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We read with interest the letter by L’hirondel et al. regarding
our workgroup report (Ward et al. 2005). L’hirondel et al. describe the research on methemoglobinemia, cancer, adverse
reproductive, and other health outcomes as “extensive” and
state that the range of results found is what would
be expected if there were ... | 0 | PMC1552015 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A459-A461 |
Arsenic is an established lung, skin, and bladder carcinogen [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 2004]; however, the carcinogenic mechanisms are currently under investigation. Based
primarily on studies of highly exposed populations in
Taiwan and elsewhere, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)... | 16882524 | PMC1552016 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 10; 114(8):1193-1198 |
Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a complex mixture of branched-chain dialkyl
phthalate isomers, predominantly containing nine carbons in the alkyl
chain. DINP is used primarily as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride
plastics (Abe et al. 2003) and is widely used in automotives, building materials, consumer products, and
t... | 16882519 | PMC1552017 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 27; 114(8):1158-1161 |
Many epidemiologic studies have demonstrated consistent associations between
exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) and increased risks
of morbidity and mortality [Bell et al. 2004; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2004]. Risks of premature mortality appear to be greatest among older
adults with preexis... | 16882528 | PMC1552018 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 25; 114(8):1215-1220 |
Premature hearing loss in industrial workers is a well-known outcome of
noise exposure at work. Pryor et al. (1983) and Rebert et al. (1983) were the first to suggest that organic solvents also present an ototoxic
effect in animal studies. Barregard and Axelsson (1984) further suggested the possibility of an interactio... | 16882540 | PMC1552019 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 26; 114(8):1283-1286 |
de Burbure et al. (2006) elegantly demonstrated that dopaminergic markers in the serum, namely
prolactin and homovanillic acid, are affected in children exposed to cadmium, lead, mercury, and
arsenic. These findings, at low environmental
exposure levels, reinforce the potential of these metals to perturb
dopaminergic f... | 16882508 | PMC1552020 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A458a |
Thousands of Gulf Coast families displaced in 2005 by Hurricanes Katrina
and Rita are the victims of an unprecedented epidemic of chronic medical
and mental health problems, yet are receiving little appropriate
care, reveals a report released 17 April 2006 from the Mailman School
of Public Health. “A year after Katrina... | 16882510 | PMC1552021 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A462 |
We are all exposed to thousands of natural and man-made chemicals every
day. Man-made and naturally occurring chemicals are present in the air, ingested
food and water, the workplace, and a number of consumer products. The
exposures that animals, plants, and humans experience can
be quite complex, coming from a variety... | 16882516 | PMC1552022 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 26; 114(8):1143-1149 |
The herbicide cyanazine is a synthetic s-triazine (along with atrazine and simazine) that has been widely used
to control broadleaf weeds and grasses in agricultural crops. It is applied
as a preemergent herbicide once during the growing season to control
weeds in corn, sorghum, cotton, barley, wheat, oil rape seed, su... | 16882534 | PMC1552023 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 31; 114(8):1248-1252 |
Although leaded gasoline has been phased out for decades, lead continues
to be a public health concern. Lead accumulates in the human body and
has been linked to increased cancer and cardiovascular mortality (Lustberg and Silbergeld 2002). Most studies of the cardiovascular effects of lead in humans have focused
on lea... | 16882531 | PMC1552024 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 18; 114(8):1233-1236 |
The prevalence of allergic diseases has rapidly increased in developed
countries throughout the past several decades (Beasley et al. 2003). Changes in environmental factors such as allergen load, infectious disease
profile, vaccination, and the presence of environmental adjuvants, rather
than genetic factors, are likel... | 16882537 | PMC1552025 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 15; 114(8):1266-1269 |
Floods in Europe. Heat waves in the United States. Snowfall in the deserts
of the United Arab Emirates. These are among the unusual weather conditions
witnessed in different parts of the world in the past five years, conditions
that demonstrate how climate change is beginning to impact
people. While governments negotia... | 16882512 | PMC1552026 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A478-A481 |
We thank Aschner for his positive comments and interesting suggestion regarding
a possible influence of manganese on serum prolactin levels. We
fully acknowledge that the four elements we studied (de Burbure et al. 2006) are probably not the only determinants of serum prolactin levels, especially
because variations in ... | 0 | PMC1552027 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A458b |
Reliable evaluation of the potential hazard to children from ingestion
of lead in the environment depends in part on accurate information on
the rate and extent of Pb absorption (“bioavailability”) from
each exposure medium. This is especially true for soil because
Pb in soil can exist in a variety of different mineral... | 16882520 | PMC1552028 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:44 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 4; 114(8):1162-1171 |
Links between nitrate and health risk have been studied for > 50 years, resulting
in a large body of research. As two book-length reviews
of the issue (Addiscott 2005; L’hirondel and L’hirondel 2001) tried to show, none of the health claims against dietary nitrate have
been substantiated.
