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Introduction
The incidence of septic shock has increased drastically during past years. Septic shock patients have mortality rate of about 60% and an excess risk of death of about 25% when compared with non-septic patients [1]. Sepsis patients frequently develop endothelial damage and a hypercoagulable state related to... | 16542495 | PMC1550897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:58 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Mar 13; 10(2):R45 |
Introduction
Myocardial damage is an important complication of cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) [1]. Synthesis of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the myocardium is thought to play a central role in its pathophysiology [2,3]. Indeed, there is a large body of evidence that, in experimental models,... | 16606437 | PMC1550898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:37 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Apr 7; 10(2):R57 |
Introduction
Severe sepsis is a syndrome characterised by systemic inflammation, coagulopathy and acute organ dysfunction in response to infection [1]. The published mortality associated with the disease has reduced slightly in the past 10 to 15 years, almost certainly a reflection of improved supportive clinical care,... | 16542492 | PMC1550902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:37 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Mar 10; 10(2):R42 |
Introduction
Acinetobacter baumannii is a ubiquitous, non-fermenting, aerobic Gram-negative bacterium with intrinsic resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents [1,2]. During the past few decades the organism has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen, affecting mainly severely ill patients in the intensive care u... | 16563184 | PMC1550903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:58 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Mar 21; 10(2):R48 |
Introduction
Tracheostomy, an ancient surgical procedure originally described in the first century BC [1], is one of the more commonly performed procedures in modern intensive care, and is predicted to become more common as demand for intensive care services increases [2,3]. While the benefits of early tracheostomy for... | 16606435 | PMC1550905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:59 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Apr 7; 10(2):R55 |
Introduction
Long-stay intensive care unit (ICU) patients, variably defined as requiring longer than 5–14 days of intensive care, have been shown to have high mortality rates and consume significant resources [1-16]. Much less information is available on very long stay ICU patients, defined as requiring at least 28–30 ... | 16606475 | PMC1550909 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:37 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Apr 10; 10(2):R59 |
Introduction
Hemodilution occurs during cardiac surgery when cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is instituted. Hemodilution reduces blood viscosity and vascular resistance, and may increase large vessel blood flow to maintain whole body oxygen delivery [1]. It does appear that the microcirculation can regulate red cell flow ... | 16606474 | PMC1550910 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:37 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Apr 10; 10(2):R58 |
Introduction
The mortality of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has remained high at about 30–50% despite all efforts in research and treatment [1]. Different strategies of mechanical ventilation focusing on the avoidance of ventilator-induced lung injury [2,3] and on the recruitment of diseased ... | 16606436 | PMC1550912 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:37 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Apr 7; 10(2):R56 |
Introduction
Nosocomial infections are an increasingly common cause of morbidity and mortality [1], particularly among critically ill patients [2,3]. In intensive care units (ICUs), clinicians are repeatedly faced with two challenges: whether a patient is infected and whether antibiotic therapy is doing any good. Sepsi... | 16635270 | PMC1550913 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:58 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Apr 24; 10(2):R63 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is known to be associated with many aggressive factors, including operative trauma, cardioplegia, ischemia-reperfusion injury and the contact of blood with bioactive surfaces, potentially related to platelet activation and inflammation [1]. Lipopolys... | 16542504 | PMC1550915 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:37 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Mar 15; 10(2):R46 |
Introduction
Despite refinements in lung preservation and improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative care, ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-induced lung injury remains a significant cause of early morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation [1]. Pulmonary dysfunction following reperfusion has also been repor... | 16623960 | PMC1550918 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:37 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Apr 19; 10(2):R65 |
Introduction
Septic shock is often associated with vascular damage, haemostasis activation and development of disseminated intravascular coagulation leading to multiple organ dysfunction and death [1]. In such conditions, morphological and functional endothelial abnormalities are considered to be involved in the develo... | 16542507 | PMC1550919 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:58 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Mar 15; 10(2):R47 |
