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Historic advances in biomedical research provide both unprecedented insights into the pathogenesis of human diseases and the challenge to translate these insights efficiently into improved health. Meeting this challenge requires the creation of a robust translational and clinical research enterprise [1], which, in turn... | 16953661 | PMC1570187 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:45 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Sep 5; 3(9):e378 |
Background
The degree of specialization of plants or animals has been studied and debated extensively, and a continuum from complete specialization to full generalization can be found in various systems [1-6]. In general, two levels of specialization measures may be distinguished: first, the characterization of focal s... | 16907983 | PMC1570337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Aug 14; 6:9 |
One of the hallmarks of cancer is the deregulation of cell-cycle controls [1,2]. The cell-cycle is the timed sequence of events by which a cell duplicates all its components and produces two daughter cells. Successful progression through the cell cycle requires sequential activation of a variety of catalytic subunits c... | 16959044 | PMC1570338 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:37 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Sep 8; 1:20 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by W. Ford Doolittle, James Darnell (nominated by W. Ford Doolittle), William Martin, and Anthony Poole. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' Comments section.
Background
'Introns early' versus 'introns late'
The discovery, in 1977, of the discontinuous structure of eukaryotic ge... | 16907971 | PMC1570339 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Aug 14; 1:22 |
Findings
Vaccinia virus (VV) is the prototypic member of the orthopoxviruses, a genus of large, double-stranded DNA viruses which includes the human pathogens variola virus and monkeypox virus. VV has a complex replication cycle where, as in many other viruses, proteolysis plays a key role in the maturation process. Th... | 16945137 | PMC1570340 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Aug 31; 3:64 |
Background
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques exhibits many similarities to human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) infection of humans. Most pathogenesis and vaccine studies for HIV-1 have been undertaken in either SIV-macaque or a chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency (SHIV)-macaque model [1... | 16956415 | PMC1570341 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 6; 3:74 |
Background
Fast excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the brain involves alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and kainate (KA) receptors. Compared with AMPA and NMDA receptors, the functions and physiological roles of KA receptors (KARs) have been dis... | 16948848 | PMC1570342 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Sep 1; 2:29 |
Background
Mucoceles are benign, locally expansile paranasal sinus masses. They are cyst-like structures lined by the mucoperiosteum of the involved sinus [1,2]. Mucoceles are most commonly found in the frontal sinus, with the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses involved less frequently. Maxillary sinus mucoceles are relative... | 16953897 | PMC1570343 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Sep 6; 2:29 |
Background
Computer animations have apparently been a subject of great interest among the computer graphics and mainstream media enthusiasts. Lately, it has also featured prominently in health and geoinformatics [1-3]. However, the necessary theory and functionality to apply it in exploratory environments in these anim... | 16938138 | PMC1570344 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:28 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Aug 29; 5:35 |
Background
The distribution of the world's vegetation has changed with past changes in climate and will continue to do so in the future. Due to rapidly increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, climate changes now more quickly than it has been doing for a long time [1] – but the pattern is irregular due to the complex ... | 16930462 | PMC1570345 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2006 Jul 25; 1:6 |
Background
Plants adjust to developmental and environmental variability with respective changes in protein abundance and enzyme activity. Thus, protein expression and metabolite pools in cells can be highly dynamic and the abundance and activity of specific proteins can vary greatly during growth and development or in ... | 16948866 | PMC1570346 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Sep 4; 2:14 |
Background
The microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) has been demonstrated to be an integral component of axon formation and neuronal transport, and serves as a substrate for multiple cellular signaling pathways [1,2]. However, in several neurological disorders with clinical dementia, tau apparently loses its norma... | 16930453 | PMC1570347 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Jul 26; 1:6 |
Background