If there was not already an e... | 16882507 | PMC1552029 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A458c-A459 |
In 2003 a Dutch study on the effects of controlled exposure to mobile communication
system radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) at
base station intensities on human well-being and cognitive function was
published (Zwamborn et al. 2003), hereafter called TNO study (TNO - Netherlands Organization for Applied
S... | 16882538 | PMC1552030 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 6; 114(8):1270-1275 |
Although perhaps more familiar to those of us of a certain age who remember
when all cars had sparkling mirror-finish bumpers, chromium still
plays a big part in industry. Chromium is valued for its brightness, durability, resistance
to corrosion, and hardness. It is used as a pigment
in paint, inks, and plastics, as a... | 16882513 | PMC1552031 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A482-A485 |
Epidemiologic studies have shown a correlation between exposure to ambient
air particulate matter and adverse health outcomes manifested as an
increased incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and
morbidity (Dockery et al. 1993). Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are common airborne particulate matter
that ... | 16882535 | PMC1552032 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 30; 114(8):1253-1258 |
In the latest of a series of strikes against perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the
chemical has been found to affect gene expression in the livers
of lab rats. PFOA is used in the manufacturing of fluorotelomers, which
include nonstick substances such as DuPont’s Teflon®. PFOA is released when these fluorotelomers break d... | 0 | PMC1552033 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A464a |
Animal studies have clearly shown that simultaneous exposure to noise and
toluene, a clear organic solvent widely used in various manufacturing
industries, causes hearing loss. Studies of this interaction in the
workplace have been limited, however, and their results inconclusive. Research
now establishes, for the firs... | 0 | PMC1552034 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A487a |
Around the time of the Rio Earth Summit, the UN Environment Programme began
raising awareness of environmental and sustainability issues among
the financial industry. Today, the program’s Finance Initiative (UNEP
FI) helps more than 160 firms—including some of the
world’s largest banks, insurers, and fund managers—to
i... | 0 | PMC1552035 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug; 114(8):A465 |
The filamentous mold Stachybotrys chartarum requires water-saturated cellulose to grow, and when found in an indoor
environment, it is an indicator of significant water intrusion and damage. Although S. chartarum produces several classes of mycotoxins, of greatest concern are macrocyclic
trichothecenes, the most potent... | 16882529 | PMC1552036 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:45 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 26; 114(8):1221-1226 |
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been found in human breast
milk (Darnerud et al. 1998; Noren and Meironyte 1998, 2000). This route is a potential excretion pathway for the mother and a route
of exposure to these compounds for the neonate. Thus, the monitoring
of breast milk provides data for not only adult ... | 16882522 | PMC1552037 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Aug 18; 114(8):1179-1185 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Chris Ponting and Richard Emes (nominated by Chris Ponting), Kateryna Makova, Gáspár Jékely and Eugene V. Koonin. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly cytotoxic DNA lesions caused by ionizing radiation, sponta... | 16749933 | PMC1552050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Jun 2; 1:15 |
Background
Research is of paramount importance to accomplish the institutional and educational mission of academic medical centers. Frequently, however, researchers implement their investigational protocols without fully understanding regulatory requirements and restrictions, ultimately failing to minimize the risk of ... | 16872540 | PMC1552051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jul 27; 6:32 |
Background
The search for novel polymorphisms that increase the likelihood of IHD has recently led to the discovery of a potentially important role of the myocyte enhancing factor 2A gene (MEF2A). In 2003, Wang and colleagues [1] reported that they had identified a 21 base pair (bp) deletion (Δ7aa) of the MEF2A gene in... | 16872533 | PMC1552052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:35 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jul 27; 7:65 |
Introduction
