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Background
In 2004, the World Health Organization reconfirmed the nitrate standard of 50 mg/l for drinking water which was set to protect against methemoglobinemia. However, some authors [1,2] have questioned the importance of nitrate in drinking water as a risk factor for methemoglobinemia and have suggested that the ... | 16989661 | PMC1586190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Sep 21; 5:26 |
There is no problem more central ethics than the question ''Why should I be moral?'' An influential way of posing this question is to put this in terms of self-interest. Why should I act in a way which is, or seems to me to be, contrary to my own personal interests, even where this may produce benefits, or avoid harm, ... | 16999864 | PMC1586191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Sep 25; 3:11 |
Findings
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a 170 kDa membrane bound efflux pump at the apical membrane of endothelial cells, functions as part of the blood brain barrier (BBB) [1,2] and is also expressed at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (BCSF) barrier, formed by the choroid plexus [3]. The Multi Drug Resistance gene (ABCB1) encod... | 16999857 | PMC1586192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Sep 25; 1:13 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by John Logsdon, Purificación Lopez-García and Eric Bapteste (nominated by Simonetta Gribaldo). For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Correctly placing the root of the evolutionary tree of all life would enable us to deduce rigorously the major charact... | 16834776 | PMC1586193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Jul 11; 1:19 |
Background
Epilepsy is a major public health problem affecting nearly 50 million people worldwide [1]. Treatment with anti epileptic drugs (AEDs) is generally chronic, if not life long and may be associated with significant metabolic effects including decreased bone mass and increased fractures [2,3]. AEDs include a va... | 16956398 | PMC1586194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Sep 6; 3:36 |
Introduction
Patient reported outcomes (PROs) provide the patient's perspective on the effectiveness of treatment, and for many diseases the patient is really the only source of health outcome endpoint data [1-3]. The draft FDA guidance on PROs for labeling and promotional claims raises a number of method and measureme... | 17005038 | PMC1586195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 27; 4:70 |
Background
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the only species of the genus Whispovirus of the family Nimaviridae, is one of most virulent viral disease known in the shrimp farming industry around the world, which also infect most species of crustacean, such as crabs and crayfish [1-3]. Studies have shown that WSSV viri... | 16968527 | PMC1586196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:34 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 12; 3:76 |
Background
Huntington's disease (HD [MIM 143100]) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with an age at neurological onset commonly in midlife. The major clinical features of HD include involuntary choreiform movements, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction [1-3]. The genetic mutation associated with HD ... | 16914060 | PMC1586197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Aug 17; 7:71 |
Background
Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, especially in those with chronic diseases [1]. The 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV) has been available since 1983 and is currently recommended for use in the elderly and high ris... | 16981982 | PMC1586198 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 18; 6:231 |
Background
Asthma is an inflammatory airways disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to a variety of stimuli, including contractile agonists such as histamine and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) [1-4].
Agonist-induced smooth muscle contraction is largely governed by phosphorylation of the 20kDa myosin ligh... | 17002806 | PMC1586199 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Sep 26; 7(1):121 |
Background
The abundance of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human genome sequence offers a way for genetic association studies. Association studies usually involve comparing the allele frequency of a particular SNP in unrelated controls and cases (patients)[1]. A SNP that is observed at a higher incidence i... | 16982009 | PMC1586200 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 19; 7:238 |
Background
Almost every country in the Western world has great difficulties allocating enough financial resources to meet the needs in the care of the increasing elderly population. The main problem is common to all countries and concerns the efforts to meet elderly persons' needs on an individual level while still mai... | 16984634 | PMC1586201 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:36 | no | BMC Geriatr. 2006 Sep 19; 6:14 |
In today's world, the interaction of radiofrequency (RF) and microwave fields has garnered much attention and is increasing in importance in both the public health and medical device communities. The subject is complex and difficult to master as it draws on several sub-areas of study. Until recently, the only means for... | 0 | PMC1586202 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Sep 20; 5:50 |
Background
Choroidal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults, originating within the pigmented cells of the choroid [1]. Management of patients with this neoplasm is complex and remains the subject of much discussion. The treatment modality of choice is predicated in part by the size and location o... | 16965624 | PMC1586203 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Sep 11; 1:36 |
