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Introduction
Post-surveillance cohort studies and long-term follow-up studies of clinical trials, like the Merck 035 study, continue to suggest the ongoing durability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) [1–3]. Mortality among persons on these three- or four-drug regimens continues to remain low, and may be ... | 16984218 | PMC1569883 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 19; 3(9):e356 |
Introduction
Gluten enteropathy is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder [1,2] sustained by an inappropriate immune response to dietary gluten [3], that may affect as many as 1%–3% of the European and North American population [4]. Genetically susceptible individuals develop autoimmune injury to the gut, skin, joints,... | 16984219 | PMC1569884 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 19; 3(9):e358 |
What happens inside a cell? To a good first approximation, the answer is “thousands of proteins interact.” A cell’s form, and all its functions, arises from those interactions. One goal of systems biology is to describe those interactions—by focusing not just on this organelle or that signaling pathway, but on the enti... | 20076470 | PMC1569887 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 19; 4(10):e331 |
Introduction
One of the advantages of a systems biological approach to understanding the relationship between genomes and phenotypes is that it permits conceptualization of intermediary levels of organization, which may not be evident from more-focused studies [1–3]. Although some of these levels can be objectively def... | 16984220 | PMC1569888 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 19; 4(10):e317 |
Introduction
In 1992 a new syndrome consisting of syncopal episodes and/or sudden death in patients with a structurally normal heart and a characteristic electrocardiogram (ECG) with a pattern of right bundle branch block with an ST segment elevation in leads V1 to V3 was described [1] In 1998 the poor prognosis of pat... | 17006566 | PMC1569891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:16 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2001 Oct 1; 1(1):6-11 |
Since the introduction of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) by Michel Mirowski in the 1980's, these devices have become an important tenet in management of ventricular arrhythmias [1]. Numerous observational and randomized trials have demonstrated the superiority of this device over antiarrhythmic drugs ... | 17006565 | PMC1569892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:16 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2001 Oct 1; 1(1):1-5 |
Introduction
Syncope is defined as a sudden temporary loss of consciousness associated with a loss of postural tone, with spontaneous recovery that does not require electrical or chemical cardioversion. Syncope is a common symptom, accounting for 1% to 6% of hospital admission and up to 3% of emergency room visits. Los... | 17006567 | PMC1569893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:16 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2001 Oct 1; 1(1):12-22 |
"All scientific truth is conditioned by the state of the knowledge at the time of its announcement"
(William Osler, MD, FRCS. Harvenian Oration, Royal College of Physicians, 1906.)
A recent population-based US study suggested that the incidence of atrial flutter (AFL) ranged from 5/100,000 in those < 50 years old to 5... | 17006568 | PMC1569894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:16 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2001 Oct 1; 1(1):23-31 |
Introduction
Since the introduction of steroid eluting electrodes, the incidence of an early massive rise in the capture threshold that either exceeds or threatens to exceed the programmed output of the pacemaker has declined but has not totally disappeared [1] If a persistent or massive threshold rise is encountered ... | 17006569 | PMC1569895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:16 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2001 Oct 1; 1(1):35-37 |
Introduction
Syncope is a common clinical disorder accounting for 3 % for emergency room presentations and 1 % of hospital admissions [1]. Moreover it has not always a benign course, with mortality rates up to 33 % at 1 year in patients with a structural cardiac disorders [2-5]. In addition costs for investigation for ... | 17006573 | PMC1569896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:16 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Jan 1; 2(1):15-19 |
Introduction
