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Background
Plastid genome sequence information is of central importance to several fields of plant biology, including phylogenetics, molecular biology and evolution, and plastid genetic engineering [1-6]. The relatively small size of the plastid genome (~150 kb) has made its complete sequencing technically feasible sin... | 16934154 | PMC1564139 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 6:17 |
Background
Decreased postprandial glucose concentrations and diets with a low glycemic load (GL) are associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease [1,2], diabetes [3,4] and, perhaps, some forms of cancer [5,6]. In addition, generally, low carbohydrate [7-9] or low GL diets [10,11] result in greater weight los... | 16930483 | PMC1564140 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Aug 24; 3:33 |
Background
A technique extensively used to study the neural processes involved in the control of walking in animals or in humans is walking on a treadmill [1]. This technique has also been proposed during the past decade as a training approach [2,3] to promote the recovery of locomotor function after a lesion of the ce... | 16923186 | PMC1564141 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Aug 21; 3:19 |
Background
Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) has enabled a detailed analysis of the background electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Although QEEG has been proven to be a sensitive imaging modality for investigating psychiatric disorders, the adoption of QEEG by psychiatrists has been slow [1] and generally ... | 16808844 | PMC1564142 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Jun 29; 2:23 |
Background
Comparative genomics is based on the conservation of the molecular function of genes in different organisms throughout evolution. Orthologous genes can be studied in simple, genetically tractable model systems, as a first step to address their function in higher organisms, including humans and evaluate their... | 16945142 | PMC1564143 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Aug 31; 6:75 |
Background
Ill-health due to reproductive health problems and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is mostly both preventable and remediable to its nature. These illnesses, notwithstanding, account for almost one fifth of the health burden in women [1]. Many go unrecognised, since, as could be expected, the heaviest ... | 16928276 | PMC1564144 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 23; 6:134 |
Background
Hearing loss, acquired or genetic, is a major worldwide public health concern. Numerous genes have been linked to hearing disorders [1]. These disorders may be syndromic or nonsyndromic; conductive, sensorineural, or mixed; and prelingual or postlingual [2]. The various genetic forms of hearing loss are dist... | 16854223 | PMC1564145 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 19; 7:180 |
Background
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was domesticated approximately 10,000 years ago and stands among the four most important cereal crops today [1]. It has received considerable research attention as a model for genetic analyses. Breeding programs around the world are working towards improved varieties with better q... | 16904008 | PMC1564146 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 12; 7:206 |
Background
Plasma cell neoplasms represent autonomous proliferations of plasma cells and can manifest as diffuse myeloma with systemic involvement (plasma cell myeloma or multiple myeloma), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), or as variants of plasma cell myeloma such as indolent myeloma, smolder... | 16901345 | PMC1564147 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Aug 10; 3:19 |
1.0 Background
Diabetes mellitus constitutes a major healthcare problem globally. In the United States, 10.3 million people were reported with this disease in 1997; and an additional 5.4 million people were suspected to have diabetes, but were not diagnosed nor treated [1]. The total number of individuals with identifi... | 16901335 | PMC1564148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | Trials. 2006 Aug 10; 7:25 |
Background
Although massive bioinformatics databases support the activities of researchers by providing immediate access to genetic, molecular and pathway data, most biomedical knowledge is available to researchers only in the form of research articles in the primary literature. The usage of this information is therefo... | 16895608 | PMC1564149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Aug 8; 1:10 |
Background
The use of emotional understanding using computers is a field of increasing importance. In many ways emotions are one of the last and least explored frontiers of intuitive human computer interaction. This may be explained by the fact that computers are traditionally viewed as logical and rational tools, some... | 16879757 | PMC1564150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Aug 1; 1:16 |
Background
Measurement of locomotor activity is a valuable tool for analysing factors influencing behaviour and for investigating brain function. As a result, assessment of locomotor activity has been used in many fields such as neurotoxicology, psychopharmacology, biological rhythm research, etc.