Introduction
Acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema is a common medical emergency. The majority of patients with acute pulmonary oedema will improve with oxygen and pharmacological therapy. However, assisted ventilation may be needed in patients with severe cardiogenic pulmonary oedema who remain hypoxaemic and in respirat... | 16569254 | PMC1550921 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:59 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Mar 27; 10(2):R49 |
Introduction
Prognosis of patients is important in risk stratification and for efficient use of hospital resources. Predicting the outcome of patients in the intensive care environment is of particular significance, to ensure that resources are used appropriately. Numerous biomarkers have been evaluated to predict morb... | 16613611 | PMC1550922 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:37 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Apr 13; 10(2):R60 |
Introduction
Widespread microcirculatory abnormalities and cellular alterations leading to an uncoupling between blood flow and metabolic tissue requirements, particularly in splanchnic perfusion, are common in septic patients and have been implicated in sepsis-related mortality due to multiple organ dysfunction [1-3].... | 16613615 | PMC1550924 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:59 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Apr 13; 10(2):R62 |
Introduction
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) cause significant hospitalization among children under 5 years old [1,2]. Although these infections are usually relatively mild, some children develop respiratory failure, necessitating mechanical ventilation and admission to the paediatric intensive care unit (PI... | 16611370 | PMC1550925 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:37 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Apr 12; 10(2):R61 |
Introduction
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is able to colonize gastric mucus and has a major pathogenic role in peptic ulcer [1], gastric cancer and MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma [2]. H. pylori is estimated to colonize more than 50% of the population worldwide [3,4], but its prevalence falls with ... | 16704741 | PMC1550927 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:59 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 16; 10(3):R77 |
Introduction
Patients with the clinical diagnosis of an infectious disease are frequently admitted to hospital from the emergency department (ED). Some of these patients have severe sepsis or septic shock and require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Rivers and coworkers [1] recently reported that resuscitati... | 16704743 | PMC1550929 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:59 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 16; 10(3):R80 |
Introduction
The pressure-volume (PV) curve characteristics of the respiratory system are commonly evaluated in clinical and experimental studies of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The PV measurement involves insufflating the lungs at low flow with a volume of up to 2 l using a super syringe [1] or about 12... | 16740174 | PMC1550930 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 1; 10(3):R85 |
Introduction
Apoptotic cascade is a process already described to supervene during the evolution of sepsis in lymphocytes, in tissue macrophages and in intestinal epithelia, and it is connected to organ dysfunction [1]. Although data for the apoptosis of cells of the adaptive immune system are available, little evidence... | 16696867 | PMC1550931 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 12; 10(3):R76 |
Introduction
Inadequate antibiotic treatment is a major risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia (NP)-attributed mortality [1-8] and is often associated with antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) [1,3,4,9]. Changes of antibiotics often follow the isolation of mic... | 16704742 | PMC1550932 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 16; 10(3):R78 |
Introduction
Carbachol is a muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist discovered in 1932 [1]. It retains substantial nicotinic activity, particularly on autonomic ganglia. It is likely that both its peripheral and its ganglionic actions are due, at least in part, to the release of endogenous acetylcholine from the termin... | 16740173 | PMC1550933 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 1; 10(3):R84 |
Introduction
Since its first detection in 1895 by Schaefer and Oliver [1], arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been known for its potent vasoconstrictive effects. During the past decade, successful clinical application of AVP has been reported in cardiac arrest [2] and advanced vasodilatory shock [3]. In all of these diseas... | 16696866 | PMC1550934 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 12; 10(3):R75 |
Introduction
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is one of the most potent vasodilating agents and has additional immune modulating, metabolic properties [1-4]. ADM also has a bactericidal activity that is further enhanced by modulation of complement activity and regulation [5-7]. Thus, it is not surprising that serum ADM levels are ... | 16805922 | PMC1550935 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 28; 10(3):R96 |
Introduction
Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is the accepted initial mode of treatment in subsets of patients with acute respiratory failure, the foremost exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with hypercarbia [1], and also in immunocompromised hosts [2,3], patients with cardiogenic p... | 16696863 | PMC1550938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 12; 10(3):R79 |