Cardiac mapping is a broad term that covers several modes of mapping such as body surface [1], endocardial [2], and epicardial [3] mapping. The recording and analysis of extracellular electrograms, reported as early as 1915, forms the basis for cardiac mapping [4]. More commonly, cardiac mapping is perform... | 17006574 | PMC1569897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:16 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Jan 1; 2(1):20-32 |
Since the publication of the first edition of this book eight years ago, considerable new information has been acquired about mechanisms of arrhythmias, pathways and sites for ablation, and techniques of ablation. Publication of the second edition is, therefore, timely and contemporary. With chapters contributed by wel... | 0 | PMC1569898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:16 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Jan 1; 2(1):35 |
Dr. Levine's comments [1] are greatly appreciated. Most modern ICDs have arrhythmia discrimination algorithms that have variable success in withholding inappropriate therapy. It must be borne in mind that enhancing specificity for ventricular arrhythmia detection can entail a loss of sensitivity. Accordingly, all algor... | 0 | PMC1569899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:16 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Jan 1; 2(1):34 |
This case study by Dr. John [1] demonstrates the care that one must take in programming an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, the complexity of these patients and the utility of the internal diagnostics in the system to facilitate the physician's understanding of device behavior. Even the single chamber ICDs have ... | 17006575 | PMC1569900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:16 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Jan 1; 2(1):33 |
Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent sustained arrhythmia of clinical significance. The prevalence of chronic atrial fibrillation is about 0,5-1% [1]. It is rarely seen before the age of 50. However, Framingham data show a marked increase of atrial fibrillation by increasing age, approaching 10% in octogenarians (T... | 17006572 | PMC1569901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:17 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Jan 1; 2(1):4-14 |
Introduction
The Electricity and the Heart website [1] is intended to facilitate the collection, cataloging and presentation of historical information about technical and scientific advances in cardiac devices. Over the course of the past century as the fields of cardiac pacing and electrophysiology have evolved, the t... | 17006571 | PMC1569902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:17 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Jan 1; 2(1):2-3 |
Till the late 1980s, there was precious little one could do to permanently cure arrhythmias. Cardiac surgery did not live up to its promise for ventricular tachycardia. For WPW syndrome, surgery was too invasive a procedure, with a significant chance of major complications. Electrophysiologists spent hours trying to un... | 17006570 | PMC1569903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:16 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2002 Jan 1; 2(1):1 |
Peterson et al. (2006) compared the risk of ground-based ultra-low-volume (ULV) adulticiding against the risk of West Nile virus (WNV). They concluded that
[B]y virtually any current human-health measure, the risks from infection by WNV exceed the risks from exposure to mosquito insecticides. Therefore, perceptions th... | 16966073 | PMC1570043 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A519a |
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that induces a wide spectrum of toxic responses (DeVito and Birnbaum 1995). A number of pharmacokinetic models for TCDD are available that incorporate various stages of sophistication, including classical pharmacokinetic models (Michal... | 16966094 | PMC1570044 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 18; 114(9):1394-1400 |
Arsenic is both a human carcinogen causing cancer in multiple tissues [National Research Council (NRC) 1999, 2001] and a chemo-therapeutic agent used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (Cohen et al. 2001). Arsenic trioxide shows promise for chemotherapy in treatment of solid tumors and inhibits tumor grow... | 16966095 | PMC1570045 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 23; 114(9):1401-1406 |
During August 2003, record high temperatures were observed across Europe, and France was the country most affected (Institut de Veille Sanitaire 2003a). Between 1 and 18 August, > 60% of the meteorological stations recorded temperatures > 35°C, and in 15% of the stations the temperature reached ≥ 40°C. In a recent repo... | 16966086 | PMC1570046 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 22; 114(9):1344-1347 |
