text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
Circulating leukocytes are a rich and readily accessible source of information about the health and physiological state of an individual. A procedure as simple as light microscopy-based quantitation of morphologically distinguishable blood cell types is so broadly useful that it has been a mainstay of clinic... | 16704732 | PMC1479811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 16; 7:115 |
Introduction
A survey of the literature of the past 100 years referring to schizophrenia [1] makes apparent the impossibility to predict the individual course of the illness. We know from many long-term studies that positive courses occur more frequently than assumed. According to Wing [2], intensive and repeated studi... | 16716224 | PMC1479812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:03 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 May 22; 2:10 |
Intrroduction
Compulsive-Impulsive Sexual Behaviors (C-ISBs) include repetitive sexual acts and compulsive sexual thoughts. The individual feels compelled or driven to perform the behavior, which may or may not cause subjective distress. Although generally not ego-dystonic, the behavior may interfere with several aspec... | 16716210 | PMC1479813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:03 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 May 22; 2:9 |
Background
Over the last several decades studies have shown that the use of computerized information systems by medical professionals can improve the quality of care, enhance the use of evidence-based treatments, and maintain and update knowledge [1,2]. It has also been shown that even though doctors generate various q... | 16684347 | PMC1479814 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 May 9; 6:28 |
Introduction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is and will remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality Worldwide [1]. The severity of the airflow obstruction as assessed by the forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1) is a predictor of overall health status [2] and mortality from both respiratory disease... | 16669999 | PMC1479815 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 2; 7(1):70 |
Introduction
Acetylcholine is the primary parasympathetic neurotransmitter in the airways, and is traditionally associated with inducing airway smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion. Parasympathetic activity is increased in airway inflammation, which is the basis for the use of anticholinergic therapy in asthma... | 16684353 | PMC1479816 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 9; 7(1):73 |
Background
Exacerbations are a cardinal feature of the natural history of moderate and severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)[1]. Patients with frequent exacerbations have significantly lower quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality rates [1-4]. Although the effect of COPD exacerbations on lun... | 16716229 | PMC1479817 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 22; 7(1):80 |
Background
Asthma is an immunological disease that has increased dramatically in prevalence over the past two decades. It is characterized by airway hyper-reactivity to a variety of specific and non-specific stimuli, severe chronic airway inflammation with pulmonary eosinophils, mucus hypersecretion, and increased seru... | 16677403 | PMC1479818 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:23 | no | Respir Res. 2006 May 8; 7(1):72 |
Background
Development assistance to health has been increasing during the last decade. At the same time, there has been a change in forms of assistance. Objectives have shifted from a more project-oriented approach towards control of specific diseases or strengthening of health systems. An increasing number of donors ... | 16704726 | PMC1479819 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 May 16; 4:5 |
Background
Non-specific or common low back pain is defined as pain between the costal margins and the inferior gluteal folds, usually accompanied by painful limitation of movement, often influenced by physical activities and posture, and which may be associated with referred pain in the leg. Diagnosing common low back ... | 16707005 | PMC1479820 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:14 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 May 17; 6:57 |
Background
Preanaesthetic assessment of a surgical patient is done differently in various settings. In an outpatient setting this may be done by administering a questionnaire by the nursing or medical staff, or assessing the patient in a dedicated preanaesthetic out-patient clinic. In an in-patient setting the patient ... | 16719913 | PMC1479821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 May 23; 6:59 |
Background
Reactive or secondary amyloidosis is a well-known significant late complication of chronic inflammatory disease, especially rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1].
