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Background
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of HIV mediates virus fusion and entry into susceptible cells [1]. Env consists of a trimer of gp120/gp41 heterodimers, in which gp120 is the external surface subunit (SU) responsible for engaging cellular receptors and gp41 is the transmembrane subunit (TM) that mediates memb... | 16817962 | PMC1543650 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jul 3; 3:39 |
Background
International Medical Graduates (IMGs) comprised 20.8% of the family physician workforce in 1995 [1]. In 2003, this number increased to 22.1% and is expected to continue to rise, given the large increase of IMGs entering family medicine residency programmes [1].
Historically, family medicine has a smaller p... | 16848909 | PMC1543651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Jul 18; 4:17 |
Background
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily [1]. It functions as a transcription factor, heterodimerizes with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and regulates the expression of target genes by binding to the PPAR response elements (PPERs). The PPARγ, in... | 16854216 | PMC1543652 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 19; 6:191 |
Background
Gene silencing associated with aberrant promoter methylation has been suggested as an alternate pathway for development of cancer [1]. This form of epigenetic change contributes to tumor initiation and progression by transcriptional silencing of tumor-suppressor genes. Several genes have been shown to be epi... | 16848908 | PMC1543653 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jul 18; 5:28 |
Background
The cerebral arterial circle (CAC, also known as circle of Willis, Circulus Arteriosus Cerebri) was described by Thomas Willis in 1664, but in majority of cases there are some variations from the original definition.
Previous studies have proposed correlation between variants of the CAC and some cerebrovasc... | 16796761 | PMC1543654 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jun 24; 6:22 |
Background
The spontaneous horizontal deviation of the eyes is a striking symptom in acute stroke. Correspondingly, its evaluation is part of different clinical stroke scales, including the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [1], the European Stroke Scale [2], or the Scandinavian Stroke Scale [3,4]. It seems as... | 16800885 | PMC1543655 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jun 26; 6:23 |
Background
In mammals, the early antigen independent phase of B lymphopoiesis takes place in the intersinusoidal spaces in the bone marrow (BM). Here, the B cell progeny mature from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) via early lymphoid progenitors (ELP, comprising common lymphoid progenitors and early B), pro-B, pre-B and ... | 16808837 | PMC1543656 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Jun 29; 7:13 |
Background
Nepal is a Himalayan kingdom located between China and India. Infant mortality rate in Nepal was 64 per 1000 live births in 2001 [1]. Among childhood deaths in developing countries around 27% result from Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) and another 23% from diarrhoea [2]. Acute diarrhoeal diseases (ADD) an... | 16719911 | PMC1543657 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2006 May 23; 6:7 |
Background
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immune-mediated pulmonary disease caused by repeated inhalation of mainly microbial and animal (glyco-) protein dusts. The most common syndromes are bird fanciers' lung and farmers' lung. HP forms a substantial and important subgroup of interstitial lung diseases [1], ... | 16800875 | PMC1543658 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Jun 26; 6:16 |
Background
The glaucomas are a common group of diseases sharing a characteristic pattern of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration and optic nerve head excavation [1-3]. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is a significant predisposing risk factor for glaucoma, and all current glaucoma treatments aim to manipulate t... | 16827931 | PMC1543659 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Jul 7; 4:20 |
Background
The wide availability of molecular techniques, especially high-throughput nucleotide sequence determination, has enabled various typing schemes that were initially based on the reaction of bacterial surface proteins with immunological reagents to be redefined on the basis of the deduced peptide sequences of ... | 16790057 | PMC1543660 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 21; 7:314 |
Background
When females copulate with more than one partner, competition for fertilizations occurs after insemination. Such post-copulatory sexual selection can be a potent evolutionary force, as is evidenced by the numerous male behavioral, physiological, and morphological adaptations that influence sperm competition,... | 16800877 | PMC1543661 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jun 26; 6:53 |
Background
Alternative splicing (AS) can have a biologically relevant effect on protein structure, as it allows the shuffling of protein domains rather than disrupting them [1]. Consequently, alternative splicing can modulate the function of a gene, affecting, for instance, the signal peptides and the transmembrane seg... | 16792801 | PMC1543662 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jun 22; 6:50 |
Background
Once a free-living α-proteobacterium, the mitochondrion has experienced numerous gene losses over time as part of its endosymbiotic lifestyle, leading to a greatly reduced number and diversity of genes [1]. Although functional translocation of coding sequences from the mitochondrion to the nucleus has essent... | 16842621 | PMC1543663 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jul 14; 6:55 |
Background
The Great Lakes in the East African Rift Valley (Fig. 1a) are home to an exceptionally diverse ichthyofauna [1-4]. The most famous elements of the lakes' faunas are the cichlid fishes that have formed species flocks of an unparalleled species-richness and degree of eco-morphological and behavioral complexity... | 16784525 | PMC1543664 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:48 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jun 19; 6:49 |
In
PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 7: DOI:
10.1371/journal.pbio.0040193
In the abstract, the mortality rate is described as being negatively correlated with multiplication rate, whereas it is positively correlated.
