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Background
Lobar torsion after pulmonary lobectomy is a rare complication with an incidence of 0.09 to 0.4 % [1] and is developed after twisting of the bronchovascular pedicle of the remaining lobe after lobectomy, usually on the right side. The 180-degree rotation of the pedicle produces an acute obstruction of the lo... | 16968544 | PMC1584227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Sep 12; 1:25 |
Case report
A sixty-nine year old female with known three vessel coronary artery disease presented to the emergency department of a peripheral hospital with dyspnea and chest pain. Previous angiography demonstrated a 50% proximal left anterior descending (LAD) artery obstruction with a 99% occlusion to the mid and dist... | 16984656 | PMC1584228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Sep 19; 1:28 |
Background
Introduction
Institutional accreditation is predicated on the application of nationally and internationally agreed standards for assessing and benchmarking the performance of organisations. Typically, this involves certification by an external body, often following formalised visits by peer assessors or surv... | 16968552 | PMC1584229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Sep 12; 6:113 |
Background
Abnormalities in thyroid function have concerned clinicians and patients since the introduction of lithium in the treatment of manic-depression. Goitre was one of the first described potential side effects of this treatment [1] and prompted subsequent studies on the interactions between lithium and thyroid f... | 16968542 | PMC1584230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Sep 12; 2:23 |
Background
Despite the pitfalls of advocating polypharmacy to children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders [1], this practice is alarmingly escalating [2]. This trend is predicted to increase with pharmacological treatments targeting symptoms without a clinical diagnosis, and when a pursuit for treatment perfect... | 16995933 | PMC1584231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Sep 22; 2:25 |
Background
Childhood infectious diseases that induce lasting immunity, such as measles, mumps and rubella are particularly well documented dynamically. Theoreticians have focused their attention on some of these infections because of the comparative simplicity of the processes that influence their transmission dynamics... | 16895599 | PMC1584232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Aug 8; 3:9 |
Background
Plants were used to mark rites of passage both in human and in the annual cycle, as well as to decorate and to symbolize [[1]:262]. Plants, especially flowers, have been used at funerals in many cultures [[1]:66–70; [2]:165–167; [3]: 3–5]. Folkard [[4]:193] wrote, "All nations at different periods seem to ha... | 16961931 | PMC1584233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Sep 10; 2:38 |
Background
The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most nutrient-depleted seas and is a characteristic oligotrophic system; however, trace metal concentrations are generally high [1], particulary in its surface waters [2]. The Mediterranean coastline is among the most intensively utilized in the world. The approximately 70... | 16965615 | PMC1584234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Sep 11; 6:12 |
Background
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of genetic conditions with an autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by hypopigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes due to a reduced or lack of cutaneous melanin pigment production [1]. Consequently, in Africa, the affected individ... | 16916463 | PMC1584235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 17; 6:212 |
Background
Control of intracellular calcium is critical to regulation of smooth muscle function in many tissues. The relative contribution of SOC to the control of intracellular Ca2+ varies between different types of smooth muscle, with SOC being particularly prominent in airway myocytes. The contractile/relaxant state... | 16987424 | PMC1584236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Sep 20; 7(1):119 |
Background
Treatment of low back pain (LBP) continues to be a significant medical and financial burden. While it is one of the most common reasons for visiting a physician, observable treatment patterns remain extremely variable and expensive [1,2]. Much of the literature related to prevalence and economic burden assoc... | 16982001 | PMC1584237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Sep 18; 7:72 |
Background
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is commonly used in patients with malignancy of the head and neck to allow enteral nutrition to continue during the peri-operative period. We report a case of a patient who underwent PEG placement prior to surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy for a squamous carcinoma of... | 16984648 | PMC1584238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 19; 4:64 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in the UK [1]. Evidence from randomized controlled trials has confirmed that screening for colorectal cancer using Faecal Occult Blood testing (FOBt) as the primary screening modality can significantly reduce colorectal cancer mortality [2]. T... | 16981989 | PMC1584239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Sep 18; 7:53 |
