text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background
Family, twin and adoption studies indicate a strong genetic contribution to the etiology of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) [1]. The genetics of bipolar disorder, however, is complex and probably involves multiple genes interacting with each other and environmental components. Currently, susceptibility gen... | 16859551 | PMC1569366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:49 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Jul 21; 2:25 |
Background
The prion protein (PrP) occurs naturally in most organs. It is believed to have a role in copper metabolism and possibly also in oxidative defense and functions of the central nervous system. The protein is present in both a free and a glycosylated form, bound to cell membranes. In prion diseases (also calle... | 16987395 | PMC1569367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Aug 31; 48(1):16 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Drs. Eugene Koonin, Shamil Sunyaev and Arcady Mushegian. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Among the fields of biology, evolutionary biology enjoys one of the highest levels of theoretical sophistication. However, theoretical treatments of evolu... | 16916465 | PMC1569368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Aug 17; 1:23 |
Background
The genome of influenza A virus consists of eight single-stranded, negative-sense genomic RNA (vRNA) segments, associated with nucleoprotein (NP) and the viral polymerase complex (PB1, PB2 and PA) in the form of ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP) [1]. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is responsible for ... | 16934156 | PMC1569369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Aug 25; 3:58 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) (family Flaviviridae) is an enveloped virus with positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that causes both acute and persistent infections in humans associated with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The HCV genome encodes for a polyprotein of about 3000 amin... | 16945160 | PMC1569370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 1; 3:66 |
Background
West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are antigenically closely related mosquito-borne members of the genus Flavivirus. Sindbis virus (SINV) is an unrelated mosquito-borne member of the genus Alphavirus. These arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), and many others, are known to circulate globally as p... | 16952307 | PMC1569371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 4; 3:71 |
Background
Orbital content herniation into the maxillary sinus is relatively frequent in orbital floor fractures [1]. Soft tissues (inferior rectus muscle and orbital fat) penetrate through the cracks in the orbital floor which results in limited eye movements and diplopia [1]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able ... | 16952313 | PMC1569372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Sep 4; 2:28 |
Background
Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent used in the control of bleeding under various circumstances [1] and has been used to minimise bleeding after cardiac surgery [2,3]. In cardiac surgery, postoperative bleeding is associated with an increased incidence of surgical re-exploration to identify the sour... | 16942621 | PMC1569373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Aug 30; 6:9 |
Background
An examiner for the MRCP(UK) clinical examination, PACES, in an informal, personal account of examining, wrote:
"Outside, seagulls, starlings, and sparrows, and the occasional blackbird, come and go. Inside, there are hawks and doves." [1]
Clinical examinations require, to a large extent, that judgements o... | 16919156 | PMC1569374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:32 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Aug 18; 6:42 |
Background
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine affecting many cell types [1,2]. IL-1 is also present in high levels at tumor sites where it has been shown to have effects on the growth and invasiveness of malignant cells by either inducing growth factors that promote carcinogenesis and tumor metastasis ... | 16952320 | PMC1569375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 4; 3:24 |
Background
BCG vaccination was developed by attenuation in vitro over 13 years from a virulent sample of Mycobacterium bovis by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin at the Pasteur Institute, Lille. The attenuated strain named BCG (Bacillus of Calmette-Guérin) is now known as Mycobacterium bovis BCG. BCG was given to huma... | 16956404 | PMC1569376 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2006 Sep 6; 4:4 |
Background
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a prevalent malignancy in Southeast Asia with reported incidence rate ranging from 10 to 53 cases per 100,000 persons per year [1]. Although it is a relatively uncommon cancer in western countries with an incidence rate of less than 1 case per 100,000, it poses a significant... | 16953893 | PMC1569377 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:41 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 5; 4:62 |
The 10th International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease (ICAD) and Related Disorders was held in the Spanish capitol of Madrid from July 15–20, 2006. More than 5,000 researchers, students and clinicians came to Madrid to present their research and learn about the findings of others. The welcome reception at Palacio Ne... | 16956414 | PMC1569378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Sep 6; 1:10 |
Full text
Mantle-Cell Lymphoma (MCL) has been clearly recognized as a distinct histological and clinical subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas. Typical of the elderly, it has an estimated incidence of 2–3/100,000/year and accounts for 8% of all NHLs [1]. Diagnostic work-up usually demonstrates advanced stage diseas... | 16956411 | PMC1569379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Sep 6; 1:35 |
Background
Air pollution is a major health problem globally. Industrialization and ongoing development of large urban areas in many countries are posing increasing number of people to potential hazards of air pollution. There are reports of adverse effects of carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, a... | 16934138 | PMC1569380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:13 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 25; 6:218 |
Background
Very little clinical research has been conducted on how to manage children with severe malaria, despite it accounting for the deaths of around 1 million children each year in Africa alone.
