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Background
Mastitis is one of the major threats to animal health, in organic farming as well as conventional. Mastitis therapy accounts for a very large proportion of antibiotic drug use in dairy production [1-4] and one of the aims of organic production is to reduce the use of antibiotics [5]. Thus, according to the s... | 16987390 | PMC1553465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Jul 17; 48(1):11 |
Background
Although HIV infection in the current era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has become a survivable and chronic condition, multi-drug regimens pose significant potential metabolic side effects. HAART has been associated with significant changes in body habitus in many patients. The HIV lipodyst... | 16824226 | PMC1553466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Jul 6; 3:17 |
The science then and now
The background for this debate derives primarily from two papers (Table 1). Taken together, these studies [1,2] reach the conclusion that an oocyte replenishing mechanism must exist in the mouse ovary after birth to explain variations in follicle number detected after experimental manipulations... | 16872542 | PMC1553467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Exp Clin Assist Reprod. 2006 Jul 27; 3:6 |
Background
There is general agreement about the value of knee replacement surgery, with approximately 30,000 knee replacements performed annually in the UK. However, there is uncertainty as to the best surgical approach to the knee joint.
Total knee replacements through a standard medial parapatellar arthrotomy [1] ar... | 16879744 | PMC1553468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Jul 31; 7:23 |
Background
2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and closely related derivatives, such as CDDO-imidazolide (CDDO-Im) [1], are novel synthetic triterpenoids that exhibit potent in vitro activity against a wide range of human cancers including lung and ovarian carcinoma [2], acute myeloid leukemia [3], cut... | 16759389 | PMC1553469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Jun 7; 5:22 |
Background
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) is a complex retrovirus that causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a CD4 lymphoproliferative disease [1,2]. While endemic in Japan, South America, Africa, part of the Middle East and the Carribean, there is an increasing prevalence of HTLV-I seropositivity ... | 16822311 | PMC1553470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Jul 5; 3:43 |
Background
When the human genome was sequenced, it was found to contain approximately 35 000 genes [1]. Considering the complex biological system encoded by these genes, this seems to be a small number. However, alternative transcripts that arise from different transcription start sites or alternative splicing, may yie... | 16839418 | PMC1553471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Jul 13; 7:15 |
Background
Hearing is one of the fundamental and most important abilities of the vertebrate nervous system. The neurophysiology of the auditory system is increasingly well understood, however, little is known about the associations between the electrophysiology and the neurochemistry of the auditory cortex. One way of ... | 16884545 | PMC1553472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Aug 3; 4:25 |
Background
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate of all gynaecologic neoplasms. The high mortality rate may be explained by the lack of symptoms accompanying early disease, resulting in patients being diagnosed at an advanced stage. Furthermore, long term results obtained with current treatments are limited.
T... | 16882344 | PMC1553473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 1; 6:202 |
Background
The role of cytokines in cancer immunity and carcinogenesis in general has been well established [1]. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in specific candidate genes are thought to influence expression and/or activity of the encoding proteins thereby predisposing to solid cancers especially breast cancer [2]. Ma... | 16842617 | PMC1553474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 14; 6:188 |
Background
Orthotic bracing is the most common non-surgical treatment for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS), either alone or in combination with exercises. In spite of some negative reports [1-3], brace treatment has been shown to change the natural history of AIS [4] and reduce the incidence of surgery [5-7]. Howe... | 16857045 | PMC1553475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Jul 20; 1:11 |
Introduction
Ion channels drive voltage-based signal processing within neurons and convert chemical signals into voltage changes at the synapses between cells. They can be distinguished by the ions that they allow to cross the membrane and by their response to chemical signals or changes in the membrane potential. More... | 16933979 | PMC1553477 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:39 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e91 |
The June 2006 issue of PLoS Computational Biology marked one year of publication of the journal. While it is too early to formally assess the impact of the journal, it is worth reflecting on what has been achieved in the first year of publication. Twelve monthly issues actually reflect eighteen months of submissions, g... | 17523253 | PMC1553486 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e111 |
.