Background
Bacteremic infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus have been reported with increasing frequency, and it has emerged as a leading cause of infective endocarditis (IE) in many regions of the world [1-3]. Endocarditis has been observed in 11% to 35% of S. aureus bacteremias (SAB) attributable to different se... | 16965625 | PMC1584240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 11; 6:137 |
After more than half a century of fascinating and glaring development, Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering have come so much closer together in a single general definition that few, if any, dare now questioning it: the application of knowledge, principles and techniques of the Engineering Sciences to the understa... | 0 | PMC1584241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Jul 31; 5:47 |
Background
Although lumbar disc herniation is a common cause of low back pain, little is known as to the pathomechanisms of symptom development. [1] From an epidemiological standpoint, it is difficult to identify these mechanisms simply because there is no consensus on a definition of disc degeneration and resultant he... | 16968536 | PMC1584242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Sep 12; 14:20 |
Background
Insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) are being strongly promoted as a malaria control tool in Africa by the World Health Organization and other international agencies [1]. Their efficacy in reducing man-vector contact, malaria morbidity and mortality has been demonstrated in various epidemiological situations ... | 16961938 | PMC1584243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Sep 11; 5:77 |
Background
Occupational injuries represent a major problem in public health. Severe consequences also do occur as after-effect [1]. Social and economic loss takes place [2,3]. Every year almost one thousand workers die and one fourth of a million are injured in industries in India in organized sectors only. Thousands o... | 16968532 | PMC1584244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Sep 12; 1:23 |
Background
The surgical approach to patients with primary hyperparathyroid (PHPT) has moved from bilateral neck exploration (BNE) to minimally invasive operative alternatives of endoscopic or focused radioguided surgery.
The popularity of the focused surgical approach has occurred as a result of technical improvements... | 16978398 | PMC1584245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 15; 3:30 |
Background
Growth and development of endochondral bones is controlled through the highly coordinated proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes [1-3]. These processes are regulated by a large number of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine hormones and growth factors that, to a large part, act on chond... | 16984628 | PMC1584246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Sep 19; 7:30 |
Background
Since the first reported laparoscopic nephrectomy in 1991, laparoscopic technique for kidney surgery has rapidly gained acceptance. Laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy has become the preferred method of donor nephrectomy at many transplant centers [1]. Compared to open donor nephrectomy, laparoscopic surgery... | 16978416 | PMC1584247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Sep 15; 6:23 |
1) Background
1.1 Definitions
Nanotechnology is considered by many as the next logical step in science, integrating engineering with biology, chemistry and physics [1]. It derives from the ongoing trend for miniaturisation in technology as described by Moore's Law and combination with other disciplines. Miniaturisation... | 16907977 | PMC1584248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Aug 14; 3:11 |
Background
In 2004, an estimated 10,520 new malignancies of the uterine cervix were diagnosed in the United States [1]. There are no current, systematically collected data on the precise percentage of these cases that were pure sarcomas. However, during a 5-year period in the United States (1973–1977), sarcomas constit... | 16981999 | PMC1584249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Sep 18; 1:30 |
Background
From the very start of the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (IJBNPA) the journal has recognized the limited success of the prevailing health behavior theories in explaining and predicting nutrition and physical activity behaviors and behavior change. The IJBNPA therefore en... | 16982008 | PMC1584250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Sep 19; 3:29 |
Background
The work of Sen and others on human capabilities [1,2] has provided an important framework for the exploration of the relationship between structure, capabilities, and health [3-6]. Within this framework structural factors (which include physical infrastructure and the wealth of a society, through to the pol... | 16978401 | PMC1584251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2006 Sep 15; 6:12 |
Background
