opportunity to investigate its nature and dynamics. These unplanned interventions can provide unique insights into environmental, sociological or physical phenomena that would be otherwise impossible to obtain, s... | 16579864 | PMC1481564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Apr 3; 6:16 |
Background
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common feature of the aging male and is regarded as a major cause of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), which results in obstructive and irritative voiding symptoms. The bothersome urinary symptoms decrease the quality of life of these patients [1]. Transurethral resect... | 16620393 | PMC1481565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Apr 18; 6:12 |
Background
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most well-known of the nine major types of muscular dystrophy, is a severe muscle-wasting disease that arises from mutations in the dystrophin gene (Xp21.2) (review [1,2]). Dystrophin provides structural support to the muscle fibre, and without this protein and its asso... | 16719929 | PMC1481566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2006 May 24; 4:3 |
Introduction
Trauma is one of the major causes of mortality in people under the age of 50 in the Western world. Patients die as a direct consequence of their sustained injuries, or by the additional damage caused by subsequent immune reactions [1]. About 5% of the patients admitted after severe trauma develops (multipl... | 16759367 | PMC1481567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 May 20; 1:15 |
Introduction
During each division cycle, cells need to duplicate their genome and distribute the two copies equally over the two daughter cells. The processes of DNA-duplication (S-phase) and cell division (mitosis) are separated by two gap phases, G1 and G2, respectively. During these phases, several mechanisms operat... | 16759363 | PMC1481568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 May 18; 1:8 |
Background
The acquisition of high quality DNA for use in phylogeny and population genetic studies is a prime concern for researchers. While such DNA samples are easily obtained, it often requires the sacrifice of the animals being studied. Such lethal sampling has the potential to seriously impact the genetic makeup o... | 16734898 | PMC1481569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 May 30; 7:32 |
Background
Soy protein has been reported to have positive effects on cardiovascular [1-3] and skeletal health [4-7] in postmenopausal women. These health benefits of soy can be, in part, attributed to its isoflavone content. For example, genistein, the major isoflavone in soy, has been shown to improve cardiovascular h... | 16608514 | PMC1481570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Apr 11; 5:12 |
Background
Therapeutic HIV vaccine clinical trials typically involve the collection of whole blood specimens from HIV+ patients at multiple study sites, and the shipment of collected samples to a central location for PBMC isolation and evaluation [1,2]. Generally, clinical researchers prefer to harvest and cryopreserve... | 16725038 | PMC1481571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 May 25; 7:11 |
Background
Acknowledging the importance of discussions regarding the usefulness of current theories in the field of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, the IJBNPA has encouraged a debate on this issue [1]. Jeffery [2] stated that current popular health behavior theories overestimate the role of cognitive determ... | 16700907 | PMC1481572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 May 15; 3:9 |
1. Background
For treatment of all pediatric spinal deformities, the goal is to maintain function and prevent symptoms in the short- and long-term. In children with scoliosis, as summarized below, predictable signs and symptoms including pain and reduced pulmonary function begin early in life and worsen with age. Most ... | 16759360 | PMC1481573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 May 11; 1:6 |
Background
An increased emphasis on outcome measures of various treatment methods has evolved in the recent years. There is a need to measure outcomes as a simple part of an effort to quantify and then improve the quality of health care. In order to determine the effectiveness of a specific treatment, numerous objectiv... | 16759366 | PMC1481574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 May 20; 1:7 |
Background
Idiopathic scoliosis is a chronic illness associated with structural deformity of the spine and is characterised by lateral curvature and vertebral rotation of a series of vertebrae from the middle line of the spinal column. The aetiology of scoliosis is still unknown [1]. There are three main types of scoli... | 16759368 | PMC1481575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 May 22; 1:8 |
Background
Colorectal carcinogenesis is a complex, multistep process involving environmental and lifestyle factors, sequential genetic changes and possibly viral components in discrete geographical areas. Genetic changes inactivating tumor suppressor and mismatch repair genes or activation of oncogenes which are involv... | 16672071 | PMC1481576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 4; 6:115 |
Background
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive human malignancy. It is of particular concern that the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma is increasing more rapidly then any other cancer in Western Europe and the United States[1]. It has an incidence of 7.4 per 100,000 in England and Wales and accounts for ... | 16712734 | PMC1481577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 19; 6:134 |
Background
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is the single most important risk factor in the aetiology of skin cancer [1]. Variations in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) between similar populations living at similar latitudes suggest other factors, including diet, may play a role [2]. There is reason... | 16734890 | PMC1481578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 30; 6:141 |
Background
Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD), also known as diffuse peritoneal leiomyomatosis, is a rare disease in which multiple smooth muscle or smooth muscle-like nodules develop subperitoneally in any part of the abdominal cavity [1]. These nodules, though histologically benign, cannot be distinguished... | 16686944 | PMC1481579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 10; 6:127 |
Background
Cervical cancer and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both major public health problems in South Africa. The country currently faces one of the worst HIV epidemics in the world. In the past 15 years the epidemic has grown exponentially, with antenatal HIV surveillance data showing an incr... | 16719902 | PMC1481580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 23; 6:135 |
Background
The core issue explored in this paper, namely the determination of parental status in the case of children born with the help of ART, must be located within ART as a whole, and this in turn must be seen against the background of Japan's demographic situation. For several years past, the birth rate in Japan h... | 16597339 | PMC1481581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:00 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Apr 5; 7:3 |
Background