Antimalarial drugs remain the mainstay of treatment (and are the subject of several current or planned clinical trials)... | 16998583 | PMC1569381 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:53 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Sep 15; 1(5):e24 |
INTRODUCTION
Falciparum malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in African children, resulting in nearly 1 million deaths annually [1]. For children presenting to hospital with severe malaria, in-patient mortality remains high despite effective antimalarial treatment, especially among those presenting ... | 16998584 | PMC1569382 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Sep 15; 1(5):e21 |
Background
Whilst there is some evidence that larval treatment effectively debrides wounds (i.e. removes necrotic tissue) [1], there is no evidence from randomised trials that larval therapy accelerates the healing of chronic wounds. Consequently in 2004, the NHS Health Technology Assessment programme commissioned a pr... | 16948837 | PMC1569430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Sep 1; 6:43 |
Background
Renal artery aneurysm (RAA) occurs due to focal dilatation of the artery secondary to weakness of the arterial intima and media. In most of the cases it is present as a small (1–2 cm) and unilateral one. Renal artery aneurysm is a rare clinical entity with an incidence of 0.015–1%. The aetiology of RAA is ei... | 16945133 | PMC1569431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Aug 31; 6:22 |
Background
All mature transfer RNAs (tRNA) molecules, from all known living organisms, contain numerous modified nucleosides at multiple positions [1]. Although other RNA species also contain modified nucleosides, they are less common than in tRNA, where over 80 modifications have been found to occur at typically ~10%,... | 16848900 | PMC1569432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Jul 18; 7:23 |
Background
Both manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase act as antioxidant enzymes [1,2]. Non-synonymous polymorphisms in both genes have been shown to reduce their effectiveness at removing oxidative species from cells [3,4]. Oxidative stress has been hypothesized to be involved in breast cancer risk... | 16945136 | PMC1569434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 31; 6:217 |
Background
"Out-of-Africa" hypothesis suggests that the anatomically modern humans originated in Africa about 160,000 – 150,000 years ago, and then spread outward, completely replacing the local archaic hominid populations outside Africa. India has served as a major corridor for the dispersal of modern humans out of Af... | 16893451 | PMC1569435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Aug 7; 7:42 |
If you are reading this you are benefiting from the Open Access movement in scientific publishing. Open Access reduces the great divide between the haves and have-nots of the scientific world, allowing anyone, anywhere on the planet with internet access to read with full text and graphics the latest scientific reports,... | 17007632 | PMC1569436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Aug 30; 3:55 |
Scientists must be knowledgeable about recent developments in their areas of research. A good scientist reads publications and melds published evidence and theories with his or her own ideas and hypotheses to create refined experiments. The resulting proposal is then submitted to a granting agency. A decision is made a... | 16956402 | PMC1569437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Sep 6; 5:35 |
Background
Infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) is causal in the development of genital and oral cancers [1,2]. HPV infection is considered a sexually transmitted infection among adolescents and adults [3]. Detection rates of HPV infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have ranged widely between 1% and 20% ... | 16952308 | PMC1569438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Sep 4; 6:28 |
Background
