text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
The advent of automated DNA sequencing methods has resulted in an enormous growth in the volume of sequence data deposited in public databases. The increasing availability of genome sequence data for many related organisms offers great opportunities to study gene function and genome evolution, but it also pr... | 16762073 | PMC1534069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 8; 7:292 |
Background
Biological sequences, including DNA, RNA and proteins, contain functionally important motifs, such as transcription factor binding sites (TFBS), RNA splice sites, and protein domains. With the increasing-availability of genome sequences, identification of such functional motifs not only plays important roles... | 16749929 | PMC1534070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 2; 7:279 |
Background
Microarrays have become common tools in many life-science laboratories. Despite their diffusion, it is still not easy to analyze the huge amount of data generated by this powerful technology. Microarray data analysis is in fact a multi-step procedure, and an overwhelming amount of different published methods... | 16824223 | PMC1534071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 6; 7:335 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions and complex formation play a central role in a broad range of biological processes, including hormone-receptor binding, protease inhibition, antibody-antigen interaction and signal transduction [1]. As structural genomics projects proceed, we are confronted with an increasing num... | 16842615 | PMC1534072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:07 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 14; 7:344 |
Introduction
Several models have been proposed to depict evolutionary trajectories of gene duplicates and evolutionary forces behind functional divergence of duplicate genes [1,2]. Despite the difference among detailed processes of the duplicates in these models, the final fate of the daughter copies is mostly determin... | 16895434 | PMC1534073 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:39 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 11; 2(8):e102 |
Introduction
With the delineation of multiple genome sequences, there is an increased interest in understanding how the genes within a given genome are regulated through complex transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs). Consequently, there is an effort under way to reconstruct the TRNs of model organisms [1]. Because... | 16895435 | PMC1534074 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:39 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 11; 2(8):e101 |
Introduction
Genetic associations for complex diseases may be probed either with case-control studies of unrelated people or with family-based designs. Both designs have advantages and disadvantages. Studies of cases and unrelated controls are the most commonly used approach; sufficiently large study populations can be... | 16895437 | PMC1534078 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 11; 2(8):e123 |
Introduction
The central importance of mitochondria in ATP production is well established [1,2]. The pH gradient across the mitochondrial membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane potential make up the electrochemical gradient, which regulates the efficiency of ATP synthesis and other mitochondrial activity. Recent... | 16895436 | PMC1534079 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:40 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 11; 2(8):e128 |
Disease name/synonyms
Lujan syndrome
Lujan-Fryns syndrome
X-linked mental retardation with marfanoid habitus
Definition/diagnostic criteria
The Lujan-Fryns syndrome or X-linked mental retardation with marfanoid habitus syndrome (OMIM 309520) is a syndromal X-linked form of mental retardation (mild to moderate mental... | 16831221 | PMC1538574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Jul 10; 1:26 |
Background
Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DGO) is an adverse effect of certain medicines such a immunosuppressive agents, antiepileptics, and calcium (Ca 2+) channel blockers [1]. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of drug-induced enlargement remain unclear, particularly of the immunosuppressi... | 16712728 | PMC1538575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 May 19; 2:13 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Wolfgang J. Miller (nominated by Jerzy Jurka), Itai Yanai and Mikhail S.Gelfand. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences capable of moving among chromosomal locations within the genome. TEs are copious gen... | 16857058 | PMC1538576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Jul 20; 1:20 |
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) represents a significant public health problem and disease burden globally, resulting in major disability and pain in affected individuals and significant health care costs for associated disease management [1]. Given the high disability and poor quality of life associated with OA, patien... | 16556304 | PMC1538577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Mar 23; 4:19 |
Background
Thalassaemia is a genetic blood disorder which can be fatal if proper treatment is not received. It is characterised by partial or no production of alpha or beta globin chains which form part of the structure of the haemoglobin in the red blood cells [1]. Thalassaemia is an increasingly serious public health... | 16813662 | PMC1538578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jul 2; 4:39 |
Background
Intestinal obstruction is a commonly encountered surgical emergency, and usually occurs secondary to intestinal adhesions, bands and obstructed herniae. However, at times, rare causes of intestinal obstruction may be encountered such as the 'abdominal cocoon', also known as 'sclerosing encapsulating peritoni... | 16800898 | PMC1538579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Jun 27; 1:18 |
Review
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) as defined by the Atlanta criteria, is present in up to 25% of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) [1], with mortality of 10%–20%.