In PLoS Computational Biology, volume 2, issue 7: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020074
The dataset links located in Materials and Methods are not active and should be replaced by the following:
ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genomes/H_sapiens/maps/mapview/BUILD.35.1 should be http://rd.plos.org/10.1371_journal.pcbi.002007... | 0 | PMC1553487 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e112 |
Introduction
Proteins are composed of domains, recurrent protein fragments with distinct structure, function, and evolutionary history. Protein domains may occur alone, but are more frequently found in combination with other domains in multidomain proteins. While the creation of new multidomain architectures through sh... | 16933986 | PMC1553488 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 2(8):e114 |
Background
Experiences from around the world show that restrictive abortion laws lead women to have unsafe abortions, in turn contributing to over one-tenth of maternal deaths in developing countries [1]. Before liberalization of the South African law in 1996, about 1000 legal abortions were granted annually in South A... | 16887015 | PMC1555575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Reprod Health. 2006 Aug 3; 3:7 |
Background
It is well-known that several species of prokaryotes are able to catalyze the oxidation of pyrite and play an important role in the development of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), a severe environmental problem. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, for example, utilize reduced Fe2+ in AMD environments as an electron don... | 16869974 | PMC1555576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Geochem Trans. 2006 Jul 25; 7:8 |
Background
Postictal psychosis (PIP) is characterized by an episode of psychosis occurring within one week after a cluster of seizures. PIP is common. In a study of inpatient video-electroencephalographic monitoring, the annual incidence of postictal psychotic events was estimated to be 6.4% [1]. The prevalence of PIP ... | 16859554 | PMC1555577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jul 21; 5:9 |
Background
Although ankle fractures and an Achilles tendon rupture are relatively frequent in isolation [1,2], their association in the same injury is uncommon [3-7]. The tendon of the long flexors [8] can be trapped the fracture site and thus rupture. These injuries are usually diagnosed at the time of open reduction ... | 16872521 | PMC1555578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jul 27; 7:59 |
Background
TBLR1 is a transcriptional regulator interacting with the co-repressors of nuclear hormone receptor activity. We cloned the gene encoding this protein and identified it as a member of a small family of proteins that include at least two isoforms encoded by the same gene and closely related, X- and Y linked p... | 16893456 | PMC1555579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Aug 7; 7:31 |
Background
The shortage of health professionals in almost all of the African health systems has received international recognition [1-3]. African health systems already inadequate to deliver health services to meet the goals of Primary Health Care (PHC) as agreed in Alma Alta in 1978 and the Millennium Development Goal... | 16899130 | PMC1555580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 9; 6:97 |
Background
Evidence-based Medicine (EBM) is increasingly attracting worldwide attention in public policy [1], resulting in the mass production of evidence-based clinical guidelines [2,3]. The paradigm of EBM was introduced to Japan in the mid-1990s and has quickly gained immense popularity among healthcare professional... | 16872522 | PMC1555581 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jul 27; 6:92 |
Background
Australia has a universal publicly funded system of health care (Medicare), which operates in tandem with an optional 'opt up' private health sector. A principal objective of Medicare is to remove, or at least reduce, financial barriers to access to health care for all Australian residents [1]. The system is... | 16774689 | PMC1555582 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 15; 6:74 |
Background
Health disparities in the United States between European-Americans and other racial/ethnic groups have been amply documented [1]. Increasing the cultural competency of physicians and other health care providers has been suggested as one mechanism for reducing such disparities by improving the quality of care... | 16872504 | PMC1555583 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Jul 26; 6:38 |
Background
The squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the rectum is a rare tumor with a not yet clarified pathogenesis mechanism and a rather aggressive clinical behavior. It has a slight female predominance and prognosis worse than that of adenocarcinoma. Radical surgery is the cornerstone of treatment. However, the role of... | 16895595 | PMC1555584 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 8; 4:49 |
Background
Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses (CCSTA), first described by Enzinger in 1965[1], is a rare tumor accounting for less than 1% of all soft tissue sarcomas [2]. It has a clear distinction from metastatic melanoma. Patients with CCSTA have a variable unpredictable prognosis. This tumor has a predil... | 16893467 | PMC1555585 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 7; 4:48 |