Introduction
Reducing tidal volume during mechanical ventilation decreases mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [1]. However, selecting the right level of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) remains a difficult issue [2,3]. A recent multicenter randomized trial failed to demonstrate... | 16792793 | PMC1550939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 22; 10(3):R95 |
Introduction
A growing population of patients (5% to 10%) survive acute critical illness only to become chronically critically ill (CCI), with profound weakness and ongoing respiratory failure [1]. The most perceptible feature of this group is their prolonged dependence on mechanical ventilation (up to 7% to 15% of int... | 16784546 | PMC1550940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 19; 10(3):R89 |
Introduction
In western industrialised countries, a substantial amount of the gross domestic product is spent on health care; for example, almost 11% in Germany. About 30% of the health care expenditure is caused by inpatient curative and rehabilitative care [1]. Intensive care units (ICUs) are among the costliest area... | 16780597 | PMC1550941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 15; 10(3):R91 |
Introduction
In Western countries the population is getting older, and it is projected that the number of people between the age of 65 and 80 years will double by the year 2030 [1,2]. It is estimated that more than 10% of the population over the age of 80 years have heart failure [1]. Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is... | 16723034 | PMC1550946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 24; 10(3):R82 |
Introduction
The open lung concept (OLC) is a ventilation strategy intended to avoid atelectasis causing shear forces during repeated opening and closing of atelectatic lung areas [1,2]. This is achieved with a recruitment maneuver and an application of sufficient positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to counterbalan... | 16764730 | PMC1550948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 8; 10(3):R86 |
Introduction
Severe sepsis is a complex disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite improved understanding of the pathophysiology of severe sepsis and recent advances in supportive care and antimicrobial therapy, severe sepsis remains the leading cause of death in the intensive care unit, and its inci... | 16684364 | PMC1550949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 9; 10(3):R74 |
Introduction
Nosocomial pneumonia is the most important infectious complication in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), occurring in up to 50% of patients in high risk groups [1,2]. It has been associated with poor clinical and economic outcomes as well as an increased mortality risk in critically ill pati... | 16684365 | PMC1550950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 9; 10(3):R70 |
Introduction
Arterial catheterization is a frequent procedure in intensive care units (ICUs). In the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care study, for example, 44% of critically ill patients underwent arterial catheterization [1]. Arterial catheters are used when frequent arterial blood sampling or continua... | 16723035 | PMC1550952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 24; 10(3):R83 |
Introduction
Reducing mortality following major surgery remains a significant challenge for the National Health Service (NHS). The number of deaths identified each year by the National Confidential Enquiry into Peri-Operative Deaths (NCEPOD) changed little between 1989 and 2003 [1,2]. A recent analysis identified highe... | 16749940 | PMC1550954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 2; 10(3):R81 |
Introduction
Mortality is unacceptably high in certain groups of surgical patients [1]. Advanced age, extensive surgical trauma, cancer, blood transfusions, and poor nutritional state are conditions reported to be associated with severe changes of the body's defense mechanisms, making the patient highly susceptible to ... | 16696864 | PMC1550955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 12; 10(3):R72 |
Introduction
The protein C pathway, because of its central role in hemostasis, plays an integral role in the host response to infection. Activated protein C inactivates coagulation factors, enhances fibrinolysis, and at high concentrations reduces the release of inflammatory cytokines [1-6]. Due to increased consumptio... | 16780598 | PMC1550956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 15; 10(3):R92 |
Introduction
Acute kidney injury is well recognized for its impact on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Illness severity scores such as the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation version III (APACHE III) scoring system [1] and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA)... | 16696865 | PMC1550961 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 12; 10(3):R73 |
Introduction
The kidney is one of the most commonly injured organs in critically ill patients. Acute renal failure is a complication in sepsis, with a prevalence ranging from 25% in severe sepsis to 50% in septic shock [1]. Sepsis seems to have an additional impact on outcome, as mortality can be up to 75% among patien... | 16784545 | PMC1550962 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 19; 10(3):R88 |
Introduction
Prone positioning is used and recommended as a rescue maneuver to improve arterial oxygenation in adult patients with acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [1,2] or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [3], although its benefits with regard to outcome are not proven [4,5].