Background
Sepsis syndrome is one of the leading causes of death occurring in more than 1,500,000 patients each year in either Europe or North America with a mortality rate ranging between 35 and 50% [1]. Current theory for pathogenesis is based on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators like tumour necrosis facto... | 16981997 | PMC1586204 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 18; 6:142 |
Background
Measles remains an important cause of childhood mortality, especially in developing countries. In 2000, measles killed 770,000 children worldwide, accounting for nearly half of vaccine preventable deaths [1]. Failure to deliver at least one dose of measles vaccine to all infants remains the primary reason fo... | 16984629 | PMC1586205 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 19; 6:143 |
Background
Anti-aromatase drugs inhibit the cytochrome p-450 component of the aromatase enzyme complex responsible for the final step of estrogen biosynthesis in peripheral tissues. Third-generation aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane) are now considered the gold standard endocrine therapy in t... | 16981992 | PMC1586206 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 18; 3:31 |
Background
"What we call chaos is just patterns we haven't recognized. What we call random is just patterns we can't decipher. What we can't understand we call nonsense. What we can't read we call gibberish"
Chuck Palahniuk
The study of health behavior change, including nutrition and physical activity behaviors, has ... | 16968551 | PMC1586207 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Sep 12; 3:25 |
Introduction
Renal lithiasis can be defined as the consequence of an alteration of the normal crystallization conditions of urine in the urinary tract. In a healthy individual, during the residence time of urine in the urinary tract, crystals either do not form or are so small they are eliminated uneventfully (asymptom... | 16956397 | PMC1586208 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Sep 6; 5:23 |
Background
During mammalian central nervous system (CNS) development, multipotent precursor cells (stem cells) undergo division, cell fate specification, and maturation in response to extrinsic cues. These neural stem cells are characterized by the ability to undergo cell division and to differentiate into multiple cel... | 16987412 | PMC1586209 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Sep 20; 7:64 |
Background
Annually, a total of more than 90.000 surgical thyroid procedures are performed in surgical departments throughout Germany [1]. The prevalence of the endemic goiter in the adult population ranges between 20% and 30% in this iodine deficiency area [2]. Today, thyroid surgery is a highly standardized procedure... | 16948853 | PMC1586210 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Trials. 2006 Sep 1; 7:27 |
Background
Bacteremia is a rare complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and biliary stents. The rate of post-ERCP cholangitis and sepsis ranges from 0.5% to 3.0% [1,2].
Alcaligenes xylosoxidans is a rare cause of bacteremia. This organism, also known as Achromobacter xylosoxidans, is an a... | 16945159 | PMC1586211 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Sep 1; 5:19 |
Background
Dietary supplements and natural health products are increasingly drawing the attention of regulators, researchers, and health professionals due to high levels of consumption in the U.S. and Canada. This systematic review of pharmacists' attitudes, knowledge, and professional practice behaviors with respect t... | 16984649 | PMC1586212 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Sep 19; 6:31 |
Background
Deep penetrating nevus is a distinct variant of melanocytic nevus. It is characterized by its dark pigmentation, occurring mostly on the face, neck, or shoulder, and usually measures less than 1 cm in diameter [1]. Due to its striking histologic similarities with other cutaneous pigmented lesions, it is ofte... | 16999859 | PMC1586213 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Sep 25; 1:31 |
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) "3 × 5 program" has spurred efforts to place 3 million people on combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for treatment of AIDS in resource-limited countries [1,2]. This has been made possible by reduction in price of proprietary ARVs and the introduction of generic versio... | 16907973 | PMC1586214 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Aug 14; 4:33 |
Background
One of the common assertions in expression analysis is that genes sharing a similar pattern of expression are more likely to be involved in the same regulatory processes [1]. This proposition, commonly referred to as 'guilt-by-association', has been exploited by a large number of clustering algorithms, group... | 16911788 | PMC1586215 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 15; 7:380 |
Background
In the field of bioinformatics, research activities are often split into two distinct areas: sequence analysis or structure analysis. Genomic and other sequencing projects generate enormous amounts of sequence data that are initially released with large portions annotated as either putative or hypothetical. ... | 16914055 | PMC1586216 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 16; 7:382 |
Background
An important aspect of the post-genomic era is to understand the biological effects of inherited variations between individuals. For instance, a key problem for the pharmaceutical industry is to understand variations in drug treatment responses among individuals at the molecular level. A single nucleotide po... | 16956412 | PMC1586217 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 6; 7:405 |