Citation: Viruses' life history: Towards a mechanistic basis of a trade-off between survival and reprodu... | 0 | PMC1543689 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:45:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 15; 4(8):e273 |
The diversity of life on Earth is dramatically affected by human alterations of ecosystems [
1]. Compelling evidence now shows that the reverse is also true: biodiversity in the broad sense affects the properties of ecosystems and, therefore, the benefits that humans obtain from them. In this article, we provide a synt... | 16895442 | PMC1543691 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 15; 4(8):e277 |
From physics to ecology, one formidable goal of scientific exploration is determining the forces at work in nature and how these forces organize our world. In trying to uncover simple laws, scientists must balance the accuracy and complexity necessary to describe essential mechanisms. Sir Isaac Newton's laws of motion ... | 16895443 | PMC1543692 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 15; 4(8):e278 |
Almost daily, we can read newspaper articles voicing concerns about alien species and their impacts on native biodiversity, economic resources, and human health. Alien or non-native species introductions by humans rank as one of the two top factors (after habitat loss) leading to declines in biological diversity [1]. T... | 16895444 | PMC1543693 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Aug 15; 4(8):e279 |
Background
Although the ileocaecal region is the most commonly affected part of the intestine in intestinal tuberculosis, involvement of the appendix is rare, occurring in only about 1.5 to 3 % of cases. The appendix may either be involved secondary to ileocaecal tuberculosis, or to tuberculosis at another site within ... | 16872481 | PMC1544321 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Jul 26; 1:22 |
Findings
Currently available disease-modifying agents for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce the frequency and severity of relapses. They have to be given parenterally, are only partially effective, and are associated with adverse effects and high costs. An open-label clinical trial assessing simvastatin i... | 16859542 | PMC1544322 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Jul 21; 3:16 |
Background
Involvement in the criminal justice system (CJS) creates particular difficulties for persons with HIV and Hepatitis C, many of whom have histories of injection drug use (IDU) and substantial criminal records [1]. The case of Mr. Scott Ortiz, as revealed in the public trial transcripts in the Bronx NY during ... | 16867186 | PMC1544323 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Jul 24; 3:21 |
Background
Health care managers seeking to implement organisational and system-wide information system interventions to support improvements in clinical practice have a wide selection of possibilities from which to choose. However when selection criteria include evidence of intervention effectiveness the options rapidl... | 16872507 | PMC1544324 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jul 27; 6:31 |
1. Background
African cities have experienced tremendous population growth over the last few decades, and most of the future population growth in the region is expected to occur in urban areas [1]. Unfortunately, this rapid pace of urbanization has been occurring amidst declining economies, leading to inability of loca... | 16831231 | PMC1544325 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Jul 11; 5:9 |
Background
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has a substantial genetic component, but identification of susceptibility genes has been limited by the large number of loci and small effect size. Defective insulin action is widely accepted as one element in the progression of metabolic syndrome to impaired glucose tolerance and T2DM... | 16869959 | PMC1544326 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jul 25; 7:62 |
Background
Surgical resection remains the only treatment modality offering the possibility of cure for patients with gastric cancer. Nevertheless, the extent of resection required for potentially curative operations remains controversial. Opposite to japanese studies (D3 and D4 lymph node dissection) [1], different tri... | 16796759 | PMC1544327 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jun 24; 4:34 |
Background
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, is a member of the Kinetoplastidae, an early-diverging group of protozoa. This organism is the most important parasite in Latin America, while its close relatives Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania cause African sleeping sickness and the leishmaniases respective... | 16824206 | PMC1544328 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jul 6; 6:32 |
Background
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains are an important cause of human and animal diarrhea. In humans, EPEC are a substantial cause of infant mortality in developing countries. In rabbit production, especially newly weaned animals are highly vulnerable to EPEC. The attaching and effacing virulence ... | 16796739 | PMC1544329 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jun 23; 2:22 |
