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Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in many intraepithelial neoplasias and invasive squamous cell carcinomas [1-3]. The worldwide prevalence of HPV in cervical carcinomas has been determined to be as high as 99.7%, with HPV types 16 and 18 implicated most frequently [4,5]. Recent studies indicate ... | 16716227 | PMC1550262 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 May 22; 6:14 |
Background
The use of large-scale experimental and information technologies has dramatically increased the pace of production of biomedical findings, and the number of scientific articles has grown rapidly as well, which makes it impossible for human to retrieve or keep up to date with all the related information from ... | 16822321 | PMC1550263 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:32 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 5; 7:334 |
Background
Mass spectrometry is being used to generate protein profiles from human serum, and proteomic data obtained from mass spectrometry have attracted great interest for the detection of early-stage cancer (for example, [1-3]). Recent advancements in proteomics come from the development of protein mass spectrometr... | 16869977 | PMC1550264 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:32 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 26; 7:358 |
Background
Starvation of budding yeast cells by nutrient depletion leads to the transcriptional induction or repression of a large number of genes [1-3] in concert with a prolonged cell cycle arrest or exit from the cell cycle (reviewed in [4]; "starvation by nutrient depletion is subsequently referred to as "starvatio... | 16859541 | PMC1550265 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jul 21; 6:58 |
Background
Differential allocation of resources can give rise to tradeoffs that are manifest as negative associations between traits [1,2]. Tradeoffs presumably exert a central role in life history evolution given that energy-limited organisms cannot simultaneously maximize all components of fitness. For an insect with... | 16848899 | PMC1550266 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jul 18; 6:57 |
Background
Plastids, the solar powered energy factories of phototrophic eukaryotes, either translate mRNAs for their organelle-encoded genes or import nuclear-encoded proteins. In both cases, correct folding of proteins is managed by chaperones such as those of the GroEL family. These are an abundant class of chaperone... | 16640777 | PMC1550267 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Apr 26; 6:38 |
Introduction
Herpesviruses are widespread animal pathogens, producing a variety of diseases of medical and economic impact, including mucocutaneous infections, infections of the central nervous system, and occasionally infections of visceral organs. Herpesviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate and... | 16933992 | PMC1550268 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:34 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 18; 2(8):e85 |
Introduction
Apicomplexan parasites cause significant human and animal diseases such as toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii), malaria (Plasmodium spp.), cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.), and coccidiosis (Eimeria spp.). Among the invasion-related apical structures shared by these parasites are the secretory microne... | 16933991 | PMC1550269 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:35 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 18; 2(8):e84 |
Introduction
Bacteria have an extraordinary capacity to adapt to changes in their external environment. The histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein (H-NS) plays a key role for many Gram-negative bacteria by integrating a complex range of environmental signals such as temperature and osmolarity [1,2]. Consequently, H-... | 16933988 | PMC1550270 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:37 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 18; 2(8):e81 |
Introduction
Natural killer (NK) cells are central components of the innate immune response, providing early defense against viral infections and tumor cells by production of cytokines and direct cytotoxicity [1,2]. Regulation of their activity is under the control of a range of activating and inhibitory receptors that... | 16933987 | PMC1550271 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 12:11:33 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Aug 18; 2(8):e79 |
Introduction
Recent comparative studies of genomic-scale gene expression levels have revealed substantial variation among different strains [1,2], among closely related species [3], and even within a genetically identical population [4–7]. Why do some of the genes monitored in these experiments manifest divergent expre... | 16933982 | PMC1550272 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 18; 2(8):e106 |
Introduction
Cancer progression is a form of somatic evolution in which certain mutations give a cell a selective proliferation advantage [1]. Evidence strongly supports mutation as one of the dominant factors in setting rate-limiting steps in tumor progression, resulting in variation in the timing of progression betwe... | 16933983 | PMC1550273 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:39 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 18; 2(8):e108 |