Although still defined in diverse terms, metabolic syndrome is a common disorder arising as a result of the increased prevalence of obesity throughout the world [1]. Metabolic syndrome, also known as insulin resistance syndrome and Syndrome X, has 3 main potential etiologic categories: obesity and disorders ... | 16948861 | PMC1570348 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Sep 2; 5:24 |
1 Background
The use of mathematical models provides tools for the analysis of complex molecular interactions aiming at an understanding of processes occurring in living cells. For many problems in cellular control, stochastic effects and time-delays can be ignored and systems of first-order ordinary differential equat... | 16859561 | PMC1570349 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Jul 21; 1:11 |
Background
Angiosarcomas are rare tumors of endovascular origin. Primary angiosarcomas account for only 0.04% of breast tumors. It affects a younger age group of 20–40 yrs. Secondary angiosarcoma can be induced by radiotherapy. Cases of radiation induced angiosarcoma (RIA) have been reported in women who had radiothera... | 16965616 | PMC1570350 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 11; 3:26 |
Background
The incidence of cancer of the anal canal is rising due to the increasing prevalence of HIV-infection and HPV-infection [1-4]. Standard therapy for invasive anal cancer is radiotherapy (RT) or chemo-radiation resulting in local tumor control (LC) rates and disease-free survival (DFS) in HIV-seronegative pati... | 16916475 | PMC1570351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Aug 18; 1:29 |
Background
In fish, as in other lower vertebrates, the post-vitellogenic period is very important for the completion of the oogenetic process. During this step, the follicle-enclosed post-vitellogenic oocyte undergoes several key events such as the final acquisition of the ability to resume meiosis in response to the m... | 16872517 | PMC1570352 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Jul 27; 4:39 |
Background
A substantial body of evidence indicates that reproductive competence can be compromised by external insults in the form of contaminants or pathogens [1-3]. In particular, pathogens stimulate the innate immune response which entails the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by immune cells of... | 16945135 | PMC1570353 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Aug 31; 4:46 |
Background
The benefit of adding a long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) to inhaled corticosteroid therapy (ICS) in the treatment of asthma is well-established [1-3]. Two such combinations, salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate (SFC, Seretide™) and formoterol and budesonide (FBC, Symbicort™) are widely used and have ... | 16919161 | PMC1570354 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Aug 18; 7(1):110 |
Background
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is essential for many angiogenic processes in both normal and pathological conditions [1,2]. The biological activities of VEGF are mediated mainly through two tyrosine kinase receptors, fms-like tyrosine kinase-1(Flt-1) and fetal liver kinase-1/kinase-insert domain r... | 16872509 | PMC1570355 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Jul 27; 7(1):101 |
Background
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway characterized by the infiltration of eosinophils, epithelial hyperplasia leading to hypersecretion of mucus and the presence of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to a variety of stimuli [1,2]. Theophylline had been used worldwide for the treatment of asth... | 16930490 | PMC1570356 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Aug 24; 7(1):112 |
Background
Dysphagia and aspiration
Dysphagia generally refers to any swallowing disorder. Impaired swallowing may result from mechanical disorders due, for example, to the removal or reconstruction of swallowing structures secondary to surgery for cancer [1] or anatomic abnormalities of the mouth, nose, pharynx, laryn... | 16846507 | PMC1570357 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Jul 17; 3:14 |
Background
One of the earliest responses to infection is cytokine-mediated anorexia. Interleukins 1, 6, 8 as well as tumor necrosis factor and interferon alpha are released by host defense mechanisms. These cytokines reduce nutrient intake through effects on the central nervous system [1]. They also cause the sequestra... | 16952310 | PMC1570358 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Sep 4; 5:21 |
Background
Vector control is one of the few proven ways to reduce malaria transmission [1-7], but the effectiveness of this approach, however, is threatened by the emergence of resistance by mosquitoes to insecticides [8-10]. This phenomenon, combined with the increasing resistance of Plasmodium to chemotherapy [11-15]... | 16872516 | PMC1570359 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 27; 5:62 |
Background
The economic burden of malaria
Malaria is commonly referred to as a disease of poverty and is mainly found in the poorest regions of the world [1,2]. Macro-level studies estimate that the per capita GDP in highly endemic regions is on average one-fifth that of non-endemic countries and that annual growth rat... | 16939658 | PMC1570360 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Aug 30; 5:76 |
Background