Background
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases are fatal diseases of the central nervous system, characterized by long incubation periods before neurological symptoms appear. TSEs were initially described in sheep as a transmissible disease named scrapie, and in man, as Creutzfeldt-Jakob ... | 16764717 | PMC1544330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jun 9; 2:19 |
Background
Although dietary vitamin E intakes are low relative to recommended intakes, vitamin E is among the most frequently purchased single nutrient dietary supplements in the US, particularly among older adults [1]. A systematic review of the literature concluded that vitamin E dietary supplements are safe for the ... | 16857056 | PMC1544331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jul 20; 3:29 |
Background
It is estimated that over 115 million people suffer from obesity related health conditions in the developing nations [1-3]. Obesity is a marker or risk factor for several illnesses, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [4]. An increase in body weight with an increase in age was ... | 16857048 | PMC1544332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jul 20; 4:44 |
Background
Addressing identified pockets of health disparities within various population sub-groups has become a major focus among leading cancer organizations as they work toward achieving their cancer control goals [1,2]. Researchers have identified health disparities among economic groups [3], ethnic groups [4], sex... | 16869975 | PMC1544333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 26; 6:194 |
Background
Migration and mental health
Migration that deals with the moving of people from one particular geographical area to another has long been under investigation in relation to its impact on mental health of the migrating people [1-4]. It has been argued that consequences of migration and resettlement pose certa... | 16831229 | PMC1544334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 10; 6:182 |
Background
Patients' trust in the health care system and trust in health care professionals are essential prerequisites for the effectiveness of health care [1-3]. Trust in health care is an indicator for support of the health care sector [4,5]. Trust in a health care professional is an important condition for a good r... | 16848897 | PMC1544335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 18; 6:188 |
Background
Scotland's health is generally poor in comparison to other Western European countries, [1,2] with the worst all cause mortality rate amongst those of working age [2]. Why this is the case is the focus of on-going research. Studies have particularly focused on Scotland's health record in comparison to that of... | 16859539 | PMC1544336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 21; 6:191 |
Introduction
Hip fractures owing to osteoporosis are common among elderly, and involve pain, loss of independence, reduced life expectancy, and substantial healthcare costs [1-6]. In biomechanical terms, the risk for an osteoporotic hip fracture is determined by the combination of factors inherent to the bone quality (... | 16854237 | PMC1544337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jul 19; 5:45 |
Background
The increase in international air travel, and the increasing transmission of dengue in the tropics mean that health care providers in western countries are more likely to be confronted with travel-acquired dengue infections [1]. Worldwide, dengue is nowadays regarded as the most important arboviral disease o... | 16859538 | PMC1544338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 21; 6:120 |
Background
Halophilic archaea (hereafter haloarchaea) predominate in NaCl-saturated aquatic ecosystems in which the salinity increases up to about ten-times the average seawater concentration. Further concentration of thalassic (seawater derived) hypersaline environments leads to the precipitation of magnesium salts th... | 16820047 | PMC1544339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 4; 7:169 |
Background
Animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is nearly always a closed circular molecule and, with a few exceptions [e.g. [1-4]], contains the same 37 genes, specifying 13 proteins, two ribosomal RNAs, and 22 tRNAs [5]. Sequences of these diminutive genomes have been broadly used to address phylogenetic questions rangin... | 16854241 | PMC1544340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 19; 7:182 |
Background
Unlike the other organs, human brain needs a constant oxygen supply in order to maintain its functional and structural integrity. The local amount of oxygen stored in the brain tissues is small compared to the metabolic needs, hence a specific mechanism is necessary in order to ensure the correct oxygenation... | 16854224 | PMC1544341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Jul 19; 3:16 |
Background
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a well-known agent of acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Around 400 million people worldwide carry the virus of which more than 250 million reside in Asia [1].