Ependymomas (EP) originate from ependymal cells of the wall of the cerebral ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and from ependymal remnants in the filum terminale, the choroid plexus or the white matter adjacent to the highly angulated ventricular surface [1]. Additionally, ependymal neoplasms ... | 16959039 | PMC1584252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Sep 7; 6:222 |
Background
Selecting significantly differential genes is one of the most important tasks in studies of gene expression analysis. This, however, is not an easy task because gene expression measurement studies include some difficulties, such as high noise, a small number of measurements (samples) in each condition, sever... | 16981994 | PMC1584253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:05 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 18; 7:414 |
There is growing recognition that pediatric research is needed to improve pediatric medicine [1,2]. Research guidelines try to accommodate this need by allowing children to be enrolled in research when it offers an appropriate risk–benefit profile. These guidelines allow children to undergo research interventions that ... | 17016542 | PMC1584254 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:20:53 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Sep 29; 1(5):e25 |
INTRODUCTION
Obesity is reaching pandemic proportions, affecting all sexes, races, and ages. Currently more than 1 billion adults are overweight and at least 300 million of them are clinically obese. Overweight, and ultimately obesity, is a major contributor to the global burden of chronic diseases and disabilities suc... | 17016547 | PMC1584255 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:56 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Sep 29; 1(5):e27 |
INTRODUCTION
The relationship between cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk is currently the focus of intense scrutiny [1,2]. The putative increase in CHD risk with selective COX-2 inhibitors has been attributed to reduction in atheroprotective prostacyclin I2 levels [3]. Estrogen activa... | 17016543 | PMC1584256 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Sep 29; 1(5):e26 |
Introduction
The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposable element is an effective tool for generating mutations in the germline [1–5] and somatic cells [6,7] of mice. Previous studies indicate that the advantages of this cut-and-paste transposon system are four fold. First, because the element is active in vivo, breeding tran... | 17009875 | PMC1584263 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e156 |
Introduction
The axon of a neuron conducts the transmission of action potentials from the cell body to the synapse. The axon also provides a physical conduit for the transport of essential biological materials between the cell body and the synapse that are required for the function and viability of the neuron. A divers... | 17009871 | PMC1584265 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:26 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e124 |
Introduction
With the recognition that thousands of diseases are caused by changes in single genes, so-called monogenic diseases, and the advent of recombinant DNA technology, the idea that one could manipulate the nucleic acid content of diseased cells to cure disease, “gene therapy,” was born. In 1978, David Baltimor... | 17009872 | PMC1584267 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e133 |
Introduction
X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an extraordinary example of long-range gene regulation, extending over 150 Mb (megabases) and transcriptionally silencing genes on one X chromosome in females in order to equalize X-linked gene dosage with XY males (reviewed in [1,2]). XCI initiates during early embryogen... | 17009873 | PMC1584270 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e151 |
Introduction
DNA gyrase is an enzyme ubiquitously present throughout the bacterial kingdom, with a central role in DNA maintenance and chromosome metabolism in the cell: it is essential for initiation and elongation of DNA replication, and for chromosome segregation [1,2]. These cellular processes are dependent on the ... | 17009874 | PMC1584274 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e152 |
Introduction
In eukaryotes, DNA and histones are assembled into nucleosomes, which present a daunting barrier to the transcriptional apparatus. The transcriptional machinery uses several approaches to augment or disrupt the repressive activity of chromatin, one of which is the exchange of canonical histones for histone... | 17009877 | PMC1584275 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e161 |
Introduction
Interest in adult stem cells has intensified since 2002, due to renewed hope for their application to regenerative medicine [1–8]. The adult hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), a paradigm for understanding the mechanisms that regulate stem cell generation and regulation, resides primarily in a quiescent state i... | 17009876 | PMC1584276 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e159 |