In this condition, large amounts of amyloid molecules (of the AA type) are deposited over a wide area. The main clinical manifestations of secondary amyl... | 16696871 | PMC1479822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 May 15; 7:43 |
Introduction
There are large variations in drug prescribing in UK populations which are a cause of concern, particularly where they may reflect variations in the quality of care (whether through under or over prescribing relative to need). Previous studies have highlighted the wide variations in mental health related p... | 16709247 | PMC1479823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 May 18; 5:4 |
Background
Asian Indian men and women have a higher incidence and mortality rate from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than Caucasian men and women, yet the pathology behind this increased susceptibility is not fully understood [1-3]. Within India there has been a drastic increase in the incidence of CVD as a result of imp... | 16606459 | PMC1479824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Apr 10; 3:18 |
Introduction
A first line of attack on diabetes and cardiovascular disease is a reduction in body mass. A consistent finding across many different diet studies is that carbohydrate (CHO) restriction has a central role in facilitating weight loss and improving features of metabolic syndrome [1,2], due to mechanisms rela... | 16700901 | PMC1479825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 May 15; 3:20 |
Background
Encephalitis presenting as a change in mental status can be challenging to recognize in the primary care setting and in general inpatient medicine. Among the causes of viral encephalitis is Herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). A low threshold of suspicion can lead to timely diagnostic testing, detection, and... | 16563167 | PMC1479826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Mar 24; 7:22 |
Background
Research in Australia and overseas has identified the importance to the health system of identifying and supporting unpaid or family caregivers in the community [1-3]. It is further acknowledged that caring for a family member or close friend has an enormous impact upon caregiver health and wellbeing [4,5]. ... | 16719930 | PMC1479827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 May 24; 7:33 |
Background
Post-sternotomy mediastinitis (PSM) occurs in 1–3% of all patients undergoing median sternotomy [1]. This devastating complication carries a high risk of morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, increased costs, as well as high mortality that can reach to as high as to 40% [2,3]. Staphylococci are the most comm... | 16638144 | PMC1479828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 25; 6:76 |
Background
Nutritional deficiencies have long been recognized as an important problem among HIV-1-seropositive individuals, particularly in resource-limited settings [1]. Micronutrient deficiencies have been associated with more rapid HIV-disease progression and higher HIV-1 related mortality [2,3]. In some studies, mi... | 16712720 | PMC1479829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:20 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 May 19; 6:85 |
Epidemiology and cervical cancer treatment
Cervical cancer remains one of the greatest killers of women worldwide. According to Globocan 2000, it is estimated that in 2000 the numbers of patients diagnosed with and those who died from this disease were 470,606 and 233,372, respectively [1]. It is remarkable that these ... | 16722549 | PMC1479830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 May 8; 1:15 |
Background
Different markers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) have been measured and used for the assessment and monitoring of airway inflammation [1]. Airway inflammation is a consequence of many lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) [2-4]. In occupational med... | 16722553 | PMC1479831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 May 17; 1:5 |
Background
In contrast to neurons of the central nervous system, many adult peripheral neurons not only survive axotomy but also undergo axonal regeneration. Within just a few hours, injured axons grow collaterals ("sprouts") and their growth cones respond to guidance cues in order to find an environment supportive of ... | 16716234 | PMC1479832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 May 23; 7:41 |
Background
Normal platelet physiology cannot be assumed to prevail in conditions of severe physiological stress such as major surgery. However, the impact of antiplatelet therapy is critical in the early postoperative period after coronary surgery as it confers lower in-hospital mortality [1] and morbidity and improves... | 16716214 | PMC1479833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Med. 2006 May 22; 4:12 |
Background
Cochlear implants have considerably improved speech and language outcomes in children with bilateral severe to profound hearing loss [1,2]. Cochlear implantation is typically offered to individuals who receive limited benefit from conventional stimulation with well-fitted hearing aids. The definition of "lim... | 16623948 | PMC1479834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Apr 19; 6:7 |