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a multicomponent disease [1,2] and is associated with an airway inflammatory profile consisting mainly of an increased number of CD8+T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils [3-5]. The major risk factor for the development of COPD is cigarette smoking. Smoking cau... | 16620395 | PMC1481582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Apr 19; 7(1):66 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease characterized by an airflow limitation and inflammation of the lower airways [1]. As the disease worsens, some patients experience 'exacerbations' of their principal symptoms of dyspnoea, cough and sputum. These exacerbations frequently re... | 16686949 | PMC1481583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 10; 7(1):74 |
Background
The role of eicosanoids in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory airway diseases has been well documented; however, the key steps in the regulation leading to the production of these molecules remain unclear. Eicosanoid signalling pathway operates through lipid G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) [1]. ... | 16689996 | PMC1481584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 12; 7(1):75 |
Background
Tonsillar diseases are among the most common health-related problems in the general population, and tonsillectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in the western world. The two main indications for tonsillectomy are recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy [1]. The pathogene... | 16504163 | PMC1481585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Feb 27; 7(1):36 |
Background
Even in countries with a low tuberculosis (TB) incidence, population-based studies have recently revealed a high frequency of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) by applying classical epidemiological and molecular strain-typing techniques [1-5]. Routine contact tracing of infectious TB cases to ... | 16707012 | PMC1481586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 17; 7(1):77 |
Background
Podocalyxin (podxl) is an integral membrane protein originally identified by Kerjaschki et al [1] in the foot processes of the rat kidney glomerular podocytes. It was described as a sialoprotein of 140-kDa based on its staining with alcian blue. The high sulfate content of this protein contributes in part to... | 16684343 | PMC1481587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 May 9; 7:17 |
Background
Dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain, plays a major role in the control of motor functions and behavioral patterns via interacting with specific cell surface receptors. Dopamine receptors belong to the large family of G protein-coupled receptors and can be classified as D1-like (D1, D5) and D... | 16723017 | PMC1481588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 May 24; 7:18 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that approximately one third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis [1,2]. This large pool of individuals with latent infection poses a major hurdle for global tuberculosis (TB) control efforts. Between 8 and 9 million people de... | 16722616 | PMC1481589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 May 23; 1:7 |
Background
Evidence continues to mount supporting the use of carbohydrate restricted diets (CRD) for weight loss and improvement in cardiovascular risk [1]. In particular, CRD have been repeatedly shown to promote weight loss and improve fasting and postprandial triglycerides, and plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), which ... | 16674818 | PMC1481590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 May 4; 3:19 |
Background
Cultural competency instruction in medical education has been the thrust of several recent reports in the US and the UK [1-3]. Evidence is growing that improving cross-cultural communication skills in healthcare providers is associated with better patient outcomes [4,5] and has the potential to reduce health... | 16729888 | PMC1481591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 May 26; 6:31 |
Background
Proteases of various mechanistic classes have been identified in various filarial and other helminth parasites and genes encoding them have been isolated and cloned. These parasite proteases are pivotal for the parasitic existence inside the hostile environment of the hosts. Beside their general protein proc... | 16716219 | PMC1481592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Filaria J. 2006 May 22; 5:7 |
Background
Sensory information from visceral organs enters the central nervous system via separate pools of primary afferents that synapse at either the spinal cord or the brain stem [1,2]. Cranial primary afferents that synapse first within the brain stem have cell bodies in the nodose ganglia (NG) and share many gene... | 16709252 | PMC1481593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 May 18; 5:6 |
Findings
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive lethal disorder of motor neurons of the spinal cord and brain. More than 90% of ALS patients are sporadic (SALS), not showing any familial trait. Approximately 10% of cases are familial (FALS), and within these lie several distinct forms of the disease. The ... | 16729899 | PMC1481594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 May 29; 5:7 |
Background
The mouse Gata6 gene encodes a 45 kD protein containing two highly conserved zinc-finger DNA binding domains with a Cys-X2-Cys-X17-Cys-X2-Cys motif that directs binding to the nucleotide sequence element (A/T)GATA(A/G) 1. GATA4, 5 and 6 make up a subset of GATA factors that have been implicated in the develo... | 16611361 | PMC1481595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Apr 12; 6:19 |
Background
A major challenge in systems biology is to understand the intricate network of interacting molecules. The complexity in biological systems arises not only from various individual protein molecules but also from their organization into systems with numerous interacting partners. In fact, most cellular process... | 16722537 | PMC1481596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Apr 26; 1:7 |
Background
Multiple sequence alignment is a crucial prerequisite for biological sequence data analysis, and a large number of multi-alignment programs have been developed during the last twenty years. Standard methods for multiple DNA or protein alignment are, for example, CLUSTAL W [1], DIALIGN [2] and T-COFFEE [3]; a... | 16722533 | PMC1481597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Apr 19; 1:6 |
Background
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, have established central repositories for DNA, biospecimens, and data collected in clinical studies. The purpose of the Central Re... | 16595012 | PMC1481598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Apr 4; 6:19 |
Background
Macrophages and T cells are major targets for HIV-1 infection [1]. While macrophages are key cellular reservoir and a source of newly replicating HIV-1 throughout the infection, a global decline in T cell population leads to the eventual collapse of the immune system, development of clinical manifestations o... | 16725040 | PMC1481599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 May 25; 3:15 |
Background
Most current anti-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) drugs target two key enzymes in the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replication cycle, reverse transcriptase and protease. While the remarkable efficacy of protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitor combinations for the treatment of HIV-1 i... | 16635263 | PMC1481600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Apr 24; 3:12 |
Background
Introgression can play a key evolutionary role in plants [1,2], but has until recently been considered rare and controversial in animals [3-5]. This is largely because hybrids between animal species are rare, but may also stem from a belief that hybridization and introgression between species is unnatural [1... | 16630334 | PMC1481601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Apr 21; 4:11 |
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