What is it about Cambridge that so delights me? Could it be the soothing rhythm of punts and poles upon the Cam? The fan vaulting of King's chapel, rendered even more breathtaking by the dappling of light through stained glass? The rickety Dutch bikes spilling into narrow streets as residents sensibly eschew motor powe... | 17009878 | PMC1584278 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:58 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e162 |
Last summer, the Student Council of the International Society for Computational Biology prompted an Editorial, “Ten Simple Rules for Getting Published” [1]. The interest in that piece (it has been downloaded 14,880 times thus far) prompted “Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Grant” [2]. With this third contribution, the “T... | 17009861 | PMC1584310 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e110 |
Introduction
Protein tertiary and quaternary structures often provide a deep insight into a protein's function and its underlying mechanism. Though the number of available structures is growing rapidly, including multidomain proteins and protein complexes, solving large protein structures is still challenging. If the s... | 17009862 | PMC1584320 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e124 |
Introduction
Bacillus thuringiensis is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium which produced parasporal crystals during sporulation that are pathogenic to insect and some other organisms [1–8, Figure 1A]. In contrast to lepidopterans feeding on crystals alone, a clear pattern of synergism was demonstrated for lepidop... | 17009863 | PMC1584322 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e128 |
Introduction
Distinguishing orthologues (genes that arose via a speciation event) from paralogues (genes that arose via duplication within a genome) is critical to comparative biology. This is because orthology is the basis by which molecular function in humans can best be inferred from experimental results in model or... | 17009864 | PMC1584324 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:40 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e133 |
Introduction
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to a family of ligand-gated ion channels that bind neurotransmitter molecules [1,2], and mediate fast signal transmission at synapses throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are pentamers formed from either a single type of subunit or fr... | 17009865 | PMC1584325 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:25 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Sep 29; 2(9):e134 |
Background
Can health professionals postpone mortality in old age with preventive home visits? According to this Swedish trial the answer is yes. All over the world the number of elderly people is increasing. In 2002 the world had approximately 440 million people aged 65 years and over (7,1%). During the coming 25 year... | 16945128 | PMC1584405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 31; 6:220 |
Background
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the main cause of mortality in Romania, followed by cancer [1]. Unlike Western Europe, the mortality from CVD has increased steadily since the 1960s [2]. The mortality rates from cancer have almost doubled in Romania over the past two decades. The deterioration in heal... | 16948839 | PMC1584406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 1; 6:222 |
Background
Lack of physical activity is now recognized as a major challenge for public health due to its association with several chronic diseases and consequent premature mortality [1-6]. The World Health Organization has included physical activity in the health agenda by creating the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical... | 16956396 | PMC1584407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 6; 6:224 |
Background
Intestinal parasitic infections are still a serious public health problem in the world, particularly in developing countries [1-4]. These infections are the result of inter-related social, economic, cultural, historical, and political factors [5] Control strategies involving improved drinking water supplies,... | 16956417 | PMC1584408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 6; 6:225 |
Background
Vitamin D plays a central role in bone metabolism and maintaining bone health, and is important for muscle functioning [1]. The long-term effects of vitamin D inadequacy on calcium homeostasis have been associated with the development of chronic bone disorders, such as osteoporosis [1,2]. Despite this, there... | 16956420 | PMC1584409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 7; 6:226 |
Background
Because of different lifestyle and dietary patterns, the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in China was substantially higher than in Western countries in the past [1,2]. With economic reform there has been a great improvement of the SES in China, especially in gross national product, household income and ... | 16961936 | PMC1584410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 11; 6:227 |
Introduction
Lung carcinomas are the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States and worldwide in both men and women. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer cases, with 65% of these patients presenting with unresectable stage III and IV disease [1]. Chemotherapy for adv... | 17020408 | PMC1584412 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 3; 3(10):e420 |
