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Background
The timing of cell cycle exit is coordinated with cell-fate specification and differentiation in the developing central nervous system (CNS) to ensure that the appropriate number of neurons and glia are generated in the correct proportion. If too many neural progenitor cells exit the cell cycle during the ea... | 16672052 | PMC1481602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:17 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 May 3; 4:14 |
1. Introduction
Medication non-adherence for depressive and bipolar disorders range from 10 to 60 % (median 40 %). It has recently been concluded in a review [1] that it seems as attitudes and beliefs are at least as important as side-effects in predicting adherence in depressive and bipolar disorders [2-4]. Beliefs an... | 16712717 | PMC1481603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 May 19; 2:8 |
1. Background
Schizophrenia is a bio-psychosocial disorder where the interaction between an innate vulnerability and biological and psycho-social stressors determines whether an acute psychotic episode occurs or not [1-9]. The multidimensional nature of the disorder implies that treatment should focus on multiple aspec... | 16734909 | PMC1481604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:03 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 May 30; 2:11 |
Background
Neisseria meningitidis is one of the major causative agents of bacterial meningitis and septicemia in children and young adults [1]. Periodically, it causes large epidemics in Africa, especially in the sub-Saharan meningitis belt, and in Asia [1]; however, it is still a serious problem in many industrialized... | 16686962 | PMC1481605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 May 11; 6:44 |
Introduction
What's in a name? ["What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other word would smell as sweet." Act II, scene 2 from Romeo and Juliet; W. Shakespeare]. Sometimes more than it appears on the first glance. A choice of names, jargon, or terminology shapes the way we view the world [1]. Naming things ... | 16722532 | PMC1481606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Apr 13; 1:5 |
Background
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia [1,2]. Yet S. pneumoniae can live harmlessly in the upper respiratory tract of human hosts, and be cultured from the nasopharynx from as many as 40% of the healthy adult population [3,4].
The pathogenicity of S. pneumoniae in pneumo... | 16606470 | PMC1481607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 11; 6:71 |
Background
Anomalies
More than half the infant formula used in the United States is provided to mothers at no cost through the federal government's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, commonly known as WIC. In 2000, Cynthia Tuttle asked:
Why does the WIC program continue to be the ... | 16722534 | PMC1481608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Apr 20; 1:8 |
Background
Extracorporal albumin dialysis using the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS®) is now used in many hospitals to support excretory hepatic function. Main indications are acute-on-chronic liver failure, acute liver failure, primary graft dysfunction after liver transplantation, and liver failure pos... | 16608508 | PMC1481609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:26 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2006 Apr 11; 6:5 |
Background
Despite the abundance of research and published scientific literature concerning the development of effective health care for rural communities in developing countries, especially since the mid-1970s and the Alma Ata Conference [1,2], the literature on community health workers in Peru is limited [3].