In the past, the mos... | 16934136 | PMC1564151 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Aug 25; 4:10 |
Background
Only few domains of skilled sensorimotor behavior involve fast integration of auditory and motor representations to a higher degree than the performance of instrumental music. Perhaps only speech surpasses this level of precise audiomotor co-representation. Speech, however, always bears the experimental disa... | 16916455 | PMC1564152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Aug 17; 7:60 |
Background
Gene expression from DNA microarray data offers biologists and pathologists the possibility to deal with the problem of cancer diagnosis and prognosis from a quantitative point of view [1]. Conventional tumor diagnosis consists of the examination of the morphological appearance of tissue specimens by trained... | 16919171 | PMC1564153 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 19; 7:387 |
Background
Sequencing microbial genes directly from the environment has uncovered a vast diversity of microbial lineages that had not been found by techniques that require cultivation [1,2]. The gene encoding the small subunit of ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) has been especially useful as a marker for phylogenetic diversity... | 16893466 | PMC1564154 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 7; 7:371 |
Background
Molecular maps are an important part of the genomics revolution. The use of DNA markers has expanded our knowledge of genetic linkage relationships considerably by removing the need for linkage to phenotypic markers. DNA-based maps were first developed in the 1980s [1], and have since expanded to encompass t... | 16904007 | PMC1564155 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 11; 7:375 |
Background
Tag-based sequencing strategies such as Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) are efficient for analyzing DNA fragments in transcriptome characterization and genome annotation studies [1-3]. However, the information content in each SAGE tag based on an anchored restriction enzyme recognition site within ... | 16934139 | PMC1564156 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 25; 7:390 |
Introduction
One central challenge of systems biology is the distillation of systems level information into applications such as drug discovery in biomedicine or genetic modification of crops. In terms of applications it is important and practical that we identify the subset of key components and regulatory interaction... | 16968132 | PMC1564158 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e312 |
Scientists often talk about the value of intuition in guiding them toward the big questions. But when it comes to figuring out how all the pieces of a complex system fit together—with hordes of uniquely behaving components interacting in nonlinear pathways—systems biologists prefer to rely on computers. Theoretical ana... | 20076468 | PMC1564159 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 4(10):e323 |
Introduction
Health disparities in the United States have been the subject of extensive critical scrutiny and analysis. Multiple investigations have documented the consistent gap in all measures of mortality by race, particularly between black and white Americans [1–5]. Researchers have also drawn attention to substant... | 16968116 | PMC1564165 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e260 |
Introduction
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a febrile respiratory illness primarily transmitted by respiratory droplets or close personal contact. A global outbreak of SARS between March 2003 and July 2003 caused over 8,000 probable or confirmed cases and 774 deaths [1]. The causative organism has been... | 16968120 | PMC1564166 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e343 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory disease dependent on multiple interacting environmental and genetic factors, making it difficult to understand its pathogenesis and thereby to find effective therapies. The therapy of RA is mainly based on methotrexate (MTX) and biological agents ... | 16968121 | PMC1564167 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e348 |
Introduction
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), which is defined as resistance to at least the two most effective first-line anti-TB drugs, rifampicin and isoniazid, is a threat to tuberculosis (TB) control efforts in some countries [1–3]. Approximately 460,000 cases develop each year, about half of them among ... | 16968123 | PMC1564168 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e352 |
In a study in PLoS Medicine, Murray and colleagues take a new look at health disparities using county-level data [1]. Their findings have implications for understanding the social geography of health and for setting public health policy.
The New Study
In the United States, there are large disparities in life expectanc... | 16968126 | PMC1564169 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e357 |
Introduction
The average age of women giving birth for the first time has gradually increased during the last decades in Sweden. At present, the mean age at first birth is 29 y. The incidence of breast cancer is increasing in women of all ages.
Between 20% and 25% of breast cancer diagnoses are in women under 50 y [1,... | 16968117 | PMC1564170 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e336 |
Academic medicine occupies a spot in that rarefied world in which one doesn't have to do much to justify one's existence. The best health care, the best research, the brightest minds on the planet circulate within academic medicine, together conspiring for the benefit of patients and practitioners.