Health as a fundamental human right was recognized in the World Health Organization's Constitution stating that the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, and political belief, economic or social cond... | 16948855 | PMC1569439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2006 Sep 2; 6:10 |
Background
The interstitial pulmonary oedema is a key parameter in the management of patients with chronic heart failure and an early warning sign of impending acute heart failure [1]. The objective diagnosis is traditionally based on chest radiographic findings which, when performed at the bedside, may be difficult to... | 16945139 | PMC1569440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Aug 31; 4:34 |
Background
Targeting signals in bacterial proteins often involve short, well-conserved motifs adjacent to predicted transmembrane helices. The lipoprotein signal sequence, the type IV pilin-like cleavage/methylation signal sequence, the twin-arginine transport (TAT) signal sequence, and the YSIRK-type signal sequence o... | 16930487 | PMC1569441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Aug 24; 4:29 |
Background
In any species, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (the 'r' parameter) integrates several characteristics of the life cycle, which are generally described as life history traits [1-3]. Variations in these traits are directly related to demographic changes and are thus related to individual fitness [4]. H... | 16942614 | PMC1569442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Aug 30; 6:67 |
Background
Molecular bioinformatics was born as a science of comparing individual DNA and amino acid sequences with each other. Over the past three decades important biological insights have been obtained by establishing unexpected sequence similarity between seemingly unrelated proteins (e.g., Koonin et al. [1]). More... | 16817977 | PMC1569443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 4; 7:331 |
Introduction
Allergic rhinitis (AR), which affects approximately 20% of the population in industrialized countries, is associated with substantial morbidity, primarily in the context of reduced quality of life and productivity. Patients with AR experience increased incidence of acute sinusitis and otitis media, both o... | 16776669 | PMC1569601 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Clin Exp Allergy. 2006 Jun 1; 36(6):689-703 |
‘I want a poor student to have the same means of indulging his learned curiosity, of following his rational pursuits, of consulting the same authorities, of fathoming the most intricate inquiry as the richest man in the kingdom’. Sir Antonio Panizzi, Principal Librarian of the British Museum, 1836.
Open access (OA) to... | 16839336 | PMC1569639 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Jul 1; 4(7):1450-1453 |
Introduction
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive, chronic disease that is increasing in prevalence worldwide, along with a rise in obesity, one of its contributory factors [1]. It is characterized by insulin resistance, causing a decrease in transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells, and by a decrease in in... | 16842480 | PMC1569640 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Diabet Med. 2006 Jul 1; 23(7):757-762 |
Believers in open access (OA) argue that the subscription-based journal model is like a clot blocking the free-flow of scientific research to vital research organs and the public, cutting off the supply of ideas and innovations.
But believers in traditional journals argue that, with a single cut, there is a real risk ... | 16839337 | PMC1569642 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Jul 1; 4(7):1454-1460 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 2: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040031
In the first paragraph of the Materials and Methods subsection “Retroviral infection of INS1 and MIN6 cells,” “pSUPERretro SiRNA-T1 (5′-GCTGCATCCAAGGGCCATG-3′)” should be “pSUPERretro SiRNA-T1 (5′-gatgaagttgacctcctca-3′)”.