Introduction
In response to the 2004–2005 influenza vaccine shortage, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) restricted vaccines to those most at risk for hospitalization and death — healthy infants, elderly individuals, and individuals with chronic illnesses. This strategy may be limited by... | 17020406 | PMC1584413 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 3; 3(10):e387 |
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) has arguably killed more human beings than any other disease throughout history. Into the 21st century it is still one of the leading infectious causes of death, killing at least 2 million people every year [1,2]. In 1993, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB a global emergency... | 17020405 | PMC1584414 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 3; 3(10):e384 |
Introduction
An increasing number of common gene variants (minor allele frequency > 5%) reproducibly associate with polygenic disease. With some exceptions, such as complement factor H variation and age-related macular degeneration [1–3], these variants only mildly predispose to disease, with allelic ORs generally belo... | 17020404 | PMC1584415 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 3; 3(10):e374 |
Introduction
Interallelic complementation is defined as the ability of two differentially mutated alleles to function better together than either can on its own. Despite its near universality in lower organisms [1], its potential to contribute to clinical heterogeneity in human disease is seldom considered. Evidence of... | 17020410 | PMC1584416 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:56 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 3; 4(10):e322 |
To complete its life cycle, it is not enough for HIV-1, the virus responsible for AIDS, to get inside a cell. It must also integrate into the host cell’s DNA. In a dividing cell, the virus can get access to the cell’s DNA when the nuclear envelope dissolves during mitosis. But in cells that do not divide, such as the m... | 20076483 | PMC1584417 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 3; 4(10):e364 |
Rare inherited disorders have long provided a unique window on the genetic basis of disease. Individuals inherit two copies of a gene; one from each parent. In a recessive disorder, if one copy is defective (a mutant allele), the alternate copy is usually sufficient to maintain normal function of the encoded protein. I... | 20076476 | PMC1584418 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 3; 4(10):e347 |
Introduction
HIV-1 infects cells of the immune system expressing CD4, in particular T helper lymphocytes and macrophages [1]. Studies on the acute phase of SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) and HIV infection in primate models and in patients have indicated that infection of mucosal resting CD4+ memory T cells and mac... | 17020411 | PMC1584419 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 3; 4(10):e332 |
Background
The Internet has been increasingly utilized in biomedical research. From online searching for literature to data sharing, the Internet has emerged as a primary means of research for many physicians and scientists. More recently, Web-based surveys have been employed as an alternative to traditional, paper-bas... | 16978409 | PMC1586000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Sep 15; 6:34 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Yoav Gilad (nominated by Doron Lancet), Sach Mukherjee (nominated by Sandrine Dudoit) and Amir Niknejad and Shmuel Friedland (nominated by Neil Smalheiser). For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
DNA microarrays provide large quantities of data for t... | 16959036 | PMC1586001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Sep 7; 1:27 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Daniel Wilson (nominated by Eugene Koonin), Warren Tate (nominated by Eugene Koonin), Yoshikazu Nakamura (nominated by Eugene Koonin) and Eugene Koonin. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
The synthesis of all mRNA-encoded proteins is performed by... | 16970810 | PMC1586002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Sep 13; 1:28 |
Background
Novel high-throughput techniques of molecular biology are capable of producing in vivo time series data that are relatively high in quantity and quality. These data implicitly contain enormous information about the biological system they describe, such as their functional connectivity and regulation. The hid... | 16854227 | PMC1586003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Jul 19; 3:25 |
Background
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS which has influence on physiological, behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, mediated through receptors on the cell surface. Five different dopamine receptor subtypes have been cloned and characterized. They belong to the super-family of G pro... | 16978403 | PMC1586004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:08 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2006 Sep 15; 6:11 |
Background