Malaria has accompanied humankind for as long as 5,000 years, the first written evidence of the disease dating as far back as 2,700 BC in the Chinese medical classic Nei Chin (the Canon of Medicine) [1]. Protection techniques against insects have also been known for ages and were used long before the malaria... | 16907964 | PMC1570361 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Aug 14; 5:70 |
Background
The North Carolina (NC) Area Health Education Center's (AHEC) Digital Library (ADL) is a web portal designed to meet the information needs of health professionals across the state. Its core mission is to support the biomedical information needs of those health professionals affiliated with the NC AHEC Progra... | 16956409 | PMC1570362 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 Sep 6; 3:9 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) predominately presents with pulmonary disease, although extra-pulmonary TB is not uncommon [1-4]. Diagnosis of extra-pulmonary TB is often difficult, because of its non-specific clinical and laboratory findings [2]. Female genital TB (FGTB) is usually a symptom-less disease diagnosed during... | 16948834 | PMC1570363 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Sep 1; 5:20 |
Background
Prostate cancer is a frequent and heterogeneous malignancy with few established prognostic markers. Increased knowledge on the genetic basis of this condition is expected to significantly improve the clinical management of these patients. Most of the genetic data currently available on this malignancy has be... | 16952311 | PMC1570364 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Sep 4; 5:33 |
Background
Large cerebral infarcts are commonly associated with variable degrees of brain oedema. In severe cases, this may lead to transtentorial or uncal herniation. Serious oedema formation usually manifests itself between the second and fifth day after stroke onset [1-4]. Brain tissue shifts rather than raised intr... | 16965617 | PMC1570365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Trials. 2006 Sep 11; 7:29 |
Background
The term "nutraceutical" was first coined in 1989 as a contraction of the words "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical", and refers to a food compound that not only supplements the diet but also aids in the prevention and/or treatment of disease and/or disorder [1]. Similarly, functional foods contain at least one ... | 16848883 | PMC1570366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:00 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Jul 18; 5:24 |
Background
Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor which originates from smooth muscle cells and accounts for about 7 to 9 % of all soft tissue sarcomas [1-3]. Leiomyosarcomas most often arise in middle-aged persons, but it is extremely rare in adolescents and children [1]. Sites of involvement are primarily th... | 16925805 | PMC1570367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Aug 22; 1:22 |
Background
The evolutionary information embedded in the sequences of extant biological macromolecules can be used to reconstruct their evolutionary history (see for instance Ref. [1,2]). Methods based on the Maximum Likelihood (ML) principle are quite successful in reconstructing the past of molecules and species [3], ... | 16737532 | PMC1570368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 May 31; 6:43 |
Background
RNA plays many important biological roles other than as a transient carrier of amino acid sequence information. It catalyzes peptide bond formation [1,2], participates in protein localization [3], serves in immunity [4], catalyzes intron splicing and RNA degradation [5], serves in dosage compensation [6], is... | 16566836 | PMC1570369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Mar 27; 7:173 |
Introduction
The prediction of a protein's structure from its amino acid sequence remains one of the greatest unsolved problems in computational molecular biology. The problem attracts much interest because it both is intellectually challenging and has important practical applications such as drug development and genom... | 17002495 | PMC1570370 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 2(9):e131 |
Introduction
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key promoter of angiogenesis in vivo and it increases proliferation and migration of endothelial cells cultured in vitro [1]. In rats, there are five main splice variants of VEGF, denoted 120, 144, 164, 188, and 205 (corresponding to the number of amino acids)... | 17002494 | PMC1570371 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 2(9):e127 |
Introduction
Organisms vary tremendously in genome size [1,2] yet the key evolutionary forces acting to shape genome size in any particular organism remain unclear. Genome size is subject to small-scale changes (gene insertions or deletions) as well as large-scale ploidy differences (changes in the number of full chrom... | 17002497 | PMC1570378 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 22; 2(9):e145 |
Introduction
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose a significant risk to cells. Failure to repair DSBs can result in death, while imprecise repair can form translocations, deletions, and other chromosome rearrangements. DSBs are repaired by two distinct mechanisms: end-joining, in which the ends of breaks are ligated, o... | 17002499 | PMC1570379 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 22; 2(9):e155 |
