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Background
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widespread and still increasing in the Western world [1,2]. The term complementary medicine refers to a group of diagnostic and therapeutic disciplines that exist largely outside the institutions where conventional health care is provided and taught ... | 16716218 | PMC1539021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 May 22; 6:19 |
Background
In 1997, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) released the revised standards for the collection of race and ethnicity known as Statistical Directive 15 that federal agencies were mandated to comply by January, 2003 [1-3]. The most significant changes in the new standards included self-identification as ... | 16824220 | PMC1539022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Jul 6; 4:7 |
Background
The differentiation of naïve T cells into an activated memory phenotype is characterized by an extensive change in the expression of trafficking determinants, resulting in the acquisition of homing receptors that enable the cells to migrate from the circulation into peripheral tissues. This change in T cell ... | 16824229 | PMC1539023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Jul 7; 7:14 |
Background
The advent of high-throughput (HTP) investigation of proteins using proteomic methodologies has created a need for new approaches in bioinformatic analysis of experimental results. Most publicly available databases display information about proteins one record at a time [1-5]. This is useful in the case wher... | 16836750 | PMC1539024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 12; 7:338 |
Background
Systems biology is an emerging discipline whose goal is to integrate different levels of information in order to gain a deeper understanding of how biological systems function [1]. By studying the various parts of a biological system (e.g., gene and protein networks, metabolic pathways, organelles, cells or ... | 16792820 | PMC1539025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 23; 7:318 |
Background
Identifying gene regulatory and gene expression networks has become a central problem of post-genomics biology [1-3]. Computational prediction of DNA regulatory elements or binding sites of transcription factors is one of the essential parts of the problem. This regulatory motif discovery problem has been st... | 16839417 | PMC1539026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 13; 7:342 |
Background
Microarrays provide large-scale comparative gene expression profiles between biological samples by simultaneously detecting either expression or differential expression in thousands of genes. The lack of agreement among various technologies putatively measuring the same processes has prompted calls for micro... | 16822306 | PMC1539027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 5; 7:333 |
Background
In recent years there has been an increased interest in the study of serial microarray experiments, particularly time course data. This has been driven by the greater availability of such data and the appeal of elucidating the temporal relationships among genes. Often, approaches to the analysis of these dat... | 16839419 | PMC1539028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 13; 7:343 |
Background
Brucella is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacillus which causes brucellosis in humans and animals [1]. Brucella are taxonomically placed in the alpha-2 subdivision of the class Proteobacteria. Traditionally there are six species of Brucella based on the preferential host specificity: B. mel... | 16842628 | PMC1539029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 16; 7:347 |
Background
The shape of a protein is complicated by its many clefts, pockets, protrusions, channels and cavities. Protein concavities offer a unique microenvironment for biological functions, such as ligand binding or enzymatic catalysis. Protein shape is of great interest to medicinal chemists working in the drug disc... | 16792811 | PMC1539030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 22; 7:316 |
Background
Agile development methods have gained adoption in a wide variety of software development domains [1-5]. To date no group has published a study of agile methods in the context of biomedical informatics in a major bioinformatics journal; indeed, there are few if any articles available describing software devel... | 16734914 | PMC1539031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 30; 7:273 |
Background
The millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) now available are ideal for association analyses that identify important genetic variants in populations as well as genes predisposed to diseases involving complex traits [1,2]. Although the cost of individual genotyping has been reduced drastically over... | 16643673 | PMC1539032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Apr 28; 7:233 |
Background