Palawan province, with a total area of almost 1.5 million square hectares, has historically been one of the least populated islands in the Philippine archipelago due to endemic malaria and its historical function as the site of a leper community and a penal colony [1]. By the early Twentieth Century however,... | 16959026 | PMC1586005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Sep 7; 2:36 |
Background
Persistent trends in overweight and obesity among adults and children in the United States have alarmed health care clinicians and public health practitioners. This heightened concern has yielded a rapid research effort focused strongly on the built environment, physical activity, and overweight. While much ... | 16981988 | PMC1586006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Sep 18; 5:25 |
Background
In swine, the rate of pubertal development and successful pregnancy in gilts affects the efficient management of breeding females. Selection for growth rate and leanness in modern commercial pigs has resulted in a delay in the onset of puberty [1]. Age at puberty and weaning to estrus interval (WEI) are posi... | 16970816 | PMC1586007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Sep 13; 2:28 |
Background
Patients who have received prosthetic heart valves are usually followed by clinical evaluation and basal echocardiographic examinations [1,2]. Patients who receive a small aortic valve prosthesis may remain asymptomatic following surgery and Doppler echocardiography may show normal or mild elevated transvalv... | 16984626 | PMC1586008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Sep 19; 1:27 |
Background
Progesterone (P) together with estrogen provides the basis for the cyclic changes in the uterine tissues during the estrous cycle. Stromal-epithelial interactions have been shown to be critical in the regulation of epithelial cells by estradiol (E2) and P [1]. The actions of E2 and P are primarily mediated v... | 16965620 | PMC1586009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Sep 11; 4:47 |
Background
The gold standard for staging and preliminary treatment of endometrial cancer (EC) is surgical [1]. Surgery consists of laparotomy, peritoneal washings, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and pelvic lymphadenectomy or sampling. The role of lymphadenectomy has been dependant on histology, radiolog... | 16968556 | PMC1586010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 13; 3:28 |
Disease name and synonyms
Plummer-Vinson syndrome, PVS
Paterson-Kelly syndrome
Paterson-Brown Kelly syndrome
Sideropenic dysphagia
Definition
Plummer-Vinson syndrome is defined by the classic triad of dysphagia, iron-deficiency anemia and esophageal webs. Even though the syndrome is very rare nowadays, its recognit... | 16978405 | PMC1586011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 1:36 |
Disease name
Retinoblastoma.
Definition
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye tumor of childhood that arises in the retina and represents the most common intraocular malignancy of infancy and childhood [1]. It may occur at any age but most often it occurs in younger children, usually before the age of two years.
Epidemiology
... | 16934146 | PMC1586012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Aug 25; 1:31 |
Background
Remodelling of the airway wall is a feature of chronic asthma and is characterized by a number of structural changes including, but not limited to, increased mass of contractile airway smooth muscle (ASM) [1], and fibrosis resulting from the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) [2,3]. ASM is a... | 16968549 | PMC1586013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Sep 12; 7(1):117 |
Background
It has been estimated that 34 million individuals in highland areas of East Africa are at risk for malaria [1] and malaria in these highland areas has been responsible for numerous deaths [2]. However, the levels of variation in malaria risk within these highland areas are not well described and only a few s... | 16970824 | PMC1586014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 Sep 13; 5:78 |
Background
The likelihood of exposure to bloodborne pathogens is a multifactoral process primarily dependent on the risk behaviours an individual practices and the likelihood that a susceptible individual will come into contact with an infected individual (thus increasing or decreasing the risk actually associated with... | 16970811 | PMC1586015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 13; 6:229 |
Background
Incidence of STD has recently dramatically increased in China. According to the national system of STD surveillance, from 1990–1998, the incidence of the eight STDs increased 3.7 times [1], and in 2004 gonorrhea and syphilis incidence ranked 4th and 5th among 27 notifiable infectious diseases, respectively [... | 16981985 | PMC1586016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 18; 6:232 |
Background
The findings of current epidemiological research show, that a few largely preventable risk factors account for most of the world's disease burden. Chronic diseases – including cardiovascular conditions, obesity, diabetes, stroke, cancers and respiratory diseases – account for 59% of the 57 million deaths ann... | 16981990 | PMC1586017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 18; 6:233 |