Introduction
From an ecologist's perspective, the maintenance of a broad immune response, simultaneously recognising multiple antigenic regions of a pathogen, is puzzling. Ecological theory predicts that the number of coexisting species in a certain place and time cannot exceed the number of limiting resources in the s... | 16933984 | PMC1550274 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 18; 2(8):e109 |
Introduction
With the advent of the HAPMAP project [1,2], the popularity of haplotype-based case-control genetic association studies has grown markedly. The alleles present at multiple genetic markers across a given chromosome form a haplotype [3]. It has been suggested that association studies utilizing haplotypes for... | 16933998 | PMC1550282 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 18; 2(8):e127 |
Introduction
The identification of pathways and genes underlying complex traits using standard mapping techniques has been difficult due to genetic heterogeneity, epistatic interactions, and environmental factors [1,2]. One promising approach to this problem involves the integration of genetics and gene expression [3–7... | 16934000 | PMC1550283 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 18; 2(8):e130 |
Introduction
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is characterized by the occurrence of clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria in otherwise healthy individuals (reviewed in [1,2]). This syndrome covers a broad range of clinical phenotypes, reflecting the diversity of environmental a... | 16934001 | PMC1550284 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 18; 2(8):e131 |
Introduction
In the absence of thromboprophylaxis, the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) ranges from 10–20% in general medical patients to 80% in trauma patients, spinal cord injury patients, and patients in the critical care unit [1,2]. Despite evidence from large, randomized clinical studies demonstrating the... | 16817957 | PMC1550384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Jul 3; 4:8 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating disease characterized by a progressive deterioration in cognitive abilities, eventually leading to severe dementia. Pathologically there is localized deposition of cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) protein, neuritic plaques, glial activation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, ... | 16753065 | PMC1550385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Jun 5; 3:14 |
Background
Segregation of chromosomes to the two opposite poles of a dividing cell is central to cellular reproduction. Fittingly, the mitotic spindle, which is primarily responsible for progressive separation of sister-chromatids during anaphase, is a tension-ridden, bipolar structure with centrosomes constituting the... | 16792804 | PMC1550386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Jun 22; 1:12 |
Background
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations would be about 55 ppm (parts per million) higher than their present concentration without the oceanic anthropogenic CO2 sink. The ocean has hindered the extent of accelerated climate change and will continue to absorb about 33% of fossil-fuel emissions well into the future [1].... | 16930461 | PMC1550387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Jul 21; 1:5 |
Background
Equatorial Guinea is composed of three highly diverse and disparate territories and its total surface area is 28,068 km2. It is divided into an insular and a continental region. The island of Bioko represents the main part of the insular region. Bioko Island is part of a volcanic chain formed in the middle a... | 16784527 | PMC1550388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Jun 19; 5:27 |
Background
The combustion of fossil fuels in motor vehicles is one of the major sources of anthropogenic nitrogen oxides in most large cities worldwide. NO2 concentrations in urban spaces show a good correlation with traffic density [1-3] at the measured site, being its total concentration given by the actual local sou... | 16772044 | PMC1550389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Jun 13; 5:19 |
Introduction
The traditional way to diagnose tumors is by histopathology stains and analysis. The diagnosis of cancer relies primarily on invasive tissue biopsy [1]. The conventional histopathology based on light microscopy, however, has recently been complemented with ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry and molecular... | 16686948 | PMC1550390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 May 10; 5:13 |
Background
The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) contains obligate intracellular organisms found exclusively within membrane-bound inclusions or vacuoles in the cytoplasm of both vertebrate and invertebrate host cells [1,2]. This genus includes pathogens of ruminants, A. marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis ... | 16872489 | PMC1550391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:32 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jul 26; 2:24 |
Background