One im... | 16707010 | PMC1481610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 May 17; 4:11 |
Background
Context
Midwifery in Indonesia plays a particular role in improving community, maternal and neonatal health, as well as contributing towards the health targets set by the Ministry of Health. However, despite their acknowledged importance, in 2001/2002 there were still only 26 midwives per 100 000 of the popu... | 16623954 | PMC1481611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Apr 19; 4:9 |
Introduction
Access to good-quality health services is crucial for the improvement of health outcomes, such as those targeted by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by the international community in 2000. For example, the reduction of maternal mortality by 75% in 2015 depends on access to skilled care at bi... | 16729892 | PMC1481612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 May 27; 4:12 |
Background
The cost of providing health care to hospitalized patients is enormous. While recent data on national trends in hospitalization show that the average length of a hospital stay in the United States has declined from 7.3 days in 1980 to 4.9 days in 2000 [1], spending on hospital care increased 9.5% in 2002 to ... | 16595002 | PMC1481613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Apr 4; 6:45 |
Background
Experts believe that hhhealthcare quality and safety must be investigated within the framework of systems and contextual factors in which errors and adverse events occur. [1-8] Vincent and colleagues describe several factors that influence clinical practice: organizational factors such as safety climate and ... | 16584553 | PMC1481614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Apr 3; 6:44 |
Background
Ready, steady, go! As suggested by everyday experience and substantiated by numerous studies, performance can be improved when events are expected. Research on selective attention has examined expectancy effects regarding various perceptual dimensions of the forthcoming task. For instance, in a typical modal... | 16674805 | PMC1481615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 May 4; 7:37 |
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in which early symptoms can appear in young adults between 20 and 40 years old. This condition damages the myelin shield of neurons in the brain, spinal cord and optical nerves. As a consequence of that, it produces se... | 16712715 | PMC1481616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 May 19; 7:39 |
Background
The 5-HT3 receptor is a pentameric neurotransmitter gated ion channel that acts as a molecular switch at synapses [1]. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are used clinically for the prevention of emesis, and may be useful in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and alcoholism [2]. Interestingly, mice lacking th... | 16571125 | PMC1481617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Mar 29; 7:27 |
Background
Recent studies have proposed that cytokines and growth factors may influence the outcome of the damage induced by neurodegenerative diseases [1,2]. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) represents the prototype of a large family of growth factors that regulate cell growth, development, differentiation and c... | 16712723 | PMC1481618 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 May 19; 7:40 |
Background
Transcriptional responses are modulated by DNA-binding proteins known as transcription factors, which typically bind sets of similar DNA sequences (cis-regulatory elements). Cognate binding sites for a transcription factor exhibit position-specific variation. Critical residues that mediate transcription fact... | 16700920 | PMC1481619 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 15; 7:254 |
Background
The large amount of supporting resources necessary to replicate biomedical experiments includes but is not limited to raw data, experimental design specifications, specific software, statistical models, and experimental protocols. Researchers interested in extending or replicating results detailed in a publi... | 16712726 | PMC1481620 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 19; 7:260 |
Background
After the completion of the genomic sequencing of organisms, integrative post-genomic studies and the systems biology approach have emerged with the aim of developing a more complete understanding of cell physiology. Attempts at data integration for the model organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae were reviewed ... | 16611354 | PMC1481621 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 12; 7:203 |
Background
Tiling micro arrays query genomic sequence in a manner not biased towards coding transcripts and has proven a valuable resource in the exploration of genomic expression. To date, the approach has been applied to Human, Arabidopsis, and Rice [3-11] and has been reviewed recently [12,13]. The challenge of tili... | 16672042 | PMC1481622 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 3; 7:239 |
Background
The analysis of gene expression data generated by microarrays, such as the high-density oligonucleotide microarays produced by Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA), is an often laborious process in which a basic understanding of molecular biology, computer science and statistics is required. In a typical microarray ... | 16512908 | PMC1481623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 2; 7:105 |
Background
With the completion of genome sequences of many species, comparative analysis of these organisms becomes increasingly important in understanding the function and evolution of genes and proteins. Comparison of the genome sequences between worm and yeast has revealed that most of the core biological functions ... | 16725050 | PMC1481624 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 25; 7:269 |
Background