From huge industrial spills to exposure to everyday products, there are a number of ways people come in contact with potentially hazardous chemicals. To help educate those wanting more in-depth information about the health effects of chemicals, the Collaborative on Health and the Environment (CHE) has developed the CHE... | 0 | PMC1570047 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A523 |
We thank Schofield et al. for their interest in our article and for their comments. We would like to clarify that Peterson et al. (2006) is simply a screening-level (tier 1) risk assessment in which we separately and conservatively examined the residential human risks from exposure to West Nile virus (WNV) and mosquito... | 0 | PMC1570048 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A519b |
April 26, 2006, was the 20th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident, the second major single
exposure to radiation of a substantial population. It is relevant to the current view of the
consequences of Chernobyl to reflect on the understanding in 1965 of the health consequences
of the first major event, radiation from t... | 16966081 | PMC1570049 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:33:33 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 30; 114(9):1312-1317 |
When North Carolina’s Research Triangle Foundation provided 509 acres of land to the U.S. Surgeon General’s Office in 1967 as the site for the newly established Division of Environmental Health Sciences, the area was probably not foreseen as a hub for companies, institutions, and government agencies working on issues r... | 16966075 | PMC1570050 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A524-A525 |
Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans, Louisiana, on 29 August 2005, breaching the levees that protected the city and flooding approximately 120,000 homes. Some homes remained underwater for weeks, and some neighborhoods were flooded again when Hurricane Rita struck on 22 September 2005. Flood damage varied throughout t... | 16966092 | PMC1570051 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 12; 114(9):1381-1386 |
Despite numerous reviews [Brüning and Bolt 2000; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1995; Institute of Medicine 2002; Lynge et al. 1997; McLaughlin and Blot 1997; National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2002; Wartenberg et al. 2000; Weiss 1996; Wong 2004], including those of two multidisciplinary expert panel... | 16966107 | PMC1570052 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 9; 114(9):1471-1478 |
With our increased awareness of the need to understand human–environment interactions, it is more critical than ever to spark and nourish children’s interest in science. Now an NIEHS-sponsored program at the Baylor College of Medicine Center for Educational Outreach is responding to this educational challenge by offeri... | 16969962 | PMC1570053 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A525-A526 |
Extremes of temperature are associated with short-term increases in daily mortality (Braga et al. 2001; Curriero et al. 2002; Huynen et al. 2001; McGeehin and Mirabelli 2001; Mercer 2003). Identification of factors that confer susceptibility to temperature extremes has recently become an issue of interest in the scient... | 16966084 | PMC1570054 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 6; 114(9):1331-1336 |
In their article “First Experimental Demonstration of the Multipotential Carcinogenic Effects of Aspartame Administered in the Feed of Sprague-Dawley Rats,” Soffritti et al. (2006) present interesting data on the carcinogenic effects of long-term exposure to aspartame, an artificial sweetener, in experimental animals (... | 16966071 | PMC1570055 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A516a |
Pyrethroids, a group of synthetic insecticides, were manufactured in the 1970s after the removal of organochlorine insecticides, such as DDT, from the consumer market. The synthetic pyrethroids not only inherit the biologic activity (ability to kill insects) from their natural counterpart, pyrethrin, which is found in ... | 16966099 | PMC1570056 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 26; 114(9):1419-1423 |
Wyrobek AJ, Eskenazi B, Young S, Arnheim N, Tiemann-Boege I, Jabs EW, et al. 2006. Advancing age has differential effects on DNA damage, chromatin integrity, gene mutations, and aneuploidies in sperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:9601–9606.
In the past several decades, more men and women have been postponing parenthoo... | 0 | PMC1570057 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A526 |
Karstadt makes an important point regarding the need for more adequate long-term carcinogenicity testing of the artificial sweetener acesulfame K. The issues raised in her letter stimulated me to offer some additional considerations.