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) belong to a unique type of fatty acids that is metabolized differently from either long-chain fatty acids or carbohydrates. Dietary medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) inhibit body fat mass growth in both animals and human [1-10] Early studies suggest that this effect might be ca... | 16872526 | PMC1550392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jul 27; 3:30 |
Background
Systematic modelling has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the mathematical properties of metabolic systems. The rapid development of metabolic measurement techniques has driven advances in modelling, especially using data on the effects of perturbations of metabolite concentrations, which contain... | 16846504 | PMC1550393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Jul 17; 3:24 |
Background
Over the past decade, item response theory (IRT) has been increasingly applied to the assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQL) [1]. IRT can be used to evaluate, modify, link, compare, and score existing measures as well as develop new instruments [1,2]. An important application of IRT is computeri... | 16749932 | PMC1550394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jun 2; 4:33 |
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic neurological disease in young adults. It is characterised by inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), believed to be the result of an autoimmune reaction resulting in demyelination and destruction of neural supporting cells [1]. Epidemiological stud... | 16872505 | PMC1550395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jul 26; 7:64 |
Background
Early detection and treatment of psychosocial problems may lead to considerable health benefits. Psychosocial problems have a high prevalence rate and lead to high costs of disease [1]. They also cause substantial restrictions in daily functioning in later life and are the major cause of long-term work disab... | 16872535 | PMC1550396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:32 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 27; 6:197 |
Background
Despite considerable public understanding of the dangers of smoking during pregnancy, prevalence levels in Australia range between approximately 17%, reported in 2001, and 35%, reported in 1996 [1,2].
Substantial public health gains remain to be made in perinatal mortality and morbidity through the reductio... | 16869976 | PMC1550397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:32 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 26; 6:195 |
Background
There are two general pathways by which proteins are translocated across the cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria. The Sec pathway, which is ubiquitous, uses a threading mechanism to transport unfolded polypeptides across the membrane, driven by the energy of ATP hydrolysis and the transmembrane proton gradient... | 16854235 | PMC1550398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:32 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jul 19; 6:64 |
Background
ADAM33, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 has been the first gene published, which had been identified by positional cloning as a putative candidate gene for the development of asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness [1]. It has been speculated that the ADAM33 gene, expressed in airway smooth muscle ce... | 16784537 | PMC1550399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 19; 7(1):91 |
Background
Airway inflammation and remodeling are prominent features of the asthmatic lung, characterized by leukocyte infiltration, oedema and mucus hypersecretion, combined with sub-epithelial fibrosis and smooth muscle hypertrophy. Fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type of the lung interstitium and play a signi... | 16872537 | PMC1550400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jul 27; 7(1):102 |
Background
Shigella species that cause bacillary dysentery or shigellosis are Gram-negative, non-sporulating, facultative anaerobes, and the disease remains a major worldwide health problem. An estimated annual infection of 160 million individuals, with 1.1 million deaths, most of them children under 5 years old in dev... | 16822325 | PMC1550401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 6; 7:173 |
Background
Mutations in the X-linked gene doublecortin (DCX) result in lissencephaly or subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) [1,2] (see review in [3]). Lissencephaly is a severe brain malformation characterized by absent (agyria) or decreased (pachygyria) convolutions accompanied by thickening of the cortex [4]. SBH is a... | 16869982 | PMC1550402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 26; 7:188 |
Background
Hyperosmotic conditions and low temperatures cause cellular dehydration, i.e. removal of water from the cytoplasm into the extracellular space, resulting in the reduction of cytosolic volumes and the alteration of cellular mechanisms. Dehydrins (DHNs) are a group of heat-stable plant proteins believed to pla... | 16512918 | PMC1550403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Mar 2; 7:39 |
Background
A bill to legalize physician-assisted suicide in the UK recently progressed further than ever before in the British House of Lords. In 2005 Lord Joffe revised his Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill, originally written to legalize euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (EAS), to narrow the focus to... | 16792812 | PMC1550404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:46 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jun 22; 7:39 |