Advances in DNA sequencing technology in recent years has seen the completion of a large number of genomes, with the completion of many more planned for the future. However, the generation of a DNA sequence map is only the first step in obtaining an understanding of an organism or species. One of the main go... | 16725034 | PMC1481625 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 25; 7:268 |
Background
Sentinel node biopsy has become a common surgical procedure in the treatment of breast cancer. [1] This procedure can predict the presence of nodal metastasis with high accuracy and thereby prevent morbid axillary clearance in node negative breast cancer patients. This useful technique requires the intra-ope... | 16707007 | PMC1481626 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 May 17; 4:26 |
Background
Metastatic tumors to breast represent a mere 1–2% of all breast tumors [1,2]. Common tumors that metastasize to the breast include those from the lung, prostate, thyroid, kidney, hematopoietic system, and malignant melanoma [3-5]. In children, rhabdomyosarcoma is reported to be the most common primary source... | 16566835 | PMC1481627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Mar 27; 4:15 |
Background
Desmoid is derived from the Greek word "desmos", meaning band-like. The tumors are defined as benign fibrous tissue tumors arising in the musculoaponeurotic structures throughout the body. There is no report of metastasis for desmoid tumor, however, desmoid tumor sometimes shows locally invasive growth [1]. ... | 16740152 | PMC1481628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 1; 4:27 |
Background
Lipomas are the most commonly encountered benign mesenchymal tumors, arising in any location where fat is normally present. Their occurrence in the head and neck is relatively rare [1], most commonly presenting in the posterior subcutaneous neck [2,3]. However, lipomas involving the deep parotid lobe are ext... | 16740172 | PMC1481629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 2; 4:28 |
i. Introduction
The goal of gene-enhanced tissue engineering is to regenerate lost tissue by the local delivery of cells that have been genetically-enhanced to deliver physiologic levels of specific growth factors. The basis for this approach lies in the presence of a population of progenitor cells that can be induced,... | 16725030 | PMC1481630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 May 25; 2:16 |
Introduction
Dentoalveolar surgery and especially surgical removal of third molar teeth continues to be the most common surgical procedure performed in the speciality of oral & maxillofacial surgery.
The surgical removal of third molar teeth may result in a number of complications including pain, swelling, bleeding, a... | 16725024 | PMC1481631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 May 25; 2:14 |
Background
Noroviruses constitute a genus in the family Caliciviridae and are the most frequent cause of foodborne viral gastroenteritis epidemics [1]. The norovirus genome is a 7.7 kb, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA that is polyadenylated at the 3' end. The genome codes for three open reading frames. ORF1 encodes... | 16719923 | PMC1481632 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 May 23; 3:33 |
Findings
Causing more than 450,000 deaths per year, group A rotaviruses are the most important cause of acute diarrhea in children throughout the world [1].
Based on the antigenicity and amino acid differences from the two outermost proteins, VP4 and VP7 respectively, group A rotaviruses are classified into P and G-ty... | 16725029 | PMC1481633 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 May 25; 3:35 |
Background
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the etiological agent for hepatitis E. It has been the cause of large epidemics as well as many sporadic cases of acute viral hepatitis in much of the developing world [1-5]. The viral genome is a single-stranded 7.2-kb polyadenylated RNA of positive sense containing three open rea... | 16725054 | PMC1481634 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 May 26; 3:38 |
Findings
Antiviral drugs against influenza virus play an important role in the treatment and prevention of human influenza infection. The adamantanes have been used for decades and resistance to this class of drugs has become prevalent in some parts of the world [1]. The neuraminidase inhibitor, oseltamivir, is current... | 16729896 | PMC1481635 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 May 29; 3:39 |
The problems of the overwhelming amount of medical literature have been thoughtfully highlighted in the
PLoS Medicine editorial “Drowning or Thirsting: The Extremes of Availability of Medical Information” [
1]. It is of vital importance to medical professionals that they improve on their skills of sifting through the h... | 16789801 | PMC1481641 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 27; 3(6):e278 |
Hartley et al. [
1] have recently proposed an epidemiological model for the dynamics of cholera that explicitly incorporates a hyperinfectious stage of the pathogen
Vibrio cholerae, following laboratory findings that passage of the bacterium through the gastrointestinal tract results in a short-lived more highly infect... | 16789802 | PMC1481642 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 27; 3(6):e280 |
We read with interest the article by Mackie et al. entitled “Lessons on Ethical Decision Making from the Bioscience Industry” [
1]. The authors recognise some study limitations, including the possibility of social desirability bias, but fail to address other limitations that in our view seriously weaken the paper.
Fi... | 16789803 | PMC1481643 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 27; 3(6):e281 |
We congratulate Hotez et al. [
1] for a compelling and important paper that challenges the global health audience to address neglected tropical diseases affecting the poor and powerless in resource-poor settings. Full support should be given to the call for a global strategy to tackle the neglected “gang of four,” whic... | 16789804 | PMC1481644 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 27; 3(6):e282 |
We have read the article by Hotez et al. [
1] and the letter by Torreele et al. [
2].