Lepidoptera represent a diverse and important group of agricultural insect pests that cause widespread economic damage on food and fiber crop plants, fruit trees, forests, and stored grains. They are also important indicators of ecosystem diversity and health. Moreover, lepidopteran insects display experimen... | 16796757 | PMC1539033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 23; 7:322 |
Complex dynamic relationships between humans, pathogens, and the environment lead to the emergence of new diseases and the re-emergence of old ones. Due to concern about the impact of increasing global climate variability and change, many recent studies have focused on relationships between infectious disease and clima... | 16903777 | PMC1539090 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 15; 3(8):e328 |
Introduction
Interleukin (IL)–32 is a recently described cytokine initially thought to be a product of T, natural killer, and epithelial cells. The cytokine exhibits several properties of a classical proinflammatory mediator [1]. For example, IL-32 induces the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, IL-8, and MIP-... | 16903774 | PMC1539091 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 15; 3(8):e277 |
Introduction
The leishmaniases are among the most important emerging and resurging vector-borne protozoal diseases, second only to malaria in terms of the number of affected people. Like malaria, the leishmaniases can be caused by infection with any of several species of parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania (Kin... | 16903778 | PMC1539092 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 15; 3(8):e295 |
Introduction
Inflammation in response to insult and injury can stimulate immunity and promote healing. However, recent work has focused on the role of chronic inflammation in the development of pathologic processes such as cancer, heart disease, and eye disorders. The macrophage component of inflammation has received a... | 16903779 | PMC1539093 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 15; 3(8):e310 |
Development agencies want their interventions to be sustainable. The Office of Sustainable Development of the Bureau for Africa of the United States Agency for International Development defines sustainability as “the ability of host country entities (community, public and/or private) to assume responsibility for progra... | 16903775 | PMC1539094 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 15; 3(8):e345 |
A topical microbicide can be used vaginally or rectally by a woman or a man to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection during sexual intercourse [1–4]. An effective microbicide could make a significant contribution to reducing the global spread of HIV-1. What will it take to make one? What types of inhibitory comp... | 16903780 | PMC1539095 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 15; 3(9):e351 |
Age-related macular disease (AMD) occurs most frequently in people aged 60 years and older and affects the central part of the retina, causing distortion or loss of central vision. The disease is the leading cause of blindness in people aged 60 years and older in the developed world and causes milder visual loss in a m... | 16903781 | PMC1539096 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 15; 3(8):e364 |
Background
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to measure regional skeletal muscle deoxygenation [1-4] by presenting a balance between oxygen delivery and demand in muscle tissue. NIRS is beneficial since it is non-invasive and does not restrict ongoing activities at sports events such as skiing [5] and ska... | 16704736 | PMC1540409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Dyn Med. 2006 May 16; 5:5 |
Background
The considerable force required to disrupt pelvic bones is often associated with abdominal injuries which may be sources of important bleeding themselves. A complex challenge to trauma surgeon is the choice of clinical pathway in management of hemodynamic unstable patients with pelvic ring disruption and pot... | 16780596 | PMC1540410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Jun 17; 1:17 |
Background
Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 18, del(18p), is now a well established chromosomal aberration. It has been first described by the French geneticist Jean de Grouchy in 1963 [1]. Since then, more than one hundred have been reported [2].
Phenotypic manifestations of this deletion are very sparse at bi... | 16842614 | PMC1540411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jul 14; 7:60 |
Background
Fas ligand (FasL) is a type II membrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family that induces apoptosis in target cells bearing the receptor Fas [1]. The role of the Fas-FasL system has been best characterized in the immune system. Interactions between Fas and FasL are functionally involve... | 16854215 | PMC1540412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:39 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Jul 19; 3:11 |
Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide health problem with increased incidence in developing countries [1-4].