HBV has been classified into eight genotypes (A-H) according to the criterion of ... | 16863587 | PMC1544342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul 24; 6:20 |
Background
Most cases of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) arise with no clear cause. Several factors have been associated with an increased risk of disease including exposures to high doses of irradiation, to chemical benzene, to chemotherapy etc. Anticancer drugs, mainly alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibito... | 16872480 | PMC1544343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jul 26; 1:19 |
Review
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are found in nature as components of a broad range of molecular structures, such as cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids. Carbohydrate moieties of these structures play vital roles in cellular communication processes, as points of attachment for antibodies and other pro... | 16859553 | PMC1544344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Jul 21; 5:25 |
Background
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are common inhabitants of freshwater lakes and reservoirs throughout the world. Under favourable conditions, certain cyanobacteria can dominate the phytoplankton within a waterbody and form nuisance blooms. Anecdotal and case reports have documented skin rashes ... | 16573840 | PMC1544345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2006 Mar 31; 6:5 |
Background
The CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate cellular differentiation in a variety of tissues [1]. The C/EBP transcription factors consist of an activation domain, a DNA-binding basic region, and a leucine-rich dimerization domain. The structure of C/EBPα a... | 16774685 | PMC1544346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 14; 6:158 |
Background
Inhibitory projections are sometimes placed at decisive locations within the motor system and are therefore important for programming and controlling the execution of movement. One of these projections is the GABAergic Purkinje cell (PC) projection onto the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) neurons. This projecti... | 16872511 | PMC1544347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jul 27; 7:59 |
Background
The hyalinizing trabecular neoplasm (HTN) is a follicular derived lesion that has a distinctive histology. It was first described by Carney and colleagues in 1987 as an unusual tumor of thyroid with benign clinical behavior.[1] Microscopically, these tumors are encapsulated (usually thin capsule) and grow in... | 16867191 | PMC1544348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Jul 25; 3:17 |
Background
A variety of clinical and pathologic evidence indicates that tumors can stimulate immune responses, such as the presence of mononuclear cell infiltrates, composed of T-cells[1], NK cells[2], and macrophages[3] in many different tumors.