Background
Aim
The aim of this review was to critically appraise relevant peer-reviewed reports of original investigations of the efficacy or effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) performed alone and together with other adjunctive physical therapies (eg biofeedback, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones)... | 16805910 | PMC1586224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:40 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Jun 28; 6:11 |
Background
Breastfeeding rates vary in different countries. Little is known about breastfeeding and barriers women experience in the Middle East [1-4]. In addition, information is scant on how organizations can best promote breastfeeding in Jordan, a small economically disadvantaged developing country in southwestern A... | 16995953 | PMC1590005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Sep 23; 1:17 |
Background
Tamoxifen is a non-steroidal, triphenylethylene derivative that is widely used and highly effective as adjuvant therapy for the management of breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor (ER) positive tumors. Originally developed in the 1960s as a contraceptive agent, tamoxifen was later found to stimulate ... | 16970814 | PMC1590006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:40 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Sep 13; 6:14 |
Background
Public-health problems caused by the impact of dogs on humans are both direct and indirect, e.g. environmental pollution, contact injuries, and zoonosis [1]. Dogs are associated with more than 60 zoonotic diseases [2] among which, parasitosis and, in particular, helminthosis, can pose serious public-health c... | 16995934 | PMC1590007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Sep 22; 2:29 |
Background
The Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ) is a Dutch self-report questionnaire designed to assess common psychological symptoms in primary care patients [1]. The 4DSQ's special feature is its ability to distinguish general distress from depression, anxiety and somatization. The aim of this paper is t... | 16925825 | PMC1590008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Aug 22; 6:34 |
Background
Approximately 5–15% of patients in general practice seek advice because of symptoms and signs from the skin [1-3] or suspicion of sexually-transmitted infections. It is therefore very important for medical students to achieve basic knowledge of and skills in the most common and important disorders in dermato... | 16907972 | PMC1590009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:21 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Aug 14; 6:40 |
Background
Challenges with knowledge management for health care professionals
In 1986, Haynes et al. published a series of 6 articles entitled "how to keep up with the medical literature" in an effort to help clinicians with information management, but this challenge has not decreased in last two decades [1-6]. Alper e... | 16822323 | PMC1590010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Nurs. 2006 Jul 6; 5:5 |
Background
Over the past two decades, health outcomes researchers have tried to present convincing evidence to regulatory agencies and healthcare planners that Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) provide a benefit beyond the assessment of clinical outcomes alone. This persistent belief in the added value of patients' rati... | 16995937 | PMC1590011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 22; 4:65 |
Background
There has been a dramatic improvement in long-term survival of childhood cancer patients during the past decades. This is related to new approaches to treatment, centralization of care, improved supportive care, and the development of large international clinical trials. Traditionally, progress in pediatric ... | 16987419 | PMC1590012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 20; 4:63 |
Review
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a pain disorder defined by chronic widespread pain and multiple muscle-tendon junction tender points. Like most chronic illnesses, however, the symptoms of FM extend far beyond the defining criteria. Many patients also report fatigue, disrupted or nonrefreshed sleep, mood disturbances, exerc... | 16999856 | PMC1590013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:07 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 25; 4:67 |
Background
HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells have been widely used as an in vitro model of mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation. The HC11 cell line preserves important features of mammary epithelial cell lactogenic differentiation; it was clonally derived from the COMMA-1D cells, a line immortalized from mam... | 16984645 | PMC1590014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Sep 19; 7:34 |
Background
The following setting was introduced by Rash and Gusfield in [1]: Given a set V of n strings v1,...,vn (representing the genomes of n known viruses), and an extra string s (representing a virus in V, but not yet classified), we aim at recognizing s as one of the known viruses through an hybridization experim... | 16895600 | PMC1590015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Aug 8; 1:12 |
Background
In 1926, the physiologist Cecil Murray published a theoretical explanation for the relationship between the radius of an artery immediately upstream from a branch point (parent artery) and the radii of arteries immediately downstream (daughter arteries) [1,2]. In its simplest form, i.e., when an artery of ra... | 16923189 | PMC1590016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Aug 21; 3:31 |
Background