Correct? Perhaps no... | 16968118 | PMC1564171 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e340 |
Introduction
A large number of studies, including many in leading medical journals (see Protocol S1 for references for the studies themselves) [1,2] have tried to address whether medical teaching settings obtain better patient outcomes than nonteaching ones; theoretically a teaching environment may also entail unnecess... | 16968119 | PMC1564172 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e341 |
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is on the increase, with several Eastern European countries having a prevalence of more than ten percent [1]. This resistance means that patients may not be cured with standard regimens even if they adhere well to treatment. An MDR-TB programme requires advanced medical care, i... | 16968122 | PMC1564173 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e350 |
Introduction
The burden of shigellosis is greatest in resource-poor countries where the disease may cause as many as 167 million episodes of diarrhea and over a million deaths annually [1]. Previously efficacious drugs such as sulphonamides, tetracycline, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole have become largel... | 16968124 | PMC1564174 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e353 |
A new study published in PLoS Medicine by von Seidlein and colleagues is a landmark in research on shigellosis [1]. von Seidlein and colleagues conducted a prospective, population-based, multi-centre study of Shigella diarrhoea in six Asian countries, producing data on disease burden, clinical manifestations, and micro... | 16968125 | PMC1564175 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e354 |
Introduction
On several occasions since 1997, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 infections have occurred in poultry and in humans, fueling public health concerns over their potential to ignite a pandemic that would cause significant morbidity and loss of life. The most recent H5N1 outbreak in p... | 16968127 | PMC1564176 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e360 |
Summary
Recent regulatory warnings about adverse behavioural effects of antidepressants in susceptible individuals have raised the profile of these issues with clinicians, patients, and the public. We review available clinical trial data on paroxetine and sertraline and pharmacovigilance studies of paroxetine and fluox... | 16968128 | PMC1564177 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e372 |
In recent years, highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses of the H5N1 subtype have crossed the species barrier and infected humans in many parts of the world. These strains continue to evolve and expand their host range, and have been associated with greater than 50 percent mortality [1]. No vaccines directed agains... | 16968129 | PMC1564178 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e375 |
Elaine Murphy and Margaret Greene's Viewpoint: Policies to Advance Women's Status Were Crucial to the ABCs' Success in Uganda
A debate continues to simmer over the much-publicized “ABC” approach to HIV/AIDS prevention, most narrowly defined as: Abstain, Be faithful or reduce the number of your sex partners, and/or use ... | 17002505 | PMC1564179 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e379 |
A panel of experts at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science has predicted that stem cell research will survive the fallout of the recent scandal involving falsification of data by South Korean stem cell researcher Woo Suk Hwang [1]. As the field of regenerative medicine regroups,... | 16968130 | PMC1564180 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e381 |
The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species
For many years, reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, and their reaction products, were classically described as harmful by-products of aerobic metabolism capable of causing DNA mutations, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidat... | 16968131 | PMC1564181 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:44 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e385 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 7: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030309
The name Carl Elliot was misspelled; the correct spelling is Carl Elliott.
citation (2006) Correction: Should society allow research ethics boards to be run as for-profit enterprises? PLoS Med 3(9): e391. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030391 | 0 | PMC1564182 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 12; 3(9):e391 |
Introduction
The influence of air travel on the geographic spread of influenza has been the subject of a number of simulation studies [1–4]. Discrete time SEIR (susceptible–exposed–infectious–recovered) models coupled with air transportation data have been used to explain the global path of influenza epidemics [3] and ... | 16968115 | PMC1564183 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 12; 3(10):e401 |
Background
Most patients suffering from cholangiocarcinoma (CC) show extensive local disease hampering curative resection. After resection local recurrence and metastatic disease often determines the overall outcome. Therefore, treatment of these patients with potent cytotoxic chemotherapies is a crucial issue. In addi... | 16846514 | PMC1564184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 17; 6:190 |
Background
Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis, and is frequently complicated by venous thromboembolic events (VTE) [1-3]. About 70% of ovarian cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage [4,5], and advanced stage seems to be associated with higher risk of thromboembolic events [6]. Occasionally, VTE occurs prior to can... | 16846496 | PMC1564185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jul 17; 6:189 |
Background
The serine protease urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) and its inhibitor, the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), are key players in the proteolytic cascade involved in physiological and pathophysiological degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. In the past two decades, st... | 16945123 | PMC1564186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 31; 6:216 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 26-year-old man presented to the Hospital San Juan de Matucana, Lima, Peru, with a two-week history of fever, myalgias, and arthralgia of the left hip and right sternoclavicular joint. On clinical examination, localized tenderness over the sacroiliac joint and reproduction of Gaenslen's sign (lumb... | 16942392 | PMC1564284 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e293 |
Presentation of Case
A 79-y-old man presented with obstructive jaundice in July 2001 and was diagnosed with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. He underwent a total pancreatectomy, as well as resection of the distal stomach, duodenum, spleen, and gall bladder. Histology showed a 9 × 10 × 6.5–cm tumour at the head of... | 16942396 | PMC1564285 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e331 |
We read with interest the paper by Stasi et al. [1] about the follow-up of patients with a so-called borderline thrombocytopenia with platelet numbers of 100 × 109/l to 150 × 109/l. Data about the long-term outcome of such patients are indeed not frequent in the literature, as the authors claim, but some information ha... | 16942398 | PMC1564286 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e362 |
We wish to thank Dr. Zimmer and colleagues [1] for critically reviewing our paper [2] and bringing to our knowledge their results. We partly agree with their comments, especially the part when they affirm that a direct comparison of the results is difficult.