Despite improvements in infection control guidelines and dialysis techniques, patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) are at increased risk for HBV infection because of their suppressed ... | 16734912 | PMC1540413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2006 May 30; 4:3 |
Background
In medical problem solving, information learned in the setting of a previous problem is [hopefully] transferred to a new problem [1]. Medical knowledge is thought to be stored in a network structure and connections between items made on the basis of both pathophysiological and clinical associations [2,3]. Du... | 16848903 | PMC1540414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jul 18; 6:37 |
Findings
Serum triglyceride (TG) is an important risk factor for heart diseases [1-3]. Large scale epidemiological evaluation of TG poses several challenges in developing countries. Storage and transportation of the samples from field is a limiting factor, especially in areas lacking modern laboratory facilities. A met... | 16839425 | PMC1540415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Jul 14; 5:20 |
Background
Variola virus (smallpox agent) and/or genetically-engineered orthopoxviruses are considered one of the most significant Category A pathogenic threats for malevolent use as potential agents of bioterrorism [1]. Due to the bioterrorism threat, there is a renewed public interest in the development of effective ... | 16509968 | PMC1540416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Mar 1; 3:10 |
Background
Infection by HRSV is the single most common cause of hospitalization of infants and young children due to bronchiolitis and pneumonia and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality the elderly and transplant recipients [1-4]. HRSV is member of the subfamily Pneumovirinae in the Paramyxoviridae family ... | 16723026 | PMC1540417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 May 24; 3:34 |
Background
Oesophageal cancer is a relatively rare disease. The average age standardised incidence rate in the EU for the year 2004, was 9.5 per 100,000 of male population and 8.7 per 100,000 of female population [1]. Patients with oesophageal cancer and cancer of the gastro-oesophageal junction (GOJ) commonly present ... | 16820062 | PMC1540418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 4; 4:38 |
Background
Between 6000 and 7000 cases of gallbladder carcinoma are diagnosed yearly in the United States. Advanced gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) usually portends an extremely grave prognosis [1]. Recent reports in the literature have demonstrated improved results after aggressive surgical resection for stage II–IV lesio... | 16842623 | PMC1540419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 14; 4:45 |
Background
Regular, supervised, aerobic exercise has been shown to improve maximum walking distance and quality of life in patients with peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication (IC) [1]. However, current evidence suggests that exercise in patients with intermittent claudication may induce a systemic t... | 16848885 | PMC1540420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Jul 18; 4:9 |
Background
Myelomeningocele is a major congenital anomaly caused by a defective closure of the neural tube between the 18–25th days of gestation, resulting in the protrusion of the cord and the meninges through the defective bony encasement of the spinal column [1]. It is a prevalent and crippling defect of the central... | 16846520 | PMC1540421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Reprod Health. 2006 Jul 18; 3:6 |
Background
Plant cell death occurs during the hypersensitive response [1,2], response to environmental stress [3], senescence [4], and the development of plant tissues and organs [3,5]. Among these phenomena, petal senescence is of interest both because of its importance to the horticultural industry as well as a model... | 16613603 | PMC1540422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:17 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Apr 13; 6:8 |
Background
The search for lineage- specific genes and phenotypically important lineage- specific evolution has intensified with the increasing number of genome sequences, driven through population genetic (intra- specific) analysis of SNPs and through inter- specific molecular evolutionary analysis [1]. Gene duplicatio... | 16784532 | PMC1540423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Jun 19; 6:12 |
Background
Floral scent is a key modulating factor in plant-insect interactions and thus plays a central role in successful pollination. Closely related plant species that rely on different insects for pollination produce different odors [1,2]. The floral scent is of paramount importance to plant reproduction and evolu... | 16836766 | PMC1540424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Jul 13; 6:14 |
Background
A significant increase in the number of structures of alpha helical membrane proteins in recent years revealed a remarkable complexity of interacting transmembrane (TM) helices. A great variation in length, shape, and tilt angles relative to the membrane plane is found in helical membrane proteins. For examp... | 16792816 | PMC1540425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:48 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Jun 22; 6:13 |