Citation: (2006) Correct... | 0 | PMC1569658 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 12; 4(9):e295 |
Air Force gear found with former unknown soldier Michael Blassie, from “Visible Proofs,” on exhibition at the National Library of Medicine through 2008 (clockwise from top left: dog tag chain, signal marker pouch, match holder, parachute survival guide, and ammunition pouch) (courtesy of the National Library of Medicin... | 0 | PMC1569659 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 12; 4(9):e296 |
One of the organizing principles of life on Earth is that cells cooperate. This is evident in the case of multicellular organisms, from nematodes to humans, but it also appears to apply widely among single-celled organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and amoeba. In many cases, the label “single-celled” applies to only par... | 16968138 | PMC1569662 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 12; 4(9):e299 |
Not so long ago, virtually every major university had a department of biology, or perhaps bookend departments of zoology and botany, which complemented physics, chemistry, mathematics, and possibly geology to form its science foundation. Biology was, at least compared to the field today, an integrated discipline, from ... | 16968139 | PMC1569663 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:55 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Sep 12; 4(9):e300 |
Background
Myelodysplastic syndromes are hematologic malignancies characterized by dyspoiesis, a progressive clinical course and usually a fatal outcome due to either transformation to acute leukemia or bone marrow failure [1,2]. The patients often present with symptoms attributable to cytopenias and the clinical cours... | 16953890 | PMC1569821 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2006 Sep 5; 6:4 |
Background
Rett syndrome (RTT, OMIM 312750) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 females [1,2]. Girls with RTT have an apparently normal early development, followed by deceleration of head growth, loss of language skills, loss of purposeful hand movements and impaired social con... | 16859563 | PMC1569822 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jul 21; 7:61 |
Influenza virus infects thousands of people each year, causing epidemics with severe mortality [1]. Moreover, there is an increasing concern about a potential influenza pandemic, as highly virulent avian influenza strains are spreading from South-East Asia, with a high risk to cross species-specific barriers [2]. With ... | 16948862 | PMC1569823 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 3; 3:70 |
Background
Health-related quality of life (HQOL) is a multidimensional concept that includes the physical, emotional, and psychosocial components associated with a disease or its treatment [1] in different domains of life [2-4], addressing the patients' perceptions of their situations [2-4]. Increasing self-reported sa... | 16942629 | PMC1569824 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 31; 4:59 |
Background
Single item self-assessments of health are the most widely used measures of health status [1]. These self-assessments are used in many national surveys in the US, such as the National Health Interview Survey [2], National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [3], and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillanc... | 16939653 | PMC1569825 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:09 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Aug 29; 4:57 |
Background
In a decade of use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) the global area of biotech crops increased to 90 million hectares in 2005, and the area sown continues to increase [1]. Due to low public acceptance of GMOs in many countries, several governments have implemented, or are in the process of adopting, ... | 16907967 | PMC1569826 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Aug 14; 6:37 |
Background
The presence of Premature Stop Codons (PSCs) in tumorsupressor and Mismatch Repair genes are a very frequent cause of hereditary cancer that account for 50%-90% of the reported pathogenic mutations [1-3]. PSCs are observed in the apc gene related to Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) [4,5], the brca1 and 2... | 16948859 | PMC1569827 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Sep 2; 6:38 |
Background
Hepatitis C (HCV) is a blood borne virus (BBV) with potentially devastating hepatic complications [1]. While approximately 20% of acutely infected people will clear the virus and recover, up to 80% will develop chronic hepatitis C [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3% of the world's popu... | 16956393 | PMC1569828 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Sep 6; 3:27 |
Background
Collaboration for health research between developed (North) and developing (South) countries holds the potential of generating knowledge and strengthening the capacity of all parties concerned. Most North-South collaboration has been driven by developed countries and purports to benefit partners in the South... | 16928275 | PMC1569829 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:16 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Aug 23; 4:7 |
Background
Decline of cognitive functions, such as learning and memory, is often associated with aging, which plays a crucial determinant of the quality of life in elderly population [1-4]. Normal age-related deficits in learning and memory resemble those caused by damage to the hippocampus. In the hippocampus, electro... | 16930456 | PMC1569830 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Aug 22; 1:9 |
Background
Emergency departments (ED) are used more frequently by older people than by the general population [1] and are not adequately prepared to attend to senior citizens' needs, which differ from those of the younger population [2].