Introduction
In the last decades, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) has assumed a central role in ovulation induction and has been shown to be highly effective in achieving ovulation in anovulatory infertile woman as well as in ovulation induction protocols for subfertile, ovulatory women and in superovulation for IVF... | 16848893 | PMC1550405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Jul 18; 4:38 |
Review of early biofeedback therapy
Biofeedback can be defined as the use of instrumentation to make covert physiological processes more overt; it also includes electronic options for shaping appropriate responses [1-3]. The use of biofeedback provides patients with sensorimotor impairments with opportunities to regain... | 16790060 | PMC1550406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Jun 21; 3:11 |
Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel positive-stranded RNA virus, termed SARS-CoV [1]. The global outbreak of SARS has killed 774 and infected more than 8098 people in 29 countries and regions, as reported by WHO [2]. In Beijing, more than 2523 cases an... | 16824203 | PMC1550407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 6; 6:106 |
Background
Respiratory tract infections are a major cause of human morbidity and are caused by a broad spectrum of microbial agents. Viruses account for the largest number of respiratory tract infections. The so-called respiratory viruses include influenza virus A and B, parainfluenzae viruses, adenoviruses, respirator... | 16834781 | PMC1550408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 11; 6:109 |
Background
Infective endocarditis was an invariably fatal infection before the availability of antimicrobials. A significant percentage of patients still succumb to it despite aggressive treatment especially when infected with virulent organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, approximately 20% of S. aureus iso... | 16872491 | PMC1550409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:23 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 26; 6:124 |
Background
There is a putative link between altered vascular geometry and locations of neointimal hyperplasia (NH) and cellular proliferation in vivo[1-3]. Stent implantation effectively restores vascular patency distal to a stenosis, but changes in regional geometry created by the implanted stent may also affect local... | 16780592 | PMC1550410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jun 16; 5:40 |
Background
Fistulous communication between the colon and adjacent structures below the diaphragm is known but rare complication of Crohn's disease. We present a case of 27 years-old patient suffering Crohn's disease with fecopneumothorax and colopleural fistula as complications of the disease.
Case presentation
Young ... | 16756646 | PMC1550411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Jun 6; 6:17 |
Background
Refractory epilepsy (RE) is a condition in which seizures do not respond to first and second-line anticonvulsant drug therapy. Despite the use of new antiepileptic drugs (many antiepileptic drugs have been marketed in the last decade), refractory epilepsy occurs in approximately 20–30% of patients with epile... | 16640779 | PMC1550412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Apr 26; 5:14 |
Background
It is well-known that work related diseases of muscle and skeletal system are prevalent all over Europe. In Latvia, where the amount of work and its intensity in the construction sector has substantially increased after joining the European Union in 2004, one of the main tasks of occupational health care is ... | 16872518 | PMC1550413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jul 27; 1:20 |
Background
Ergogenic drugs are substances commonly used to enhance the athletic performance and include illicit drugs as well as a variety of compounds that are marketed as nutritional supplements. Although such drugs have been widely used by professional and elite athletes for centuries, research indicates that in rec... | 16863591 | PMC1550414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Jul 24; 1:18 |
Background
Chemosensory signals between conspecific animals, or pheromones, are important factors in orchestrating reproductive behaviors. A pheromone can be comprised of a single chemical [1], but more commonly is a mixture of chemicals in insects, amphibians and mammals [2-6]. In fact, certain pheromone components, s... | 16553953 | PMC1550415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Mar 22; 7:26 |
Background
Cell-to-cell communication is one of the focuses in cell biology. In the past, three mechanisms for intercellular communication, i.e. chemical synapses, gap junctions and plasmodesmata, have been confirmed. Recently, new mechanism for long-distance intercellular communication is revealed. Rustoms et al. [1] ... | 16836742 | PMC1550416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Jul 12; 4:6 |
pmcBackground
Longitudinal study design has been routinely used to investigate the etiology and epidemiology of complex diseases, and statistical methods for analyzing longitudinal data are well established [1]. However, there are limited applications of longitudinal data in genetic studies.