In these patients, AP develops in two phases: the first ten days are characterized by the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), whereas i... | 16820058 | PMC1538580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Jul 4; 1:20 |
Background
Patient safety is an increasingly important issue in care delivery. The Institute of Medicine report estimates that 44,000 to 94,000 deaths are caused annually from medical errors [1]. Studies estimate that 3–17% of inpatients experience adverse events significant enough to prolong hospitalization, cause sig... | 16787539 | PMC1538581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:57 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jun 20; 6:26 |
Background
Substance Abuse, Treatment, Prevention, and Policy uses a medium that provides the broadest possible worldwide readership. Articles can be freely read by anyone in the world without charge. Since the articles published here will hopefully help inform policy this is exactly the right target.
The traditional ... | 0 | PMC1538582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Jul 17; 1:19 |
Background
General practice represents the primary care system in France. Three quarters of the French population consult a GP at least once every year, and 92% stay nested within their attending physician [1].
Twenty percent of GP's patients present with alcohol use disorders (5% dependence) [2]. Although these alcoh... | 16842620 | PMC1538583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Jul 14; 1:18 |
Background
The potential benefits of marine pharmacology remain to be fully realised. Diverse and novel natural products isolated from bacteria, algae and benthic invertebrates including soft corals, sponges and anemones from distinct marine environments have been chemically identified and some of their biological acti... | 16824204 | PMC1538584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:08 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Jul 6; 6:10 |
Background
Case definitions have been recognized to be important elements of public health surveillance systems [1]. They are to assure comparability and consistency of surveillance data and have crucial impact on the sensitivity and the positive predictive value of a surveillance system. The World Health Organization ... | 16686946 | PMC1538585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 May 10; 6:129 |
Background
Dropout or attrition, not due to death, in a longitudinal study can present a threat to the validity of population based longitudinal data analysis and is considered unnatural attrition. Assessment of the health of a population requires information on the total population, but individuals who do not respond ... | 16848886 | PMC1538586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 18; 6:185 |
Background
In recent years, the creation of supportive environments for encouraging mothers to breastfeed their children has emerged as a key health issue for women and children. While the number of new mothers in the workplace increases, an early return to work and inconvenient workplace conditions discourage women fr... | 16787546 | PMC1538587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 21; 6:160 |
Background
Health care decision-makers need to choose whether or not to reimburse health technologies, and cost-effectiveness is increasingly one of the criteria used to guide that choice. Estimates of cost-effectiveness are inevitably associated with some degree of uncertainty, generated jointly from the estimate of e... | 16623946 | PMC1538588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Apr 19; 6:52 |
Background
Most countries in the African Region of the World Health Organization (WHO) continue to experience the loss of a sizeable number of highly skilled health professionals (physicians, nurses, dentists, and pharmacists) by their migration to developed countries. There are three categories of emigrants: scientifi... | 16846492 | PMC1538589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jul 17; 6:89 |
Background
Various types of psychotherapy have shown to be effective in the treatment of depression. Compared to treatment with antidepressants, the effect seems to be on the same level, at least in moderate and mild depression [1], and this applies to different types of psychotherapy [2-4]. With respect to type of sta... | 16805912 | PMC1538590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Jun 28; 2:15 |
Background
Ankle fracture refers to fracture of the medial or lateral malleolus or the distal tibia or fibula [1-4]. The incidence is between 107 and 184 per 100,000 person-years [5-8], making it one of the most common lower limb fractures [9,10]. It is usually caused by low-velocity trauma such as falls, twisting inju... | 16729880 | PMC1538591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 May 26; 7:46 |
Background
Campylobacter spp. are commensal bacteria in chickens and can cause a significant proportion of food-borne disease [1]. The high colonization incidences of poultry by campylobacters and the resultant clinical infections in humans have prompted a number of investigations focused upon identifying and subsequen... | 16803630 | PMC1538592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 27; 3:50 |
Background
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common and severe idiopathic interstitial pneumonia [1,2]. In affected portions of the lung irreversible remodelling of tissue architecture takes place, which is histopathologically described as "usual interstitial pneumonia". In recent years evolving opinions ... | 16813649 | PMC1538593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 30; 7(1):95 |
Spleen cell/tumor cell mixtures
For a general but detailed description of the spleen and its functions see [1].