First of all, the design of the two investigations was diffe... | 0 | PMC1564287 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e365 |
Patrick Sullivan cites twin and adoption studies as justification for searching for schizophrenia genes [1]. In his words, “Both adoption and twin studies indicate that the familiality of schizophrenia is due mainly to genetic effects.” To support this he provides a table (Table 1 in [1]) briefly summarizing these stud... | 16942400 | PMC1564288 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e366 |
Like most health researchers in India, I share Sanjit Bagchi's enthusiasm and optimism about the potential of telemedicine in improving health-care delivery in our diverse country [1]. However, it is important to maintain a balanced perspective and debunk overstatements such as those used by Bagchi in his conclusion “T... | 16942401 | PMC1564289 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e367 |
I am in complete agreement with the suggestion by Matthew Falagas [1] that a unique author identification number (UAIN) would represent a major improvement for the use of databases of scientific publications. In this regard, I perceive that he has not mentioned several other important advantages that a UAIN system woul... | 16942402 | PMC1564290 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e368 |
Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the editorial by Romero and colleagues [1], which raises a number of important and interesting questions. Such discussion is mandatory if results of scientific techniques such as gene array are to be correctly interpreted and used as the basis for future improvements in patie... | 16942403 | PMC1564291 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e369 |
I read the paper by Chi et al. with interest. The authors found a greater hypoxia response gene expression in carcinomas than stromal cells grown in vitro, but were not sure of the underlying explanation (see Discussion in [1]). The underlying explanation may be the difference in mitotic activity and hence metabolic ac... | 16942404 | PMC1564292 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e370 |
Jonathan Leo raises issues with the adoption literature on schizophrenia [1]. These studies were intensively and independently scrutinized in the 1980s—see the series of papers by Kendler and Gruenberg (e.g., [2]). Most would agree that the number, size, and quality of adoption studies do not provide the highest-qualit... | 0 | PMC1564293 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:43 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e376 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 5: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030151
As part of the revision of this manuscript, additional data on the clinical description of the cases were added, as were four new authors who had been involved in this part of the work. Those same four researchers had also authored a related manu... | 0 | PMC1564294 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e377 |
Out of the eight United Nations Millennium Development Goals (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals), one of the most crucial is the goal of halving the number of people living in extreme poverty—most of whom live in developing countries and who survive on less than US$1 per day—by 2015. The scientific and medical communit... | 16942406 | PMC1564295 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:52 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Aug 29; 3(8):e380 |
Background
Traffic accidents are among the main etiologic factors of maxillofacial injuries and according to the results of previous research works they are the reasons of 34,42% to 90,15% of all the skeletal and soft tissues injuries of the face [1-3]. The other significant etiologic factors of injuries to the maxillo... | 16938135 | PMC1564383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Aug 28; 2:27 |
Background
Several studies have shown that clinicians have many unanswered questions during clinical encounters which may impact on the quality and outcomes of decisions made. Depending on measurement techniques used to estimate the frequency of questions and the clinical setting, clinicians have anywhere between 1 and... | 16928282 | PMC1564384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Aug 24; 6:33 |
Substance abuse and intimate partner violence: treatment considerations
While historically considered a private family matter, intimate partner violence (IPV) has more recently been conceptualized as a widespread public health concern, requiring the attention of both the treatment community and criminal justice system.... | 16925813 | PMC1564385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Aug 22; 1:24 |
Background
Fucoid algae are model organisms uniquely suited for studies investigating cellular polarity and asymmetric division during development. The fucoid marine brown alga Silvetia compressa, a member of the stramenopile lineage, displays oogamous fertilization in which a large sessile egg is fertilized by a small... | 16945151 | PMC1564386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Aug 31; 6:19 |
Background
Until recently, Pakistan had been classified as a country with a low seroprevalence but high potential for a HIV epidemic [1,2]. Several reasons given for this included the lack of resources to screen donations at blood banks, the use of unsterilized medical equipment, and the high prevalence of unnecessary ... | 16914042 | PMC1564387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Aug 16; 3:26 |
Background