Pulmonary hamartomas, also known as mesenchymomas, can be parenchymal (80%) or endobronchial (10–20%) in location [1]. Parenchymal lesions are usually an incidental finding and range in size from 1 cm to 8 cm in diameter in various series [6]. The endobronchial tumours usually present with new onset respir... | 16887035 | PMC1552053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Aug 3; 1:19 |
Background
Asthma is one of the most common chronic illnesses in the general population and is the most common chronic illness in children, with about 7.5 million children under age 18 in the United States having asthma in 2001 [1]. Asthma prevalence has been increasing to epidemic levels, especially in areas with high... | 16859546 | PMC1552054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Jul 21; 5:22 |
Background
Cognitive-behavioural therapies have been applied successfully for schizophrenia in outpatient settings for many years. Family and skills training strategies have shown benefits in reducing clinical and social morbidity [1,2], while recent research on individual cognitive-behavioural therapy has led to a cla... | 16859548 | PMC1552055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Jul 21; 2:16 |
Background
Duloxetine is a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that claims greater affinity for the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters compared with venlafaxine [1,2]. The efficacy and safety of duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults (18–65 years) ha... | 16867188 | PMC1552056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Jul 24; 6:30 |
Background
Rho-kinases (also known as ROKs or ROCKs) were the first Rho GTPase-binding effectors to be identified and were initially characterized as mediators of the formation of RhoA-induced stress fibers and focal adhesions [1,2]. ROCKs are serine-threonine kinases that are most homologous to myotonic dystrophy kina... | 16882341 | PMC1552057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Aug 1; 6:38 |
Introduction
Lymphatic filariasis is a major health problem in India especially in its southern provinces. A majority of the infected individuals in filariasis endemic communities are asymptomatic. Adult worms in the lymphatics cause progressive lymphatic vascular dilation and dysfunction [1]. Progressive lymphatic dys... | 16875505 | PMC1552058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Filaria J. 2006 Jul 30; 5:9 |
Background
Maintenance of variation in populations is a fundamental topic in evolutionary ecology [1]. Mechanisms that maintain variation can be selective, non-selective or a mixture of both. Previous studies have identified factors that maintain colour polymorphisms in many taxa (e.g. [2-6]). However, the factors expl... | 16822305 | PMC1552059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Jul 5; 3:10 |
Background
The use of information technologies promises to improve the overall healthcare system in many ways [1,2]. For example, electronic health records (EHRs) and personal digital assistants (PDAs) have been linked to improvements in overall quality in pediatric and adult populations[3,4], a decrease in medical err... | 16869972 | PMC1552060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Jul 25; 6:21 |
Background
Neonatal and infant mortality and morbidity are high in less developed countries. Each year about 10 million children die worldwide, with extensive between and within country variation [1,2]. Almost half of these deaths (about 4 million) occur among newborns before one month of age [2-4]. The majority (about... | 16563165 | PMC1552061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:05 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Mar 24; 6:9 |
Background
In the psychiatric system of care there is a dynamic relationship between acute departments, the out-patient services and the primary care services. Changes in the out-patient services and primary care services influence the acute psychiatric admission rates [1,2]. The total number of beds in the Norwegian p... | 16571113 | PMC1552062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Mar 29; 6:41 |
Background
In the last two decades, surgery carried out in outpatient settings has grown much more strongly than inpatient operations [1-3]. Day surgery is generally defined as a non emergency procedure undertaken during the period of a normal working day (not exceeding 12 hours) in hospitals or other facilities set up... | 16784523 | PMC1552063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 19; 6:78 |
Background
At least 20% of the clinically recognised pregnancies in the Western world have an adverse outcome, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, low birth weight or a congenital abnormality. [1,2]. The risk of such an outcome is known to be increased by risk factors such as smoking during pregnancy and no... | 16824233 | PMC1552064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jul 7; 7:41 |