I... | 16764731 | PMC1550963 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 8; 10(3):R87 |
Introduction
Since the mid-1980s, many predictive models for the assessment of cardiac postoperative mortality have gained popularity in the medical community [1]. Because much has happened in the field of cardiac surgery in recent years, mortality is now low and morbidity has been suggested as both a valid end point a... | 16813658 | PMC1550964 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jul 17; 10(3):R94 |
Introduction
Examination of patient outcomes following a critical illness, over and above survival, has become an important topic of critical care research, particularly over the last decade [1,2]. Although continuing patient follow up by the intensive care unit (ICU) team following ICU discharge is not a traditional r... | 16792792 | PMC1550966 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 22; 10(3):R90 |
Introduction
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit (ICU), affecting between 10% and 20% of patients who receive more than 48 hours of mechanical ventilation (MV) [1]. Several studies [2-5] have documented that VAP significantly increases hospital and ICU length... | 16808853 | PMC1550967 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 29; 10(3):R97 |
Introduction
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a frequent (10% to 80%) complication in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) [1,2]. Critically ill patients have a higher risk of VTE due to several risk factors such as increased age, recent surgery, venous stasis as a result of prolonged immobili... | 16790078 | PMC1550968 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:00 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Jun 21; 10(3):R93 |
Introduction
Hypotensive, catecholamine-refractory shock is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill neonates. There is general agreement that there is depressed vasoconstrictor sensitivity to catecholamines in septic shock that can lead to vasodilatation and severe hypotension. Concentrations of... | 16677425 | PMC1550969 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | Crit Care. 2006 May 5; 10(3):R71 |
Introduction
The efficacy of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors, or statins, in reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with documented coronary artery disease (CAD), or at risk of developing it, has been overwhelmingly and indisputably proven during the past decade [1–15]. However, it is u... | 16933967 | PMC1551909 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e333 |
Introduction
With concerns rising that the smallpox virus could be used in a bioterrorist attack, many countries have been planning vaccination programs in case an outbreak of smallpox occurs. Most of the vaccines stockpiled are first-generation vaccines, as were used during the World Health Organization (WHO) smallpox... | 16933957 | PMC1551910 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e272 |
Prenatal and postnatal exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), has been implicated as a possible cause of impaired immune function in children. For example, studies have shown that children who have been exposed to PCBs and related compounds from their mothers' contam... | 16933958 | PMC1551911 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e296 |
Introduction
Individuals require a wide range of cognitive skills in order to function in society, so if the acquisition of these skills is perturbed during development, there may be a long-term effect on cognitive and psychological function. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)—defined as obstructed breathing efforts during ... | 16933960 | PMC1551912 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e301 |
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans primarily via water [1]. The causative agent is a bacterial spirochete that colonizes the renal tubules of infected animals and is shed in the urine for varying periods of time, depending on whether the animal is an accidental or ... | 16933961 | PMC1551913 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e302 |
Introduction
Interest in the role of air travel in the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis has heightened in the past 5 y [1–5]. Venous thrombosis was first linked to air travel in 1954 [6], and as air travel has become more and more common, many case reports and case series have been published since. Several clinical st... | 16933962 | PMC1551914 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e307 |
Introduction
Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. Annually, tens of millions of human cases occur worldwide, with case fatality rates ranging as high as 20%–25% in some regions [1]. Leptospirosis is transmitted to humans through environmental surface wa... | 16933963 | PMC1551915 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e308 |
Introduction
The response of normal children to routine prophylactic vaccinations varies substantially. While reduced vaccination responses are well described with regard to specific immunodeficiency syndromes [1], the reasons for the wide variation in healthy children's production of specific antibodies are poorly und... | 16942395 | PMC1551916 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e311 |
Research has confirmed what many parents have long suspected: inadequate sleep in children is associated with daytime behavioral problems and poor academic functioning [1–3]. A fact less well-recognized by clinicians and the general public is that sleep-related breathing disorders, which occur in two to ten percent of ... | 16933964 | PMC1551917 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e323 |
Introduction
Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction due to a systemic allergic reaction [1]. Thousands of people develop anaphylaxis each year in the United Kingdom, and of these about 20 die annually [2–5]; the majority of these reactions and deaths are believed to be preventable.