Province and Rao [2] used... | 16768806 | PMC1550417 | CC BY | 2023-04-20 23:16:40 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Jun 12; 7:37 |
Background
Aspergillus is a ubiquitous soil-dwelling fungus known to cause significant pulmonary infection in immunocompromised patients. The incidence of aspergillosis has increased during the past two decades due to widespread use of chemotherapy and immunosuppressive agents, and is a frequently lethal complication o... | 16872530 | PMC1550418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Jul 27; 5:17 |
Background
Context
Indonesia is a heavily populated, multicultural country, with over 220 million people scattered over 13 000 islands [1]. After the Asian economic crisis in 1998, it was estimated that 80 million people were living below the World Bank poverty line [2]. Internal conflict, together with economic proble... | 16623935 | PMC1550419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Apr 19; 4:8 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 19- to 25-nt non coding RNAs that are cleaved from 70- to 100-nt hairpin-shaped precursors [1,2]. Initial estimates, relaying mostly on evolutionary conservation, suggested there were up to 255 humans miRNAs. More recent analysis have demonstrated there are numerous non conserved human... | 16854228 | PMC1550420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jul 19; 5:29 |
Background
Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) takes origin in the milk-producing glands of the breast and is the most common histological breast cancer after the ductal carcinoma (DC), accounting for 8–14% of cases [1]. The typical histologic picture is characterized by small, regular, non-cohesive cells arranged in ... | 16854225 | PMC1550421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:13 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 19; 6:193 |
Background
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is a metalloprotein enzyme belonging to the family of acid phosphatases, which are specifically grouped together because of their ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of orthophosphate monoesters under acidic conditions. TRAP has been studied extensively as a marker o... | 16869970 | PMC1550422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 25; 6:199 |
Background
The term 'cancer' encompasses a wide variety of distinct, multigenic diseases. Even within a specific tumour type, a remarkable degree of heterogeneity on the level of DNA lesions and affected signalling pathways is apparent. Many cancer relevant signalling molecules, but also many molecular targets of anti-... | 16764713 | PMC1550423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 9; 6:155 |
Background
Cancer of the urinary bladder is the seventh most common cancer worldwide (3.2% of all cancers), with an estimated annual incidence of 330,000 new cases and to which 179,000 deaths are attributed each year [1,2]. In the USA, where more than 63,000 new cases of bladder cancer were expected in 2005, urothelial... | 16780590 | PMC1550424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 16; 6:159 |
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD), after Alzheimer's dementia, is the second most common chronic neurological disorder of the elderly [1]. Despite the fact that a comprehensive review of general health care in the United States showed that the quality of care delivered to patients usually falls below professional sta... | 16875503 | PMC1550425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jul 28; 6:26 |
Background
On the basis of lymphokines profile, CD4+ T cells can be differentiated into Th1 and Th2 subtypes. Th1 cells secrete IL-2, IFN-γ, lymphotoxin, etc., and are mainly involved in the generation of cell-mediated immunity. Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, etc., and are generally involved in humoral immunity [1... | 16889674 | PMC1550426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:45 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Aug 7; 7:17 |
Review
Nowadays many aortic valve prostheses are available in clinical practice: mechanical, biological and human tissue prostheses. None of the currently available prosthetic valves, however, approach the human valve in terms of hemodynamic function and/or freedom from complications. Mechanical prostheses have a longe... | 16805917 | PMC1550427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Jun 29; 4:26 |
Background
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) results in 5 year survival rates of only 25–30% for patients with stage III and IV disease [1], contrasting with the 90% survival rates of patients with stage I disease, where notably peritoneal and serosal disease is absent. It is perhaps a paradox that the peritoneum which i... | 16824216 | PMC1550428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jul 6; 4:30 |
Background
Alpha1-adrenoreceptor antagonists have been used for years in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH).