Background
Nearly 20,000 patients per year in the UK receive total knee arthroplasty (TKA) at an estimated annual cost of 70 million pounds. Patients who undergo knee surgery are affected by their condition on a very personal basis in terms of disability. For athletes at the prime of their career, not being able to per... | 16879741 | PMC1552065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jul 31; 7:61 |
Background
UNAIDS has recommended antenatal care (ANC) clinics sentinel surveillance to measure HIV prevalence trends in generalized epidemics due to problems of acceptability when conducting HIV surveys in the general population [1,2]. The premise for using ANC data for estimating HIV prevalence in the general populat... | 16579863 | PMC1552066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 2; 6:83 |
Background
We investigated if geographical variations in nursing home utilisation are due to differences in local nursing home availability and what the influence of this is on the place of death. Optimal quality of life is influenced by various factors, such as physical, psychological, and social well being [1]. Quali... | 16824222 | PMC1552067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:38 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 6; 6:178 |
Background
Pathogenesis-related class 10 (PR-10) proteins constitute the largest group of aeroallergens and are among the four most common food allergens [1]. The main allergen is a PR-10 pollen protein from the European white birch (Betula pendula) termed Bet v 1 [2]. Birch pollen is a major cause of Type I allergies ... | 16820045 | PMC1552068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 4; 7:168 |
Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common source of polymorphism in the human genome, have a wide applications in human genetics, pharmacogenomics, analysis of clinical samples, and identification of human susceptibility genes involved in complex diseases [1-4]. Pooling equal amounts of DNA fro... | 16764712 | PMC1552069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 9; 7:143 |
Background
The mucosal surfaces are all covered by mucus largely made up of the large glycoproteins referred to as mucins. Mucins play an important role in protection, but some mucins also take part in cell surface signaling and are important for cancer development and progression. Typical for the mucins are the large ... | 16887038 | PMC1552070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 3; 7:197 |
Background
There are approximately 45 million people without health insurance in the United States [1]. The problem of the uninsured is one of special relevance to New Mexico, which ranks 2nd in the percent of the total state population that is uninsured and 5th in the percent of children 18 years old and younger who a... | 16796756 | PMC1552071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Jun 23; 5:6 |
Background
An increasing number of Americans are receiving health care services from alternate care providers [1-3]. Close to 42% of Americans received at least 1 of 16 alternate care therapies in 1997 and chiropractic care is one of the most frequently sought after alternative care [3]. With the increasing popularity ... | 16824214 | PMC1552072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Jul 6; 14:12 |
Background
Knowledge on the relationship between plant communities and soil microbial communities is still lacking in large parts, although recent ecological research focuses on potentially beneficial effects of biodiversity on ecosystem processes, including the response of ecosystems to environmental changes such as i... | 16872510 | PMC1552073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jul 27; 6:68 |
Background
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype was first described in 1995 because of its predominance in the Beijing area of China, the high similarity of IS6110 RFLP patterns, and the identical polymorphism pattern of the direct repeat region of M. tuberculosis genome between isolates [1]. Thereafter, it ... | 16820066 | PMC1552074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 5; 6:105 |
Background
Even though recent marked advances in intensive care skill and facilities have improved the survival rate of high risk neonates, they have also increase the frequency of invasive procedures. Because most of neonates in newborn intensive care units (NICUs) are premature and highly susceptible to infection due... | 16796741 | PMC1552075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 23; 6:103 |
pmcBackground