In one of my own studies, I showed that when a relatively small proportion of spleen cells from specifically immunized donors was admixed with sarcoma cells prior to implantation of the mixture into radiated... | 16800890 | PMC1538594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Jun 26; 3:23 |
Background
Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are closely related bacterial pathogens, which share many common genes with a high degree of sequence identity (typically greater than 95%). DNA relatedness studies cluster the commensal N. lactamica with the two pathogenic Neisseria spp. [1]. Sequence identit... | 16734888 | PMC1538595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 30; 7:128 |
Background
The unique maternal inheritance pattern of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), its small genome size, accelerated mutation rate, lack of recombination, and multiple copy number per cell, in comparison to nuclear DNA, are ideal biological traits for investigating evolution, population genetics and for forensic and med... | 16859552 | PMC1538596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 21; 7:185 |
Background
Research over the past thirty years has revealed the diversity of transcription initiation scenarios in eukaryotes. Only some of the scenarios have been studied in detail and more are likely to be discovered. So far, six core promoter elements have been experimentally identified in eukaryotes. These elements... | 16790048 | PMC1538597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 21; 7:161 |
Background
Recurrences after initial breast cancer treatment often manifest systemically as distant metastases. There is, thus, perpetual need to have effective systemic agents including endocrine agents to deal with them. Since the advent of tamoxifen in early seventies, several endocrine agents have been in vogue. Th... | 16822312 | PMC1538598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 5; 4:40 |
Introduction
Britain is a multicultural society. Nearly 6.4 million people in England belong to the ethnic minority communities. This figure represents about 1 in 8 of England's population [1]. The ethnic minority communities in England share a number of features. Disadvantage and discrimination characterise their expe... | 16716216 | PMC1538599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 May 22; 5:7 |
Background
Enterococci are part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts and colonize the bowels of more than 90% of healthy humans [1]. Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens with generally low virulence, but their intrinsic and increasing acquired resistance to multiple drugs have made th... | 16836754 | PMC1538600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jul 12; 6:62 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia occurring in the elderly. It is characterized pathologically by the deposition of β-amyloid plaques, the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and loss of neurons and synapses in selected areas of the brain. The β-amyloid plaques are extracellul... | 16930452 | PMC1538601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Jul 3; 1:5 |
Background
During pregnancy, the uterus enlarges, which in rats is mainly caused by an increase in the amount of collagen and hypertrophy of the uterine smooth muscle cells. After parturition, the uterus undergoes involution during which it returns to its prepregnancy state. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group... | 16740171 | PMC1538602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Jun 2; 4:32 |
Background
External radiotherapy has now become standard following breast conservative surgery. Despite this, the occurrence of radiation-induced sarcoma is still reported as a rare complication, with incidence ranging from 0.008% to 0.48% [1-4]. Radio-induced breast sarcoma has a poor prognosis with a 68% recurrence r... | 16824232 | PMC1538603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 7; 3:18 |
Background
Lemierre's syndrome presents a classic [1] but exceptional clinical picture (0.8 per million people per year) [2], the physiopathology of which remains obscure. Over the last few years, there has been a noticeable increase in efforts to identify genetic predispositions that modify the detection of the pathog... | 16846490 | PMC1538604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 17; 6:115 |
Background
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has lead to a significant decrease in mortality and disease progression in HIV-1 infected children and adolescents [1,2]. Antirretroviral treatment (ART) in children has special features and consequently, results obtained from clinical trials i... | 16834769 | PMC1538605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 11; 6:107 |
Background
The use of molecular markers has provided greater resolution in the characterisation of the spread of infectious disease. In this paper we focus on M. tuberculosis because there has been much empirical research effort made to understand its population structure using molecular techniques. Additionally, a num... | 16756684 | PMC1538606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 7; 6:92 |
Background