In recent years, the development of novel embryo production technologies including somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has created the potential for the restoration and propagation of valuable genetic lines, and the preservation of endangered species/breeds. Although numerous procedural parameters remain to... | 16899119 | PMC1590017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Aug 9; 6:41 |
Introduction
This study used Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the examination of functional disability in American Indians and Alaska Natives. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have not been used in nursing research "as a tool in the fight against disease"(p. 219) [1]. Mapping and spatial analysis have la... | 16948854 | PMC1590018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Sep 1; 5:37 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, causing an estimated 56,808 annual deaths in 2001 [1]. SEER data show that CRC death rates were 20 per 100,000 in 2001 which is substantially higher than the Healthy People 2010 target of 13.9 deaths per 100,00... | 16970813 | PMC1590019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Sep 13; 6:116 |
Background
The evaluation of medical quality and performance has become an integral part of health care systems. Hundreds of indicators have been developed to assess the quality and performances of health facilities and health systems and to make inter-hospital comparisons. Cesarean section (c-section) rate is one of t... | 16911770 | PMC1590020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 15; 6:100 |
Background
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a chronic illness that is best managed when positive health behaviors become integrated into long-term lifestyle habits [1]. Secondary prevention of CHD involves risk factor reduction through control of health behaviors such as diet, physical activity, smoking and medication a... | 16889670 | PMC1590021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Aug 6; 6:95 |
Background
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprises primarily Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) which are characterized by recurrent inflammatory attacks associated with tissue destruction [1,2]. The etiology of these diseases is multifactorial and genetic or infectious factors have been postulated to... | 16984651 | PMC1590022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Sep 19; 6:81 |
Background
Bacterial plasmids are extrachromosomal, non-essential DNA elements, which can replicate autonomously [1,2]. Most plasmids are smaller than bacterial chromosomes and some plasmids have the capacity to move between different host species, leading to intra- and inter-specific gene transfer [3,4].
The co-exist... | 16981998 | PMC1590023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Sep 18; 6:80 |
Background
Since its discovery in 1989, hepatitis C virus (HCV) has represented a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. The most recent WHO estimate of the prevalence of HCV infection is 2%, representing 123 million people. HCV is the leading cause of liver transplantation in developed countries, and the most... | 16999861 | PMC1590024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 25; 6:237 |
Background
Between 1997 and 2002 the incidence of active TB increased in most low and middle income countries [1]. This occurred despite the availability of adequate tools for diagnosis and treatment, and an effective TB control strategy – which has been labelled DOTS. This strategy, originally developed in sub-Saharan... | 16911786 | PMC1590025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Aug 15; 6:209 |
Background
Corynebacterium glutamicum is a non-sporulating soil bacterium, belonging to the high G+C Gram-positive Actinobacteria. The bacterium, originally isolated as a natural glutamic acid excreter, is nowadays widely used as an industrial relevant producer of several L-amino acids and vitamins [1,2]. The common me... | 16901339 | PMC1590026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 10; 7:205 |
Background
Transcription factors (TFs) play a decisive role in regulatory gene networks. By interacting with specific DNA-binding elements (TF binding sites) transcriptional activation of targeted genes can be initiated. The expression and/or activity of TFs may be regulated in a cell type- or tissue-specific or in a c... | 16934159 | PMC1590027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 26; 7:217 |
Background
The precision and correctness of intron removal during pre-mRNA splicing rely on the recognition of several discrete elements some of which, as the splicing donor and acceptor sites, are mostly invariant. However, many other loosely defined cis-acting elements such as the polypyrimidine tract, the branch sit... | 16995940 | PMC1590028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 22; 7:243 |
Background
DNA microarrays are often used to identify genes that are differentially expressed among different predefined classes of samples. In a two-color microarray system both RNA samples are separately labeled with different colors, mixed, and hybridized together to an array. The ratio of the two-color signal inten... | 16968534 | PMC1590029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 12; 7:232 |
Background
Genome-wide profiling has enabled researchers to organize the regulatory interactions of many organisms into global networks detailing connections between genes. To date most research has focused on describing the overall pattern formed by these connections, typically finding them to follow a power-law distr... | 16982007 | PMC1590030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 18; 7:237 |
Background