The priority today is immediate action to expand delivery of effective tools and to strengthen the capacity of health and innovative delivery systems in the poorest sections of endemic countries to tackle the control, elimination, a... | 16789805 | PMC1481645 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 27; 3(6):e283 |
We appreciate the comments by our colleagues from the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) highlighting the importance of research and development programs for a new generation of control tools (e.g., drugs, diagnostics, vaccines, surveillance instruments) to combat the neglected tropical diseases [
1]. Indee... | 0 | PMC1481646 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 27; 3(6):e284 |
In my section of the
PLoS Medicine Debate entitled “What Are the Public Health Effects of Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising?” [
1], I noted that a two-year moratorium on direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising of new drugs could “avoid another Vioxx tragedy, in which drug marketing got well ahead of the science.” Contra... | 0 | PMC1481647 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 27; 3(6):e285 |
Merck has always been committed to the highest standards of scientific integrity, patient safety, and ethics. In his part of the
PLoS Medicine Debate entitled “What Are the Public Health Effects of Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising,” Richard Kravitz incorrectly characterizes Merck's actions surrounding Vioxx [
1].
... | 16789808 | PMC1481648 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:42 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 27; 3(6):e286 |
We thank Boyd and Rogers for their comments [
1] about our article “Lessons on Ethical Decision Making from the Bioscience Industry” [
2].
In response to their first point, we would like to refer them to our book, entitled
BioIndustry Ethics, on which our article was based [
3]. In the introduction of the book, we pr... | 0 | PMC1481649 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Jun 27; 3(6):e288 |
Background
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), produced by activated T and NK cells [1], macrophages and dendritic cells [2], has important immunomodulatory and inflammatory actions [3,4]. The activities of IFN-γ are initiated following association of the cytokine with a membrane-bound receptor (IFNGR) present on many cell types... | 16716222 | PMC1481661 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 May 22; 6:25 |
Background
One of the common obstacles encountered in gene therapy trials is the potential deleterious effect of the integration of the ectopic gene to the cellular genome. As an example a serious adverse event after successful gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency has been described with a LMO2-as... | 16732889 | PMC1481662 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 May 29; 6:26 |
Background
Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) is used extensively and routinely in plant genome analysis (an excellent kaleidoscope of representative papers describing relevant techniques has recently been published [1]). It is particularly useful for applications such as comparing genome organisation in series ... | 16549000 | PMC1481663 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:16 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Mar 20; 6:20 |
Background
The potential of health care information technology to support clinical and research activities has not been fully explored in developing countries. Proper assessment of the processes and outcomes of care is required before resources can be appropriately allocated and care interventions can be planned. Havin... | 16606466 | PMC1482308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:57 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Apr 10; 6:21 |
Background
West Nile virus spread in North American and Canada
West Nile virus was first isolated in 1937 in the West Nile district of Uganda. Since then, Egypt, Israel, South Africa, and in parts of Europe, Asia and North America have reported West Nile virus infections. In North America, West Nile virus was first rep... | 16626490 | PMC1482309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Apr 20; 5:17 |
Background
The "focal" nature of arboviruses suggests that there are inherent landscape factors underlying the timing and distribution of transmission [1]. Human-induced land use land cover (LULC) changes are the primary drivers of a range of arbovirus disease outbreaks and emergence events and also modifiers of the tr... | 16684354 | PMC1482310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 May 9; 5:18 |