Background
Audit and feedback (A&F) has been used for decades as a strategy for changing the clinical practice behaviors of health care personnel. In clinical practice guideline (CPG) implementation, A&F has been used to attempt to increase guideline adherence across a wide variety of settings and conditions, such as i... | 16722539 | PMC1479835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Apr 28; 1:9 |
Introduction
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have long been implicated in the treatment or prevention of various types of cancer. The biochemical mechanism generally ascribed to this effect is the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which catalyze the initial step in prostaglandin synthesis [1-3].... | 16707021 | PMC1479836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 May 18; 5:19 |
Background
The lymphangioma is a well-known benign hamartomatous tumor of lymphatic vessels, which have a marked predilection for head and neck [1]. Oral lesions are most frequently found on the tongue and usually demonstrate a pebbly appearance as by their superficial location. Occurrence in other areas such as cheeks... | 16759365 | PMC1479837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 May 20; 1:9 |
Introduction
An overwhelming body of evidence has determined that relationships among certain bacteria and cancers exist. The bacterial mechanisms involved are as yet unclear. These gaps in knowledge make it impossible to state the exact progression of events by which specific bacteria may cause, colonize or cure cance... | 16566840 | PMC1479838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Mar 28; 4:14 |
Background
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a major regulatory role in the immune system [1]. IL-4 induces the differentiation of T-helper cells to a type 2 (TH2) cytokine-producing phenotype [2] and the class switching to IgE and IgG4 [3,4]. Furthermore, it stimulates the expression of adhesio... | 16640778 | PMC1479839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:17 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Apr 26; 4:13 |
Background
Accurate prediction of the regular elements of protein 3D structure is important for precise prediction of the whole 3D structure. A protein secondary structure prediction algorithm assigns to each amino acid a structural state from a 3-letter alphabet {H, E, L} representing the α-helix, β-strand and loop, r... | 16571137 | PMC1479840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 30; 7:178 |
Background
No two laboratories produce the same expression data when performing seemingly identical DNA microarray experiments. This is simply due to the fact that experimental conditions and factors such as growth media composition, RNA sampling methodology and scanner calibration are never exactly identical [1]. Even... | 16613602 | PMC1479841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 13; 7:205 |
Background
Scientific research requires data visualization for exploration and discovery, as well as in written and oral presentations. Biological science traditionally relies on manual analysis of curated datasets – an approach that is becoming increasingly challenging, as data sets and the volume of published materia... | 16640789 | PMC1479842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 27; 7:225 |
Background
Tissue Microarrays (TMAs) provide high-throughput analysis of tissue samples for in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry, by means of arranging multiple tissue samples in a uniform structure on the surface of a glass slide. TMAs allow for large numbers of tissue samples to be analysed simultaneously a... | 16707006 | PMC1479843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 17; 7:256 |
Background
In Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE), mRNA is extracted from a tissue sample and converted to cDNA, from which oligonucleotides (so-called SAGE tags) at specific locations in the cDNA fragments are extracted and amplified using PCR. Those tags are either ten or seventeen bases long, depending on the ... | 16549008 | PMC1479844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 20; 7:157 |
Background
Intrinsically disordered, or natively unfolded, proteins or protein regions do not fold into stable three dimensional (3-D) structures under physiological conditions; they instead exist as ensembles of non-cooperatively interchanging conformations in which the atom coordinates and backbone Ramachandran angle... | 16618368 | PMC1479845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:15 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 17; 7:208 |
The detection and prevention of lead toxicity and poisoning among children have been a major international public health priority. The distribution and severity of lead toxicity are determined largely by lead in gasoline emissions, proximity to environmental sources, point sources, hot spots, and episodic exposures, so... | 16759995 | PMC1480480 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 24; 114(6):917-922 |
Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of the skeleton, leading to fragility and increased risk of fractures (Consensus Development Conference 1993). Sweden is among the countries with the highest incidence of osteoporotic fractures (Ismail et al. 2002; Kanis et al. 2002), b... | 16759980 | PMC1480481 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 2; 114(6):830-834 |
A lack of regulation means that herbal remedies can be ineffective or, conversely, far more potent than users may suspect. Researchers in Taiwan have found a new reason for consumers to be wary of certain herbal remedies: some herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine contain lead, which mothers can pass to their infa... | 16759970 | PMC1480482 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A344 |
The major goal of studying farmworkers is to better understand how their work environment, including exposure to pesticides, affects their health. Our understanding of the health effects associated with pesticide exposures is formed by contributions from toxicology, physiology, pharmacology, epidemiology, sociological ... | 16760000 | PMC1480483 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:39 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 16; 114(6):953-960 |
Perchlorate is used mainly in the manufacture of solid propellants for rockets and missiles; it is also used in fireworks, road flares, blasting agents, and automobile air bags. Perchlorate is highly water soluble and stable at ambient temperature and pressure; it generally does not adsorb to organic or inorganic mater... | 16759989 | PMC1480484 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 26; 114(6):881-886 |
Biomonitoring of exposure to pesticides involves the measurement of a pesticide(s), its metabolite(s), or reaction product(s) in biological media such as urine, blood, or blood components and tissues (Anwar 1997; Barr et al. 1999; He 1993, 1999). Although biomonitoring has been used in many occupational and environment... | 16759998 | PMC1480485 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:39 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 16; 114(6):936-942 |
Indoor air specialists Olli Seppänen of the Helsinki University of Technology and William Fisk and Q.H. Lei of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory are not the first to establish a link between work performance and ventilation—for several decades, researchers have seen an association between an inadequate supply o... | 0 | PMC1480486 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A345a |
Residential gas regulators reduce the pressure of gas from main feeder lines to usable levels for household pipes. Gas regulators built before 1961 were commonly located within dwellings and incorporated a component that contained, on average, 136 grams (about 2 teaspoons) of elemental mercury. Newer units do not conta... | 0 | PMC1480487 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A368a |
Global climate changes, driven by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, are having widespread impacts on biotic systems, including both direct and indirect effects on human health (Epstein 1999; Patz et al. 2005). One of the most dramatic effects of climate change seen thus far is on the ... | 16759986 | PMC1480488 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 9; 114(6):865-869 |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a large group of aromatic chlorinated hydrocarbons that were first introduced in the late 1920s and commercially produced as Aroclor mixtures in the United States (Battershill 1994; Lind et al. 1999; Safe 1997; Safe and Zacharewski 1997; Shekhar et al. 1997b; Shipp et al. 1998). The... | 16759992 | PMC1480489 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 2; 114(6):898-904 |
Preterm delivery (PTD) remains the leading cause of perinatal mortality and occurs in approximately 4–10% of pregnancies (Leem et al. 2002; Reagan and Salsberry 2005). Known risk factors for PTD include lower social class, less education, single marital status, low income, younger maternal age, low body weight, ethnici... | 16759993 | PMC1480490 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 16; 114(6):905-910 |
New UNEP Leader Chosen
The UN General Assembly has unanimously selected Achim Steiner of Germany to succeed Klaus Töpfer as the fifth executive director of UNEP. Steiner is presently director-general of the World Conservation Union, the world’s largest environmental network, and will begin his four-year UNEP term in Ju... | 0 | PMC1480491 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A345b-A347 |
Just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to newspapers and television stations in New York and to two U.S. senators on Capitol Hill. Although only a few letters were sent, 22 people were infected and 5 died. More importantly, the biote... | 16759974 | PMC1480492 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:39 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A364-A367 |