Background
The genome of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) consists of 5' and 3' untranslated regions that flank a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding structural and non-structural proteins [1] The structural proteins of HCV include the capsid (core) protein and two envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2). Around 80% of infected... | 16948845 | PMC1586018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 1; 3:67 |
Background
To extract biologically meaningful information from a large amount of gene expression data and genomic information is one of the most challenging tasks in the post Human Genome Project era [1-3]. Since transcriptional processes are regulated combinatorially by multiple regulatory elements, computational mode... | 16942615 | PMC1586019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 30; 7:221 |
Background
Comparison of gene families from different plants provides insights into gene functions that have evolved from common ancestral genes in order to meet unique requirements of each species. The availability of the complete genome sequences of two plants, the small flowering dicot, Arabidopsis thaliana [1], and... | 16784536 | PMC1586020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jun 19; 7:158 |
Background
Vasectomy success is usually assumed when one or two post-vasectomy semen analyses show azoospermia or when only very rare non-motile sperm are observed, otherwise failure of adequate vas occlusion is implied[1]. Failure can be attributed to surgical errors such as cutting a structure other than the vas, rep... | 16984640 | PMC1586021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Sep 19; 6:25 |
Background
Relative quantification for real-time RT-PCR requires the use of a reference gene for normalization [1]. An "ideal" reference gene should be expressed at similar levels in different cell types and under various treatment conditions. Many commonly used reference genes or "housekeeping" genes do not always pos... | 16978418 | PMC1586022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:27 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Sep 17; 7:29 |
Background
A recent paper concluded that "statistical practice is generally poor, even in the most renowned scientific journals" [1]. The paper prompted significant attention in the popular press, and serious concern within the scientific community [2-7]. It led the editors of Nature Medicine to review their statistica... | 16970820 | PMC1586023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Sep 13; 6:45 |
Background
Shared decision-making (SDM) is defined as a decision making process jointly shared by patients and their health care providers[1]. It aims at helping patients play an active role in decisions concerning their health[2], which is the ultimate goal of patient-centered care[3]. Shared decision-making rests on ... | 16899124 | PMC1586024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Aug 9; 1:16 |
Background
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major public problem, frequently associated with devastating functional and cosmetic consequences for patients. More than 500,000 new cases are estimated to occur worldwide every year [1] and two thirds of patients present with locally advanced lesions and/o... | 16978399 | PMC1586025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Sep 15; 6:224 |
Background
Approximately 5–10% of breast and ovarian cancer cases are hereditary, occurring mainly in women with germ-line mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes [1-4]. Although earlier estimates suggested that BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were responsible for 75% of breast cancer families [4-7] recent population-based stu... | 16764716 | PMC1586026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Jun 9; 6:156 |
Background
Affymetrix GeneChips are one of the most widely used commercially available oligonucleotide arrays. They have gained widespread popularity for a number of reasons, among which are their high degree of standardization of the production process and their ability to interrogate tens of thousands of genes simult... | 16857053 | PMC1586027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 20; 7:353 |
Background
With the genome sequences of many organisms completed, revealing the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression is the important aspect of genomics [1]. Recent innovative technologies such as microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with chip (ChIP – CHIP), and the whole genome sequencing of many ... | 16817975 | PMC1586028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 4; 7:330 |
Introduction
The rate of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation has gone up as primary and secondary prevention trials have relatively consistently shown significant improvement in mortality and morbidity. Most patients with ICDs are followed routinely at intervals ranging from 3 to 6 months. Many pa... | 17031410 | PMC1586158 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Oct 1; 6(4):186-188 |
Introduction
Where are we now in catheter ablation and resynchronisation therapy?