Background
DNA microarrays enable researchers to conduct large-scale quantitative experiments on gene expression, which can elucidate the mechanisms and the prediction of biological processes, the assignment of functions to previously un-annotated genes, the grouping of genes into functional pathways, and the predictio... | 16677401 | PMC1482311 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 8; 7:110 |
Background
Adiponectin (also known as AdipoQ, APM1, and Acrp30) is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that acts as an antidiabetic [1-5], antiinflammatory [6,7], and antiatherogenic [8-10] adipokine. Plasma adiponectin levels are significantly reduced in obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, a... | 16700915 | PMC1482678 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 May 15; 5:11 |
Findings
Primary afferent fibers have been classified into three major types, C-, Aδ-, and Aβ-fibers. To unveil the specific role of each of these fiber types in pain sensation, many in vivo models have been developed. In many cases, the animals' response to various painful stimuli, consisting of thermal, mechanical or... | 16681855 | PMC1482679 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 May 8; 2:16 |
Background
Protein kinase C activation involves translocation from the cytosol to binding domains at cell membranes of dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord [1,2]. There are at least twelve isoforms of PKC. Several of these isoforms are concentrated in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, an anatomical indicati... | 16584564 | PMC1482680 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Apr 3; 2:13 |
Background
We have developed the Peptidomatrix, a method for the quantitative analysis of proteins in biological samples. The method's main thrust is that peptides, derived from proteolytic digestion of all the proteins in the sample, rather than the proteins themselves, are assayed. The assay is a competition ELISA an... | 16737525 | PMC1482681 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 May 31; 4:12 |
Disease name and synonyms
Pfeiffer syndrome (OMIM 101600)
Acrocephalosyndactyly, type V (ACS5)
ACS V
Noack syndrome (included)
Craniofacial-skeletal-dermatologic dysplasia (included)
Definition
Pfeiffer syndrome is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited disorder that associates craniosynostosis, broad thumbs and bi... | 16740155 | PMC1482682 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Jun 1; 1:19 |
Background
U.S. health insurance markets
This section is provided for readers with no background understanding of U.S. health insurance markets. The U.S. has many forms of private and public health insurance, with different levels of regulatory control and oversight. Persons over age 64 who have contributed to the Soci... | 16700904 | PMC1482683 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 May 15; 5:19 |
Introduction
The fusion process of HIV envelope (Env) is a highly concerted and cooperative process between viral particles and human target cells. HIV Env mediated fusion is initiated through gp120 interactions with cell surface CD4 [1]. These interactions lead to conformational changes in Env, which expose binding si... | 16725045 | PMC1482684 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 May 25; 3:36 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a blood-borne pathogen belonging to the Flaviviridae family, is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, progressive liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma [1,2]. The HCV genome is positive-strand 9.6 kb RNA which encodes a single open reading frame (ORF) flanked by 5'and 3' highly st... | 16725047 | PMC1482685 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 May 25; 3:37 |
Introduction
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of viral hepatitis in humans worldwide. Currently over two billion people have evidence of previous HBV infection and 350 million have become chronic carriers of the virus, 60 million of them residing in Africa [1]. In the Gambia, where HBV is endemic, the preva... | 16594999 | PMC1482686 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Apr 4; 3:23 |
Background
The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) was developed in the early 1990s and later revised from a interview to self-administered symptom-profile instrument [1,2] to describe health-related quality of life (HRQoL).