In the past few decades, a number of studies have established correlatio... | 16859557 | PMC1544349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Jul 21; 7:16 |
Background
Congenital absence of the iris is known as aniridia in humans. Aniridia is mostly a panocular defect leading to anterior and posterior segment defects that are associated with isolated cataracts, macular hypoplasia, keratitis, and Peter's anomaly [1]. One third of cases are sporadic and two thirds are famili... | 16803629 | PMC1544350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun 27; 6:28 |
Background
Massage therapy, the manual manipulation of soft body tissues to enhance health and well-being, is one of the oldest forms of medicine known to mankind and has been practiced worldwide since ancient times [1]. Today, more than 80 different forms of massage have been identified, many developed in the last 30 ... | 16796753 | PMC1544351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Jun 23; 6:24 |
Background
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and therapies has increased in Australia [1,2] as in many other developed countries [3,4], and 65–80% of the world's population use traditional medicine as their primary form of health care [5,6]. There are limited data on the extent of women's use of e... | 16780602 | PMC1544352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Jun 19; 6:21 |
Background
Coronary artery disease (CAD) in the United Kingdom accounted for over 117,000 deaths during 2002 and continues to represent a common cause of mortality in the UK and in most developed societies [1]. Current management options for CAD fall into three main categories, namely medical therapy, percutaneous tran... | 16820053 | PMC1544353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jul 4; 6:31 |
Background
Surgical emergency due to a perforated peptic ulcer – whether treated laparoscopically or by open repair – is associated with a significant postoperative morbidity and mortality [1,2]. Therefore, risk-stratification of these subjects provides surgeons with an important tool to plan the management. However, a... | 16780583 | PMC1544354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Jun 16; 6:8 |
Background
Tissue microarrays (TMA) are becoming a useful tool for research and quality control on immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization methods [1-3]. The conventional construction of a TMA block involves the use of a commercial TMA builder instrument to punch the cores from donor blocks, and the transf... | 16869973 | PMC1544355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Jul 25; 1:14 |
Background
The smallest genomes belong to bacterial obligate pathogens or intracellular symbionts of eukaryotes (e.g., Mollicutes, Rickettsiae, Spirochetes, Chlamydiae, and insect-associated gamma-proteobacteria). Phylogenetic analyses indicate that their small genome size is a derived state accompanying the transition... | 16848891 | PMC1544356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jul 18; 6:56 |
Background
Genetic markers hold great promise for refining our ability to establish precise prognostic prediction for diseases. The development of comprehensive, gene expression microarray technology has allowed the selection of relevant marker genes from a large pool of candidate genes in early-phased, developmental p... | 16549007 | PMC1544357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 20; 7:156 |
Background
Microarrays enable the simultaneous measurement of the expression levels of tens of thousands of genes and have found widespread application in biological and biomedical research. The use of microarrays to discover genes, which are differentially expressed between two or more groups of patients has many appl... | 16872483 | PMC1544358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 26; 7:359 |
Introduction
Plasma membrane disruption is a common form of cell injury observable under physiological conditions in a wide variety of mechanically active mammalian tissues [1]. Its occurrence was first detected in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract [2]. In mice fed membrane-impermeant microscopic markers of cell wounding... | 16933971 | PMC1544361 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 4(9):e276 |
Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects more than 58 million Americans and remains the most common cause of death in the U.S., with atherosclerosis accounting for the majority of these deaths [1,2]. CVD is also the leading cause of mortality in type 2 diabetics [3], and frequently precedes the manifestation of ... | 16787541 | PMC1550220 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Jun 20; 5:13 |
Background
The internet has become a frequently used and powerful tool for patients seeking medical information. A Harris Poll showed that between 1998–1999 more than 70 million adults used the internet to find health information, a number that was predicated to be rapidly increasing each month [1]. The number of healt... | 16787534 | PMC1550221 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:40 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Jun 20; 6:9 |
Background
Cerebral perfusion SPECT and metabolic PET imaging has been widely used for evaluation of functional abnormalities in patients with dementia and epilepsy [1,2]. CT or MRI is usually employed in the evaluation of brain structural abnormalities and may clearly delineate the anatomic extent of brain diseases. T... | 16836759 | PMC1550222 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2006 Jul 12; 6:4 |