Halomonas elongata is a moderately halophilic eubacterium which thrives under a broad range of salinities [1] and has its growth optimum at 3% NaCl (w/v) (500 mM) [2]. The organism is known for the production of the compatible solutes ectoine and hydroxyectoine, which are accumulated for adaptation to hi... | 16872527 | PMC1552076 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:41 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Jul 27; 2:10 |
Background
Distinctiveness affects memory performance. Subjects are better in recalling items from a list that are distinct in at least one dimension. This phenomenon is called the von-Restorff or VR-effect [1]. Distinctiveness of an item can be created by changing the color, the size, the meaningfulness, the backgroun... | 16863589 | PMC1552077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jul 24; 7:57 |
Background
In the malaria holoendemic area of Lake Victoria basin, the estimated inoculation rate averages one infective bite daily and, as a consequence, prevalence rates of asexual stage malaria parasites in children is almost 100% [1]. The persistent parasitaemia induces profound haematological abnormalities that in... | 16879740 | PMC1552078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 31; 5:64 |
Background
A central issue in the pathogenesis of the disease caused by falciparum malaria is whether vaso-occlusion by sequestered parasitized red cells is the necessary primary event in cerebral malaria and in multi-organ failure. The alternative view is that these changes are set in motion by the toxic effects of ex... | 16887045 | PMC1552079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Aug 4; 5:69 |
Background
Ethanol has long been used to generate a hemorrhagic gastric mucosal injury in rodents [1]. With oral administration of absolute or hydrochloric acid-acidified ethanol, extensive hemorrhagic lesions can be produced in the gastric mucosa. This experimental gastric injury model has been frequently used for gas... | 16879752 | PMC1552080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Aug 1; 6:22 |
Background
Accurate diagnosis forms the basis of good clinical care, as without it one can neither prognosticate correctly nor choose the right treatment. Indeed, a wrong diagnosis can harm patients by exposing them to inappropriate or sub-optimal therapy [1]. Thus studies of diagnostic accuracy, and particularly their... | 16836745 | PMC1552081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jul 12; 6:31 |
Background
Defining human resources in health care
Within many health care systems worldwide, increased attention is being focused on human resources management (HRM). Specifically, human resources are one of three principle health system inputs, with the other two major inputs being physical capital and consumables [1... | 16872531 | PMC1552082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Jul 27; 4:20 |
Background
The existence of a widespread health workforce crisis with the potential to reverse the health gains of the past decade and contribute to the collapse of the health system in some countries is generally acknowledged. The challenge is what to do about it. The World health report 2006: Working together for hea... | 16887029 | PMC1552083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2006 Aug 3; 4:21 |
Background
A hydrocephalus shunt drains excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to elsewhere in the body. Ideally, the shunt should restore a normal CSF circulation. Therefore, the rate of drainage should be proportional to the positive difference between the CSF pressure and the sagittal sinus pressure. With a negative press... | 16808836 | PMC1552084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006 Jun 29; 3:9 |
Background
During severe and chronic liver damage, a subpopulation of liver cells termed oval cells was induced to proliferate. The oval cells are not typical hepatocytes; they are indeed less mature cells that can function as progenitors for either hepatocytic or ductal cell lineages. This kind of cells express alpha-... | 16822301 | PMC1552085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2006 Jul 5; 5:2 |
In June 2005, the Study Centre of the German Surgical Society (SDGC) in Heidelberg, Germany [1] agreed to participate in the investigator initiated trial CRASH2 [2]. Regulatory and administrative affairs within Germany were assigned to the Coordination Centre for Clinical Trials (KKS) at the University of Heidelberg, G... | 16790038 | PMC1552086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Jun 21; 7:22 |
Background
Gastrointestinal malignancies frequently recur with metastatic disease limited to the abdominal cavity. The peritoneal failure rate among patients who present with recurrence after colon cancer resection is approximately 25–35% [1].