His... | 16933965 | PMC1551918 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e326 |
Introduction
The current diagnosis of schizophrenia remains subjective, not only because of the complex spectrum of symptoms and their similarities to other mental disorders, but also due to the lack of empirical disease markers. There is a great clinical need for diagnostic tests and more effective drugs for the treat... | 16933966 | PMC1551919 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e327 |
Introduction
Venous thrombosis (VT) is a common and potentially lethal disorder with an estimated incidence of one to three per 1,000 individuals per year [1–3]. The occurrence of venous thrombotic events is influenced by acquired and inherited risk factors (e.g., oral contraception and Factor V Leiden) [4,5]. Combinat... | 16933968 | PMC1551920 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e334 |
Metabolomics (also referred to as metabonomics) is the comprehensive study of the metabolome, the repertoire of biochemicals (or small molecules) present in cells, tissue, and body fluids. The study of metabolism at the global or “-omics” level is a new but rapidly growing field that has the potential to have an impact... | 16933969 | PMC1551921 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e363 |
Introduction
Selfish genetic elements that distort the sex ratio of their host were first recorded over 80 y ago [1]. These elements provide seminal evidence that natural selection can occur at the level of the gene rather than the individual, the sex ratio distortion promoting the spread of the element, but at a fitne... | 16933972 | PMC1551922 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 4(9):e283 |
Introduction
Fever is an ancient host-defense response and a common symptom of infection and systemic inflammation. Since Milton and Wendlandt [1] discovered the pyrogenic activity of prostaglandins (PGs) of the E series, and Vane [2] found that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs block fever by inhibiting PG synthesi... | 16933973 | PMC1551923 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 4(9):e284 |
Underlying all the rich variety of form among chordates, from snakes to humans, are several invariant characteristics in body plan. One of the most fundamental of these is the front-to-back, or dorsal–ventral, axis. Our nerve chords run dorsally; our mouths project ventrally. This three-dimensional pattern in the adult... | 20076630 | PMC1551924 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 4(9):e288 |
Introduction
A general feature of development is the control of tissue and cell morphogenesis, a process whereby each cell acquires a specific shape depending upon its individual identity. Although the mechanisms that permit the patterning of a cellular field are now relatively well understood in different systems, how... | 16933974 | PMC1551925 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 4(9):e290 |
Introduction
Arthropods (especially Drosophila) and chordates (especially mouse, fish, frogs, and birds) and presumably all bilaterians are fundamentally similar in the development of their body plans [1,2]. Suites of genes are arranged in conserved domain maps in both the anteroposterior and dorsoventral dimensions of... | 16933975 | PMC1551926 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 4(9):e291 |
Many parents experience fear and anxiety when their child comes down with a fever, unaware that fever is an ancient, often beneficial, response to infection. The fever response is conserved across all mammals and many vertebrate classes. (Even reptiles and other cold-blooded animals fare better against infection when t... | 20076636 | PMC1551927 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 4(9):e305 |
During the normal course of digesting a human meal, the stomach and subsequent meters of intestinal lining can sustain scratches and physical stresses as food winds through the coiled path. Abrasions are kept to a minimum through the activity of specialized cells that secrete mucus to lubricate the lining.