Introduction
Osseointegrated endosseous implants are widely used for the rehabilitation of completely and partially edentulous patients, being the final prosthodontic treatment more predictable and the failures extremely infrequent [1-3]. Nevertheless, in the iter of realization of an implant retained prosthesis a seri... | 16792797 | PMC1550223 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Jun 22; 2:18 |
Osseointegration is commonly defined as a direct and stable anchorage of an implant by the formation of bony tissue without growth of fibrous tissue at the bone-implant interface. The term that was initially defined by BRANEMARK et al.[1] as a direct bone-to-implant contact was later on defined on a more functional bas... | 16813645 | PMC1550224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Jun 30; 2:19 |
Background
The goal of epidemiologic investigations is the collection of valid data leading to a precise estimate of a population parameter (e.g. measure of association). For the purpose of this discussion, an estimate of a parameter will be considered biased if the expected value (over indefinite replications) is not ... | 16846512 | PMC1550225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Jul 17; 3:7 |
Background
Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a member of the papovavirus family, is a small circular double stranded DNA virus with a genome of approximately 8 Kb. HPV causes the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the U.S. with at least 5.5 million new infections each year and an actively infected population o... | 16776841 | PMC1550226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 15; 3:46 |
Background
Porcine congenital splayleg (PCS), also known as straddlers, and myofibrillar hypoplasia, is a clinical condition of newborn piglets, characterised by muscle weakness, resulting in the inability to properly stand and walk, with affected limbs extended sideways or forwards [1]. It is arguably the most importa... | 16869957 | PMC1550227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jul 25; 2:23 |
Background
The integrity of the junctions between different tissues is important in health and disease, but generally these structures are poorly understood. The chondro-osseous junctional region (COJ) of diarthrodial joints is peculiarly complex and may be considered to consist, in its full extent and in sequence, of ... | 16787529 | PMC1550228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jun 20; 7:52 |
Background
Physiotherapists measure active inversion and eversion ankle range of motion to evaluate the severity of ankle dysfunction and to monitor treatment outcomes. Although visual estimation is commonly used in the clinic, it is unlikely to be sufficiently reliable to enable clinicians to confidently either monito... | 16872545 | PMC1550229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jul 28; 7:60 |
Background
The resident work-hour and patient volume restrictions adopted by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) reflect an increasing awareness of the relationship between service and education for residents in training[1]. The rationale behind these requirements (workload caps) is to prov... | 16824224 | PMC1550230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jul 6; 6:35 |
Background
The association between total cholesterol (TC) and the risk of atherosclerotic disease is well established by many studies, such as the Framingham Heart Study [1]. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are the main carriers of the circulating cholesterol and they play a key role in cholesterol transfer and... | 16600020 | PMC1550231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Apr 6; 5:8 |
Background
Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes, and involves target tissues such as fat, liver, and skeletal muscle. The pathogenic mechanisms that impair insulin action in these tissues, and the factors responsible for the development of the Metabolic Syndrome trait... | 16854242 | PMC1550232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jul 19; 3:28 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a major public health threat for 44 million Americans, 68% of whom are women [1]. Ten million individuals currently have osteoporosis in the United States and an additional 34 million have low bone mass or osteopenia. With osteoporosis responsible for over 1.5 million fractures annually, nati... | 16834773 | PMC1550233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jul 11; 4:42 |
Background
Colloid cysts of the third ventricle are a rare cause of headache and sudden death. Approximately three persons per million per year are affected by this entity [1]. We present a case that was only discovered at autopsy, but that on reflection displayed classical clinical features. Colloid cysts may present ... | 16867192 | PMC1550234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 25; 4:47 |
Background
Activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2 and mGlu3) induces antinociception in several pain models in rodents [1-5]. Consistent with these studies, we have shown that L-acetylcarnitine (LAC), a drug clinically effective in the treatment of neuropathic pain of various origins [6-9], up-r... | 16764720 | PMC1550235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Jun 9; 2:20 |
Background
Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a debilitating condition among women with a major impact on health-related quality of life, work productivity and health care utilisation. It is the single most common indication for referral to women's health services accounting for 20% of all outpatient appointments in secondar... | 16824213 | PMC1550236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 6; 6:177 |
Background
The reported incidence of human campylobacteriosis in Norway increased steadily, like in many other countries during the 90's and reached a maximum of 2890 cases in 2001 (64 reported cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2001 [1,2]). The proportion of domestically acquired cases has been stable at about 40–50%. A... | 16827925 | PMC1550237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 7; 6:179 |
Background
Depression and anxiety lead to a serious impairment of daily functioning and quality of life. In frail elderly, the effects of depression and anxiety are especially deep encroaching. Besides a deleterious effect on daily functioning and quality of life, a large number of studies demonstrate excess mortality,... | 16848888 | PMC1550238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 18; 6:186 |
Background
Since the sequencing of the first complete fungal genome, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [1], fungal genomics and the specific area of comparative genome analysis in fungi have experienced a recent but impressive advance. Following sequencing of the genomes of two other ascomycetes, Schyzosacchar... | 16836762 | PMC1550239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 12; 7:177 |
Background
Studies show a serious shortage of mental health professionals, particularly of psychiatrists [1-3] in developing countries. Thailand is one such country. It is a lower middle-income country with a population of 62.3 million in 2002, 65% of whom reside in rural areas. In 2000, there were 180,252 practicing m... | 16867187 | PMC1550240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jul 24; 7:48 |
Background
"It is not the business of the botanist to eradicate the weeds.
Enough for him to tell us how fast they grow",
C. Northcote Parkinson,
cited by Cowell (1995), p. ix
"Distribution", "equality" and "equity" are often used as if their meanings are self-evident, an observation which is false. At times, these... | 16716217 | PMC1550241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 May 22; 5:5 |
Background
In recent years, a key role of estrogens in differentiation and function of mammalian male germ cells has been suggested by the detection of proteins involved in estrogen biosynthesis and activity. In fact, aromatase and estrogen receptors (ERs) have been revealed in sperm cells at different stages of their ... | 16846491 | PMC1550242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Jul 17; 4:36 |
1. Introduction
There have been a variety of reasons for the continuing growth of interest in optical microscopy in spite of the low resolution with respect to modern scanning probe or electron microscopy [1]. The main reason lies in the fact that optical microscopy is still considered unique in allowing the 4D (x-y-z-... | 16756664 | PMC1550243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jun 6; 5:36 |
Background
In the last few decades, cognitive neuroscience research has revealed that developing cognitive brain systems appear to show considerable plasticity in response to early brain lesions or neuronal disorganization. Although many of the constraints and critical periods for plasticity remain to be defined, this ... | 16734905 | PMC1550244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 May 30; 2:19 |
Background
Given the broad range of therapy approaches currently practiced in clinics, therapists face the difficult task of selecting optimal rehabilitation interventions for hemiparetic stroke survivors. One of the most basic decisions is whether or not to provide mechanical assistance during training movements for p... | 16790067 | PMC1550245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Jun 21; 3:12 |
Background
Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming, aerobic, Gram-positive bacterium is the causative agent of the disease anthrax. The fact that the B. anthracis spores are highly lethal, inexpensively made, easily produced and disseminated as weapons of terror, necessitates the need for a better understanding of the path... | 16790055 | PMC1550246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 21; 6:56 |
Background
The physical and psychological health benefits of being physically active are well known [1]; however secular declines in children's physical activity are evident [2]. In order to develop effective strategies to arrest these declines, understanding factors that influence children's activity is important. Eco... | 16846519 | PMC1550247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Jul 17; 3:16 |
Background
The human helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF; SMARCA3 in OMIM) presents a RING-finger motif as well as the 7 DNA helicase domains characterizing the SWI/SNF family of chromatin remodeling factors [1]. Albeit devoid of helicase activity on naked DNA, these proteins are DNA-dependent ATPases that modify ... | 16762066 | PMC1550248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jun 8; 5:23 |
Background
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a method of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in which a single sperm is introduced directly to the cytoplasm of a mature oocyte, has revolutionized the treatment of male factor infertility. Since the first reported pregnancies and births in 1992 [1], ICSI has become the t... | 16822317 | PMC1550249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2006 Jul 5; 3:5 |