Background
International health policy
The past decade has seen an international trend towards providing primary care based diabetes services with patient education and self-management at the forefront. The International Diabetes Foundation (IDF)[1] standards advocate that "implementation of diabetes education is learn... | 16846517 | PMC1555586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jul 17; 7:45 |
Background
The only habitat identified for Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is the human host where the bacterium is able to persist and multiply, either asymptomatically in the mucosal surface of the nasopharynx or being responsible for infections that range from milder manifestations such as otitis media to li... | 16872486 | PMC1555587 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jul 26; 6:67 |
Background
A large variation exists in the individual response to a Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis infection. Some women clear a C. trachomatis infection adequately without developing tissue damage, whereas others get a persistent infection which may ascend to the upper genital tract, increasing the risk of tubal damage an... | 16859562 | PMC1555588 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:23 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 21; 6:122 |
Background
Patients with stage I endometrial carcinoma, treated with total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO) and postoperative radiotherapy (RT) tailored to prognostic factors, have 5-year overall survival rates of 80% to 90%, 5-year cancer-specific survival of 90% to 95%, and locoreg... | 16887018 | PMC1555589 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Aug 3; 1:24 |
Background
Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing material; important sources include tobacco, biomass fuels (e.g. wood) and fossil fuels (e.g. natural gas, coal, petrol, diesel). CO displaces oxygen from haemoglobin in red cells to produce carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb), which ac... | 16848898 | PMC1555590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 18; 6:189 |
Background
Breastmilk provides the basis for the best nutrition for infants and brings health and development benefits to both babies and mothers [1,2]. 'Exclusive breastfeeding' for the first six months of life and continued breastfeeding up to two years of age or beyond are recommended by World Health Organization (W... | 16872508 | PMC1555591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 27; 6:196 |
Background
Depression is a prevalent and disabling disorder, especially in patients with chronic illnesses, such as diabetes mellitus type II (DM) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In older patients with DM, prevalence rates of clinical relevant depression range from 14 to 17% [1,2]. In older patients w... | 16790039 | PMC1555592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 21; 6:161 |
Background
In January 2001 injecting drug users (IDUs), law enforcement and treatment agencies noticed a sudden and unexpected reduction in the availability of heroin in New South Wales (NSW), Australia [1,2]. The reduction in heroin supply had a significant effect on other illicit drug markets, as IDUs initially incre... | 16884546 | PMC1555593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 3; 6:200 |
Background
Malaria is the world's most prevalent vector borne disease. Each year 300 to 500 million clinical cases of malaria occur and at least 1 million people die of malaria each year [1]. About 90 percent of all malaria deaths in the world today occur in sub-Saharan Africa (WHO 2002). Since it increases morbidity a... | 16872529 | PMC1555594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 27; 5:63 |
Background
Syntaxins comprise a large family of membrane-associated proteins that play a critical role in vesicular trafficking and exocytosis. Syntaxins associate with members of the SNAP-25 protein family on the target membrane and with members of the VAMP/synaptobrevin family located in the vesicular membrane to for... | 16839421 | PMC1555595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:09 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jul 13; 7:54 |
Background
The incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has remained stable over the last decades and has averaged between 1998 and 2002 at about 3.8 per 100,000 persons and year. The age-adjusted incidence rates showed a distinct difference between patients under 65 years with 1.8 per 100,000 and those over 65 years ... | 16734907 | PMC1555596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 May 30; 6:143 |
Background
Abnormal cell proliferation, which results from deregulation of the cell cycle, is fundamental in tumorigenesis. The integrated mechanisms that regulate the accurate replication of DNA and correct division of cells are thus pivotal in the neoplastic process [1,2]. Regulation of the cell cycle is complex and ... | 16882345 | PMC1555597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 1; 6:203 |
Background