As reported in a previous paper (Soffritti et al. 1999), one of the most important is... | 0 | PMC1570058 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A516b-A517 |
During recent years, it has been widely discussed whether environmental chemicals mimicking or inhibiting the action of endogenous hormones, the so-called endocrine disruptors (EDs), have an adverse effect on male reproductive function (Skakkebæk et al. 2001; Toppari et al. 1996). This debate followed reports indicatin... | 16966087 | PMC1570059 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 8; 114(9):1348-1353 |
Autism is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and other restricted behaviors. The number of children reported with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) has increased dramatically during the last 10 years, but it is difficult to dete... | 16966102 | PMC1570060 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 21; 114(9):1438-1444 |
Most diseases are thought to arise from the combined effects of genes and the environment. While great strides have been made in our understanding of human genetics, the contribution of environmental exposures to disease remains poorly understood. This lack of understanding impedes real progress in identifying genetica... | 16966076 | PMC1570061 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A528-A534 |
Extremely hot and cold days can be fatal to certain vulnerable populations, as the more than 160 deaths in two weeks during California’s July 2006 heat wave clearly showed. The elderly and lower-income individuals are generally acknowledged to be most vulnerable to the effects of temperature extremes, but relatively li... | 0 | PMC1570062 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A545a |
Up to 2 million children die each year from malaria, with about half dying from malaria-induced anemia. Scientists aren’t sure why some malaria patients develop this life-threatening complication and others don’t. A study published in the 15 May 2006 Journal of Experimental Medicine suggests the blame rests in part on ... | 0 | PMC1570063 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A522a |
Phthalates are industrial chemical additives used primarily to soften and confer flexibility to plastics. In their pure form, phthalates are clear, oily liquids that are highly lipophilic and poorly soluble in water. They are a key component in a wide range of products, including but not limited to flexible polyvinyl c... | 16966100 | PMC1570064 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 26; 114(9):1424-1431 |
Coal miners are commonly exposed to coal dust (CD) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The CD originates within the mine, whereas the PAHs are components of occupational and avocational exposures such as diesel engine exhaust and cigarette smoke. The CD exposure can cause coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, a diseas... | 16966090 | PMC1570065 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 18; 114(9):1367-1373 |
As discussed in the mini-monograph article on trichloroethylene (TCE) pharmacokinetics (Chiu et al. 2006b), exposure to TCE results in a complex internal mixture of parent compound and its metabolites [see Chiu et al. (2006b) for a postulated metabolism scheme]. Many of these metabolites have been shown to have toxicol... | 16966105 | PMC1570066 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 9; 114(9):1457-1463 |
From 1998 to the present, the Ministry of Health of Brazil has implemented environmental health surveillance (EHS) within the National Public Health System. The methodology for the development of environmental health indicators became one of the key issues for the implementation of EHS. The driving force, pressure, sta... | 16966096 | PMC1570067 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 16; 114(9):1407-1408 |
Following up on their eye-catching finding that the human body generates its own ozone for beneficial purposes, a team of U.S. and British researchers now describe specific processes through which ozone can react with cholesterol and contribute to atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. Whether the ozone involve... | 0 | PMC1570068 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A522b |
A little more than a year ago, I joined the NIEHS as director. As I reflect on this past year, I am proud of the many accomplishments I and the staff of the NIEHS have worked together to achieve, particularly our strategic plan, New Frontiers in Environmental Sciences and Human Health (http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external... | 0 | PMC1570069 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A514 |
Exposure to particulate matter in the air, especially extremely fine particles, has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality from lung and cardiovascular disease. Effects grow more significant with decreasing particle size. However, the size-related effects of nanoparticles—particles less than 100 nm (0.1... | 0 | PMC1570070 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A545b |
In the aftermath of devastation of the Gulf Coast, teams of NIEHS staff responded by mobilizing resources. Within the Division of Extramural Research and Training, a group of Superfund Basic Research Program grantees pooled resources to create an interactive, web-based geographic information system (GIS) portal that pr... | 0 | PMC1570071 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A547 |