Embryonic stem (ES) cells possess many unique properties, including long-term self-renewal and pluripotency, which is the ability to differentiate into all types of somatic and germ cells[1,2]. Previous studies showed that pluriopotency in ES cells and early embryos depend on genes that are specifically expr... | 16859545 | PMC1564388 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jul 21; 6:34 |
Background
Gastrointestinal (GI) motility requires smooth muscle contraction and relaxation that is regulated in an integrated fashion by the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex network of ganglia that can function independently of the central nervous system [1]. The ENS is derived embryologically from cells of the... | 16854219 | PMC1564389 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:37 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Jul 19; 6:33 |
Background
Plaque assays in cell culture monolayers represent the most common method for quantification of infectious viruses and antiviral substances (see reference 1 for a review). In these assays, each infectious virus particle multiplies under conditions that result in a localized area of infected cells known as pl... | 16945126 | PMC1564390 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Aug 31; 3:63 |
Background
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) have been detected in the early cellular infiltrate at sites of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection [1]. It was also reported that large numbers of PMNs infiltrated the mouse vaginal mucosa within 24 h of the inoculation of HSV type 2 [2]. Activated inflammatory cells are... | 16942625 | PMC1564391 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Aug 31; 3:62 |
Background
Interest in the use of innate immune modulating agents recently has increased in the context of developing effective biodefense strategies. Increasing natural disease resistance by administration of agonists that stimulate pathogen recognition receptors and gene expression pathways is an approach that would ... | 16948846 | PMC1564392 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 1; 3:68 |
Background
Retroviruses, including lentiviruses, integrate into the genome of host cells, and the expression of the transduced genes can persist throughout cell divisions. Hence, murine leukemia virus (MLV)- and lentivirus-based vectors are among the most commonly used tools for gene transfer in eukaryotic cells in the... | 16948856 | PMC1564393 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 2; 3:69 |
Background
Equity is defined as the fair and just distribution of resources. In Canada this means equal access (or equal service) for equal need [1]. Health care systems that limit access or fail to provide equitable access to care for populations have been said to accentuate social disparities in health [1]. Arguably,... | 16914056 | PMC1564394 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 16; 6:104 |
Background
In addition to the increased risk of chronic diseases at an older age, smoking, drinking and use of illegal substances in adolescents are associated with more immediate health hazards such as depression, interpersonal violence, motor vehicle crashes and drowning, risky sexual behaviors, and suicidal behavior... | 16803621 | PMC1564395 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 27; 6:169 |
Background
Hilar division is a critical step in major liver resections. The technique used should secure integrity of the bile ducts as well as unhindered bile flow and uninterrupted blood flow of the liver remnant [1-7]. Extrahepatic hilar dissection has been established as a standard process during major liver resect... | 16942628 | PMC1564396 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 31; 4:59 |
Background
The incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical relevance of myocardial bridges has been the subject of debate for the last quarter century. An overview of physiological relevant mechanisms of myocardial bridging, the current diagnostic tools and treatment strategies are found in [1-8]. Desp... | 16790065 | PMC1564397 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jun 21; 5:42 |
Background
Estradiol secretion is regulated by pituitary [follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH), prolactin, and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)]. The effects of these hormones are modulated by neurotransmitters released by the intrinsic ovarian innervation near the follicular wall. Acetylcholine p... | 16923184 | PMC1564398 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Aug 21; 4:43 |
Background
Sepsis or bacteraemia requiring hospital admission is rare, however it is a significant cause of high mortality and serious complications such as septic shock and multi organ dysfunction syndrome [1-3]. Currently, little data is available about the causal factors of sepsis or bacteraemia in children in the p... | 16942626 | PMC1564399 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:44 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Aug 31; 7:52 |
Background
About 15% of US adults are vitamin C deficient (plasma vitamin C < 11 μmol/L) [1]. Twenty-five years ago, this percentage was much lower, 3–5% of US adults [2]. Concomitant with this recent rise in the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency, America experienced a major epidemic of overweight and obesity [3]. Ind... | 16945143 | PMC1564400 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Aug 31; 3:35 |
Background
Leptin is a polypeptide hormone that is secreted primarily by adipose tissue and acts as a lipostat to the hypothalamus affecting numerous aspects of physiology including metabolism, immune function, and reproduction [1]. While leptin is often highly correlated with fat percentage, other sources of variation... | 16942616 | PMC1564401 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Aug 30; 3:34 |
Findings