Over years, researches have identified different receptor subpopulations and consequently more and more selective alpha antagonist drugs have bee... | 16842616 | PMC1550429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jul 14; 4:31 |
Background
Information about population structure, namely population stratification and admixture, is useful in a variety of situations, such as association studies of genes underlying complex traits, subspecies classification, genetic barrier detection, and evolutionary study [1-10]. For example, it is very important ... | 16792813 | PMC1550430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 22; 7:317 |
Background
Systematic elucidation of protein-protein interaction networks will be essential for understanding how different behaviors and protein functions are integrated within the cell. Recently, the advent of high-throughput experimental techniques like yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays [1] and co-immunoprecipitation (c... | 16872496 | PMC1550431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 26; 7:360 |
Background
In recent years, genome sequencing projects have enormously increased our molecular understanding of biological capabilities of organisms. For many research areas, such as biotechnology and biomedical research, the metabolic capacities of cells are highly relevant. On the basis of the functional annotation o... | 16772023 | PMC1550432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 13; 7:296 |
Background
The field of protein structure prediction began even before the first protein structures were actually solved [1]. Secondary structure prediction began [2,3] shortly after just a few protein coordinates were deposited into the Protein Data Bank [4]. In the 1980's, as the very first membrane proteins were bei... | 16774686 | PMC1550433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 14; 7:301 |
Background
Affymetrix GeneChip® microarrays are the most widely used and best standardized platforms for large-scale analysis of gene expression data [1,2]. Current chips are capable of measuring essentially whole genome expression values (>3 × 104 genes) simultaneously. The Affymetrix technology uses a set of probe pa... | 16545131 | PMC1550434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 17; 7:154 |
Background
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), type species of the virus family Nimaviridae (genus whispovirus), is a pathogen of major economic importance in cultured penaeid shrimp [1,2]. Histopathological studies on WSSV infected shrimp have shown that the virus mainly infects tissues of ectodermal and mesodermal orig... | 16784526 | PMC1550435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:33 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 19; 7:309 |
Introduction
Pigs are unusual mammals in a number of ways: they are the only ungulates that (1) build nests for birth (Figure 1A), and (2) have large litters, where (3) each young is behaviorally well developed but with a poor thermoregulatory ability [1,2]. It is also striking that piglets appear to lack brown adipose... | 16933999 | PMC1550502 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Aug 18; 2(8):e129 |
Introduction
One crucial way to provide online access to novel, valuable, and quality-assessed research reports is to foster open access to the peer-reviewed primary research literature. Examples of recent initiatives in this area are the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) [1] and the Free Online Scholarship moveme... | 12746206 | PMC1550547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:15 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Mar 31; 5(1):e1 |
Introduction
The Internet has become increasingly popular among consumers as a source of health care information. A poll in 2001 showed that almost 100 million American adults regularly go online for health care information [1].
Although there are quality-standards guidelines for medical publishing on the Internet [2,... | 12746207 | PMC1550548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:15 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Mar 31; 5(1):e2 |
Introduction
The Internet has unquestionably become an important aspect in many facets of our daily lives. In the particular area of education, many useful exploitations of the Internet have been in existence for a long time, with courses in many fields being offered online [3].
In the medical physics community, the I... | 12746208 | PMC1550549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:15 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Mar 31; 5(1):e3 |
The Foundation and Practice of eHealth
Advances in ICT and the dissemination of networked data processing created a new environment of universal access to information and the globalization of communications, businesses, and services. In the health sector, this trend is exemplified by the growing consolidation of eHealt... | 12746209 | PMC1550550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:15 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Mar 31; 5(1):e4 |
That many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, have low health status is not news. What is of interest and germane to the process of public health development and reform in these countries is sustainable ideas and proposals for health improvements. Among the many proposals discussed in international ... | 12746210 | PMC1550551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:15 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Mar 31; 5(1):e5 |
Introduction
Of the three major pressures on health services worldwide, changing demography, growing expectations of the public, and new health care interventions (technologies), the last is generating the most concern among decision makers in health care and also the most dramatic responses [1].