Catheter based ablation of cardiac arrhythmias has advanced significantly since its inception, with progress both in the technology, as well as in our understanding of both simple and complex arrhythmias. Newer approaches to ablation such... | 17031421 | PMC1586159 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Oct 1; 6(4):202-213 |
Introduction
Implantable rhythm device (IRD) is the generic name for the group of implantable devices used for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias like cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Since these devices have complex microelectronic circuitry and use electromagnetic waves for communication ... | 17031411 | PMC1586160 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Oct 1; 6(4):226-233 |
Case Presentation
A 21-year old man with history of 8 year palpitation was referred for electrophysiologic study and possible radiofrequency ablation. Physical examination and transthoracic echocardiographic study did not disclose any abnormality. Baseline ECG showed normal sinus rhythm with normal PR and QRS intervals... | 17031412 | PMC1586161 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Oct 1; 6(4):244-248 |
Case Presentation
A 25 year old man underwent electrophysiology study for recurrent symptomatic paroxysmal palpitations. There were no documented episodes of supraventricular tachycardia on surface ECG. Delta waves were absent on baseline ECG.
A decapolar catheter was placed in the coronary sinus with the distal and ... | 17031413 | PMC1586162 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Oct 1; 6(4):242-243 |
Introduction
The modalities of synchronous atrioventricular (AV) pacing in patients with symptomatic AV Block include VDD mode of pacing, besides the DDD mode which is accepted as a gold standard modality. Technical difficulties in placing atrial lead, higher cost of the procedure due to need for second (atrial) lead a... | 17031414 | PMC1586163 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Oct 1; 6(4):189-193 |
Introduction
Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest depends on a sequence of events termed "the chain of survival" [1-3], which involves rapid access to emergency medical care, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation, and advanced care [3]. Several studies have shown that rapid defibrillation after a... | 17031415 | PMC1586164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Oct 1; 6(4):194-201 |
Introduction
Microvolt T-wave alternans (MTWA) represents the phenomenon of alteration in the shape and/or amplitude of the T wave on an every other beat basis in the microvolt (invisible to the naked eye) range. MTWA predisposes towards malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias in various experimental conditions and clin... | 17031416 | PMC1586165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Oct 1; 6(4):214-225 |
Introduction
The Maze procedure was for a long time accepted as the 'gold standard' for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a selected group of patients [1]. Although the Maze procedure cured AF in most of the patients (approximately 90%) the technique did not find widespread application due to its co... | 17031417 | PMC1586166 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2006 Oct 1; 6(4):234-241 |
Disease name/synonyms
CHARGE (Coloboma, Heart defect, Atresia choanae, Retarded growth and development, Genital hypoplasia, Ear anomalies/deafness) syndrome;
CHARGE association;
Hall-Hittner syndrome.
Definition
The CHARGE association was first described in 1979 by Hall et al., in 17 children with multiple congenita... | 16959034 | PMC1586184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Sep 7; 1:34 |
Background
Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia are widely and successfully used to alleviate perioperative pain. The technique claims to offer many advantages, such as improved cardio-pulmonary function, less intraoperative anaesthetic, improved postoperative gut function, early tracheal extubation, and better mobilisat... | 16968537 | PMC1586186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Sep 12; 6:10 |
Background
Stroke is a frequent cause of death in the developed world with a prevalence of 1–5% in the general population. In Germany, there are about 160,000 new cases of stroke recorded per year, with an annual cost over 11.7 billion dollars [1,2]. About 15% of all strokes are caused by atherosclerotic stenosis of th... | 16999862 | PMC1586187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Sep 25; 4:16 |
Background
The prevalence of obesity in this country continues to increase at an alarming rate. In fact, recent figures estimate that almost one third of adults in this country can be classified as obese [1]. While obesity remains mostly a prevention and public health issue, it is becoming an everyday part of daily sur... | 16953896 | PMC1586188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Sep 6; 1:27 |
Background
Geographical access to health services is now often measured using car travel time estimates calculated in a geographical information system [1]. In such studies, the GIS is generally used to find the shortest travel time from each population location to each health facility along the road network. This proc... | 16984650 | PMC1586189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Sep 19; 5:40 |
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