Now, a stud... | 20076638 | PMC1551928 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 4(9):e307 |
In the game of survival, anything goes even the selective extermination of males. Male killing is the preferred strategy for a diverse group of bacteria that infect insects and other arthropods. Aside from its tabloid appeal, male killing offers biologists a platform for investigating genetic conflict evolutionary batt... | 20076639 | PMC1551929 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:54 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 4(9):e308 |
In the past two decades, the grand strategy of animal development has become clear: initial sets of transcription factors turn on some genes and turn off others, creating new sets in turn, at each step defining the fate of cells ever more precisely as embryonic development proceeds. At the end of this process, a fully ... | 20076640 | PMC1551930 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 4(9):e310 |
By Elizabeth Grossman
Washington, DC:Island Press, 2006. 334 pp. ISBN: 1-55963-554-1, $25.95
In High Tech Trash, Elizabeth Grossman traces the effects of the high-tech computer industry
on the environment, from the raw materials to the chemicals and solvents
used to produce silicone chips as well as other persistent ... | 0 | PMC1551981 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A500a |
Previous studies have documented reduced fetal growth and developmental
impairment resulting from exposure to environmental toxicants such as
tobacco smoke. Now researchers at the Columbia Center for Children’s
Environmental Health implicate another pre-natal exposure in causing
health effects, demonstrating for the fi... | 0 | PMC1551982 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A487b |
Worldwide, 228 people have been infected with H5N1 avian influenza, largely
through exposure to sick birds; of these, more than half have died. Although
only limited human-to-human transmission has been confirmed, scientists
fear a worldwide pandemic could erupt if the virus mutates
to a highly pathogenic form that hum... | 0 | PMC1551983 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A464b |
With the sequencing of the human genome completed, the question becomes: what
now? Many common diseases are known to be associated with genetic
variants, or changes in single nucleotides of the DNA making up the
human genome. However, scientists still have many questions about how
individual gene variants, and interact... | 16897899 | PMC1551984 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A466-A467 |
The impact of environmental toxicants on children’s health is increasingly
recognized as significant (Faustman 2000; Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility 2000; Landrigan et al. 1999; Perera et al. 2002). Human and experimental studies indicate that the fetus and infant are
more sensitive than adults to d... | 16882541 | PMC1551985 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 24; 114(8):1287-1292 |
Trichloroethylene (TCE), a common metal degreasing solvent, is considered
to be the major component in more than half the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency hazardous waste sites (Fay and Mumtaz 1996). Although rodent bioassay studies have established that exposure to TCE
is associated with development of neoplasia i... | 16882532 | PMC1551986 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 30; 114(8):1237-1242 |
A formidable challenge in the field of maternal and child health (MCH) has
been explaining the persistent racial and socioeconomic health disparities, particularly
in birth outcomes in the United States (Singh and Yu 1995). Despite declines in the overall infant mortality, there remains a significant
disparity between ... | 16882517 | PMC1551987 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 6; 114(8):1150-1153 |
A Basic Introduction to Pollutant Fate and Transport: An Integrated Approach
with Chemistry, Modeling, Risk Assessment, and Environmental Legislation
Frank M. Dunnivant, Elliot Anders
Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons, 2006. 504 pp. ISBN: 0-471-65128-1, $89.95
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Cli... | 0 | PMC1551988 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A500b |
Early J, Davis SW, Quandt SA, Rao P, Snively BM, Arcury TA. 2006. Housing
characteristics of farmworker families in North Carolina. J Immigr
Minor Health 8(2):173–184.