Comprehensive geriatric assessment detects problems that traditional medical reco... | 16952319 | PMC1569831 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Sep 4; 6:13 |
Background
Plantar heel pain (plantar fasciitis) can be a painful and debilitating condition. It is a common disorder in both athletic [1] and sedentary populations [2-4]. A recent United States study estimated that each year one million patient visits at office-based physicians and hospital outpatient departments are ... | 16895612 | PMC1569832 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Aug 9; 7:64 |
Introduction
The innervation of the corpus and the cervix uteri has been described in several studies focusing on different aspects. Nerve fibers containing sensory neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) are present in the human cervix [1,2] as well as in the cervix of animals... | 16938139 | PMC1569833 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Aug 29; 4:45 |
Background
Effective management of congestive heart failure (CHF) is one of the major challenges in health care today. The number of CHF patients is substantial: CHF affects up to 20% of the rapidly increasing population of persons aged 65 years and over. Of every three individuals aged 55 years and over, one will deve... | 16857049 | PMC1569834 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jul 20; 6:91 |
Background
Acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are important targets for educational strategies aimed at reducing inappropriate prescriptions of antibiotics, because such infections have a high prevalence in general practice [1], and because antibiotics are commonly prescribed even for those illnesses that have a... | 16776824 | PMC1569835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Jun 15; 6:75 |
Background
In the Andersen-Nyman model [1], the use of health care services is defined as a function that includes three types of explanatory factors: measures of need including self-rated health, and non-health factors that either predispose or enable the individual to obtain care. In this model, the patient's gender ... | 16952306 | PMC1569836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Sep 4; 6:110 |
Background
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and lethal pulmonary fibrotic lung disease. It is the most common form of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and is unresponsive to treatment resulting in a median survival from diagnosis of 2.9 years [1]. Although the pathogenesis of IPF remains elusi... | 16948840 | PMC1569837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Sep 1; 7(1):114 |
Background
Gram-negative Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, are found widely in soil and surface water throughout the tropics. High incidence of melioidosis has been found particularly in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia [1,2]. A number of cases have been reported in Malaysia [3], Thail... | 16784542 | PMC1569838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 20; 6:100 |
Background
In resource-poor countries, access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved during the last years and mortality rates among treated patients have declined substantially [1,2]. However, compared to patients in high-income countries, patients in resource-poor countries are at higher risk of death in the ea... | 16948852 | PMC1569839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 1; 6:136 |
Background
There has been growing interest in a temporal perspective on socioeconomic differences in the development of disease. Several studies have shown an association between low socioeconomic position (SEP) and mortality using multiple indicators of SEP over the life course [1-13]. Different conceptual models for ... | 16889658 | PMC1569840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 4; 6:203 |
Background
In 2002 – 2003, we established the California Men's Health Study (CMHS), a multiethnic cohort of 84 170 men ages 45 to 69 years who are members of the northern and southern California regions of Kaiser Permanente, the largest managed care organization in California. The major goal of the study is to improve ... | 16813653 | PMC1569841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jun 30; 6:172 |
Introduction
In Canada and other countries, injury is a leading cause of mortality and the most common cause of death among children [1-5]. There are approximately 10000 injury hospitalizations per year to Canadian children aged 1–9 years [6], and 200 injury-related fatalities representing one-third of all deaths in th... | 16848890 | PMC1569842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Jul 18; 6:187 |
Background
In many countries the health, social and criminal justice consequences of problematic drug use create an economic burden estimated at between 0.5% and 1.3% of gross domestic product [1]. Providing drug treatment programmes for drug users is considered both a cost effective and humanitarian response [2]. In t... | 16904004 | PMC1569843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 11; 6:205 |
Background
Recent statistics have indicated that working individuals represent a growing proportion of Swiss residents living in poverty [1,2], with an increase in the percentage of the working poor from 5% in 1995 to 7.5% in 1999. In a country with seemingly no modern historical record of indigence, and per-capita Gro... | 16952322 | PMC1569844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 4; 6:223 |
Background
Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted infection that can have serious consequences [1]. The advent of nucleic acid amplification technology has made rapid, sensitive, non-invasive testing available. Effective treatment is also available and is safe and simple to use [2]. Chlamydia satisfies ... | 16948838 | PMC1569845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 1; 6:221 |
Background
Primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursor of gametes, have a unique migration activity in birds as well as in mammals. They temporally reside in the extra-embryonic tissue and localize into embryonic gonads. PGCs in mammals are originally derived from the epiblast of the gastrulating embryo and move into e... | 16939661 | PMC1569846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 30; 7:220 |
Background
Wangiella [Exophiala] dermatitidis is a polymorphic, dematiaceous [darkly pigmented] fungal pathogen of humans that exists predominantly as a yeast form in vitro, but produces various morphological structures, such as pleomorphic yeast, pseudohyphae, true hyphae, and sclerotic bodies in tissues [1]. The dark... | 16784529 | PMC1569847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Jun 19; 6:55 |
Background
More than sixty different types of human enteroviruses have been identified [1]. Species human enterovirus A (HEV-A) which include 11 members of the coxsackievirus A (CV-A) group; CV-A2, CV-A3, CV-A4, CV-A5, CV-A6, CV-A7, CV-A8, CV-A10, CV-12, CV-14, CV-A16 and human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) are associated wit... | 16939656 | PMC1569848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Aug 30; 6:74 |
Background
Regionalisation's promise of more effectively integrating health and social services is especially important for people with disabilities and chronic illnesses transitioning to and/or living in the community. Without effective service integration, people with disabilities and chronic illnesses may be forced ... | 16939654 | PMC1569849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:00 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Aug 29; 7:9 |
Background
Malaria in Sudan is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality with an annual estimate of 7.5 million cases and 35,000 deaths. This represents 50% and 70% of the WHO/Eastern Mediterranean Region cases and deaths respectively [1]. Malaria is the main cause of fever in children less than 5 years of age. Early ... | 16859565 | PMC1569850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 22; 5:60 |
Background
The World Health Organization estimates that malaria parasites infect from 200 to 300 million persons and kill more than 1 million people each year, primarily children under the age of five [1]. The efficacy of control measures has decreased over the past decades because mosquitoes and parasites are becoming... | 16882349 | PMC1569851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:33 | no | Malar J. 2006 Aug 1; 5:66 |
Background
Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the U.S[1]. Robotic devices are increasingly being used as tools for treating movement deficits following stroke, and other neurologic injuries [2-6]. They are also candidates as tools in other neurological conditions characterized by motor deficits, such as multi... | 16945148 | PMC1569852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Aug 31; 3:20 |
Background
Pelodera (Rhabditis) strongyloides (Scheider, 1860) is a small free-living saprophytic nematode that normally completes its entire life cycle in organic matter and can be very abundant there [1-3]. This species includes a particular strain referred to as P. (R.) strongyloides dermatitica [2], the third-stage... | 16987397 | PMC1569853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Sep 5; 48(1):18 |
Background
Mastitis control is a major part of dairy herd management. Important components hereof are the daily decisions regarding type of treatment, drying off of affected quarters and culling and replacement of cows. Many of these decisions are based on the dialogue and interaction with the local veterinarian. Appro... | 16987394 | PMC1569854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2006 Aug 22; 48(1):15 |
Background
The extent of the postprandial serum glucose response results mainly from the combined effect of the amount and the glycemic index (GI) of carbohydrate contained in a food serving [1,2]. The glycemic load (GL) corresponds to the product of each food item's GI and the amount of carbohydrate in a serving (g) d... | 16953881 | PMC1569855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Sep 5; 5:22 |
Background
The two most commonly expressed human fragile sites, FRA3B and FRA16D, harbor genes which have a tumor suppressive function, namely the fragile histidine triad, FHIT, and the WW domain containing oxidoreductase, WWOX genes respectively [1-3]. Both genes have small exons distributed over their respective frag... | 16895604 | PMC1569856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 8; 6:205 |
Background
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most frequent solid extracranial tumour in children and is a major cause of death from neoplasia in infancy [1]. These tumours are clinically and biologically heterogeneous, with cell populations differing in their genetic programs, maturation stage and malignant potential [2]. Clin... | 16930472 | PMC1569857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 24; 6:214 |
Background
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) is a complex neurodegenerative syndrome whose broad phenotype is characterised by personality changes, behavioural disturbances, impairment in language, and in executive functions [1].