In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed the Global Change Research Act of 1990. This act required, in part, that periodic national assessments be conducted of the potential consequences of climate variability and change on the nation’s health. The first U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variab... | 16966082 | PMC1570072 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 18; 114(9):1318-1324 |
NIDDK Career Transition Award (K22) in Patient-Oriented Research
The overall aim of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Career Transition Award (K22) is to enable outstanding physician-scientists to obtain clinical research training experiences in the NIDDK Intramural Research P... | 0 | PMC1570073 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A548-A549 |
Human epidemiologic studies have shown a relationship between ozone exposure and a decrease in pulmonary function in both children and adults (Balmes et al. 1997; Gauderman et al. 2004; Hiltermann et al. 1998). O3 is produced through photochemical reactions of volatile organic compounds in the presence of nitrogen oxid... | 16966088 | PMC1570074 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 22; 114(9):1354-1360 |
Concern over possible health effects of environmental particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2004] has stimulated numerous studies of its chemical/physical properties, the sources that contribute the most hazardous components, and biological mechanisms for the adverse effects. Al... | 16966093 | PMC1570075 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 12; 114(9):1387-1393 |
The incidence of asthma and allergy has increased during the past decades; this increase is considered to be caused by environmental exposure rather than genetic factors (Beasley et al. 2003; Selgrade et al. 2006). However, the mechanisms activated in exposed respiratory cells and tissues, as well as the causative part... | 16966097 | PMC1570076 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 18; 114(9):1409-1413 |
By Paul A. Offit
New Haven:Yale University Press, 2005. 238 pp. ISBN: 0-300-10864-8, $27.50
This entertaining, well-written book provides valuable insights into three interrelated areas, all built around the story of the Cutter incident, a landmark case that in some ways continues to have implications for product lia... | 0 | PMC1570077 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A556a |
Mercury is prevalent in the environment as a result of both natural processes and emissions from anthropogenic sources (Keating et al. 1997; Wiener et al. 2003). However, atmospheric deposition from anthropogenic emissions such as coal power plants is frequently the major source of Hg in aquatic systems (Landis and Kee... | 16966085 | PMC1570078 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 30; 114(9):1337-1343 |
Trichloroethylene (TCE; CAS Registry no. 79-01-6) is a chlorinated solvent that has been widely used as a metal degreaser, extractant, and chemical intermediate and is now a common environmental contaminant. TCE has been identified in at least 1,500 hazardous waste sites regulated under the Comprehensive Environmental ... | 16966103 | PMC1570079 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 9; 114(9):1445-1449 |
A Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality, North–South Politics, and Climate Policy
J. Timmons Roberts, Bradley C. Parks
Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2006. 384 pp. ISBN: 0-262-18256-4, $65
Academic Scientists at Work
Jeremy M. Boss, Susan H. Eckert
New York:Springer, 2006. 289 pp. ISBN: 0-387-32176-4, $29.95
Advanced... | 0 | PMC1570080 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A556b |
Various combinations of chemicals are being detected in the environment with increasing frequency. This has raised awareness that we are not exposed to individual chemicals in isolation and heightens concern that the toxicity of individual chemicals may not represent toxicity when the chemicals are present in combinati... | 16966072 | PMC1570081 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A517-A518 |
Large-scale, population-based epidemiologic investigations of the health effects of ambient air pollution often rely on measurements from a network of air quality monitors maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA 1995a, 1995b, 2005). The Air Quality System (AQS) is the only national ambient air ... | 16966091 | PMC1570082 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 8; 114(9):1374-1380 |
In animal models, estrogens can drive carcinogenesis of the prostate and have long been suspected of playing a role in human prostate cancer. Scientists have hypothesized that prenatal exposure to estrogen-like compounds, including monomeric bisphenol A (BPA), may account for recent increases in rates of prostate cance... | 0 | PMC1570083 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A520 |
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and its metabolites trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA) induce peroxisome proliferation (PP) in rodents; only TCA and DCA activate mouse and human PP-activated receptor α (PPARα) in vitro, and TCA induces the most sustained PP response (Bull 2000; Maloney and Waxman 1999; Zh... | 16966106 | PMC1570084 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 9; 114(9):1464-1470 |
LeBlanc and Wang point out that we did not demonstrate synergy; they stated that “to invoke synergy, one must—at a minimum—exclude the possibility of concentration or response additivity.” In fact, we did not “invoke synergy”: in our article, not once did we use the word “synergy.” LeBlanc and Wang themselves “invoke s... | 0 | PMC1570085 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A518-A519 |