The issue of emergence and global dissemination of multiresistant strains of enteric pathogens is of greatest interest from both epidemiological and prevention/control points of view. Whereas emergence is unavoidable, the successful and persistent dissemination through widest geographic areas of a resistant ... | 16846516 | PMC1538607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 17; 6:117 |
Background
Traumatic fractures of the vertebral body, resulting from various forms of severe kinematical impact, often involve local damaging of the associated intervertebral discs (IVD). In addition, previous animal studies and small sample cadaver analyses have demonstrated that abnormal biomechanical loading of the ... | 16719914 | PMC1538608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2006 May 23; 6:5 |
Background
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), constitutes one of the most common and upsetting disorders among the male population [1-4]. It is associated with lower urinary tract symptoms that interfere with the activities of daily living and sleep patterns, significantly reducing quality of life [2,4] and generating... | 16790044 | PMC1538609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Jun 21; 6:14 |
Background
There are two important issues when considering influenza vaccination of general practitioners (GPs) as advocated by many guidelines. [1,2] Firstly, an influenza vaccine must give personal protection to the GP. To a certain extent, this issue has been addressed by efficacy studies among healthy adults. [3] S... | 16831228 | PMC1538610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Jul 10; 4:17 |
Background
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum extract) is an attractive treatment option for patients with mild to moderately severe depression because it has been shown in clinical trials to be effective [1-6] and well tolerated with a more favorable side-effect profile than many synthetic antidepressants [2,6-10].... | 16796730 | PMC1538611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Jun 23; 4:14 |
Background
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is one of the most common neuro-degenerative disorders, estimated to afflict approximately 1% of Americans over the age of 65 (Bennett, Beckett, Murray, Shannon, Goetz, Pilgrim, & Evans, 1996; Tanner, 1994) [1,2]. PD is associated with the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the subs... | 16772027 | PMC1538612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jun 13; 6:26 |
Background
The synaptic actions of dopamine (DA) in the striatal complex, the principal target of DA neurons in the CNS, may best be described as heterogeneous. In the striatal complex, DA neurons synapse on and in proximity to medium-spiny GABA neurons [1]. Medium-spiny neurons (MSNs) constitute 95% of the neurons in ... | 16813648 | PMC1538613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jun 30; 7:53 |
Background
A major goal in post-genomic neuroscience is to elucidate the function of individual genes in neurons. Gene targeting is one of the most widely used methods to study the function of genes in the vertebrate nervous system and in recent years the need for conditional mutation strategies has been emphasised. Fo... | 16768796 | PMC1538614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jun 12; 7:47 |
Findings
HIV-1 and other lentiviruses have evolved a more complex reverse transcription strategy than oncoviruses whereby the presence of two additional cis-acting sequences within the lentiviral genome, the central polypurine tract (cPPT) and the central termination sequence (CTS), leads to the formation of a three-st... | 16800894 | PMC1538615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jun 26; 3:38 |
Background
Thrombospondins (TSPs) are a family of extracellular proteins recognized as an endogenous constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in many human tissues. They are adhesive proteins that promote cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions [1]. TSPs consists of five subtypes encoded by independent genes, in wh... | 16732887 | PMC1538616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 29; 6:140 |
Background
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in humans. It is classified, together with squamous cell carcinoma, as non-melanoma skin cancer. The incidence of BCC is increasing worldwide by up to 10% a year. Although mortality is low as BCC rarely metastasises, this malignancy causes considerable mor... | 16796735 | PMC1538617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 23; 6:163 |
In our article in BMC Cancer [1] we modelled our graph for the passage of bromodeoxyuridine-labelled cells through the cell cycle presented in Figure 1 on the figure published by Johansson et al. [2]. We regret that we failed to quote this article and we are grateful to its authors and the editors for bringing this mat... | 0 | PMC1538618 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 11; 6:184 |
Background
Lung cancer is the major cancer killer and a health care problem worldwide with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 15 %. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents 80% of all cases of lung cancer [1,2]. The cornerstone therapy for NSCLC is surgery, but this is radical in only about 30% of cases.... | 16796750 | PMC1538619 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 23; 6:166 |