Health technologies a... | 12746211 | PMC1550552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:15 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Mar 31; 5(1):e6 |
Introduction
The application of information technology has revolutionized the mode of acquisition, storage, and dissemination of information. Today, computer access to the medical literature has become more convenient than ever before with MEDLINE on CD-ROM and online. Computerized literature searching enables the user... | 12746212 | PMC1550553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:15 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Mar 31; 5(1):e7 |
Introduction
The Internet is a relatively-recent phenomenon and its evolution and use by nonprofessionals have developed especially in the last 5 years. The usefulness of medical cyberspace continues to grow and links, search engines, and the presentation of information as well as users' Web-surfing skills all seem to ... | 12857666 | PMC1550555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Jun 13; 5(2):e10 |
Introduction
A number of organizations [1- 3] have identified deficiencies in physician communication-skills training. Strengthening instruction in communication skills is a priority national objective for US medical schools [4]. Learning effective communication requires a cognitive foundation of interviewing theories ... | 12857669 | PMC1550556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Jun 27; 5(2):e13 |
Introduction
Effective patient-provider communication is essential to comprehensive, quality health care [1,2]. Improving physician-patient communication is increasingly recognized as an important health care issue [3]. As outlined in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, "Crossing the Quality Chasm," 1 of the 5 key ... | 12857665 | PMC1550557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 May 15; 5(2):e9 |
Introduction
Definition of Telepathology
Telepathology is the practice of diagnostic pathology by a remote pathologist utilizing images of tissue specimens transmitted over a telecommunications network [1,2]. Traditionally telepathology systems are defined as either dynamic or static. Dynamic systems allow a telepathol... | 12857667 | PMC1550558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Jun 13; 5(2):e11 |
Introduction
This study assessed the potential of the World Wide Web to implement clinical practice guidelines in real clinical settings. It highlights the obstacles perceived by the physicians in their use of guidelines on the Internet.
Dissemination of Guidelines Alone is Not Enough, it Needs to be Combined With an ... | 12857668 | PMC1550559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Jun 13; 5(2):e12 |
Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) hit the world on November 16, 2002, when the first cases of atypical pneumonia appeared in the Guangdong Province, south China. The disease quickly spread to Vietnam and Hong Kong, and from there made its way around the globe. The western hemisphere was not spared: ... | 12857670 | PMC1550560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Jun 30; 5(2):e14 |
Introduction
The landmark Institute of Medicine report, "Crossing the quality chasm: a new health care system for the 21st century" [1], depicts an outdated model of health care that hosts worsening chronic medical conditions, skyrocketing health care expenditures, and failure to effectively transform technical innovat... | 12857664 | PMC1550561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 May 15; 5(2):e8 |
Introduction
With the rapid explosion of the Internet, one of the critical issues raised by experts involves the credibility of health Web sites [1]. This concern relates to the extent to which consumers are getting their information from Web sites that are not qualified to provide health information [2]. Practitioners... | 14517112 | PMC1550562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Sep 25; 5(3):e21 |
Introduction
Seeking personal health information online is an increasingly-popular goal of Internet users [1,2], particularly cancer patients [3]. Providing critical but basic information in lay vocabulary to cancer patients and their families to help them make important personal health decisions is a key function of t... | 14517107 | PMC1550563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Aug 29; 5(3):e16 |
Introduction
An increasing proportion of the public is using the Internet for health information [1]. This is expected to have a "profound effect on medicine" [2], but it is unclear whether this effect will be beneficial or harmful. The advantages of the Internet as a source of health information include convenient acc... | 14517108 | PMC1550564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Aug 29; 5(3):e17 |
Introduction
Content management for intranet managers and developers can be challenging. Updating content on static HTML pages can be time consuming. Database-driven Web applications (DDWA) are one significant methodology that can be used to empower end users to change content dynamically without knowledge of HTML or a... | 14517109 | PMC1550565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Aug 29; 5(3):e18 |
Introduction
Since technology has given us new methods of delivering education to patients and health care providers, the availability of resources, formats and approaches has increased dramatically. The variety of choices is certainly reflected in the scope of Bader and Stein's valuable study comparing 5 different for... | 14517110 | PMC1550566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Aug 29; 5(3):e19 |
Introduction
The World Wide Web (Web) provides a delivery system for conveying complex, structured information to a large number of users without the barriers of time and geography [1]. Nearly all physicians have access to the Web, know how to use it, and access it for medical information [2]. Physicians reported most ... | 14517111 | PMC1550567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Sep 24; 5(3):e20 |
Introduction
Major Depressive Disorder, the Anxiety Disorders, and Their Prevalence
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and the anxiety disorders are common and result in significant suffering, lost opportunity, and economic loss. With a prevalence rate of approximately 5% worldwide, MDD is the most common mood disorder [1... | 14517114 | PMC1550568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Sep 29; 5(3):e23 |
Introduction
The Internet has dramatically changed the residency application process. The process, which used to rely exclusively on the exchange of printed materials between applicants and residency programs, has become largely Web-based.