Text
Louter-van de Haar J, et al. compared the effects of supplementation of three commercially available (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) preparations [Regulator, Citrin K and Super CitriMax] on food intake and body weight. Two doses (150 mg HCA/kg and 300 mg HCA/kg) were used for each preparation over a period of four da... | 16846513 | PMC1540426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jul 17; 3:26 |
Background
Surveillance of mortality trends has a long and continuing tradition in health research and has generated many useful insights into the determinants of disease and causes of death. Suicide is an important and preventable public health problem and a considerable drain on resources in both primary and secondar... | 16836765 | PMC1540427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 13; 6:184 |
Background
AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis is a severe opportunistic infection with a high mortality, even in developed countries [1]. Early mortality rates in cohorts from the United States have ranged from 11 to 45% [2,3]. Amphotericin B and flucytosine, given for 2 weeks, followed by fluconazole 400 mg daily... | 16846523 | PMC1540428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 18; 6:118 |
For the past decade, research on identifying regulatory elements, notably the binding sites for transcription factors, has been very intense. The problem, usually abstracted as a search problem, takes as the input a set of sequences, which encode the regulatory regions of genes that are putatively co-regulated. The out... | 16722558 | PMC1540429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 May 19; 1:8 |
Owing to their unique chemical and physical properties, room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have received significant attention as alternative solvents for a host of different applications. For example, it has been reported that ILs can be used in place of conventional organic solvents in synthesis, catalysis, electro... | 16803635 | PMC1540430 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Jun 27; 2:12 |
Background
Cyclobenzaprine (flexeril) after its synthesis in 1961 was found to have limited antidepressant action with no significant advantage over other tricyclic antidepressants[1]. However it was found to act as a centrally acting muscle relaxant and has been widely used ever since. Muscle relaxants account for app... | 16846511 | PMC1540431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jul 17; 1:16 |
Background
In spite of a stage migration towards early tumor stages and a decreased prostate cancer mortality rate, attributable to the wide spread use of PSA [1], a significant proportion of patients after putative curative radical prostatectomy still presents with unfavorable tumor characteristics (high Gleason score... | 16803634 | PMC1540432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Jun 27; 6:15 |
Introduction
Malaria is a major public health problem in Tanzania with about 16 million cases being reported annually in a population of 34.5 million [1]. The disease constitutes the leading cause of hospital attendance and admission as well as the leading cause of death for all ages in the country, the greatest burden... | 16848889 | PMC1540433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 18; 5:58 |
Background
The hierarchical view of evaluation of medical interventions
Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) has installed a canon of methods that are central to the methodological reasoning for evaluating medical interventions [1]. While originally developed for the evaluation of new pharmacological products [2,3], it is als... | 16796762 | PMC1540434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jun 24; 6:29 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) has devoted the World health report 2006: Working together for health to human resources for health [1]. The shortage of trained human resources is among the most important obstacles to strengthening health systems in low-income countries [2,3] and to scaling up HIV/AIDS c... | 16846497 | PMC1540435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Jul 17; 4:16 |
Background
The high incidence of adverse outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been attributed in large part to secondary mechanisms of neuronal cell death [1,2]. These include the induction of neuronal apoptosis and complement-mediated neuronal cell lysis [3-7]. Recent evidence suggests that the intracerebra... | 16842619 | PMC1540436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jul 14; 7:55 |
Background
In the cancer arena, the phenomenon of chemotherapy resistance has being for years, the focus of intensive research with the aim to increase its understanding and hopefully for finding out novel therapies to overcome it. In the past years, and before the introduction of methods for global genomic analysis, t... | 16831224 | PMC1540437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jul 10; 5:27 |
Introduction
Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) is defined as parenchymal lung infection, occurring after the first 48 hours of hospital admission [1]. It accounts for 13–18% of all hospital-acquired infections, but leading cause of death from nosocomial infections [2]. It is a major threat to patients admitted intensive care u... | 16600048 | PMC1540438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Apr 6; 5:7 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus is a debilitating and often life-threatening disorder with increasing incidence throughout the world [1]. Diabetic complications arise partly from glycosylation damage to structural and functional proteins and reflect chronic failure to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. Other complication... | 16677399 | PMC1540439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 May 7; 6:17 |
Background
Many phenotypic traits, ranging from disease susceptibility to development, are quantitative in nature and are studied in both animals and plants via quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping [1-3]. QTLs are regions of the genome associated with phenotypic variation for a trait. These regions may or may not con... | 16780591 | PMC1540440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 16; 7:308 |
Introduction
Analysis of blood pressure (BPV) and heart rate variability (HRV) is gaining importance in the risk ratification of patients after myocardial infarction [1] and with a reduced left-ventricular ejection function [2,3]. A decreased HRV as well as an increased BPV represent an adverse prognosis [4,5]. Beside... | 16943930 | PMC1540702 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:18 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2004 Oct 1; 4(4):162-175 |
Introduction
The coronary sinus (CS) is the cardiac venous system that begins at its ostium in the right atrium and ends at the origin of the great cardiac vein [1-3]. The major tributaries of the CS include the great cardiac vein (anterior cardiac vein), the left obtuse marginal vein, the posterior (or inferior) left ... | 16943931 | PMC1540703 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:18 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2004 Oct 1; 4(4):176-184 |
Introduction
The decision to initiate pharmacological intervention in case of fetal tachycardia depends on several factors and must be weighed against possible maternal and/or fetal adverse effects inherent to the use of antiarrhythmics.
First, the seriousness of the fetal condition must be recognized. Many studies ha... | 16943932 | PMC1540704 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:18 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2004 Oct 1; 4(4):185-194 |
Introduction
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the process whereby cargo molecules are selected for incorporation into vesicles surrounded by a coat protein, clathrin. “Accessory proteins” organise the process of coat assembly and disassembly as well as the process of membrane budding and fission [1–5]. Some of these ac... | 16903783 | PMC1540706 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 4(9):e262 |
Introduction
Bacterial transcription is driven by the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP), comprising five core subunits (α2ββ′ω) plus an initiation-specific σ subunit, which binds to the core RNAP to form the holoenzyme [1–3]. Promoter-specific transcription initiation first requires the formation of a closed complex ... | 16903784 | PMC1540707 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 4(9):e269 |
Introduction
Chemical synapses are specialized sites of cell-cell contact designed for the transmission of signals between neurons and their respective targets. Until recently, not much was known on the life span of individual synaptic connections, in particular of those found within the mammalian central nervous syste... | 16903782 | PMC1540708 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 4(9):e271 |
Introduction
Different types of neurons are generated at predictable times in several developing brain structures [1–3]. Although the molecular machinery that links a type of nerve cell to its time of generation has been investigated in the fruit fly [4–6], little is known in higher animals. In the vertebrate retina, p... | 16903786 | PMC1540709 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 4(9):e272 |
Introduction
Sensory systems are shaped by evolution to detect the salient features of an animal's natural environment. At the simplest level, a sensory system is tuned to the most informative cues: specific ultrasonic wavelengths in the bat's echolocation system, or statistically likely features of natural scenes in t... | 16903785 | PMC1540710 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 4(9):e274 |
The embryonic construction of the vertebrate retina is a highly ordered affair. Following a precise timetable, six different specialized cell types emerge from a mass of identical, proliferating cells. The process of retinal cell differentiation, when so-called progenitor cells stop dividing and choose among the six fa... | 20076631 | PMC1540711 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 4(9):e293 |
For organisms to adapt, develop, and simply live, they must regulate hundreds to thousands of genes, making fine-tuned, precisely timed adjustments to produce the specific complement of proteins required for the occasion. For bacteria, this task falls largely to proteins called sigma factors. These small proteins assoc... | 20076632 | PMC1540712 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 4(9):e294 |