Peritoneal dissemination of colon cancer cells is a common cause of morbidi... | 16792796 | PMC1552087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 22; 6:162 |
Background
Unilateral chromosomal losses detected by a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis are the most common genetic events in solid tumors [1]. The level of chromosomal losses, rather than a single loss, has been consistently shown to be a significant predictor of survival in stage II and III gastrointestinal canc... | 16827945 | PMC1552088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 10; 6:180 |
Background
For appraising evolutionary significance of variable protein-coding sequences among diverged species in a quantitative fashion, one of the powerful tools is to compute nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates, termed as Ka and Ks, respectively [1-3]. Since Ka and Ks represent the numbers of substituti... | 16740169 | PMC1552089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Jun 2; 6:44 |
Background
Many photoreceptors such as rhodopsins, phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins have been discovered in eukaryotic organisms by a combination of biochemical and physiological assays [1], whereas prokaryotic versions of these proteins have often been identified during genome projects. Phytochromes, which... | 16539742 | PMC1552090 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 16; 7:141 |
Background
The number of microbial genomes for which sequence data are available is increasing each year. Currently, complete nucleotide sequences of more than 300 strains are available in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database (INSD), which includes DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank [1], and the sequence data are summar... | 16887044 | PMC1552091 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 4; 7:368 |
Background
The number of sequences generated by many genome projects is soaring exponentially but most of them have not been characterized experimentally. Manual annotation methods have been proposed by experts and are popular for use at the genome centers, but their annotation capacities are exceeded by the fast growi... | 16776838 | PMC1552092 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 15; 7:304 |
Disease name/synonyms
Walker-Warburg syndrome
Cerebroocular dysgenesis (COD)
Cerebroocular dysplasia-muscular dystrophy (COD-MD) syndrome
Chemke syndrome
Hydrocephalus-Agyria-Retinal Dysplasia (HARD) Syndrome
HARD +/- syndrome
Pagon syndrome
Warburg syndrome
Definition
Walker-Warburg Syndrome (WWS) is a genetic... | 16887026 | PMC1553431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Aug 3; 1:29 |
Background
Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is an autosomal-dominant disorder with complete penetrance but variable expressivity, and is one of the developmental conditions of Axenfeld-Rieger spectrum. The spectrum is defined on the basis of specific eye anomalies that include prominent annular white line near the limbus... | 16834779 | PMC1553432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:34 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jul 11; 7:59 |
Background
The sensitivity of mammography has been observed to be lower in women <50 years of age (63–86%), compared with women ≥50 years (89–94%) [1-3]. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force meta-analysis found that the time required to obtain a risk reduction in breast cancer mortality rates is longer for younger w... | 16800895 | PMC1553433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Jun 26; 6:10 |
Background
Peripheral sensitization can contribute to the development of persistent pain and involves numerous cellular processes. An important receptor in this process is the vanilloid receptor 1 or TRPV1. The TRPV1 is a nociceptive calcium (Ca2+) channel that is activated by capsaicin, the pungent constituent of chil... | 16842630 | PMC1553434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Jul 16; 2:22 |
Background
The number of Americans who are seriously overweight has reached epidemic proportions and is still on a rise [1]. Currently, 66.3% of the Americans are overweight and 32.2% are classified as obese [2]. Obesity is a complex disease resulting from the interaction of multiple factors: genetic, metabolic, social... | 16846509 | PMC1553435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Jul 17; 4:43 |
Background
In recent years, cost-utility analysis has emerged as a common methodology for the economic evaluation of health care strategies. This approach makes use of quality adjusted life years (QALYs) to assess the effectiveness of health care interventions. Neumann et al. stated that "QALYs represent the benefit of... | 16626489 | PMC1553436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Apr 20; 4:25 |
Background
Liposarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from adipose tissue, most commonly in the retroperitoneum and lower extremities. Liposarcoma of the head and neck is rare, representing 5.6% to 9% of cases in large series [1-3]. Common sites of occurrence in the head and neck region include the lar... | 16872488 | PMC1553437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Jul 26; 2:21 |
Background
The planning of orthodontic treatment within a public health system requires information on the orthodontic treatment needs of the population [1]. This would permit selection of cases to be treated based on financial, political or administrative purposes [2]. These indexes quantify and summarize a set of cli... | 16884542 | PMC1553438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Aug 3; 2:22 |