Memory deficits are not considered prominent characteristics at disease onset, but... | 16930470 | PMC1569858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Aug 24; 6:31 |
Background
A review of worldwide incidence figures for Parkinson's disease (PD) was published in 2003[1]. This article correctly points out the major difficulties in comparing figures from one study to the next- namely differing methods of case ascertainment, differing inclusion and exclusion criteria and lack of follo... | 16925826 | PMC1569859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Aug 22; 6:29 |
Background
From April 2002 to December 2003, we conducted a cluster randomised-controlled trial with 146 general practices in Norway – the Rational Prescribing in Primary care (RaPP) trial [1]. We tested the effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention we had developed for improving adherence to clinical practice guide... | 16934153 | PMC1569860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Aug 25; 1:19 |
Background
When assessing the safety and efficacy or effectiveness of health technologies it may not be appropriate to restrict the evidence to randomised controlled trials (RCTs) [1]. There are many situations where it may be considered necessary to include evidence from observational studies such as non-randomised co... | 16919159 | PMC1569861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Aug 18; 6:41 |
Background
Epidemiological effect measures, such as risk differences, risk ratios, or attributable risks, are useful tools for presenting the results of epidemiological studies. Since the attributable risk can account for both the strength of the association between exposure to a risk factor and the underlying disease ... | 16836748 | PMC1569862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jul 12; 6:32 |
Background
A number of papers have been published on the methodological and reporting quality of reviews. A review of 86 English language meta-analyses published between 1950 and 1986 by Sacks [1] assessed every report on fourteen items covering six content areas believed to be critical in the reporting of meta-analysi... | 16772030 | PMC1569863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jun 13; 6:27 |
Background
Functioning is an important study outcome in relation to chronic health conditions. The number of studies addressing functioning as a study endpoint in patients with chronic conditions has steadily increased during the last decades.
In health outcome research, functioning is measured from different perspect... | 16872536 | PMC1569864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jul 27; 6:36 |
Background
Outpatient cervical ripening
Around 20% of pregnant women undergo induction of labour in the UK [1]. In primigravidae, the mean time taken from induction to delivery is between 15 and 20 hours, of which up to 12 hours is spent in the cervical ripening phase before labour itself starts. There is increasing in... | 16869966 | PMC1569865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Jul 25; 6:25 |
Background
Double stranded RNA (dsRNA) can induce RNA interference (RNAi) in cells, resulting in sequence-specific degradation of the targeted mRNA [1,2]. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of ~22 nt are the effector molecules of this evolutionarily conserved mechanism and are produced by a ribonuclease named Dicer [3,4].... | 16948865 | PMC1569866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Sep 4; 3:57 |
Background
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), encompassing both basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), is the most common cancer in Caucasians, and over the last decade incidence has been increased dramatically worldwide [1]. Actinic keratosis (AK) is an early stage of SCC and approximately 10% of c... | 16893473 | PMC1569867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Aug 8; 5:30 |
Background
The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a family of structurally related proteins with anti-apoptotic functions. To date, eight family members have been identified all carrying a functional baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domain. Members of the IAP family include Survivin, c-IAP1, c-IAP2, and X-linked in... | 16953886 | PMC1569868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Sep 5; 5:34 |
Background
Health related quality of life (HRQL) is an important clinical outcome for patients with advanced lung disease and their health care providers [1]. This outcome measure helps differentiate between individuals with varying severity of lung disease and allows to evaluate how much impact a specific intervention... | 16953872 | PMC1569869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Sep 5; 6:23 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) has been declared a global emergency,[1] with the incidence rising by one percent each year [2]. In 2003 the global TB case-detection rate was only 45%, falling short of the global target of 75% [3]. One reason cited for the under-detection of TB in high-prevalence areas has been the failur... | 16934140 | PMC1569870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:15 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2006 Aug 25; 6:22 |