Elemental mercury is a silvery metal that is liquid at room temperature. It has a vapor pressure of 0.00185 mm at 25°C, and sufficient amounts can move from the liquid phase into the vapor phase to exceed permissible limits for inhalation exposure. Human absorption of elemental mercury occurs primarily through inhalati... | 16759983 | PMC1480493 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 27; 114(6):848-852 |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a broad group of chemicals that includes 209 aromatic chlorinated hydrocarbons used for products ranging from fluorescent light fixtures to coolant fluids inside parts of consumer electronics. Short-term exposure to large amounts of PCBs can cause liver damage; the effects of smalle... | 0 | PMC1480494 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:39 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A368b-A369 |
The exposure of migrant and seasonal farmworkers to pesticides at work and at home is an issue of continuing concern for public health (Arcury and Quandt 2003; Villarejo 2003). Accurately documenting exposure levels in this population is the focus of research programs across the nation. However, research on farmworker ... | 16759996 | PMC1480495 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 16; 114(6):923-928 |
The International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST) is a nonprofit network of national food science organizations and is the only global food science and technology group, while the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) is a U.S. scientific society for food scientists, technologists, and related professiona... | 0 | PMC1480496 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A347 |
Yet again, the humble soybean has undergone a further cycle of critical scrutiny. The extent to which soy foods and products—or, more relevantly, one of the constituent bioactive components, genistein—pose potential health benefits or risks has once again come under the microscope. Hot on the heels of the American Hear... | 16759965 | PMC1480497 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A332-A333 |
In contrast to what Wålinder et al. (2005) concluded in their article “Acute Effects of a Fungal Volatile Compound,” I interpret the article to report essentially no effects beyond chance. In all, the authors carried out some 76 comparisons (each one representing a time point and an exposure vs. control measurement) if... | 16759968 | PMC1480498 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A338a |
Who are the scientists, public health officials, and policy makers who will monitor our relationship with the environment 20 years from now? Right now a lot of them are students in middle and high schools throughout the country. And it’s a certainty that these future stakeholders will need to develop the diversity of s... | 16767822 | PMC1480499 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A350-A351 |
Nearly 10 years ago, researchers with the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) began a complex set of experiments in rats to determine whether exposure to estrogenic compounds throughout life and across generations could cause changes in development or patterns of ... | 16759971 | PMC1480500 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A348-A349 |
In the past decade, numerous studies have indicated a causal association between ambient particulate matter (PM) in major metropolitan areas and potential health risks (Pope 2004). Daily death rate and hospital admissions due to pulmonary and cardiovascular problems have been shown consistently to parallel elevated PM ... | 16759987 | PMC1480501 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 23; 114(6):870-874 |
Arsenic is ubiquitous in the environment. Human exposure to As has been associated with cancers (lung, bladder, skin) and other chronic diseases such as dermal, cardiovascular, neurologic, and diabetic effects (Abernathy et al. 2003; Yoshida et al. 2004). The major route of human exposure for inorganic As is through co... | 16759981 | PMC1480502 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 9; 114(6):835-841 |
Rampersaud E, Bassuk AG, Enterline DS, George TM, Siegel DG, Melvin EC, et al. 2005. Whole genomewide linkage screen for neural tube defects reveals regions of interest on chromosomes 7 and 10. J Med Genet 42:940–946.
Neural tube defects are among the most serious and most common severely disabling forms of human birt... | 0 | PMC1480503 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A351 |
There are different opinions on the use of Bonferroni’s corrections. Everitt (1995) stated that it gives too conservative estimates if there are more than five tests performed. In environmental medicine, one exposure can have different health effects, so it is reasonable to test for different types of effects on differ... | 0 | PMC1480504 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A338b |
Health risks associated with the active use of tobacco have been documented extensively over many years. After the first Surgeon General’s report on smoking and health in 1964, the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the United States began a gradual decline [Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) 2000a], althou... | 16759984 | PMC1480505 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 2; 114(6):853-858 |