Although the introduction of higher voltage radiotherapy reduced severe cutaneous side effects in the past, today particularly chemotherapy can sensitise skin to radiation resulting an acute skin reactions of higher degree [1-4]. The cutaneous side effect ranges from erythema up to moist epitheliolysis. The wo... | 16948841 | PMC1564402 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Sep 1; 1:32 |
Background
The GIY-YIG superfamily groups together nucleases characterized by the presence of a domain of typically ~100 aa, with two short motifs "GIY" and "YIG" in the N-terminal part, followed by an Arg residue in the center and a Glu residue in the C-terminal part [1]. The GIY-YIG domain has been originally identif... | 16646971 | PMC1564403 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Apr 28; 7:98 |
Background
Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare neoplasm containing a mixture of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal elements. The epithelial component is usually ductal carcinoma but may include other variants of breast carcinomas including squamous carcinoma. The mesenchymal component is usually composed of ... | 16948857 | PMC1564404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 2; 3:23 |
Background
Telomerase is an RNA dependant DNA polymerase, the function of which is to synthesise the repetitive nucleotide sequence (TTAGGG in humans) forming the telomeres at the end of chromosomes [1]. These telomeres form caps on the chromosomes that prevent fusion of chromosomal ends during cell division. The DNA p... | 16925810 | PMC1564405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Aug 22; 3:20 |
Background and rationale
The number of individuals with age-related cognitive impairment is rising dramatically in the UK [1] and globally [2]. Global burden of disease estimates now place dementia above stroke, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular disease and all forms of cancer in terms of the percentage of year... | 16945130 | PMC1564406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Aug 31; 5:20 |
Background
Prion diseases also called Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) are a group of degenerative diseases that feature the pronounced accumulation, in certain brain regions, of a misfolded isomer PrPsc of the cellular prion protein (PrPc) [1-3]. Spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, scrapie in sheep, Ge... | 16916458 | PMC1564407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Aug 17; 4:8 |
Background
Aggregation is a disappointing, but frequent and quantitative relevant, shortcoming during recombinant expression in E. coli. The reasons for which even proteins with apparently simple structure fail to fold correctly remain unknown. A constantly increasing number of expedients have been proposed to improve ... | 16948849 | PMC1564408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Sep 1; 5:28 |
Review
Introduction
A limited number of species belonging to the genera Hansenula, Candida, Turolopsis and Pichia are capable of growing on methanol [1-4]. In the early 70's, the interest in the production of single cell protein (SCP) from methanol as the sole carbon and energy source intensified the studies of these s... | 16600031 | PMC1564409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Apr 6; 5:17 |
Background
Ageing is a multifactorial degenerative process that affects all tissues including the immune system [1]. There is evidence for a loss of genomic stability in cells during normal ageing (for review: [2,3]). This genomic instability may well be mediated by limitations in DNA repair pathways. This view is supp... | 16854233 | PMC1564410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Immun Ageing. 2006 Jul 19; 3:8 |
Background
Human immune function undergoes adverse changes with aging, potentially leading to an increased risk of infections, a greater occurrence of autoantibodies and lymphoproliferative disorders, and a greater morbidity and mortality in the elderly [1]. Of the various components of the immune system, T cells are t... | 16930491 | PMC1564411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Immun Ageing. 2006 Aug 25; 3:9 |
Background
Dupuytren's contracture or disease (DD) is a benign fibro-proliferative disease of the hand that causes permanent finger flexion contractures [1,2]. Despite its long medical history and high prevalence among Caucasians of Northern European ancestry, reportedly as high as 30–40% [3], the underlying genetic et... | 16942611 | PMC1564412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Aug 30; 5:13 |
Background
The ratio of second to fourth finger length (2D:4D index) in the right hand has been intensively studied during the recent few years. This index is lower in men than in women and varies also within sexes. There is no significant change in this index during childhood [1]. The index is probably established in ... | 16930494 | PMC1564413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Aug 25; 5:12 |
Background
Physiological modelling with mechanical and/or mathematical models has been a major focus for many bioengineering researchers. Such models are useful in understanding the physiological function or process, and can lead to development of new treatments or strategies. A model can also be used to simulate and p... | 16919173 | PMC1564414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Aug 20; 6:21 |
Background
Yoga is an ancient technique practiced by sages and yogis as a desirable and healthy way of life. The very meaning of yoga is to achieve a balance within the internal and external environment, thereby seeking to attain mental, spiritual and physical well-being. This is made possible through the practice of "... | 16945127 | PMC1564415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Aug 31; 6:28 |