Synapses, the connections that link neurons into circuits, can be plastic or stable in the mammalian brain. Right after birth, synapses form and dissolve among nascent neurons at breakneck speed as the animal adapts to its new surroundings. But, over time, while some plasticity remains and allows for learning, most syn... | 20076633 | PMC1540713 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 4(9):e297 |
Membranes protect cells from extracellular insults, but in so doing also block entry to nutrients and other essential molecules. One way cells circumvent this problem is by selectively binding such molecules to receptors on the membrane, then pulling the whole lot into the cell and packaging them into vesicles. Clathri... | 20076634 | PMC1540714 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 4(9):e301 |
The tiny nematode Caenorhabditis elegans spends most of its life in the soil, searching for an abundance of food and just the right amount of oxygen. But what happens when optimal oxygen and food supplies can’t be found in the same place? More generally, how does the organization of an animal’s neural networks help it ... | 20076637 | PMC1540715 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 4(9):e306 |
Background
Use of the traditional paper chart as medium for recording and collecting patient data has limitations. Fragmentation of patient data due to use of scattered sources may interfere with the continuity of care [3]. In addition, research on non-standardized data in handwritten paper documents with poor legibili... | 16839414 | PMC1543615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jul 13; 6:29 |
Background
Several radiosensitive organs such as the thyroid, the esophagus, and vertebral bone marrow are located in the neck tissues. The extent to which these organs are exposed to ionizing radiation under real-life conditions has not been reported and can vary due to person-to-person variability in location of thyr... | 16772033 | PMC1543616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2006 Jun 13; 6:6 |
Background
Today, the caries preventive effect of fluoride is without any doubt. Among caries preventive protocols fluoride containing dentifrices are well accepted. For the caries preventive effect the bioavailability of fluoride is of importance [1]. Bioavailability of fluoride is dependent from the solubility of the... | 16776820 | PMC1543617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Jun 15; 6:8 |
Background
Annually, more than 125.000 people are severely injured and approximately 6000 die in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) in Germany [1]. Epidemiologic research in the United States [2,3] and Germany [[4,5] Maercker, Perkonigg, Schmutzer & Brähler, submitted] has confirmed that MVAs are among the most frequent tr... | 16824221 | PMC1543618 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Jul 6; 6:29 |
Introduction
Several epidemiological studies have implicated hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyc eridemia as major factors in the etiology of vascular disease [1,2]. Other prospective studies have equally shown that serum cholesterol [3], LDL-cholesterol [4], body mass index or obesity index, atherogenic index [5] an... | 16753064 | PMC1543619 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Jun 5; 5:14 |
Background
Considering moderate heritability estimates [1], multiple pain mechanisms [2] and complex networks of pain related molecules [3], individual variance in pain sensitivity arises from a complex network of multiple gene polymorphisms and environmental factors. The contribution of each gene is subtle on multiple... | 16848906 | PMC1543620 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Jul 18; 2:24 |
Introduction
Obesity develops when energy intake (EI) exceeds energy expenditure (EE) for longer periods. However, overfeeding experiments show that weight gain is often less than expected from the energy excess. In part this is the result of an obligatory increase in EE associated with the increased body weight and fa... | 16836744 | PMC1543621 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jul 12; 3:25 |
Background
Nearly 40% of diabetic patients develop secondary complications [1-3]. These complications arise primarily due to sustained hyperglycemia [4,5]. Among the vast array of problems associated with long-standing diabetes, cardiovascular complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, have been clearly document... | 16848894 | PMC1543622 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jul 18; 3:27 |
Background
Out patient ambulatory monitoring is often performed in patients with syncope (e.g., fainting or passing out) that present in the primary care setting to diagnose or exclude an arrhythmia, a potentially serious etiology [1-6]. This short-term monitoring device may take the form of an external loop recorder o... | 16756680 | PMC1543623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 6; 6:68 |
Background
In any health care system, cost-effective commissioning of health care in order to maximise population health outcomes with the minimum possible resource use, is an important consideration. The UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) [1] recommends offer of up to six cycles of Unstimulated Intra... | 16796733 | PMC1543624 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 23; 6:80 |