Background
Accumulating knowledge in the field of heart transplantation has led to improved patient survival and quality of life. Cardiac allograft rejection, however, continues to cause significant morbidity in the early phase after transplantation and the detection of acute rejection remains an important feature of t... | 16780603 | PMC1569871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Jun 19; 6:29 |
Background
A causal association between high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) infection – particularly HPV-16 – and cervical cancer has been established. HPV-16 E5 is a minor oncoprotein comprising of 83 amino acids and in silica predictions suggest it comprises of 3 anchor-like α-helices (residues 8–30, 37–52 and 58–... | 16899131 | PMC1569872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:17 | no | Cancer Cell Int. 2006 Aug 9; 6:19 |
Background
Three Old World vulture taxa in the genus Gyps have recently been listed as critically endangered by The World Conservation Union [1]. These are the Oriental White-backed, or White-rumped Vulture (G. bengalensis) and two taxa long treated together as "Long-billed" (G. indicus indicus and G. i. tenuirostris) ... | 0 | PMC1569873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:49 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Aug 23; 6:65 |
Background
Symbioses between the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp. and the enterobacteriacae Xenorhabdus spp. are associations in which both partners receive benefits from each other [1-3]. In the soil, the infective juveniles (IJs) of the nematodes act as vectors dispersing the bacteria from insect host to i... | 16953880 | PMC1569874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:47 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Sep 5; 6:68 |
Background
Gene expression microarrays enable the measurement of the activity levels of thousands of genes on a single glass slide. The number of genes (features) is in the order of thousands while the number of arrays is usually limited to several hundreds, due to the high cost associated with the procedure and the sa... | 16670007 | PMC1569875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 May 2; 7:235 |
Background
The advent of microarray technology along with the exponential accumulation of biological data have recently led to a massive search for new knowledge that can be used to improve our quality of life, focusing mainly on the alleviation of health problems [1-10]. Identification of molecular markers for various... | 16842618 | PMC1569876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 14; 7:345 |
Background
The aim of feature selection is to form, from all available features in a dataset, a relatively small subset of features capable of producing the optimal classification accuracy. This subset is called the predictor set. The following are past and current stances on the use of feature selection for multiclass... | 16796748 | PMC1569877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 23; 7:320 |
Background
For the past two decades, genome rearrangements have been studied and can be modelled to learn more about the evolution of mitochondrial, chloroplast, viral, bacterial and mammalian genomes [1]. To evaluate the evolutionary distance between two related genomes in gene order, various rearrangement events acti... | 16768797 | PMC1569878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jun 12; 7:295 |
Mini-intro to the Affymetrix array
Current Affymetrix microarrays [1] use chemical synthesis of 25 mer oligonucleotides in 8 μm2 features on glass slides, resulting in a density of approximately 1 million oligonucleotides per 1.3 cm2 microarray. The impressive density of oligonucleotides provides adequate space on the ... | 16942624 | PMC1569879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 30; 7:395 |
Modifications to implementation
Changes to data sets
After correcting for the one off error in the data generation phase, we re-evaluated the data sets for all three of the genomes analyzed. Since the publication of our original work, the mitochondrial genomes of all three species have been updated. We therefore decide... | 16956416 | PMC1569880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 20:47:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 6; 7:406 |
Background
Comparison of two completely sequenced genomes sheds lights on the genetic basis of differences in biological traits between species. Of particular interest is the comparison of complete sets of genes and gene products encoded in two genomes. Manual comparison is important but time-consuming and labor-intens... | 16901353 | PMC1569881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 11; 7:374 |
Background
Soft tissue sarcomas are a group of highly heterogeneous tumors that exhibit a diverse spectrum of mesenchymal differentiations. However, the molecular dissection of tumor heterogeneity has been hampered by the relatively low incidence of these tumors; approximately 3,800 cases are reported annually in Japan... | 16948864 | PMC1569882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:16 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 4; 7:399 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.