The genetic alterations in human cancer are a major focus of cancer research over the past two decades. Many genetic alterations such as activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppression genes lead to the increased expression of Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) [1-4]. HIF-1 is a heterodimeric t... | 16884534 | PMC1555598 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 2; 6:204 |
Background
At the end of '90, large randomised clinical trials showed the ineffectiveness of tamoxifen in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) both in advanced [1,2] and potentially curable patients [3]. Since then many reviews repeatedly asserted there was no evidence of any effect of tamoxifen in improving... | 16863588 | PMC1555599 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 24; 6:196 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer mortality among women in the United States [1]. In Lebanon, breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women and constitutes about one third of all female cancers [2,3]. While the median age at presentati... | 16857060 | PMC1555600 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 20; 6:194 |
Background
The cause of ectopic thyroid in the adrenal glands is unknown. The development of the thyroglossal duct can cause an undescended thyroid anywhere between the base of tongue and the normal thyroid position. However, the failure of migration of thyroid tissue has been reported to produce ectopic thyroid even i... | 16899136 | PMC1555601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Aug 10; 6:18 |
Background
There is convincing evidence that users of HRT are at increased risk of breast cancer, that risk increases with duration of use, and that the risk is substantially greater for combined estrogen-progestin than for estrogen-only HRT [1-4]. The impact of HRT use on breast-cancer prognosis and clinical character... | 16813654 | PMC1555602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Jun 30; 4:16 |
Background
Breathing in humans fulfils both metabolic and behavioral functions. The automatic activity of brainstem central pattern generators continuously adapts ventilation to the production of carbon dioxide by the tissues. Suprapontine descending pathways convey voluntary and emotional respiratory commands that are... | 16875504 | PMC1555603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Physiol. 2006 Jul 29; 6:7 |
Background
In bacteria, formation of inclusion bodies is common during overexpression of plasmid-encoded recombinant genes, and this fact represents an important matter of concern in biotechnology [1]. Like in mammalian aggresomes, inclusion body formation is stimulated when proteolysis is impaired in protease-deficien... | 16893469 | PMC1555604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Aug 7; 5:26 |
Background
Almost half of Americans are trying to lose weight [1]. Clinical trials have reported numerous short-term health benefits associated with weight loss including reductions in blood pressure and triglycerides, improvements in lipoprotein subfractions and insulin response, and better pulmonary function [2,3]. L... | 16854220 | PMC1555605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Jul 19; 3:17 |
Background
Obesity among children is a growing problem. Many different factors contribute to the epidemic of obesity, with diet, exercise and the physical and social environment all playing a part [1]. Regular physical activity can help mitigate the negative consequences of excess weight, by reducing the risk of cardio... | 16879750 | PMC1555606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Jul 31; 3:20 |
Transcription of integrated HIV genome, as well as other genes, has to deal with nucleosomes that cover DNA and limit its access to transcription machinery. Interestingly, regardless of the integration site, nucleosomes are found at specific positions within the HIV LTR [1]. Transcription is initiated within the nucleo... | 16899112 | PMC1555607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Aug 9; 3:49 |
Background
Faithful duplication of the genetic content of cells and proper segregation into two daughter cells are two highly regulated and distinct processes. The cell cycle determines when cells will duplicate their genome and the four phases are regulated by a series of different cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase compl... | 16899128 | PMC1555608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Aug 9; 3:50 |
Background
Over the last two decades, a series of national reports have expressed concern with the readiness of the public health workforce to adequately address the scientific, technological, social, political and economic challenges facing the field. The 1988 report from the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) Committee fo... | 16872494 | PMC1555609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Jul 26; 4:18 |
Background
Effective confirmation of pregnancy is a basic component of reproductive health services [1-3]. It is a prerequisite for accessing antenatal care (AnC) if the pregnancy is wanted and abortion services if the pregnancy is unwanted. Pregnancy testing is also often needed to rule out pregnancy prior to contrace... | 16893459 | PMC1555610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Aug 7; 6:26 |
Background