Introduction
There is growing evidence supporting an important role for epistasis in the etiology of complex traits. Studies employing model organisms such as Drosophilla melanogaster and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) have suggested that epistasis occurs frequently, involves multiple loci, and in some cases produces... | 17002500 | PMC1570380 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 22; 2(9):e157 |
Introduction
In eukaryotic cells, DNA associates with histones to form chromatin. The fundamental unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, comprised of approximately 146 base pairs (bp) of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer [1]. In addition to packaging the DNA so that it can fit into the cell's nucleus, chromatin provid... | 17002501 | PMC1570381 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 22; 2(9):e158 |
INTRODUCTION
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability,
death, and economic cost to our society. In the past decades, the
knowledge of the pathophysiology has remarkably increased. Primary
damage to the brain is not the only important predictor for
outcome but secondary events in the following hours a... | 16864909 | PMC1570383 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 8; 2006(1):90123 |
INTRODUCTION
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by a continuous, painful burning sensation in a clinically normal-appearing oral mucosa. Affected patients often present multiple oral complaints, including burning, dryness, and taste alterations.
Burning mouth complaints are reported more often in women, esp... | 16864905 | PMC1570384 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 6; 2006(1):54632 |
INTRODUCTION
Serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP)
are acute-phase proteins predominantly produced and secreted by
hepatocytes [1]. Other cells including lymphocytes,
monocytes, and macrophages can also produce these proteins
[2]. The induction of SAA and CRP synthesis is triggered by a
number of cytokines... | 16864904 | PMC1570385 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 8; 2006(1):47297 |
INTRODUCTION
The hallmark of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is
characterized by an inflammatory response culminating in the
formation of a granuloma [1]. Chemokines play a key role in
controlling the migration of cell types found within the
lung during M. tuberculosis infection [2].
Chemokines are divided into fo... | 16864907 | PMC1570386 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 14; 2006(1):67451 |
INTRODUCTION
Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1), also known as
reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), is a debilitating painful disease in an extremity
that is characterized by signs of allodynia and hyperalgesia, as
well as vasomotor, sudomotor, and motor trophic signs and
symptoms. In general the disease pers... | 16864900 | PMC1570387 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 22; 2006(1):28398 |
INTRODUCTION
S100A12 belongs to the S100 family of EF-hand-type calcium-binding
proteins [1]. These proteins are involved in the regulation
of a variety of intracellular activities, including protein
phosphorylation, enzymatic activities, Ca2+ homeostasis,
and intermediate filament polymerization [2]. On the other
hand... | 16864903 | PMC1570388 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 6; 2006(1):42726 |
INTRODUCTION
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by B-cell
hyperactivity, the formation of pathogenic autoantibodies, and highly varied clinical manifestations
[1, 2]. Among
organs and systems targeted in this disease the skin, joints,
kidneys, nervous system, serosal surfaces, and... | 16864898 | PMC1570389 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 6; 2006(1):17898 |
INTRODUCTION
Cytokines are a heterogeneous group of
proteins and mediators of the immune-inflammatory response
to injury and infection. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis
factor-α (TNF-α) are proinflammatory components
[1]. IL-6 is produced by lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells and
affects regulation of T and B cells... | 16864910 | PMC1570390 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 9; 2006(1):97257 |
INTRODUCTION
Psoriasis is a chronic recurrent skin disease involving 1%
to 2% of human population worldwide. On histology, it is
characterized by hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, vascular expansion, together with leukocyte infiltration. It is
widely accepted that genetic predisposition and environmental factors hav... | 16864908 | PMC1570391 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 23; 2006(1):81767 |
INTRODUCTION
End-stage renal failure induces a clinical state of
immunodeficiency with higher incidence of infections and a higher
mortality due to infectious complications compared with the normal population
[1]. Epidemiological studies indicate that in
chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients, bacterial and viral infectio... | 16864899 | PMC1570392 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 21; 2006(1):20264 |
INTRODUCTION
Recent evidence favors primary role of cellular autoimmunity and
its humoral mediators in pathogenesis and following IDDM [1].