Background
Coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and the United Kingdom (UK) are among the highest in Europe [1,2]. Health service initiatives in both countries [1,3] have promoted secondary prevention and presented evidence for its effectiveness but its delivery remains ... | 16848896 | PMC1543625 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jul 18; 6:90 |
Background
Having a baby is the most common reason for hospitalisation in Australia, and each year around 63,000 women give birth in Victoria. A decade of Victorian research has found low levels of satisfaction with the hospital stay following birth. Women are less likely to be satisfied with postnatal care than antena... | 16817974 | PMC1543626 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jul 4; 6:83 |
Background
Integration of preventive care guidelines into clinical practice has been modest across all medical specialties and countries [1-13]. Reasons cited for why physicians do not follow clinical practice guidelines include a lack of awareness of guidelines, lack of familiarity to apply guidelines correctly, lack ... | 16836761 | PMC1543627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jul 12; 7:44 |
Background
It is widely agreed that acute low back pain is common, can be seriously disabling, and imposes an enormous social and economic burden on the community [1]. To improve the management of this condition clinical practice guidelines have been developed in at least 12 countries. In general the guidelines provide... | 16790069 | PMC1543628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jun 22; 7:54 |
Background
Desmoid tumours are soft-tissue neoplasms arising from fascial or musculo-aponeurotic structures [1]. They are characterized by the proliferation of fibroblasts with no cytological evidence of malignancy and are organized in the form of fasciae. They are considered benign because of their cytological feature... | 16831227 | PMC1543629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 10; 4:43 |
Background
Tactile corpuscle-like structures, also called tactoid bodies, wagner-meissner-like corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles-like structures and pseudomeissnerian corpuscles are exclusively found in peripheral nerve sheath tumors such as schwannoma, neurofibroma [1-6] and neuroid intradermal melanocytic nevi [7]. In ... | 16822307 | PMC1543630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 5; 4:39 |
Background
The 5-year survival rate was reported to reach 64.7% for patients with oral carcinomas, while that for patients at advanced stages was between 20.0% and 40.0% [1]. As one of three main therapies, chemotherapy may be a potential method to improve the survival rate and quality of life in patients with oral can... | 16822322 | PMC1543631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 6; 4:41 |
Background
Nipah virus, an enveloped, non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA virus is a recently discovered zoonotic virus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the Paramyxoviridae family [1,2]. The virus was initially isolated from an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998 among pig farmers who succumbed to infection characterize... | 16784519 | PMC1543632 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 19; 3:47 |
Background
During the 20th century there has been a dramatic change in demography of the western world, with an increasing elderly population. The group of elderly >80 years is now the fastest growing segment of the population [1]. With increasing age, there is an increased risk of having one or more chronic diseases [... | 16805909 | PMC1543633 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 28; 6:171 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) causes approximately 2 million deaths per year globally [1]; 98% occur in low-income countries [2]. In Africa, in contrast to many other parts of the world, the incidence rate is rising by approximately 6% per year [3] High rates of HIV infection have been a key driving factor in this [4]. ... | 16784521 | PMC1543634 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 19; 6:156 |
Background
Primary preventive strategies for oral health are an essential public health priority since dental caries is, for example, the most common chronic disease among children worldwide. Experts recommend that initiatives begin with very young children to promote positive outcomes during childhood and subsequent a... | 16822318 | PMC1543635 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 5; 6:176 |
Background
Hepatitis C (HCV) is a blood-borne viral infection that affects the liver the causative agent of which was identified only in 1989[1]. The virus is spread when blood from an infected person gets into the bloodstream of another. In the UK blood donations have been screened for HCV since September 1991. Conseq... | 16803622 | PMC1543636 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 27; 6:170 |
Background
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common acute viral illness that primarily affects infants and young children, and often occurs in clusters or outbreaks. It is characterized by rapid onset of fever and sore throat, accompanied by vesicles and ulcers on the gums, tongue, buccal mucosa and palate. Punc... | 16827926 | PMC1543637 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 7; 6:180 |