The MRS scale became internationally well accepted as far as the usage in numerous countries is conce... | 16737531 | PMC1482687 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 May 31; 4:32 |
Upon re-examination of all dates of birth and death of cases described in this paper [1], the ages at death of the following cases presented in Table 1 need to be corrected as follows:
Table 1 Case Reported age at death Actual age at death
3 71 70
6 83 82
7 73 72
8 77 76
9 75 76
12 75 74
13 83 82
14 77 76
16 ... | 0 | PMC1482688 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Apr 6; 3:9 |
Introduction
Injury in the CNS produces a multi-faceted, complex cascade of events that includes immunological changes such as activation of the complement system and generation of antibodies, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and production of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress. Ac... | 16594997 | PMC1482689 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Apr 4; 3:8 |
Background
Smoking is a major public health problem all around the world, especially in developing countries. It is estimated that by 2025, 75% of early deaths in developing countries will be due to smoking-related illnesses [1]. One third of the global population aged 15 years and over (approximately 1.1 billion peopl... | 16686941 | PMC1482690 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 10; 6:128 |
Background
Caenorhabditis elegans is a small, soil-dwelling nematode with a simple body plan formed by 959 somatic cells in adult hermaphrodites and 1031 somatic cells in adult males. Under laboratory conditions, C. elegans develops from a one cell embryo to a fertile adult in 3–5 days, depending on culture temperature... | 16759361 | PMC1482691 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 May 12; 1:6 |
Introduction
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that compensates the shortening of the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes occurring during the cell cycle. This RNA-dependent DNA polymerase provides the basis for an unlimited proliferation. Its activity is absent in most normal human somatic cells, including breast tissue, b... | 16749934 | PMC1482692 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Jun 2; 5:17 |
Background
Much attention has focused on the growth hormones antagonists from the natural sources for the treatment of prostate cancer are being developed to block the activity of IGFs or to promote the activity of IGFBP-3; these agents may offer additional ways of stimulating apoptosis in malignant cancer cells. Querc... | 16600019 | PMC1482693 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Apr 6; 5:10 |
Background
Occasionally, "natural experiments" occur that provide the opportunity to evaluate the influence of changes in emissions on changes in ambient concentrations and/or health effects. For example, the closing and reopening of a steel mill in Utah Valley was associated with changes in PM10 concentrations and res... | 16729881 | PMC1482694 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 May 26; 5:16 |
Background
Mental disorders rank almost as high as cardiovascular diseases in the total global burden of diseases (9.7% versus 10.5%, respectively)[1]. It is estimated by WHO[2] that depression will be the single most important cause of disability by the year 2020 in the developing world.
Minor psychiatric disorders h... | 16734911 | PMC1482695 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 May 30; 5:17 |
Background
Piroplasmosis in cattle is caused by tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasites comprising several Theileria and Babesia species [1,2]. These diseases are of serious health and economic concern in several parts of the world, including tropical and temperate countries. In Spain the main malignant piroplasm species c... | 16684356 | PMC1482696 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 May 9; 2:16 |
Background
Xylitol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that has been shown to markedly reduce tooth decay. The substitution of xylitol for sucrose in confections and foods may significantly decrease dental caries (for reviews see [1-3]). Published studies and prevention programs using xylitol have followed the dose ... | 16556326 | PMC1482697 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Mar 24; 6:6 |
Background
Emerging diseases have been a matter of great concern recently: the sudden appearance of SARS and the recent spread of bird's flu raise the question of how microbes evolve into pathogens to human not only an important but also an urgent question to answer. Most microbes have a benign symbiotic relationship w... | 16684363 | PMC1482698 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 10; 7:112 |
Background
The use of mouse models has provided valuable insight into the etiology of monogenic syndromes caused by single gene mutations. However, such models do not mimic the genetic complexity of disease traits commonly seen in the human population. Complex traits, such as polygenic growth and obesity are influenced... | 16670015 | PMC1482699 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 2; 7:102 |