Background
Clinical records contain much potentially useful information in free text form. In electronic medical records (EMR), information such as family history, signs and symptoms and personal history of drinking and smoking are typically embedded in text descriptions provided by clinicians in the form of progress n... | 16872495 | PMC1553439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Jul 26; 6:30 |
Background
Leishmaniasis is endemic in many areas of tropical and subtropical America [at least 24 countries], where it constitutes a significant public health problem. The disease in this region is basically a zoonosis; humans are only incidental hosts in the life cycles of the various pathogenic parasite species [11]... | 16762067 | PMC1553440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Jun 8; 2:17 |
Background
The provision of high quality dental care for children with special needs (CSN) presents a challenge for the dental profession [1]. CSN are those with a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral or emotional condition that substantially limits one or more major life activities, and who need dental or healt... | 16784534 | PMC1553441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Jun 19; 6:9 |
Background
By the late 1980's only 10% of adult Polish men had never smoked placing Poland among those countries with the highest tobacco consumption in the world [1,2]. After introducing democratic changes and the market economy, Poland has become the target of the international tobacco industry being considered one o... | 16827930 | PMC1553442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 7; 6:181 |
Background
Family planning and reproductive health programs have contributed greatly to fertility decline in developing countries [1]. Both availability and quality of family planning services are believed to have contributed to increasing contraceptive use and declining fertility rates in developing countries. There i... | 16792810 | PMC1553443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 22; 6:79 |
Background
Partial liver resection is a well established treatment for primary and secondary malignancies of the liver [1,2]. In a selected population this is the sole potentially curative treatment and is associated with reported 5-year survival rates between 18 and 38% [3-5]. However, the great majority of patients a... | 16846515 | PMC1553444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Jul 17; 4:46 |
Background
Neck pain is a very common problem, second only to low back pain in its frequency in the general population [1-3] and in musculoskeletal practice [4]. Estimates of the prevalence of chronic neck pain vary. In a Swedish population [5] 18.5% of females and 13.2% of males had neck pain for longer than 6 months;... | 16848905 | PMC1553445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Jul 18; 7:58 |
Background
An increase in exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels due to IgE sensitisation was first observed in laboratory animal allergy [1] and asymptomatic atopic subjects[2]. A positive association between exhaled NO levels and the degree of IgE sensitisation has been found both in children [3-6] and in the adult populat... | 16787532 | PMC1553446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:25 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jun 20; 7(1):92 |
Background
Data regarding risk factors and use of antibiotics in surgical patients are essential for preventing and treating surgical site infections (SSI). Appendectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures [1] with SSI complicating 1–5% of appendectomy cases [2-4]. One established risk factor for SSI in appen... | 16836755 | PMC1553447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:40 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 12; 6:111 |
Background
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among American men [1,2]. Due to the high incidence of prostate cancer the biology of the organ has been extensively studied. Crucial to our understanding of the cancer process is the biology of prostate development, in particular, the gene expressi... | 16638148 | PMC1553448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 25; 7:92 |
Background
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that established itself in the human stomach possibly thousands of years ago [1]. This opportunistic pathogen infects over 50% of the worlds' population, causing no harm to most colonized people [2]. Only a small subset of infected people experience H. pylori-... | 16872520 | PMC1553449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 27; 7:191 |
Background
Major royal jelly proteins and YELLOW proteins in Insecta, together with an orphan protein found in Deinococcus radiodurans, a radiation tolerant bacterium, form a protein family named the MRJP/YELLOW family [1,2]. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) are initially identified as the major content of royal jell... | 16884544 | PMC1553450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 3; 7:195 |
Background
The presence of strong genetic determinants of locomotor and analgesic response to morphine and heroin in mice was first observed more than thirty years ago [1-5]. Behavioural phenotyping of a large panel of commonly used inbred strains of mice showed tremendous diversity in the response to both acute and pr... | 16772024 | PMC1553451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:39 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 13; 7:146 |