Background
The claudin family consists of approximately 23 proteins that are essential for the formation of tight junctions (TJs) in epithelial and endothelial cells [1]. TJs have crucial roles in the control of paracellular transport and in the maintenance of cell polarity. It is thought that various claudin family me... | 16836752 | PMC1538620 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 12; 6:186 |
Background
Atopic diseases like hay fever, asthma and eczema affect an increasing proportion of people and account for considerable morbidity and loss of quality of life. No simple pattern of inheritance has been shown and susceptibility to atopic disease appears to be determined by an interaction between environmental... | 16759385 | PMC1538621 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 Jun 7; 4:9 |
Background
In United States, strongyloidiasis is the most important nematode infection in humans with a tendency towards chronic persistent infection and with special characteristic features of autoinfection, hyperinfection involving pulmonary and gastrointestinal systems, and disseminated infection involving other org... | 16734908 | PMC1538622 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 May 30; 4:8 |
Background
The idea that the immune system is costly and must be traded off against other important physiological systems is a corner stone of the rapidly developing field of ecological immunity [1]. For example, only a costly immune system can provide an explanation for the many observed parasitism-immunity- reproduct... | 16846495 | PMC1538623 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Physiol. 2006 Jul 17; 6:6 |
Background
Milk protein genetic polymorphism has received considerable research interest in recent years because of possible associations between milk protein genotypes and economically important traits in dairy cattle. Many research reports have indicated that certain milk protein variants may be associated with milk ... | 16725039 | PMC1538624 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 May 25; 7:31 |
Text
Measurement of patient-centred health outcomes began in the 1950s, and more than 70 measures of functional status, 2 dozen generic quality of life instruments, and hundreds of disease-specific measures now exist [1-4]. Much of this research has relied on the theory and methods of Classical Test Theory (CTT). Under... | 16774690 | PMC1538625 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:05 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun 15; 6:25 |
Background
There have been numerous studies relating the level of hospital resources to birth outcomes. Analyses of California hospital discharge data [1,2], for example, have shown that neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) level and the volume of patients in the NICU are inversely related to risk-adjusted mortality for... | 16595016 | PMC1538626 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Apr 4; 6:11 |
Background
Perilipins are phosphorylated proteins in adipocytes localized at the surface of the lipid droplet in adipocytes, steroid-producing cells and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques [1-4]. These proteins are essential in the regulation of triglyceride deposition and mobilization [5-7]. When protein kinase A is acti... | 16836753 | PMC1538627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Jul 12; 5:10 |
Background
Chagas' disease (CD) is a permanent threat for almost a quarter of the population of Latin America. Although the disease has been described in almost all Central and South America, clinical presentation and epidemiological characteristics are variable among the different endemic zones [1,2]. A wide range of ... | 16764726 | PMC1538628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Jun 9; 7:21 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and adult-onset, idiopathic chronic hydrocephalus, or normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), are age-related disorders involving various degrees of dementia. Patients with both diseases have reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and decreased CSF turnover that may be associated ... | 16737542 | PMC1538629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 May 31; 3:7 |
Introduction
Horizontal submerged agarose gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids is a basic tool of modern molecular biology [1]. Pouring melted agarose on a horizontal gel tray, the rapidity of polymerization, and the simplicity of handling and using polymerized agarose gels, are among the many advantages of this univer... | 16836743 | PMC1538630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Immun Ageing. 2006 Jul 12; 3:7 |
Background
Maternal syphilis has a severe impact on pregnancy outcome. Although antenatal syphilis screening has proven to be cheap and effective, syphilis during pregnancy continues to be a substantial problem in resource-poor settings [1]. Published information from developing countries reveals that there is reason t... | 16827943 | PMC1538631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2006 Jul 8; 6:8 |
Schizophrenia proteomics: biomarkers on the path to laboratory medicine?