Human exposure to the pesticides that exist in the home, workplace, and community is regulated by a variety of behaviors and environmental factors. While many of these factors are commonly accepted in research on farmworker health and form the basis of pesticide safety education, there has been no comprehensive review ... | 16759999 | PMC1480506 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 16; 114(6):943-952 |
In the lexicon of organizations, government ones especially, the words “strategic plan” may often be perceived as a synonym for “long, boring, inscrutable document full of jargon.” Not so the NIEHS Strategic Plan. Conceived as a means of structuring and communicating the scientific goals of the institute, it is, by des... | 16759966 | PMC1480507 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A334 |
Ionizing radiation is a known carcinogen. Uranium miners are at risk of developing radiation-related cancer because they are chronically exposed to alpha particles emitted by radon and its progeny (henceforth referred to as radon) and to low levels of whole-body gamma radiation. Both types of radiation can cause cellul... | 16759978 | PMC1480508 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 26; 114(6):818-822 |
Developing internally valid, and perhaps generalizable, farmworker exposure studies is a complex process that involves many statistical and laboratory considerations. Statistics are an integral component of each study beginning with the design stage and continuing to the final data analysis and interpretation. Similarl... | 16760001 | PMC1480509 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 16; 114(6):961-968 |
A stroll through nearly any American grocery store or pharmacy yields ample proof of the soybean’s increasing role in the U.S. diet. Food packaging offers statements about products’ soy content and the purported associated health benefits. Products such as tofu, soy milk, soy-based infant formula, and meatless “texturi... | 16759972 | PMC1480510 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A352-A358 |
Harnly et al. (2005) suggested that measured air concentrations of organophosphate insecticides may pose a particular concern for children’s health. However, when considering the current scientific weight of evidence, their conclusions cannot be supported for two reasons: first, they did not demonstrate a particular co... | 16759967 | PMC1480511 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A338c-A339 |
Ozone is a common summertime pollutant formed by reactions of ambient nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight and heat. Animal and human studies have identified specific effects O3 has on the respiratory system, including alterations in airway epithelium (Bromberg et al. 1991; ... | 16759994 | PMC1480512 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 29; 114(6):911-916 |
Secondhand smoke (SHS), the cigarette smoke involuntarily inhaled by a nonsmoker, was recognized as a serious health problem as early as 1972. Studies have shown that SHS causes lung cancer and leads to other adverse effects, including lower respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, fluid in the middle ear, ... | 0 | PMC1480513 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A370 |
The Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS) evaluated whether residence in areas with different types and concentrations of environmental pollutants had a significant impact on internal exposure to pollutants and whether place of residence or observed differences in internal pollutant concentrations were associate... | 16759990 | PMC1480514 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 9; 114(6):887-892 |
A key goal of the Centers for Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research is translating basic research findings into intervention and prevention methods to enhance awareness among communities, health care professionals, and policy makers of environmentally related diseases and health conditions. In... | 0 | PMC1480515 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A371 |
Phthalates are used in a variety of industries and are present in many consumer products, such as soaps, perfumes, cosmetics, shampoos, building products, shower curtains, aerosols, plastic toys, and plastic packaging [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1995, 2001, 2003]. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalat... | 16759976 | PMC1480516 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 2; 114(6):805-809 |
High-level exposure to cadmium is known to cause bone damage, including osteoporosis, but the effects of low-level exposure have been less clear. A group of Swedish researchers now shows for the first time that low-level exposure to cadmium also can be associated with negative effects on bone in humans [EHP 114:830–834... | 0 | PMC1480517 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A369-A370 |
The contamination of coastal environments poses an obvious threat to the health of a broad spectrum of phylogenetically diverse organisms. Consequently, a keen interest exists in finding ways to assess the health impacts on exposed populations of aquatic species (Barron et al. 2002; Myers et al. 1991). Biologic indicat... | 16759979 | PMC1480518 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 2; 114(6):823-829 |