Starting in 1995, applicants participating in the National Residency Matching P... | 14517113 | PMC1550569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Sep 25; 5(3):e22 |
Introduction
Patients of the 21st century are not like patients of the past — many want to become more informed about their illness, and they want the most current information [1- 5]. The increased desire to acquire information has been accompanied by dramatic increases in the proportion of people in the population who... | 14517106 | PMC1550570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Aug 27; 5(3):e15 |
Introduction
Millions of people are turning to the Internet for health-related information, and the information they find often directly affects the decisions they make about their health care. A recent study estimated that 73 million Americans, or 62% of Americans with access to the Internet at the time, have used the... | 14713652 | PMC1550571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Oct 10; 5(4):e24 |
Introduction
The Internet has become an important tool for many people with health concerns [1,2], especially for adolescents [3,4]. Concerns about confidentiality, coupled with the fact that many teenagers find accessing care through traditional providers difficult [5], make access to information via the Internet part... | 14713653 | PMC1550572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Oct 17; 5(4):e25 |
Introduction
Internet-based health services offer health information, including advice from health care providers, to individuals. A new service of that type is consultation with a doctor. Until now, these consultations have been mainly text-based, using communication by e-mail or by Internet servers. When the inquirer... | 14713654 | PMC1550573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Oct 22; 5(4):e26 |
Introduction
Clinical databases may contain a large variety of data from different domains, eg, patient visits, test results, laboratory reports, diagnoses, therapy, medication, and procedures. Clinical databases may have different purposes, eg, patient management, electronic patient records, clinical research, and qua... | 14713655 | PMC1550574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Nov 4; 5(4):e27 |
Introduction
The World Wide Web, with over 3 million public Web sites and over 1.4 billion Web pages [1], has become an important and influential source of health information [2]. In September 2002, there were an estimated 605 million people online worldwide [3]. In the United States, 90% (48 million) of the children a... | 14713656 | PMC1550575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Nov 14; 5(4):e28 |
Introduction
Millions of people around the world are using the Internet each day to find health information, but they do so with little guidance regarding the actual accuracy and comprehensiveness of the information presented on the Web. The development and implementation of a valid method for evaluating the quality of... | 14713658 | PMC1550576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Nov 27; 5(4):e30 |
Introduction
Health practitioners face several important challenges with adolescents. Adolescence is the developmental stage when health-risk behaviors may be initiated (eg, smoking, drug use, physical inactivity, high-risk sexual behavior, and not wearing protective gear), and when youths move from parental control to... | 14713660 | PMC1550577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Dec 18; 5(4):e32 |
Introduction
For members of the general public who use the Internet, many seek medical information [1- 6]. According to a recent systematic review of 24 peer-reviewed publications describing the proportions of Internet users among various populations of cancer patients in the developed world, about 39% of cancer patien... | 14713659 | PMC1550578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:16 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2003 Dec 11; 5(4):e31 |
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