Background
Preterm birth remains the most important cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Despite considerable research, the pathogenesis of preterm delivery is not well understood and no effective preventative therapy is available. Several, recent studies have suggested a relationship between preterm delivery an... | 16848912 | PMC1550250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Jul 19; 6:24 |
Background
Gram-positive bacteria are responsible for 50 % of bacterial infections. Stapyhylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major human pathogenic gram-positive bacterium causing a diverse array of diseases ranging from minor skin and wound diseases to more serious and life-threatening diseases like pneumonia, endocard... | 16803618 | PMC1550251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Jun 27; 5:15 |
Background
Totally Implantable Access Ports (TIAP)
Insertion of a Totally Implantable Access Port (TIAP) is a routinely employed technique in patients who need a save and permanent venous access for e.g. chemotherapy and/or parenteral nutrition[1]. This system needs no external dressing, allows the patient normal physi... | 16762049 | PMC1550252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Jun 8; 7:20 |
Background
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in North America, and the third most common cause of cancer death in men [1]. Men with prostate cancer that has recurred after local therapy or disseminated distantly usually respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, most patients eventual... | 16670021 | PMC1550253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:31 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 2; 6:112 |
Background
Since chemotherapy unlike in bone sarcomas is considered less effective in soft tissue sarcomas, wide resection and postoperative RTX with 60–66 Gy for optimizing local control is the standard treatment for such high grade tumours [1-7]. Irradiation can be administered before, during or after excision of the... | 16780601 | PMC1550254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:32 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 18; 6:160 |
Background
The homeobox gene HEX (known also as Prh) encodes for a tissue-specific transcription factor that plays a role during various phases of vertebrate development [1]. It binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner and is able either to activate or repress transcription of target genes [2]. During early mouse develo... | 16854221 | PMC1550255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:32 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 19; 6:192 |
Backgroud
The Bcl-2, first discovered in follicular and diffuse lymphomas possessing t(14;18) chromosomal translocation, has been established as a key regulator of apoptosis [1]. A decreased expression of Bcl-2 protein was shown to be associated with a poor clinical outcome in various human cancers including breast can... | 16839413 | PMC1550256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:32 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 13; 6:187 |
Background
Anemia is a frequent problem in intensive care units. The most probable etiology is the suppression of the erythropoietin response due to the direct effects of cytokines, as well as frequent blood sampling [1].
In the United States it is estimated that 3,500 transfusions are given daily, around 1.25 million... | 16869962 | PMC1550257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:32 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Jul 25; 6:18 |
Background
In 1995 the National Health and Medical Research Council announced its commitment to developing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines "to promote best practice linked to outcomes and effective cost management". However, the uptake of evidence-based clinical practices has not been free of problems [1]. ... | 16803623 | PMC1550258 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Jun 27; 4:12 |
Background
Accurate biometry is a basic prerequisite for modern-day cataract surgery and is essential to calculate the power of the intraocular lens implant. The axial length, followed by corneal power measurements are the most important factors in intraocular lens power calculations [1]. Both Applanation Tonometry and... | 16780595 | PMC1550259 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun 17; 6:26 |
Review
The abnormalities of aortic valve morphology and function represent the most common cardiac-valve lesion, with relevant implications both for medical and surgical treatment. Particularly, the aortic valve sclerosis (aortic valve thickening and calcification without pressure gradient) seem to affect about one fou... | 16813661 | PMC1550260 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jul 1; 4:27 |
Background
The nematode C. elegans represents a simple and experimentally tractable multicellular organism, which has been used to investigate many biological processes, including chemosensory behaviour [1]. It uses only 11 pairs of amphid chemosensory neurons to detect environmental signals. As in mammalian systems, G... | 16857046 | PMC1550261 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:32 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Jul 20; 4:22 |
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