Background
Introns, first discovered in 1977 [1], are genomic sequences that are removed from the corresponding RNA transcripts of genes. The most abundant class are spliceosomal introns, which are found in the nuclear genomes of all characterized eukaryotes, and rely on spliceosomes – a complex that comprises five RNA... | 16712733 | PMC1482700 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 19; 7:120 |
Background
Exercise Referral Schemes (ERSs) in the UK involve a recommendation from a clinician to a patient concerning the up-take of physical activity, based upon certain pre-determined criteria. The patient then attends a local exercise centre, where an advanced exercise instructor will create an appropriate individ... | 16725021 | PMC1482701 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 May 25; 6:61 |
Background
Two striking demographic shifts, evident in today's workforce in general, are also apparent in the medical profession. One is the entry of a new generation of physicians, Generation Xers, and the other is the influx of women into the medical profession. Gen Xers include the twenty- and thirty-something women... | 16677387 | PMC1482702 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 May 5; 6:55 |
Background
For people with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, depression may be associated with pain sensitivity and with less effective coping with the illness. Zautra and Smith [1] used a measure of depressive symptom severity (the Mental Health Inventory) to assess the impact of depression in a volunteer sampl... | 16638139 | PMC1482703 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Apr 25; 7:37 |
Background
Developmental assessment is a core learning outcome for paediatric and child health students, so when a survey of medical graduates' skills identified a lack of confidence in this area, a program was developed with the aims of increasing both confidence and respect for the parental role. This study evaluates... | 16716208 | PMC1482704 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 May 22; 6:29 |
Background
Both T- and B-cell immune responses to tumour-derived proteins have been identified in many cancer patients, however the responses are generally insufficient to result in tumour clearance. One of the challenges in cancer treatment is to enhance this anti-tumour immune response, perhaps by identifying novel t... | 16603084 | PMC1482705 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2006 Apr 8; 4:2 |
Background
Pancreatic metastases from previously treated renal cell carcinoma are known but uncommon. Surgical resection of pancreatic metastasis remains the only worthwhile modality of treatment. We describe our experience where a pancreatic metastasis from previously resected right sided renal cell carcinoma was rese... | 16704739 | PMC1482706 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 May 17; 4:25 |
Background
Spaceflight has been shown to cause atrophy, reduced functional capacity, and increased fatigue in skeletal muscles of the lower limbs, with the greatest change observed in "anti-gravity" muscles, primarily the leg extensors [1-5]. The mechanisms of these losses are not fully understood but can be attributed... | 16613607 | PMC1482707 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Apr 13; 3:8 |
Background
Spinal manipulation is the most commonly performed therapeutic procedure provided by doctors of chiropractic [1]. Likewise, chiropractic techniques have evolved over the past few decades providing clinicians with new choices in the delivery of particular force-time profiles that are deemed appropriate for a ... | 16597343 | PMC1482708 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Apr 6; 14:6 |
Background
In vitro maturation (IVM) is a culture technology that enables a high proportion of fully-grown oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage to reach metaphase II (MII). When mature, the oocytes may be fertilised in vitro and they become available for transfer to a physiologically synchronised reproductive tra... | 16595009 | PMC1482709 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Apr 4; 4:14 |
Background
Experiments have demonstrated that subliminal stimuli elicit a variety of cognitive and behavioral responses [1,2]. These stimuli, when used as cues, facilitate identification of primed stimuli [3,4], and improve the speed and accuracy of responses in numerical processing and lexical decision tasks [5-7]. It... | 16700922 | PMC1482710 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:49 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 May 16; 2:17 |
Background
Morphological and genotype studies have shown that different Helicobacter species are involved in animal infections. Few cause diseases in humans [1].
Helicobacter species have been isolated from the stomach of various mammals, including dogs, cats, ferrets, pigs, monkeys and cheetahs, all of which are asso... | 16719920 | PMC1482711 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 May 23; 6:86 |
The physician as poet
1.