IDDM is an autoimmune disease with an inflammatory process directed against the β cells in pancreas
[2]. Monocyte and type 1 T-cell-derived cytokines contribute
to the pathogenesis... | 16864906 | PMC1570393 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 1; 2006(1):59206 |
INTRODUCTION
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with an atherogenic
status that is related to the presence of a vascular lowgrade
inflammation. However, the presence of other risk factors,
besides diabetes, limits the analysis of the diabetic state
per se in the development of the macrovascular complications.
... | 16864902 | PMC1570394 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 23; 2006(1):39062 |
INTRODUCTION
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern-recognition receptors that play an essential role in
activating signal transduction pathways leading to killing and clearance of pathogens. TLRs recognize highly conserved, pathogen-coded
molecular structures termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PA... | 16864901 | PMC1570395 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:47 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2006 Feb 21; 2006(1):32071 |
Background
The past ten years have witnessed a rising trend in the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding in Italy [1,2]. Between 1995 and 1999 the initiation rate has gone up from 85% to 91%, while the rates of any breastfeeding at six and twelve months have increased from 19% to 47% and from 4% to 12%, respectively... | 16952324 | PMC1570447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Sep 5; 1:14 |
Background
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a common disorder that is often accompanied by significant morbidity and mortality [1,2]. In anticoagulation therapy the intravenous heparin [2,3] is the first line of treatment for CVST, because of its efficacy, safety and feasibility. However, thrombolytic therapy... | 16968529 | PMC1570448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Sep 12; 4:14 |
Background
The Northern Region of Kenya (Fig. 1) occupies nearly 50% of the land surface area of the country, yet it has only received marginal biological attention. For a long time, basically only adventurers and big game hunters visited it. The colonial name "Northern Frontier District" clearly illustrates this situa... | 16956401 | PMC1570449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Sep 6; 2:35 |
Background
The most frequent ingested foreign bodies in the Ear Nose and Throat sphere are chicken and fish bones [1]. The symptoms are immediate and patients quickly seek for medical help after a few unsuccessful trials to extract the foreign body by themselves. Beside the tonsils, the base of the tongue and the upper... | 16965623 | PMC1570450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Sep 11; 2:30 |
Background
Perforation peritonitis is the most common surgical emergency in India. Despite advances in surgical techniques, antimicrobial therapy and intensive care support, management of peritonitis continues to be highly demanding, difficult and complex. The spectrum of etiology of perforation continues to be differe... | 16953884 | PMC1570451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Sep 5; 1:26 |
Background
Arterial lesions are widely recognized outcomes in trauma patients. In the USA, approximately 7,500 to 8,000 cases of blunt aortic injury occur each year, of which only about 1,000 to 1,500 survive [1-4]. Blunt aortic injuries are responsible for up to 40% of fatalities occurring in traffic accidents [5-7]. ... | 16961917 | PMC1570452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Sep 8; 1:28 |
Statistics from country after country show increasing prevalence of obesity, with extreme prevalence in some areas. A cascade of diseases follows from overnutrition, inactivity, and obesity, including major killers such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. These chronic diseases were once the worry of the developed ... | 16968530 | PMC1570453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | Global Health. 2006 Sep 12; 2:11 |
Background
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to a basic helix-loop-helix/Per-Arnt-Sim (bHLH-PAS) family [1,2]. AhR is activated by a variety of environmental contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), planar chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and halo... | 16956419 | PMC1570454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Sep 7; 5:24 |
Background
Women present for substance abuse treatment with a diverse set of complex medical and social problems, including mental health disorders and psychological distress, high rates of history of trauma and interpersonal violence, medical problems, few vocational skills, low income, and substantial addiction sever... | 16959041 | PMC1570455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Sep 7; 1:26 |
Background
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that is usually found in the mycelial form in its native state and grows as a yeast at mammalian body temperatures. It was historically first described by Dr. Samuel Darling in 1906, using autopsy material obtained from a patient native to the island of Martinique... | 16952312 | PMC1570456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Sep 4; 1:23 |
Background