Because pyrethroid pesticides are often used in conventional agriculture, people are routinely exposed to trace amounts in foods. Similar exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides has been described previously in results from the Children’s Pesticide Exposure Study, an investigation of pesticide exposures among 23 S... | 0 | PMC1570086 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A544a |
The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) is set to be honored for its Physical Activity and Nutrition program as part of the September 2006 National Congress on Accelerating Improvement in Childhood Obesity in Washington, DC. The program is being singled out for its innovative approaches to educating children, ... | 16966074 | PMC1570087 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A521a |
Otitis media is one of the most common childhood infections in young children. Three of four children experience otitis media by 3 years of age, with most infections occurring before age 2 (Bluestone and Klein 2001). Otitis media is one of the leading causes of doctor’s visits in childhood (Freid et al. 1998) and the m... | 16966098 | PMC1570088 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 26; 114(9):1414-1418 |
Straddling the Chilean–Argentine border high in the Andes, near a field of glaciers, lies an ore body that by mining industry estimates is large enough to yield 750,000 ounces of gold, 30 million ounces of silver, and 5,000 tons of tradable copper concentrate (typically consisting of 25–30% copper) every year for 20 ye... | 16966077 | PMC1570089 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A536-A539 |
The nation’s chemical infrastructure is at risk of terrorist attack (U.S. Department of Justice 2000). The vulnerabilities of chemical-related industries, although recognized before 11 September 2001, became dramatically more pressing that day after terrorists demonstrated the capacity for catastrophic strikes against ... | 16966080 | PMC1570090 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 27; 114(9):1307-1311 |
Exposure to air pollutants produces adverse effects on lung development in children, leading to significant pulmonary function deficits as children reach adulthood (Gauderman et al. 2004). Epidemiologic studies of children strongly suggest that increased respiratory morbidity and mortality are related to chronic exposu... | 16966101 | PMC1570091 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 20; 114(9):1432-1437 |
Previous epidemiologic studies have indicated that exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is linked to increases in mortality and morbidity related to respiratory diseases (Abbey et al. 1999; Cohen and Pope 1995). The concentration of PM of mass median aerodynamic diameter (a density-dependent unit of measure used... | 16966083 | PMC1570092 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 12; 114(9):1325-1330 |
Understanding trichloroethylene (TCE) pharmacokinetics—the dynamic behavior of chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)—is critical to both the qualitative and quantitative assessments of human health risk from environmental exposures. Qualitatively, pharmacokinetic information can help ident... | 16966104 | PMC1570093 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 9; 114(9):1450-1456 |
Traffic is a major source of air pollutants, and more studies are looking at the role of traffic-related air pollution in children’s health. Researchers report in this issue that young children exposed to higher levels of traffic pollution have a greater incidence of otitis media (middle ear infections) than those expo... | 0 | PMC1570094 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:46 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A544b |
Tracking Toxicants in Canadians
Health Canada announced in May 2006 that it would begin a national biomonitoring program to measure levels of toxic chemicals in the bodies of Canadians. The announcement came as the NGO Environmental Defense prepared to release the results of its own tests, the first look at the amounts... | 0 | PMC1570095 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A521b-A523 |
Radon is a chemically inert radioactive gas of natural origin, produced by the disintegration of uranium and radium located in the earth’s crust. Radon exposure, at various levels, is omnipresent for the general public. Radon inhalation is the main source of exposure to radioactivity for most people throughout the worl... | 16966089 | PMC1570096 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:48 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep 30; 114(9):1361-1366 |
The 10 August 2006 arrest in Britain of 24 terrorists bent on smuggling bomb components aboard airplanes and combining them en route is just the latest salvo in the Darwinian battle between developers of terrorist weaponry and those seeking to defeat them. The array of diabolical methods available to terrorists is trul... | 16966078 | PMC1570097 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:47 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep; 114(9):A540-A543 |
Background
Methylation mapping is a particularly useful method for determining the methylation profile of a gene[1], and for some genes, including RASSF1A [2], E-cadherin [3], p16[4], cyclooxygenase-2 [5] and the estrogen receptor [6], the methylation pattern of the promoter region has been thoroughly examined. However... | 16911791 | PMC1570131 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Aug 15; 5:22 |
Background