In Utero Exposure to Bioactive Food Components and Mammary Cancer Risk (R21)
In utero is a vulnerable period. In utero exposures are important determinants of some cancers occurring in children and young adults. For example, exposure to ionizing radiation in utero promotes childhood leukemia, and maternal use of diethy... | 0 | PMC1480519 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A372-A375 |
Farmworkers are exposed to pesticides in both agricultural and residential settings. Although exposure during occupational activities likely results in their highest exposures, these events are episodic. Farmworkers are also subject to long-term, low-level exposures through drinking water and food as well as to pestici... | 16759997 | PMC1480520 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 16; 114(6):929-935 |
It is an ethical requirement that new findings be presented in light of and in conjunction with a balanced evaluation of the current knowledge and published literature. We believe that Oehlmann et al. (2006) violated this general principle in several ways. For example, the authors inferred that prosobranch snails have ... | 16759969 | PMC1480521 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A340-A341 |
Asthma affects 1 in 8 school-aged children in industrialized countries, making it the most common chronic illness in this group. Now a meta-analysis of child asthma studies led by pharmaceutical scientist Fawziah Marra of the University of British Columbia shows that children diagnosed with asthma were twice as likely ... | 0 | PMC1480522 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A346a |
Trichloroethylene (TCE; C2HCl3) is a chlorinated hydrocarbon used predominantly as an industrial degreasing agent and solvent (Armstrong and Green 2004; Waters et al. 1977; Wu and Schaum 2000). Human exposures are widespread, and TCE is a major contaminant in agricultural and urban soils and in groundwater (Wallace et ... | 16759982 | PMC1480523 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 9; 114(6):842-847 |
Cockroach (CR) allergy has been recognized as important IgE-mediated type 1 hypersensitivity since 1964 (Bernton and Brown 1964). Prolonged exposure and sensitization to CR allergen, which is one of the major indoor allergens in Thailand, give rise to asthmatic attacks that require emergency hospital visits, especially... | 16759988 | PMC1480524 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 26; 114(6):875-880 |
Edited by Lucio G. Costa and David L. Eaton
Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons, 2006. 450 pp. ISBN: 0-471-46781-2. $110.
Specific hereditary susceptibility has now evolved into the field of ecogenetics. If you have ever pondered why an individual is at greater risk for a specific disease, or sensitive to a specific drug, ... | 0 | PMC1480525 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A382a |
People living in agricultural areas may be exposed to pesticides through drift from agricultural fields in proximity to their homes. In orchard-producing areas of Washington State, pesticide levels in carpet dust and pesticide metabolites in urine of residents increased with self-reported proximity of homes to crop fie... | 16759991 | PMC1480526 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 2; 114(6):893-897 |
In 1980, Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980; more commonly known as Superfund) that was designed to deal with abandoned and uncontrolled waste sites. Two classes of presumptive remedies exist to deal with Superfund sites: containment and treatment. Containmen... | 16759977 | PMC1480527 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 26; 114(6):810-817 |
We welcome critical appraisals that help to provide balance; however, Dietrich et al. gave an unjustified reproach. We feel that Dietrich’s position is severely compromised because he serves as an expert for the bisphenol A (BPA) Industry Group (Brussels, Belgium). We would like to respond to the issues raised by Dietr... | 0 | PMC1480528 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A341-A342 |
After late-night, last-minute negotiations, a voluntary international agreement to protect humans and the environment against harmful chemicals was adopted on 6 February 2006. Representatives from 140 countries, environmental advocacy groups, industry associations, and UN agencies attended the three-day International C... | 0 | PMC1480529 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A346b |
Peterson is incorrect in stating that we did not conduct a risk assessment. We summarized in our article (Harnly et al. 2005) and detailed in a previous article (Lee et al. 2002) a human health risk assessment demonstrating elevated acute and sub-chronic risks for children’s exposures to ambient chlorpyrifos air concen... | 0 | PMC1480530 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A339-A340 |
Academic Scientists at Work, 2nd ed.
Jeremy Boss, Susan Eckert
New York:Springer, 2006. 296 pp. ISBN: 0-387-32176-4, $29.95
Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
Wee Keong Ng, Masaru Kitsuregawa, Jianzhong Li, eds.
Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 2006. 879 pp. ISBN: 3-540-33206-5, $119
Amazing Numbers in Biolog... | 0 | PMC1480531 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A382b |
In the article by Colbert et al. [
Environ Health Perspect 113:700–707 (2005)], the authors discovered an error in the units of exposure estimates in the tenth paragraph of the “Discussion.” These estimates are expressed in milligrams but should be expressed in micrograms. The corrected sentences are as follows:
It is... | 0 | PMC1480532 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A342 |
Cadmium is an important occupational and environmental pollutant that causes damage to various organs, especially renal proximal tubular cells (Goering et al. 1995). Cadmium has been reported to induce apoptotic cell death in proximal tubules of experimental animals (Hamada et al. 1997). However, the molecular mechanis... | 16759985 | PMC1480533 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:40 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun 16; 114(6):859-864 |
The U.S. EPA’s new Protections for Subjects in Human Research rule, which came into force on 7 April 2006, was born of a need to tighten the ethical guidelines controlling nonmedical human experimentation. The rule was ostensibly designed to offer people greater protection in pesticide toxicity experiments. But just tw... | 16759973 | PMC1480534 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:41 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jun; 114(6):A360-A362 |
Introduction
Double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) occur spontaneously during replication and by exposure to certain genotoxic chemicals or ionizing radiation. Efficient repair of these DSBs can be accomplished non-conservatively by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or with exact fidelity using homologous recombination. Fa... | 16789829 | PMC1480535 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun 23; 2(6):e98 |
Introduction
Operons are groups of genes that are transcribed in a single mRNA. Operons are widespread in all bacterial and archaeal genomes [1–3], and in the typical genome, about half of all protein-coding genes are in multigene operons. Operons often, but not always, code for genes in the same functional pathway [4,... | 16789824 | PMC1480536 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Jun 23; 2(6):e96 |
Introduction
Differences in allele frequencies in different populations were used as evidence of natural selection in some classic studies [1–3]. Since the first identification of positive selection within protein sequences [4,5], however, estimation of the relative frequency of synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide... | 16789820 | PMC1480537 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:37 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 23; 2(6):e62 |
Introduction
With the development of extensive databases of genetic sequences and sophisticated phylogenetic inference methods, the reconstruction of putative ancestral genetic states is an increasingly common technique. Ancestral reconstruction has been used to estimate the properties of ancestral genomes [1], genes [... | 16789817 | PMC1480538 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:38 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 23; 2(6):e69 |
Introduction
Needleman–Wunsch pairwise sequence alignment [1] is known to be sensitive to parameter choices. To illustrate the problem, consider the eighth intron of the Drosophila melanogaster CG9935-RA gene (as annotated by FlyBase [2]) located on chr4:660,462–660,522 (April 2004 BDGP release 4). This intron, which i... | 16789815 | PMC1480539 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:38 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Jun 23; 2(6):e73 |
In October 2003, the inaugural issue of
PLoS Biology hit desktops everywhere—demonstrating the power of open-access scientific publishing. Our hopes for our flagship journal were borne out with the publication of several articles (including [
1,
2]) that captured the public and scientific imagination, triggering both w... | 17593892 | PMC1480541 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:47 | no | PLoS Biol. 2005 Dec 1; 3(12):e426 |
Introduction
Malaria is a significant burden on world health. The most severe form of human malaria is caused by the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Genetic variation in this parasite is central to the pathogenesis of the organism, as allelic variability in different clones is thought to facilitate immune ... | 16789840 | PMC1480597 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jun 23; 2(6):e57 |
Introduction
γ-Herpesviruses such as Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), and murine γ–herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) latently infect lymphocytes and other cells as part of a strategy for maintaining life-long infection. Latent infection represents a balance between the virus and the host to which imm... | 16789842 | PMC1480598 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jun 23; 2(6):e58 |
Introduction
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne pathogen belonging to the Flaviviridae family. There are over 170 million people worldwide chronically infected with HCV. The natural history of HCV infection is highly variable and approximately 30% of chronically infected patients will develop progressive liver di... | 16789836 | PMC1480599 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jun 23; 2(6):e59 |
Introduction
The selection of target sites for integration of retroviral DNA is central to the biology of retroviruses and the application of retroviral vectors to gene therapy. The recent setbacks in human gene-therapy trials, in which a therapeutic retroviral vector integrated near the LMO-2 proto-oncogene and caused... | 16789841 | PMC1480600 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:32 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jun 23; 2(6):e60 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.