Weight gain (WG) induced by Antipsychotic drugs (AP) occurs in up to 50 % of patients under chronic administration of such medication [1]. The mechanisms of AP causing WG are complex as they also involve serotoninergic, histaminergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic neurotransmissions [1]. The WG is mediated by ... | 16968528 | PMC1570457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Sep 12; 5:15 |
Background
Reverse Vaccinology (RV) is one of the best examples of how Bioinformatics can boost Molecular Immunology. The conventional approach to design vaccines requires pathogen's cultivation and dissection of its main components before testing their ability to elicit protective immunity. RV's novelty consists in st... | 16848907 | PMC1570458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Jul 18; 6:35 |
Background
Metazoan mitochondrial genomes are typically conserved in gene content and length. They are usually circular, 14 to 20 kb long, and encode for 13 proteins of the respiratory chain [cytochrome c oxidase subunits I-III (cox I – cox III), apocytochrome b (cytb), atpase subunits 6 and 8 (atp6, atp8), and NADH de... | 16948842 | PMC1570459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Sep 1; 3:13 |
Background
Morphologically and clinically-pathologically, neuroendocrine tumors of the lung form a heterogeneous group of pulmonary carcinomas. According to the classification by the World Health Organization (WHO) of 1981, the carcinoid and the small-cell carcinoma were categorized together as neuroendocrine tumors. I... | 16953887 | PMC1570460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 5; 4:61 |
Background
This paper is intended to be read along with a working copy of the EpiFlex software, (see Additional file 1). It describes the context of the work, an overview of the system design, a discussion of certain primary mechanisms, and examples of observations made using the system. EpiFlex was designed to be as e... | 16928271 | PMC1570461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Aug 23; 3:32 |
pmcBackground
The Gag protein precursor is a polyprotein consisting of matrix protein (MA), protein p12, capsid protein (CA) and nucleocapsid protein (NC) and represents a principal actor in retrovirus assembly at the plasma membrane (PM). The Gag precursor is synthesized on free ribosomes and myristoylated at glycin ... | 16956408 | PMC1570462 | CC BY | 2022-10-27 23:15:39 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 6; 3:73 |
Background
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase highly enriched in focal adhesions [1,2]. FAK is activated following integrins engagement or stimulation of a variety of transmembrane receptors [3]. FAK is closely related (45% amino acid identity) to proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2, [4]), a... | 16889663 | PMC1570463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 4; 7:198 |
Background
Potato is the fourth most important source of calories for mankind after the cereals wheat, rice and maize. Potato production worldwide stands at 293 million tons, of which 36% in developing countries, and covers more than 18 million hectares [1]. Therefore, the nutritional improvement of potato is of paramo... | 16800876 | PMC1570464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:17 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Jun 26; 6:13 |
Background
Motif discovery is the problem of finding approximately repeated patterns in unaligned sequence data. It is important in uncovering transcriptional networks, as short common subsequences in genomic data may correspond to a regulatory protein's binding sites, and in protein function identification, where shor... | 16916460 | PMC1570465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Aug 17; 1:13 |
Background
High-throughput sequencing of expression data provides compelling evidence that the long held hypothesis "one gene produces one protein" is far less common than previously thought. Surveys from the human genome estimate that as many as 70% of human genes produce more than one transcribed form [1]. Examples a... | 16934144 | PMC1570466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Aug 25; 1:14 |
Background
In a typical day in Northern Ireland, 30,000 people see a family doctor or practice nurse. Indeed Patient access has been made a major objective within the government's recent primary care strategic framework [1]. An Access Target (AT) was outlined for United Kingdom general practice, in the new general prac... | 16784530 | PMC1570467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Jun 19; 7:37 |
Background
Figures quoted in the peer-reviewed literature for the incidence of cervical manipulative therapy associated vertebrobasilar accidents (VBA), based largely on various types of retrospective surveys, range from a high of 1:20,000 cervical manipulations [1] to a low of 1:5.85 million cervical manipulations [2]... | 16925822 | PMC1570468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:35 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Aug 22; 14:16 |
Background
Gumboro disease, subsequently named infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a disease in young chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a double stranded, bi-segmented RNA virus [1]. Two serotypes, 1 and 2, have been reported, serotype 1 being the only one pathogenic to the domestic chicken [2].... | 16987396 | PMC1570469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Sep 4; 48(1):17 |
Background
Dose escalation has been effective in radiotherapy treatment of localized prostate cancer. Especially intermediate risk patients benefit from doses higher than 70Gy, whether low and high risk patients do so is controversial [1].