Even though rates of substandard housing for the general U.S. population
are relatively low, percentages for subpopulations such as immigrants
are disp... | 0 | PMC1551989 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A467 |
Phorate {O,O-diethyl S-[(ethylthio)methyl] phosphorothioate; trade name: thimet} is
an organophosphate compound used agriculturally, primarily
in the production of corn, cotton, and potatoes, to control sap-feeding
insects including various beetles, mites, grubs, and worms. There
are no registered residential uses. Pho... | 16882526 | PMC1551990 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 18; 114(8):1205-1209 |
As the U.S. population continues to grow, increasing demand for housing
and related community resources means more land is being converted from
agricultural uses to residential applications. According to the revised 1997 National
Resources Inventory conducted by the USDA Natural Resources
Conservation Service, more tha... | 16882511 | PMC1551991 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A470-A476 |
Continued reporting of outbreaks of disease from consumption of drinking
water (Barwick et al. 2000; Lee et al. 2002; Levy et al. 1998; Yoder et al. 2004) in the United States has fueled the need for regulatory action through
risk assessments as mandated by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA 1996). Risk assessments hist... | 16882525 | PMC1551992 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 4; 114(8):1199-1204 |
During the summer months, folks flock to the beach to enjoy the combined
pleasures of sun and sea. Smart beachgoers know that before they take
a dip, they should check whether any warning flags are flying, indicating
hazardous conditions such as rip currents or the presence of jellyfish. Now, Galveston
swimmers can loo... | 16897900 | PMC1551993 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A468 |
The environment is a key determinant of human health, and exposures to
toxic chemicals, physical factors, and pollutants all have a direct impact
on the quality of life, the burden of disease, and the outcome of
longevity. In the developing world, population growth with urban crowding, the
introduction of many environm... | 16882505 | PMC1551994 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A454-A455 |
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified arsenic
in drinking water as a group 1 carcinogen that causes skin cancer, bladder
cancer, and lung cancer (IARC 2002). Substantial evidence supports the biologic plausibility that exposure
to arsenic can lead to skin and bladder cancer. For example,... | 16882542 | PMC1551995 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 27; 114(8):1293-1296 |
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a diverse group of chemicals emitted
as gases from a variety of commonly used products. The general population
is exposed to VOCs from cleaning and degreasing agents, pesticides, air
fresheners, toilet bowl deodorants, furniture, tobacco smoke, and
building materials such as presse... | 16882527 | PMC1551996 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 25; 114(8):1210-1214 |
An association between occupational exposures of inhaled particulates and
autoimmunity was postulated as early as 1914, when Bramwell (1914) reported increased frequency of diffuse scleroderma (SSc) in stone masons. Although
genetic factors undoubtedly exist that affect the development
of systemic autoimmune diseases (... | 16882533 | PMC1551997 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 30; 114(8):1243-1247 |
Despite decreasing blood lead (PbB) levels, there are groups, usually disadvantaged, still
at risk of lead exposure, such as children living
in older, deteriorating housing and who have elevated PbB concentrations (Clark et al. 1985; Lanphear et al. 2002). Apart from primary prevention, such as safe removal of leaded p... | 16882523 | PMC1551998 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 18; 114(8):1186-1192 |
Every year, Americans spend nearly $20 billion on fresh flowers, about 70% of
which come from abroad, mainly from Latin America, according
to the Society of American Florists. While this can represent
an economic boon for some countries, overuse of pesticides and lack
of protections for female workers can cause serious... | 16897898 | PMC1551999 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A463a |
Reproductive Genetics and Epigenetics (R21)
The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) issued by the
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National
Institutes of Health (NIH), is to continue to support new studies
on the genes and genetic and epigenetic mechanisms influencing... | 0 | PMC1552000 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A490-A493 |
At the request of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office
of Research and Development (ORD), the Board of Scientific Counselors (BOSC) Executive
Committee (U.S. EPA 2005a) organized and conducted an independent and open peer review of the Endocrine
Disrupting Chemicals Research Program (EDC Research Progr... | 16882539 | PMC1552001 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 15; 114(8):1276-1282 |
Increased rates of cancer and mortality have been documented in areas of