Affecting nearly 1% of the world's population, schizophrenia is marked by chronic psychosis and social, occupational, behavioral, and cognitive impairment. This debilitating psychiatric disorder requires a disproportionate share of medical resourc... | 16846510 | PMC1538632 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Jul 17; 1:11 |
Background
Pericardial tumours are infrequently encountered in clinical practice; one study suggests an incidence of between 2–3% of all primary cardiac tumours [1]. They may present with non-specific symptoms such as heart failure, arrhythmias, sudden death, cyanosis, and chest pain. Imaging can be challenging; echoca... | 16848884 | PMC1538633 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jul 18; 4:29 |
Background
Structural genomics/proteomics projects seek to establish high-throughput techniques by promoting routine protein structure determination either by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy [1-7]. However, the determination of large protein structures remains as a major hurdle, especially for NMR, which requ... | 16800897 | PMC1538634 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 27; 7:323 |
Background
The function, type and size of amino acid repeat regions in proteins are vastly diverse. The amino acid repeats (hence forth referred as repeats and repeat containing proteins as repeat proteins) can be functionally neutral or active, tandem or scattered, and perfect or mismatch. Repeats may also range from ... | 16827924 | PMC1538635 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 7; 7:336 |
Background
Use of alcohol and illicit drugs by adolescents remains a problem in the U.S. Although use rates have leveled and even decreased slightly for some substances over the past ten years, use rates among even the youngest adolescents are still concerning. Three of four teens have used alcohol (more than a few sip... | 16831225 | PMC1538991 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Jul 10; 1:17 |
Background
Abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis [1,2], and was one of the earliest established biochemical links to cardiovascular disease [3]. It is well established that elevated plasma triglycerides (TG) are an independent risk factor for coronary heart... | 16822320 | PMC1538992 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Jul 5; 5:19 |
Background
Unexplained complaints
'Unexplained complaints' can be defined as: those complaints for which a general practitioner (GP), after clarifying the reason for encounter, taking history and performing physical examination, is unable to establish a diagnosis.[1] This definition reflects a broad continuum of clinic... | 16553955 | PMC1538993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Mar 22; 7:20 |
Introduction
There are trends for global health concerns to have a greater impact on ethnic minorities [1-5]. For example, the human immunodefeciency virus (HIV) epidemic has disproportionately affected Aboriginal persons throughout North America. American Indians and Alaska Natives make up 6% of all new HIV infections... | 16723028 | PMC1538994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 May 24; 3:14 |
Background
Cancer death rates presented by geographic boundaries such as state and county, state economic areas, and health service areas have been useful in monitoring temporal trends in allocating public health resources [1,2], and in some instances, in generating etiological hypotheses. These rates are less useful f... | 16796732 | PMC1538995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jun 23; 5:28 |
Background
Integrins are a family of metazoan cell surface receptors that play critical roles in cell adhesion, migration, differentiation and survival [1]. Integrins are heterodimeric glycoproteins containing non-covalently associated α and β subunits, and are grouped into sub-families according to the identity of the... | 16787535 | PMC1538996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:40 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Jun 20; 7:24 |
Background
Asthma is the most common chronic disease in the UK, constituting a considerable burden to patients, their families and the National Health Service (NHS) [1]. Many asthma patients experience significant morbidity and lifestyle limitations, despite general improvements in treatment standards [2]. Previous res... | 16776833 | PMC1538997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 15; 6:76 |
Background