Late rectal toxicity, in particular late rectal bleeding, turned out to be the ... | 16956403 | PMC1570470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Sep 6; 1:34 |
Background
The great majority of clinical laboratories use single-platform flow cytometry which directly measures the percentage of lymphocytes which are CD4 positive [1]. In order to calculate the absolute CD4 T-cell cell count, a complete blood cell count must be done to determine the absolute white blood cell count.... | 16916461 | PMC1570471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Aug 17; 3:20 |
Background
In recent years, advances in optical technology have helped facilitate rapid progress in fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy-based techniques for medical diagnostics. Recent studies involving ultraviolet A (UVA, 320 to 400 nm) and shorter visible (VIS) wavelengths (400 to 550 nm) have demonstrated that... | 16928274 | PMC1570472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Aug 23; 5:49 |
Background
It has been well established that a positive association exists between the levels of ambient particulate matter (PM) and the incidence of morbidity and mortality, particularly for those individuals with preexisting cardiopulmonary diseases [1-3]. Recent studies have further shown that individuals with cardi... | 16911796 | PMC1570473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Aug 15; 3:12 |
Background
Particulate air pollution has been associated with acute and chronic health effects due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease exacerbation [1,2]. New air quality standards have been introduced in Europe to control particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less then 10 μm (PM10) [3]. However, partic... | 16961926 | PMC1570474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Sep 8; 3:13 |
Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a global and increasing problem [1]. Estimates of point prevalence range between 12% and 35% and lifetime prevalence between 49% and 80% [2]. The cost of LBP in the United Kingdom is high, both to the NHS (National Health Service) and in terms of the wider societal costs [2,3]. While t... | 16884536 | PMC1570475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Aug 2; 1:15 |
Background
This is an exciting time in peer-reviewed publication. The establishment of BioMed Central and its on-line journals, including CytoJournal, has opened up a new avenue for rapid publication and open access [1]. In order to help with further enhancing CytoJournal, the journal Editors asked me to assemble a sma... | 0 | PMC1570476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:27 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Sep 13; 3:21 |
Background
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1; MIM# 162200) is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder characterized by multiple café-au-lait macules (CALMs) visible early in childhood and by development of neurofibromas in adult patients [1]. Besides, NF1 is associated with various malignant tumors such as malignant ... | 16961930 | PMC1570477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Sep 10; 5:36 |
Background
Stromal tumors of the ovary include thecoma and fibroma, yet as differentiation between these two types may be difficult the term fibrothecoma has emerged in recognition of the similar immunohistochemical features present in both. The exact incidence of fibrothecoma is unknown, although they have been descri... | 16965622 | PMC1570478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Sep 11; 1:28 |
Background
Endometriosis is an ectopic occurrence of tissue morphologically and functionally resembling endometrial tissue that is implanted into regions other than the uterus [1]. Although endometriosis occurs most frequently in the intrapelvic organs, many cases of extrapelvic endometriosis throughout the body have b... | 16961927 | PMC1570479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:19 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Sep 9; 1:27 |
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiological agent of AIDS. The pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease is complex and multifactorial [1]. Following infection, reverse transcriptase complexes synthesize a double stranded DNA molecule that is then incorporated into the host genome. A robust cellular and ... | 16893449 | PMC1570494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Aug 7; 3:48 |
Background
Retroviruses include important human pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T cell leukaemia virus 1 (HTLV-1). One of the features of the retroviral life cycle is integration, where the viral genome is incorporated into that of the host. An integrated viral genome is termed a provirus... | 16916442 | PMC1570495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Aug 17; 3:51 |
Findings
The great genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains have been recognized since early in the epidemic. Phylogenetic analyses of HIV-1 have revealed the presence of at least 9 subtypes (A-D, F-H, J and K) and 16 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) worldwide [1].