Background
Health has a social gradient, i.e. people with lower socio-economic status (SES) have more health related problems than people in the other part of the SES hierarchy [1-5]. Further SE inequalities seem to increase in Western European countries [6,7]. There may be three possible pathways: increased risk of so... | 16808838 | PMC1553452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Jun 29; 5:7 |
Introduction
It is now commonly admitted that diabetes is sweeping the globe as a silent epidemic largely contributing to the growing burden of non-communicable diseases and mainly encouraged by decreasing levels of activity and increasing prevalence of obesity [1-5]. Dramatic increase has occurred in both prevalence a... | 16808835 | PMC1553453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jun 29; 5:43 |
Background
Malaria threatens the lives of 3.2 billion people globally and leads to over one million deaths annually [1]. Malaria is hyper-endemic in Ghana, accounting for 44% of outpatient attendance, 13% of all hospital deaths, and 22% of mortality among children less than five years of age [1,2]. Though malaria is re... | 16867194 | PMC1553454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 25; 5:61 |
Background
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is the common term used to describe a significant impairment in learning to read relative to age, IQ, and educational and socioeconomic opportunity. Experienced by 4–10% ofchildren [1], developmental dyslexia occurs in all cultures examined [2] and persists into adulthood where im... | 16879754 | PMC1553455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Aug 1; 2:26 |
Background
Standard treatment of rectal cancer that by clinical or radiological assessment reveals locally advanced growth within the pelvis involves preoperative radiotherapy aimed at down-staging the tumor, to facilitate subsequent surgical excision [1,2]. However, tumor response to preoperative therapy varies greatl... | 16887021 | PMC1553456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Aug 3; 1:25 |
Background
Postoperative radiation therapy very substantially improves local control in the treatment of both early and locally-advanced breast cancer. Trial overviews indicate that for every four local failures prevented, one fewer death from breast cancer can be expected. However, this long-term benefit can be mitiga... | 16857055 | PMC1553457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Jul 20; 1:22 |
Background
Muscle weakness, or the inability to generate normal levels of force, has clinically been recognized as one of the limiting factors in the motor rehabilitation of patients following stroke [1,2]. In the lower limbs, this muscle weakness can be attributed to disuse atrophy [3] and/or the disruption in descend... | 16857059 | PMC1553458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Jul 20; 3:17 |
1. Introduction
Oestrogens and progestins secreted by the ovaries are the major modulators of the female reproductive tract functions. Their actions are primarily mediated via binding to specific intracellular receptors in the target cells, and subsequent stimulation of gene transcription [1]. The tissue response is de... | 16987401 | PMC1553459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Jun 12; 48(1):5 |
Introduction
During the last 30 years, campylobacteriosis has emerged as an important food-borne bacterial zoonosis causing acute diarrhoea in humans at low infection doses [1-4]. In many developed countries, the disease is currently the most frequently reported bacterial enteric infection in humans [1,3,4]. Since the ... | 16987400 | PMC1553460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Jun 6; 48(1):4 |
Introduction
Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a genetically-predisposed inflammatory and pruritic allergic skin disease, most commonly associated with IgE antibodies to environmental allergens [1]. Among humans, the prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing in industrialized countries over the past decades, ... | 16987404 | PMC1553461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Jun 15; 48(1):8 |
Background
Monitoring systemic inflammatory activity during steroid therapy of canine immune-mediated diseases may be difficult. The clinician mainly has to rely on clinical signs [1] since objective fast-reacting inflammatory markers (white blood cell count [WBC] and absolute numbers of granulocytes) usually are so af... | 16987405 | PMC1553462 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Jun 21; 48(1):9 |
Background
Wild animal carcasses obtained for autopsy frequently are in an advanced stage of post mortem decomposition, which complicates morphological evaluation and impairs the possibility of making a proper diagnosis [1]. In addition to morphological examination, the wildlife pathologist may also utilise various tes... | 16987389 | PMC1553463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Jun 21; 48(1):10 |
Background
Aelurostrongylus falciformis (Schlegel 1933) is a metastrongyle lung nematode of European badgers (Meles meles) and has been reported in continental Europe [1,2] and Great Britain [3] but not Fennoscandia. Other lung nematodes seen in European badgers include the metastrongyles Angiostrongylus vasorum (Baill... | 16987402 | PMC1553464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Jun 13; 48(1):6 |
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