Background
Oxidative stress can be defined as an increase in oxidants and/or a decrease in antioxidant capacity [1], and is being increasingly associated with a wide spectrum of renal diseases [2,3]. Oxidative stress in chronic renal failure (CRF) leads to the oxidation of proteins [4], lipids and carbohydrates [5], an... | 16842626 | PMC1543638 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 14; 6:114 |
Background
There is worldwide concern about the appearance and the rise of bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics [1,2]. Although the great majority of antibiotics are prescribed outside the hospitals and the human gut represents a large reservoir for potentially transferable antibiotic resistant E. coli, th... | 16848901 | PMC1543639 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 18; 6:119 |
Background
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a protozoan parasite widely distributed around the world [1,2]. It has been estimated that up to one third of the world's population is infected by T. gondii [3]. This parasite is transmitted to humans mainly by ingesting food or water that is contaminated with oocysts shed b... | 16839423 | PMC1543640 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:41 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 13; 6:113 |
Background
The formation of neuronal circuits crucially depends on the correct navigation of axons to their target areas, where they contact individual target cells to establish synaptic contacts. Axonal navigation is based on sequential growth from choice point to choice point. Pathfinding decisions at choice points a... | 16846494 | PMC1543641 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jul 17; 6:32 |
Background
Crossovers between chromosomes occur during meiotic cell division resulting in heritable genetic recombination. These crossovers have a complex, non-random distribution, and in the last decade recombination hot spots 1–2.5 kilo bases (kb) wide have been experimentally well characterized in yeast, mice and hu... | 16846522 | PMC1543642 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 18; 7:179 |
Background
The fixed dose antimalarial combination of artemether-lumefantrine (A/L) is a promising and efficacious artemisinin-based combination treatment (ACT) that could play a key role in reducing the high mortality suffered by African children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The three day, six dose regimen of A... | 16854236 | PMC1543643 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 19; 5:59 |
Background
Protein S deficiency is a rare blood disorder which is a risk factor for thrombophilia. It affects around 1 in 20000 of the population [1]. It may be hereditary or acquired. Hereditary protein s deficiency is divided into three types: Type 1, Type 2a and Type 2b.
The most common cause of acquired protein S ... | 16827935 | PMC1543644 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Jul 7; 6:17 |
Background
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide since it was first reported among hospitalized patients in a British hospital [1,2]. The prevalence of MRSA as a major cause of morbidity, increased cost of healthcare delivery services and mortality in hospitals h... | 16817961 | PMC1543645 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Jul 3; 5:16 |
Background
Brachytherapy is frequently chosen for the treatment of stage II mobile tongue cancer, so as to avoid the large tissue defects caused by surgery, and conserve good function. Since surgery of T1 tumors is associated with good results in terms of the prognosis and function, the ratio of patients with T2 tumors... | 16834784 | PMC1543646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Jul 12; 1:21 |
Background
In mammals, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSL) are necessary for fatty acid degradation, phospholipid remodeling, and production of long acyl-CoA esters that regulate various physiological processes. These enzymes play a crucial role in plasma membrane phospholipid turnover in erythrocytes, via the Lands... | 16834775 | PMC1543647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Jul 11; 7:21 |
Background
In the past decades, the prevalence of candidemia has increased significantly. Among them, Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated fungal pathogen in humans and has caused morbidity in seriously debilitated and immunocompromised hosts. Coinciding with the increased usage of antifungal drugs, the inc... | 16839415 | PMC1543648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Jul 13; 7:22 |
Background
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a family of zinc dependent proteases responsible for the extracellular matrix turnover and degradation of bioactive proteins. In cerebral ischemia, MMPs 2 and 9, also designated as gelatinases A (72 kDa) and B (92 kDa) have been identified to mediate the degradation of the ... | 16846501 | PMC1543649 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:30 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jul 17; 7:56 |
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