Peter Pereira is a physician who has lived in Seattle, WA. for most of his life. He did his undergraduate work in both Biology and English, before attending the University of Washington Medical School. One of a growing number of doctors who balance the craft of medicine with poetry's intuitive... | 0 | PMC1482712 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 May 17; 1:8 |
Background
Identifying peer reviewers is an important part of an editor's job. This task is especially difficult for general journals that cover a wide range of subject areas, many of which will be outside the editor's own area of expertise. If reviewers are unsuitable (e.g. do not know enough about the subject or are ... | 16734897 | PMC1482713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Med. 2006 May 30; 4:13 |
Background
Metastasis and treatment failure is a significant cause of death in invasive Cervical Cancer (CC). Although combination chemotherapy with cisplatin as a primary agent has been commonly used in CC, the overall survival rate did not significantly improve [1]. Despite the obvious role of invasion and metastasis... | 16700909 | PMC1482714 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 May 15; 5:16 |
Introduction
The endothelium is a dynamic, heterogeneous, disseminated organ that possesses vital secretory, synthetic, metabolic and immunologic functions. In vivo endothelial cells (EC) represent a large population of quiescent cells lining the vessels. Macrovascular EC rarely divide with a turnover rate of approxima... | 16600025 | PMC1482715 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Immun Ageing. 2006 Apr 6; 3:4 |
Background
Sepsis is considered a leading cause of death worldwide with approximately 18 millions cases annually and a mortality rate of almost 30% [1]. In Colombia, the country in which this study will be conducted, there are no national estimates of sepsis incidence. However, our previous investigations have provided... | 16729879 | PMC1482716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Trials. 2006 May 26; 7:19 |
Background
Natural killer cells were initially defined as a heterogeneous population of large granular lymphocytes that were able to spontaneously kill target cells. Human natural killer cells were later phenotypically defined as CD3-/CD56+ lymphocytes [1], and can be divided into distinct functional subsets, the CD56b... | 16643649 | PMC1482717 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Apr 27; 7:10 |
Introduction
For successful pregnancy to occur, establishment of hemochorial placentation is essential. The process of placenta formation involves tissue morphogenesis [1], activation of matrix metalloproteases [2], and active suppression of immune function [3,4]. Placental expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs),... | 16725035 | PMC1482718 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 May 25; 4:22 |
Background
Congenital deficiency of factor V (parahemophilia) is a rare inherited disorder of coagulation which appears to follow an autosomal recessive or partially dominant pattern [1-4]. Although the clinical features are rather mild compared with hemophilia, any surgical procedure undertaken without replacement the... | 16712730 | PMC1482719 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 May 19; 6:7 |
Background
Chaos game representation was proposed as a scale-independent representation for genomic sequences by H.J. Jeffrey [1]. A CGR of a DNA sequence is plotted in a unit square, the four vertices of which are labelled by the nucleotides A-(0,0), C-(0,1), G-(1,1), T-(1,0). The plotting procedure can be described b... | 16677374 | PMC1482720 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 5; 7:243 |
Background
Taxonomies and ontologies are of increasing importance in functional genomics and molecular biology, and the Gene Ontology [1] has established itself as one of the most important computational resources in these and related fields. Several of the ontologies in the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Consortium,... | 16623942 | PMC1482721 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 19; 7:212 |
Background
The numerous gene clusters identified thus far in molecular biology by high throughput analyses such as transcriptomic or proteomic technologies need to be understood according to the biological conditions under study. However, often only highly specialized individual biologists have an in-depth knowledge ab... | 16674810 | PMC1482722 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 4; 7:241 |
Background
The study of mammalian transcription based on high throughput gene expression data has primarily focused on the identification of individual differentially expressed genes, co-regulated gene sets and genes with inferred functional similarity based on co-expression under various conditions. Investigators have... | 16670008 | PMC1482723 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 2; 7:236 |
Background
The development of a mature and diverse adaptive immune response in vertebrate species require DNA rearrangements of the variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes in the immunoglobulin (IG) loci of B lymphocytes, and in the T cell receptor (TR) loci of T lymphocytes [1,2]. Recombination is made by RA... | 16640788 | PMC1482724 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 26; 7:224 |
Background
This research focuses on the problem of retrieval from MEDLINE for gene queries. The ability to retrieve the correct set of documents about genes is at the foundation of a fast growing variety of text-based solutions in bioinformatics. Whether the end goal is to automatically identify gene disease relationsh... | 16630348 | PMC1482725 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:13:17 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 21; 7:220 |
Introduction
Immunology of infectious diseases has focused mainly on the effector immune response, changes in the blood and peripheral lymphoid organs of infected individuals, and vaccine development. In comparison, studies on the thymus under the biological pressure of an infectious agent have been few, although the ... | 16846255 | PMC1483230 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e62 |
Introduction
Listeriosis during pregnancy can lead to intrauterine infection resulting in severe complications such as preterm labor, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, or infection of the neonate resulting in high morbidity and mortality [1,2]. Despite its clinical importance, little is known about the molecular and ce... | 16846254 | PMC1483233 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:34 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Jun 30; 2(6):e66 |
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