In Australia, as in other countries, there has been increasing concern about how well mental health services serve the community. Australia's National Mental Health Strategy has provided a strong policy platform for mental health service reform over the last decade or more [1], emphasising co-ordination betw... | 16942623 | PMC1570132 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 Aug 30; 3:9 |
Background
Analysis of temporal patterns in data (i.e. data that arises over time) constitutes an important area of statistics, with applications in a wide range of fields from economics to engineering [1]. Consistent seasonal patterns in disease suggest the possibility of predictable behaviour, and in human medicine t... | 16930473 | PMC1570133 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Aug 24; 2:27 |
Background
Oral health related quality of life measures have been developed because objective clinical measures of disease provided little insight into the impact of oral disorders on daily living and quality of life [1]. The value of oral health related quality of life measures in the description of the experience of ... | 16893470 | PMC1570134 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 7; 6:96 |
Background
Low-back pain is a major diagnostic and therapeutic problem, which causes a great deal of suffering and is a major expense to society [1,2]. Ever since 1949 when Harold Palmer [3] suggested pain drawings to distinguish functional pain from organic pain, the pain drawing has appealed to the medical society du... | 16901354 | PMC1570135 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Aug 11; 7:65 |
Background
Citation by other authors is important in the dissemination of published study findings. The attention that scientific articles get can be assessed using citation analysis. In this context, Egghe & Rousseau [1] claim that four important assumptions form the basis for all research based on citation counts. Th... | 16948835 | PMC1570136 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Sep 1; 6:42 |
Background
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD, OMIM: 600274) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormalities in personality, behaviour and language with relative early preservation of episodic memory [1,2]. The pathology underlying clinical FTD is heterogeneous [3]. In some cases, post mortem examination disclo... | 16945149 | PMC1570137 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Aug 31; 6:32 |
Background
At present, the definitive diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) requires the neuropathological examination of affected brain tissues. However, several ancillary tests may add support to the clinical findings. In particular, the identification of periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs) in elec... | 16872484 | PMC1570138 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Jul 26; 6:25 |
Background
Cervical cancer disproportionately affects women in developing countries [1]. Unlike most cancers, cervical cancer is preventable through cytologic screening programs that detect and treat precancerous lesions. In countries that have been able to achieve broad screening coverage at frequent intervals, mortal... | 16887041 | PMC1570139 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Aug 3; 4:13 |
Background
Simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation (SPK) has evolved as an effective treatment modality for patients with end stage diabetic nephropathy with excellent patient, pancreas and kidney graft survival [1]. This improved outcome has mainly been achieved by a reduction in technical failures and more power... | 16895603 | PMC1570140 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 8; 6:127 |
Background
There is a tendency, not confined to popular opinion, to regard illicit drug users (DUs) as hopelessly enmeshed in their addiction and utterly without prospects for betterment [1]. Heroin addiction often severely disrupts normal social functioning and often leads to severe social stigmatization [2]. The freq... | 16928267 | PMC1570141 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 23; 6:216 |
Background
Public total expenditures in biomedical research have grown in recent years[1].
In the USA, the National Institutes for Health's (NIH) total appropriation rose to $28 billion in 2004 [2]. In France, the cost of public clinical research conducted in teaching hospitals and cancer centres was estimated at 116 ... | 16792794 | PMC1570142 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 22; 6:165 |
Background
Dendritic cells (DCs) have been used in numerous recent clinical trials as vaccines intended to break tolerance to tumors and induce tumor-specific therapeutic immunity [1]. To break tolerance to the tumor, DCs must effectively present tumor-associated antigen(s). Antigens have been delivered to DC as whole-... | 16911798 | PMC1570143 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Aug 15; 4:35 |
Background
Neural stem cells comprise a relatively quiescent, uncommitted and multipotent subpopulation in the central nervous system [1-3]. Stem cells reside in multiple areas of the central nervous system including the olfactory bulb, striatum, cerebellum, hippocampus (dentate gyrus), cerebral cortex and spinal cord ... | 16784531 | PMC1570144 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Jun 19; 7:50 |
Background
Unlike the dynamic mitochondrial genome of flowering plants, which frequently incorporates plastid and nuclear sequences via intracellular gene transfer [1-3], the plastid genome is highly resistant to the uptake of intracellular DNA [4,5]. Recently, a large number of discoveries of HGT involving mitochondri... | 16956407 | PMC1570145 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Sep 6; 4:31 |