A survey conducted to assess the performance of district hospitals in Kenya in the year 2002 demonstrated significant shortcomings in the care of admitted children [1]. One of the problems identified in the survey was that data required for even crude health systems performance indicators were of poor qualit... | 16857044 | PMC1555611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2006 Jul 20; 6:9 |
Clinical history
A 76-year-old man was admitted with a suspicion of small bowel obstruction. His symptoms subsequently resolved without any operative intervention. However, a computed tomographic scan showed evidence of an enlarged "porcelain" gallbladder. A decision was made to electively perform a cholecystectomy, wh... | 16879748 | PMC1555612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Jul 31; 1:15 |
Background
The Dabska tumor is a rare, low-grade angiosarcoma that often affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues of children [1]. Microscopically, it is characterized by anastomosing vascular channels, some of which contain papillary projections or tuft-like structures sometimes resembling renal glomeruli. These vasc... | 16859564 | PMC1555613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Jul 22; 1:12 |
Background
In eukaryotes, DNA is packaged into chromatin structures, the basic unit of which is the nucleosome. Each nucleosome consists of about 148 bp of DNA tightly wrapped around a histone-protein octamer containing two copies each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 [1]. The packaging of DNA restricts its accessibility to pro... | 16884538 | PMC1555614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Aug 2; 4:24 |
Background
Recent advances in genomics and associated high throughput technologies have resulted in the exponential growth of biological databases. These consist of annotated genomic databases such as those at NCBI Genomic Biology [1], Ensembl [2] and UCSC Genome Bioinformatics [3]; specialized primary databases of pro... | 16857057 | PMC1555615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 20; 7:354 |
Background
With the invention of new high-throughput technologies, researchers are using molecular features to identify novel cancer subtypes. Currently, the most commonly analyzed molecular feature is gene expression. In such experiments, expression values are measured for a large number of genes (1,000's) across a sm... | 16872497 | PMC1555616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 26; 7:361 |
Background
The continuously growing availability of genomic information exercises pressure on the systems used to capture it and on users concerned with its interpretation. Analysis of large scale genomic data is a demanding task, requiring extensive input from diverse sources of biological significance, statistical me... | 16848887 | PMC1555617 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 18; 7:348 |
Introduction
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most frequently encountered type of regular, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in clinical practice. The typical form, observed in >95% of cases of AVNRT, is due to a reentrant mechanism that involves a slow pathway in the antegrade directio... | 16943985 | PMC1555626 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:45:21 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Jan 1; 3(1):3-9 |
The successful treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with adenosine 5` triphosphate (ATP) was initially reported by Somlo [1] in 1955. Sharma et al [2] noted the value of intravenous ATP in the diagnosis and management of wide QRS complex tachycardia. ATP in incremental doses has been used for the non-in... | 16943984 | PMC1555627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:45:21 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Jan 1; 3(1):1-2 |
Heart rate turbulence (HRT) is a recently coined phrase that describes the short term fluctuation in sinus cycle length that follows a ventricular premature complex (VPC). Its proven clinical significance lies in its ability to predict mortality and sudden cardiac death following myocardial infarction, although small s... | 16943986 | PMC1555628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:45:21 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Jan 1; 3(1):10-22 |
Introduction
There are no substantial differences regarding the surgical procedure of pacemaker implantation in children and adults. Nevertheless pacing in children needs a more differentiated assessment. Pacemaker implantation in newborns and children requires a highly experienced and skilled surgeon, who is able to ... | 16943987 | PMC1555629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:45:21 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Jan 1; 3(1):23-33 |
Autonomic nervous system plays an integral role in many aspects of homeostasis, and it is affected by a wide variety of pathophysiologic conditions. Assessment of heart rate variability (HRV) is based on the analysis of consecutive sinus rhythm R-R intervals and may provide quantitative information about the modulation... | 16943988 | PMC1555630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:45:21 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Jan 1; 3(1):34-40 |
Current clinical problems encountered with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs)