Live vaccines have played a critical role from the beginning of vaccinology. Indeed, the very first vaccination experiment in the Western world was Jenner's inoculation of a boy with the milder cowpox virus to protect against the deadly smallpox. Although effective the technology has safety problems associat... | 16796731 | PMC1538998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Jun 23; 5:23 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) has been traditionally assumed to result from a single infection with a single Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain, and this infection is thought to confer immunity to additional infections. Therefore, a recurrence of disease has been most often considered to be caused by endogenous reactivat... | 16846493 | PMC1538999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jul 17; 7(1):99 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible airway obstruction and persistent airway inflammation. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is one of the important cytokines involved in this inflammatory process, which has been associated with cell proliferation and differenti... | 16780585 | PMC1539000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 16; 7(1):89 |
Background
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has been used extensively for observation in vivo of gene expression and cell morphology in C. elegans [1-4]. GFP has also been targeted to specific subcellular structures by fusing GFP to various proteins. A technique utilizing a chimeri... | 16759392 | PMC1539001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:46 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jun 7; 7:36 |
Background
Knowledge of cancer patterns in Africa is woefully inadequate [1-7], and population-based epidemiological data on the occurrence of cancer in sub-Saharan Africa, especially, are sparse. Until recently, cancers and other non-communicable diseases were thought to be unimportant public health problems in develo... | 16787544 | PMC1539002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:28 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 20; 6:159 |
Background
Injuries accounted for 9% of the world's deaths and 12% of the world's burden of disease in 2000 [1]. Although most injuries are preventable, it is expected to rise dramatically by 2020 [2]. However, the probability of injury is unequally distributed among all groups in a society. It can be affected by facto... | 16638154 | PMC1539003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:28 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 26; 6:107 |
Background
The burden of road traffic accidents in Europe
Traffic accidents cause about 120 000 deaths and 2.5 million injuries a year in Europe. It has been estimated that the total cost to society is higher than €160 billion a year, approximately 2% of the EU GNP [1].
Road traffic accidents are the most common cause... | 16834780 | PMC1539004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:28 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 11; 6:183 |
Background
Today, globalization threatens the health of our society with an undesirable effect on equity in health for development. The notion that Essential National Health Research (ENHR) is a key strategy for equity in development within and between countries is being revisited under the call for National Health Res... | 16768792 | PMC1539005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:28 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 12; 6:151 |
Background
Back pain is one of the most prevalent health problems for which physicians are consulted [1]. Back pain can decrease the quality of life considerably during a great part of the lives of those who suffer from it. At the same time it has an enormous economic impact, mainly through sickness absence and long-te... | 16848904 | PMC1539006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:28 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 18; 6:190 |
Background
Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem in all parts of the world. Pakistan is in the intermediate HBV prevalence area with a carrier rate of 3–4% [1]. Chronic hepatitis B is a severe problem in Pakistan [2,3]. In a community based study 31% percent had hepatitis B core antibodies and 4.3% had hepat... | 16792819 | PMC1539007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 23; 6:101 |
Background
Noroviruses are highly infectious organisms that cause an acute and short-lived gastroenteritis [1]. They are the most common etiologic agent associated with infectious intestinal disease [2,3]. Akin to many other gastroenteric pathogens, they are transmitted by the faecal-oral route. But, the virus also cau... | 16834774 | PMC1539008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 11; 6:108 |
Background
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, implicated in numerous human diseases such as periodontitis, endocarditis, meningitis and osteomyelitis. [1-4]. The primary ecological niches of this bacteria, which causes localized aggressive periodontitis, are dental plaqu... | 16772039 | PMC1539009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 13; 6:98 |
Background