Background
The group of Sato recently attempted to identify a HLA-A24-restricted epitope derived from the universal tumor antigen survivin. Although unsuccessful, they reported that an HLA-A24 restricted peptide (AYACNTSTL) derived from the survivin splice variant survivin-2B can be recognized by CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cel... | 16948867 | PMC1564416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Sep 4; 4:38 |
Background
Tissue-based diagnosis includes all diagnosis procedures to analyze spatial configurations of biological functional units. Most frequently cells, cellular agglutinations such as vessels, nerves, glands, etc. are being investigated. Additional structures such as gene sequences, cellular movements, or membrane... | 16930477 | PMC1564417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Aug 24; 1:23 |
Background
To execute a complex behavior, an animal must perceive and integrate information from various sources, process this information and perform the appropriate task. In many animals, one such complex behavior is mating, as different aspects of this behavior must be coordinated to ensure sexual reproduction. Male... | 16911797 | PMC1564418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:17 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Aug 15; 4:26 |
Background
Molecular phylogenies of many taxonomic groups are based on analyses of single loci. While this approach has led to important insights into the evolution of many groups of interest (consider, as an extreme example, Källersjö et al. [1]), it is also hampered by a number of potential difficulties. For instance... | 16854218 | PMC1564419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 19; 7:350 |
Background
SemGen
In an effort to minimize errors due to natural language processing (NLP), we developed and evaluated a procedure for postprocessing extracted genetic information. This processing is applied to the output of SemGen (Semantics for Genetics), an NLP system for extracting semantic predications (or relatio... | 16762065 | PMC1564420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 8; 7:291 |
Background
About 25% of open reading frames in fully sequenced genomes are estimated to encode membrane proteins [1]. However, the global analysis of these proteins has proved to be difficult. A greater effort has thus been undertaken to develop prediction methods, with reasonable success [2-4]. Most of these have been... | 16704727 | PMC1564421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:50 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 16; 7:255 |
Background
Assessment of data quality is an important component of the analysis pipeline for gene expression microarray experiments [1,2]. Although careful pre-processing and normalisation can ameliorate some problems with microarray data, including background fluorescence, dye effects or spatial artifacts [3], many so... | 16712727 | PMC1564422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:15:49 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 19; 7:261 |
Introduction
The recent development of methodologies for defining population structure has provided the ability to identify the major ethnic contributions in individual participants in diverse populations [1–7]. These statistical approaches utilize non-hierarchical clustering algorithms in which Markov chain Monte Carl... | 17044734 | PMC1564423 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 15; 2(9):e143 |
Introduction
Animal aggression is a near-universal survival trait. Aggressive behavior is important for acquisition and defense of food, mates, and progeny; predator avoidance and defense; and, in some animals, the establishment and maintenance of stable social hierarchies. Understanding the genetic, neurobiological, a... | 17044737 | PMC1564424 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 15; 2(9):e154 |
Introduction
A key discovery of classical genetics was the observation that some phenotypes do not segregate independently and are thus physically linked, making it possible to map a gene to a location on a chromosome. In an organism with an annotated genome sequence, linkage analysis goes beyond associating traits and... | 17044735 | PMC1564425 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 15; 2(9):e144 |
Introduction
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a member of the Wnt signaling pathway and one of its known functions is to regulate the levels of β-catenin. Alterations in β-catenin regulation are very common in human tumors [1]. Loss of APC is associated with stabilization of the cytosolic β-catenin that ultimately r... | 17002498 | PMC1564426 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:41 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 15; 2(9):e146 |
Introduction
Bancroftian filariasis is a mosquito-transmitted parasitic disease of humans characterized by lymphangitis, hydrocele, lymphedema, and elephantiasis, and is one of the most common causes of global disability [1]. The disease has been considered to be potentially eradicable due to the fact that antifilarial... | 17044733 | PMC1564427 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:35 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2006 Sep 15; 2(9):e92 |
Background
Sickle cell disease strongly influences the peripheral blood cell counts and red cell characteristics. Moreover, each of these parameters measured in the peripheral blood can be potentially instructive with regards the systemic alterations in sickle cell pathophysiology. However, since these peripheral blood... | 16952318 | PMC1569365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2006 Sep 4; 6:3 |
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