The current scope of dual chamber ICD was discussed. It seems that 50% of the implants in US and 30% in Europe consist of a dual chamber device. Factors which influence the selection of a dual-chamber device include: 1) presence o... | 16943989 | PMC1555631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:45:21 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003 Jan 1; 3(1):41-43 |
Background
Improving the quality of care in the National Health Service (NHS) by responding to variations in clinical processes and outcomes is an imperative required by the United Kingdom (UK) Government [1]. It has been prompted by incidents of failure of professional self-regulation, notably the Bristol and Shipman ... | 16884535 | PMC1555633 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Aug 2; 6:34 |
Traveling has always been a risky venture. In times gone by, the traveler left the security of home to face myriad dangers, including accidents, storms, infectious disease, malnutrition, and assault. Consider the choices faced by travelers from New York to San Francisco before the transcontinental railroad traversed No... | 16933959 | PMC1555697 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 22; 3(8):e300 |
Introduction
Tetrahymena thermophila is a single-celled model organism for unicellular eukaryotic biology [1]. Studies of T. thermophila (referred to as T. pyriformis variety 1 or syngen 1 prior to 1976 [2]) have contributed to fundamental biological discoveries such as catalytic RNA [3], telomeric repeats [4,5], telo... | 16933976 | PMC1557398 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 4(9):e286 |
Introduction
A critical step in bacterial infection is the attachment of the bacterium to a host surface, which is often mediated by specific interactions between adhesive proteins called adhesins and their target receptors on host tissues. This attachment usually occurs in the presence of flowing bodily fluids, which ... | 16933977 | PMC1557399 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 4(9):e298 |
One reason to sequence the genomes of non-human organisms is to better understand our similarities and differences. And, at first sight, it is hard to imagine a eukaryote more different from humans than Tetrahymena thermophila. A relative of Paramecium, this single-celled creature has a strong but flexible exterior cov... | 20076635 | PMC1557400 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 4(9):e304 |
The human digestive system houses a diverse colony of beneficial bacteria, but one species—E. coli—can wreak havoc when it colonizes mucous membranes that normally exist unmolested (for example, in the urinary tract). To latch on to cells and establish infection, E. coli uses fimbriae—long, hairlike organelles that pro... | 20076642 | PMC1557401 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 4(9):e314 |
Background
Persisters are multidrug tolerant cells present in all bacterial populations studied to date [1]. Persisters are not mutants, but rather phenotypic variants of the wild-type that upon reinoculation produce a culture with similar levels of tolerance [2-4]. The number of persisters in Escherichia coli (E. coli... | 16768798 | PMC1557402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 12; 6:53 |
Background
Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, an infectious disease that results in lymphatic and blood infections [1]. The Y. pestis genome has been sequenced [2,3]. Y. pestis carries three plasmids of approximately 9.5, 70, and 100 kilobasepairs and each carries genes necessary for or that contribute t... | 16768793 | PMC1557403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 12; 6:52 |
Background
Bacteria have evolved a variety of strategies to resist antibiotics such as enzymatic inactivation, target alteration, efflux, and permeability changes. Antibiotic resistance can be intrinsic or acquired. Intrinsic resistance is intimately associated to the biology of the organism and usually involves the ab... | 16857052 | PMC1557404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jul 20; 6:66 |
Background
Aortic dissection is a life threatening disease developing without any warning. Modern diagnostic methods, such as computed or magnetic resonance tomography, are able to show an aortic wall hematoma at the acute onset of the disease. This hematoma develops to aortic wall dissection over time. It is proposed ... | 16824202 | PMC1557406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Jul 6; 4:29 |
This is a short comment on the editorial on Electromagnetic Interference in Implantable Rhythm Devices - The Indian Scenario in the July-September issue of the journal [1]. Regarding the statement: "Systems working at 0.5 Tesla are available in the country so that it may be considered in such situations…" , though the ... | 16951731 | PMC1557413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:17 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Oct 1; 2(4):153 |
Introduction
Vasovagal syncope is a common condition, usually associated with a benign prognosis. Most sufferers experience only occasional symptoms, and can be treated with reassurance and lifestyle advice. However, a minority of patients are debilitated by frequent fainting that can infringe on daily living, or even ... | 16951727 | PMC1557414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:17 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Oct 1; 2(4):114-119 |