In Argentina, pre... | 16959032 | PMC1570496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Sep 7; 3:59 |
Background
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2), the second causative agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is mainly present in West Africa, where it was discovered [1] and spread to Europe, Asia, and the Americas in a slow but continuous manner. Although the two types of HIV (1 and 2) share o... | 16956392 | PMC1570497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Sep 6; 3:58 |
Introduction
The loss of natural habitat area often is accompanied by the disappearance of large-bodied top predators and the upper trophic levels of food webs [1–3]. However, several pieces of evidence suggest that habitat area alone may be insufficient to predict changes in population size. Predictions of ecological ... | 17002518 | PMC1570498 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 26; 4(10):e324 |
Habitat loss poses the greatest threat to the survival of a species, and often precipitates the demise of top predators and wide-ranging animals, like the Siberian tiger and the orangutan. Any hope of recovering such critically endangered species depends on understanding what drives changes in population size following... | 20076473 | PMC1570499 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 26; 4(10):e336 |
Introduction
Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins comprise a small family of cytoplasmic proteins that play a pivotal role in intracellular membrane fusion. They are structurally highly conserved in evolution, and each SM protein is specialized for a single or a small group of trafficking steps. SM proteins of evolutionarily dist... | 17002520 | PMC1570500 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 26; 4(10):e330 |
Fusion of two plasma membranes is central to exocytosis, the process by which a cell secretes neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes, and other products. If you believe the simple diagrams in introductory biology textbooks, you’d think this fusion occurs as soon as two membranes touch. Not so—in fact, membrane fusion req... | 20076481 | PMC1570501 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 26; 4(10):e359 |
Introduction
Recent interest has focused on the genetic basis of convergent evolution [1,2]. Adaptive convergence between unrelated species, exemplified by colour pattern mimicry in insects [3], has led to a long-standing controversy about the relative contribution of gradual evolution driven by natural selection [4] v... | 17002517 | PMC1570757 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 26; 4(10):e303 |
Our brains are wired in such a way that we can recognize a friend or loved one almost as easily whether we hear their voice or see their face. Specialized areas of the brain—in this case, the visual and auditory networks—are specially tuned to different properties of physical objects. These properties can be represente... | 20076482 | PMC1570758 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:17 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 26; 4(10):e361 |
While studying the local flora and fauna of the Amazon jungle in the 1860s, Henry Walter Bates made a striking discovery. Butterflies inhabiting a particular geographic region sported the same wing patterns—even though they were unrelated species. Bates proposed that nonpoisonous species had mimicked the patterns of no... | 20076469 | PMC1570759 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 26; 4(10):e329 |
Introduction
Our senses sample different types of physical information from each object we encounter in the natural world. Part of this multisensory information is redundant because some object properties are conveyed through several of our sensory modalities: Judging gender or age of a person for instance is almost as... | 17002519 | PMC1570760 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 26; 4(10):e326 |
Background
There is so much we still need to know about how best to enable mothers to successfully breastfeed. In addition, we are all time-poor in an ever increasing information-rich environment. This paper describes some of the methods practitioners (those directly involved with helping mothers) can use to scan the e... | 16965638 | PMC1574286 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Sep 11; 1:15 |
Background
Westernization of lifestyle has led to an explosive increase in the number of diabetic patients and an increase in diabetic atherosclerosis in Eastern Asian countries [1,2]. This is of great concern for the future of patients and health systems in East Asia, and is a problem that requires immediate and caref... | 16925808 | PMC1574287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Aug 22; 5:16 |
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