HIV-1 Integrase (IN)1 is a 32-kDa viral protein that is required for the insertion of viral DNA into the chromosome of the host cell, an essential step in the life cycle of retroviruses [1-3]. Because of its critical role, IN is as an attractive target for the design and screening of novel drugs against AIDS... | 16790058 | PMC1539010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jun 21; 3:34 |
Background
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) are assumed to be remnants of ancient retroviral infections of our ancestors' germ-line cells. HERV sequences constitute approximately 3–8% of the human genome and can be classified into at least 31 families [1,2]. Tissue-specific hybridization patterns toarrays of sequen... | 16822326 | PMC1539011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jul 6; 3:44 |
Background
Polydnaviruses are obligatory endosymbionts of some endoparasitic Hymenoptera from Ichneumonid and Braconid families. They are integrated as provirus in wasp chromosomes. Viral replication occurs in calyx cells of the wasp ovary, and leads to the formation of multiple circular dsDNA encapsidated molecules. V... | 16784535 | PMC1539012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Jun 19; 3:48 |
Background
Esophageal cancer is a common and usually fatal cancer that is characterized by great variation in rates among different populations. In South America, there is a geographic area of high esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) incidence that encompasses southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina, Uruguay, and... | 16729889 | PMC1539013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 26; 6:139 |
Background
The association of pathological (unilateral, uniductal, spontaneous, serous or bloody) nipple discharge with breast carcinoma has resulted in numerous women undergoing exploratory surgery to rule out malignancy. The association of pathological nipple discharge with breast carcinoma is approximately 10–20% [1... | 16796740 | PMC1539014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:28 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 23; 6:164 |
Background
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological neoplasm, accounting for over 6% of deaths from cancer in women [1]. The standard treatment is a combination of surgery and chemotherapy, the latter usually consisting of a taxane/platinum combination. By this regimen, initial response rates of more than 80% a... | 16834771 | PMC1539015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:28 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 11; 6:183 |
Background
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths for women in China, and the incidence rate is still increasing [1]. A wide diversity of genetic damage induced by endogenous metabolites and exogenous hazards may contribute to the etiology of breast cancer. Epidemiological studies suggested that fo... | 16723031 | PMC1539016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:28 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 25; 6:138 |
Background
To date only two previous studies have investigated the association between anthropometric measures and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) [1,2]. Sahl et al (1995) in a small case-control study based on 46 cases reported a positive association between weight and BCC, whilst Milan et al (2003) in a nested case-contro... | 16566838 | PMC1539017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:28 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Mar 27; 6:82 |
Background
Cleavage and polyadenylation (3'-processing) are essential steps in eukaryotic mRNA formation that can effect transcript stability and function [1]. Processing of the 3'-end occurs on the nascent pre-mRNA as it is transcribed by RNA polymerase II [2]. Selection of the 3'-processing site is directed by intera... | 16542450 | PMC1539018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 16; 7:55 |
Background
Cold acclimation (CA) allows hardy plants to develop the efficient freezing tolerance (FT) mechanisms needed for winter survival. During the period of exposure to low temperature (LT), numerous biochemical, physiological and metabolic functions are altered in plants, and these changes are regulated by LT mos... | 16772040 | PMC1539019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 13; 7:149 |
Background
Comprehensive structural, functional and comparative studies of any genome are increasingly dependent upon the availability of an anchored physical map which shows the order of all genetic components in correspondence to their chromosomal localization. Anchoring of phenotypic information (such as trait or QT... | 16737546 | PMC1539020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 May 31; 7:132 |
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