Background
Carcinosarcoma is a rare histopathological entity, exhibiting both epithelial and mesenchymal malignant differentiation, with uncertain histogenesis. Carcinosarcoma has been described in various organs, although head and neck, and female urogenital system are the most frequent sites of occurrence [1]. In the... | 16836749 | PMC1570146 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 12; 6:185 |
Background
The ancestors of crops were originally domesticated and bred because they exhibited specific extraordinary features that made them useful for human consumption, animal food, or ornamental display. Understanding the genetics of these man-selected features involves the identification of underlying qualitative ... | 16907970 | PMC1570147 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:57 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 14; 7:207 |
Background
Phylogenetic patterns show the presence or absence of certain genes or proteins in a set of species. These patterns can be used to determine sets of genes or proteins that occur only in certain evolutionary branches. The use of phylogenetic patterns has been common practice as increasing amounts of orthology... | 16948844 | PMC1570148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:21 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 1; 7:398 |
Background
The computational identification of functional transcription factor (TF) binding sites (TFBSs) from a nucleotide sequence alone is difficult. TFBSs are usually short (around 5–15 bases) and degenerate, and hence potential binding sites can occur very frequently by chance, leading to a high level of false pos... | 16945132 | PMC1570149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 31; 7:396 |
Background
A major problem in biology is how to convert the data provided by DNA or protein sequences into functional information. For this reason, a significant fraction of molecular evolution studies are focused on the statistical characterization of the patterns of change of DNA or protein sequences. They are based ... | 16569227 | PMC1570150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 28; 7:174 |
Background
Predicting the sequences compatible with a given structure defines what is traditionally called the inverse folding problem, or more often, protein design [1-3]. As suggested by the terminology, this question is usually considered in an engineering perspective: the aim is then to determine a sequence, or a s... | 16808841 | PMC1570151 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 29; 7:326 |
Background
Integration of protein sequence and structure information is essential in many problem domains, including structural biology, protein engineering, and drug design. A suite of tools within UCSF Chimera [1] has been developed for studying sequence-structure relationships and comparing related structures.
Comm... | 16836757 | PMC1570152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 12; 7:339 |
Background
Reverse-engineering networks of transcriptional regulation is a major goal of biology [1-6]. In the past few years, dramatic progress has been made in this effort due to significant improvements in experimental methodologies. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation in conjunction with microarrays, it is now poss... | 16914048 | PMC1570153 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 16; 7:381 |
Introduction
Over 30 years ago, Neely et al. [1] showed that adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentrations are maintained at essentially constant concentrations with changes in cardiac work in the isolated perfused heart. Twenty years ago, Balaban et al. [2]... | 16978045 | PMC1570176 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 2(9):e107 |
Introduction
Apoptosis, an evolutionary conserved form of cell suicide, allows multicellular organisms to eliminate damaged or excess cells in order to maintain tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of apoptosis is associated with various pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Aspartate-... | 16978046 | PMC1570177 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 2(9):e120 |
Introduction
Although knots are abundant and complex in globular homopolymers [1–3], they are rare and simple in proteins [4–8]. Sixteen methyltransferases in bacteria and viruses can be combined into the α/β knot superfamily [9], and several isozymes of carbonic anhydrase (I, II, IV, V) are known to be knotted. Apart ... | 16978047 | PMC1570178 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 2(9):e122 |
Introduction
Embryonic stem (ES) cells possess the unique property of being able to retain their capacity for self-renewal and potential to form cells of all three embryonic germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). Understanding the factors that determine the ability of ES cells to maintain their self-renewal and pl... | 16978048 | PMC1570179 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 15; 2(9):e123 |
The great burden that noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and injuries have on low-income and middle-income countries is well recognized [1,2]. Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries as a group of middle-income countries are no exception to this neglected epidemic. In this Essay, we review the impact on public health... | 16953660 | PMC1570186 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 5; 3(9):e344 |
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