Introduction
The Long QT syndrome (LQTS) can be inherited or acquired and is of particular interest and concern at present. Patients with LQTS are predisposed to the ventricular tachyarrhythmia torsade de pointes (TdP) which causes syncope and sudden death. Inherited LQTS is the prototype of the "primary cardiac arrhyt... | 16951729 | PMC1557415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:17 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Oct 1; 2(4):127-142 |
Introduction
At the time of the curative treatment of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) by radiofrequency ablation [1,2], it is particularly important to detect the forms at risk of sudden death. Sudden death in WPW syndrome is related to the degeneration of atrial fibrillation with high ventricular rates into ventr... | 16951730 | PMC1557416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:17 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Oct 1; 2(4):143-152 |
The goal of extraction techniques of chronic pacemaker and defibrillator leads is to present an approach that is successful in extracting all leads and minimizes or eliminates complications. To extract a chronically implanted intravascular device, the device must be separated from the encapsulating inflammatory tissue.... | 16951724 | PMC1557417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:17 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Oct 1; 2(4):95-96 |
Introduction
Permanent pacemaker lead extraction using a minimally invasive percutaneous approach has been made possible with the development of specialised equipment and techniques [1]. Further developments such a laser assisted lead extraction have facilitated this [2,3] but despite these developments the major compl... | 16951725 | PMC1557418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:17 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Oct 1; 2(4):97-103 |
Introduction
Sustained chronic tachyarrhythmias often cause a deterioration of cardiac function known as tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy or tachycardiomyopathy [1]. It has been recognized that the tachycardiomyopathy occurs in experimental models2 and also in patients with supraventricular or ventricular tachycarrhy... | 16951726 | PMC1557419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:17 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Oct 1; 2(4):104-113 |
Introduction
Wide complex tachycardia (WCT) refers to a cardiac rhythm of more than 100 beats per minute with a QRS duration of 120 ms or more on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG). It often presents a diagnostic dilemma for the physician particularly in determining its site of origin, which can be ventricular or supr... | 16951728 | PMC1557420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:17 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Oct 1; 2(4):120-126 |
Background
Post-translational modifications of proteins are considered to be one of the major determinants regarding organisms complexity [1]. To date, at least more than 200 different types of post translational modifications (PTM) have been identified of which only a few are reversible and important for the regulatio... | 16854217 | PMC1557478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Jul 19; 4:15 |
Background
Drug-induced mortality and morbidity have been increasing throughout the United States over the past decade. According to the Drug Abuse Warning Network, overdose-related deaths in 30 US metropolitan areas rose from 5,000 in 1996 to 6,400 in 2002 [1]. As a result, for many opiate users, experiencing overdose... | 16822302 | PMC1557479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Jul 5; 3:19 |
The case study presented by the Venters, Razvi, Tobia and Drucker [1] in this volume portrays, all at once, a legal failing, a medical misadventure and personal tragedy. To the various systems, Mr. Ortiz is part patient, part prisoner and part person. The criminal justice plot line begins with a prisoner on the road to... | 16889673 | PMC1557480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Aug 7; 3:23 |
Background
Investigation of polygenic human diseases, which arise from the combined contribution of multiple independently acting and/or interacting polymorphic genes, remains a great challenge [1-3]. A common constituent of the complexity that underlies the susceptibility to polygenic diseases is heterogeneity [3,4]. ... | 16872485 | PMC1557481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jul 26; 7:63 |
Background
Otitis media is one of the most common infections of early childhood: 60%-80% of children will have at least one episode during their first year of life [1,2]. Rates of early-onset (before 6 months of age) and recurrent otitis media are increasing in the United States [3,4]. Recurrent otitis media may increa... | 16884531 | PMC1557482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Aug 2; 7:68 |
Findings
Extracellular ATP has been established as a signaling molecule that mediates diverse biological effects via P2 purinoceptors (P2Xn and P2Yn) in both the peripheral and central nervous systems [1,2]. A body of evidence indicates that ionotropic P2X receptors are involved in both peripheral and spinal pain trans... | 16753051 | PMC1557483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Jun 5; 2:19 |