the world where drinking water contains high concentrations of naturally
occurring arsenic. A new study by a group of Californian and Chilean
researchers now provides strong evidence of a link in humans between
prenatal and early childhood arsenic... | 0 | PMC1552002 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A486a |
As part of the safety assessment for transgenic crops, the risk for an
introduced protein to be a food allergen is considered [Codex Alimentarius Commission 2003; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) 2001; Goodman et al. 2005; Kimber and Dearman 2002; Mendelsohn et... | 16882518 | PMC1552003 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 10; 114(8):1154-1157 |
It is well known that Inuit children from Canada, United States, and Greenland
suffer from a high incidence of respiratory infections, and many
authors have identified higher rates of ear infections and lower respiratory
tract infections (LRTIs) in Inuit populations compared with
Caucasian populations (Banerji et al. 2... | 16882544 | PMC1552004 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 13; 114(8):1301-1305 |
To address the possibility that chemicals could threaten the health of
humans and wildlife through their interaction with the endocrine system, the
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) initiated
a high-priority activity in 1997 to develop guidelines for the
testing of potential endocrine-active ... | 16882536 | PMC1552005 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 27; 114(8):1259-1265 |
Tax Schemes for Environmental Payoff
A new policy brief from the World Resources Institute and the Brookings
Institution examines how different fiscal strategies can both raise money
and benefit the environment. The brief discusses state-level initiatives
that tax septic systems and gasoline consumption as well as the
... | 0 | PMC1552006 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A463b-A465 |
An important step in assessing the toxicology of particles is to determine
their fate after inhalation. Of particular interest to us are airborne
ultrafine particles (UFPs; < 100 nm), which are abundant in ambient
urban air and are of the same size as engineered nanoparticles. Translocation
to extrapulmonary sites afte... | 16882521 | PMC1552007 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 20; 114(8):1172-1178 |
Proof of the penetrating capabilities of tiny particles continues to emerge. A
team of U.S. researchers has just added to and clarified the existing
evidence by documenting significant, rapid accumulations of inhaled
ultrafine manganese oxide particles in the lung and many brain regions [EHP 114:1172–1178; Elder et al.... | 0 | PMC1552008 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A486b |
As readers of EHP, many of you have no doubt followed the recent discussions over the fate
of this publication as a publicly supported journal. I initiated these
discussions last year as part of the process of evaluating the priorities, resources, and
direction of the NIEHS. Many factors have been
considered during thi... | 0 | PMC1552009 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A456 |
It is a time of introspection for the Superfund Basic Research Program, a
university-based grants program established in 1987. While maintaining
the program’s premise of supporting basic research for practical
application to address the nation’s problems associated
with hazardous waste sites, the program is continuousl... | 0 | PMC1552010 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A489 |
Short-term exposure to outdoor air pollution has been linked to adverse
health effects, including increased mortality, increased rates of hospital
admissions and emergency department visits, exacerbation of chronic
respiratory conditions (e.g., asthma), and decreased lung function (American Thoracic Society 1996; Docke... | 16882530 | PMC1552011 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 18; 114(8):1227-1232 |
In Figure 1 of the article by Triche et al. [Environ Health Perspect 114:911–916 (2006)], the 24-hr average and the 8-hr maximum average were labeled
incorrectly. The corrected figure appears below:
On page 873 of the article by Sirivelu et al. [Environ Health Perspect 114:870–874 (2006)], two sentences were incorrect... | 0 | PMC1552012 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A460 |
The environment has evolved from the time of Earth’s accretion
at around 4.5 billion years ago (Drake and Righter 2002), permitting establishment of early forms of biota by 3.8 billion years
ago. A living planet was established within these evolving environmental
conditions, which resulted from abiotic inputs of chemic... | 16882515 | PMC1552013 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 30; 114(8):1139-1142 |
In many industrialized regions of the world, excessive exposure to air
pollutants threatens the health of the fetus and the young developing
child. Evidence suggests that fetuses and children are more sensitive
than adults to the toxicity of many environmental air pollutants because
of their higher cell proliferation r... | 16882543 | PMC1552014 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 4; 114(8):1297-1300 |
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