Background
Patterns of medicinal plant use by local peoples are considered to vary as a function of plant habitat collection, cultural changes, and ecological and biochemical aspects [1,2]. For example, on one hand the literature suggests that the most probable explanation for the dominance of weeds in different medici... | 16872499 | PMC1557484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:03 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Jul 26; 2:30 |
Background
Recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) has been demonstrated to improve mortality in critically ill patients with septic shock [1]. It is thought that rhAPC exerts its effect via multiple mechanisms involving anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiapoptotic and anticoagulant pathways [2]. The anticoagu... | 16899129 | PMC1557485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Aug 9; 1:23 |
Background
Human adenoviruses normally infect a wide variety of both dividing and nondividing cells. They replicate in and lyse their host cells to release newly generated progeny virus. Although these properties are ideal for killing human cancer cells, virus replication must be restricted to malignant cells preferabl... | 16887042 | PMC1557486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Aug 3; 6:36 |
Background
Treatment of alcohol and drug disorders can be a critical step in reducing criminal recidivism [1-3]. However, even though data suggest that approximately 40% of men and women arrested meet criteria for drug dependency – highlighting the need for treatment services – few arrestees receive treatment in the ye... | 16879743 | PMC1557487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Jul 31; 1:20 |
Background
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the mammalian blastocyst. They have the potential to differentiate, both in vitro and in vivo, into derivatives of all three embryonic germ cell layers. According to current understanding, ES cells can be maintained in ... | 16895598 | PMC1557488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:38 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Aug 8; 6:40 |
Background
Inhaled β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) agonists represent a first-line treatment of bronchial asthma. However, a reduced response to β2-AR agonists has been observed in asthmatic subjects and it has been suggested to play a role in airway hyperresponsiveness [1,2]. Although genetic factors may influence responses t... | 16875498 | PMC1557489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:24 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jul 28; 7(1):103 |
Background
The incidence of breast cancer has grown continuously since the turn of the twentieth century in industrialized societies [1,2]. In 1978, Cohen and colleagues [3] put forward the hypothesis that the pineal gland might play a role in breast cancer etiology. In 1987, Richard Stevens [4] put forward the "melato... | 16901343 | PMC1557490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Aug 10; 5:20 |
Background
The incidence of congenital malformations is 3–5% of all births and their etiology is often not identifiable [1]. The etiology of congenital malformations has been found to be genetic in 20–25% of these cases. The pathophysiology of the majority of birth defects is unknown. Nevertheless, many congenital malf... | 16571107 | PMC1557491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Mar 29; 5:8 |
Background
An excess of mortality for malignant neoplasms of the pleura during the period 1988 to 1992 in Biancavilla, a rural town located on the southwest side of the Etna volcano [1], promoted an investigation disclosing 17 ascertained cases of pleural mesothelioma until the end of 1997 [2]. In the light of the abse... | 16780574 | PMC1557492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Jun 16; 5:20 |
Background
In setting health policy priorities, it is crucial to know how large a burden of disease should be attributed to each particular preventable cause. For example, the occupational burden of cancer has been the subject of detailed studies [1,2]. Unfortunately, there are substantial uncertainties in nearly all t... | 16859537 | PMC1557493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Jul 21; 5:21 |
Background
In spite of the widespread availability of efficacious therapies, adequate management of diabetes remains an elusive goal [1,2]. Barriers to optimum control of diabetes in community settings include poor practice management and organization [3-5], poor adherence to medical advice by patients [6], comorbid il... | 16872541 | PMC1557494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 27; 6:198 |
Background
Patient advocacy and support organisations (hereafter 'patient organisations') are important in raising awareness of particular conditions, disseminating information about them, promoting the interests of patients and their carers and supporting them. Patients therefore tend to trust these organisations to a... | 16887025 | PMC1557495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:40 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 3; 6:201 |
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