Macrophages (mφ) play a key role in the immune system, acting as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Mφ are sentinel cells that instigate the removal of invading pathogens, either by phagocytosis or by signalling to other components of the immune system. These signals include the relea... | 16948847 | PMC1590031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 1; 7:224 |
Background
Rice is the world's most important agronomic plant. In Asia, home to 70% of the world's poor, rice provides up to two-thirds of the population's daily caloric intake and as much as 60% of the daily protein intake [1]. Efforts to improve our understanding of rice genetics, thereby improving the breeding and c... | 16895597 | PMC1590032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Aug 8; 7:199 |
Background
The tremendous flow of information generated by large scale genome-sequencing provided, as far as the prokaryotic world is concerned, the complete DNA sequence of over 200 bacterial strains, and more are becoming available every month. Most annotation work has been directed to the assessment of the protein r... | 16820051 | PMC1590033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 4; 7:170 |
Background
Transcription factor proteins regulate genes by binding DNA sequences at the promoters of the target genes. Typically, each transcription factor (TF) is able to recognize a set of similar sequences, centred around a consensus sequence [1-11]. The binding probability is generally believed to be higher the mor... | 16984633 | PMC1590034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 19; 7:239 |
Background
The metazoan mitochondrial genome is a circular double stranded DNA molecule of about 12–20 kb length. Due to the important role of mitochondria for cell metabolism its gene content is highly conserved and typically contains the same 37 genes: 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal genes and 22 transfer RNA ... | 16987408 | PMC1590035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 20; 7:241 |
It is widely recognised that the huge population sizes of many Asian countries mean that although national HIV prevalence levels are still very low, very large absolute numbers of people are being infected each year with HIV [1]. Urgent responses are required; the effective responses by countries such as Thailand and C... | 17020409 | PMC1590036 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 3; 3(10):e426 |
Postnatal depression (PND) occurs in 10 to 15 percent of mothers [1] and is therefore the commonest complication of childbearing. The morbidity of PND for the mother and its potentially negative associations with neonatal and child development and on other family members are well established [2–4]. In theory, the anten... | 17020407 | PMC1590037 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 3; 3(10):e389 |
Background
Cellular biological processes are governed by several interconnected signaling pathways that allow fine tuning of proliferation, growth arrest, differentiation, and death. Central to this integrated control is a hierachy of regulatory circuitry that likely requires the interplay of multi-protein complexes. M... | 16895594 | PMC1590038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2006 Aug 8; 4:6 |
Background
Two to three million pilgrims gather in Makkah annually in the twelfth month of the lunar Islamic year to perform Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam. During the Rift Valley fever epidemic that occurred in southwestern Saudi Arabia in 2000–2001, a total of 886 cases were reported with 13.9% mortality rate [1]. T... | 16934152 | PMC1590039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:21 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 25; 6:135 |
Background
A mouse model of urogenital chlamydial infection has been established for the study of immunity [1,2] and pathogenesis [3-7] to chlamydial infections. While in-roads have been made into understanding protective immunity in this model, much less is known about the factors associated with pathogenesis leading ... | 16995947 | PMC1590040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:20 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 22; 6:144 |
pmcBackground
Exposure to the ultraviolet component of sunlight causes DNA damage in cells. After irradiation with 254 nm UV-C, this damage is predominantly cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6–4 photoproducts (6-4PPs) [1,2]. If allowed to persist in the genome, these alterations can cause the blockage of DNA re... | 16970815 | PMC1590041 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:41 | no | Saline Syst. 2006 Sep 13; 2:11 |
Background
Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Sudan resulting in an estimated 7.5 million cases and 35,000 deaths annually [1]. Possible contributing factors leading to this grave situation include floods, draught, famine, widely extended irrigated schemes without enough consideration to health co... | 16879742 | PMC1590042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Jul 31; 5:65 |
Background
Under normal circumstances, erythropoietin is produced in the kidney along with a variety of other substances like renin and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol. Paraneoplastic syndromes such as hypertension, anemia, pyrexia and hypercalcemia are described in up to 20% of patients with renal cell carcinomas, and m... | 16995951 | PMC1590043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Sep 23; 6:26 |
Background
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Europe and North America [1]. The overall incidence of myocardial infarction is around 1 to 3 cases per 1,000 person-years [1,2]. However, a given person's risk for myocardial infarction varies significantly with a number of factors in... | 16987411 | PMC1590044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Sep 20; 4:22 |
Background
Tissue oxygenation and maintenance of microvascular blood flow in grafted tissues are crucial for flap viability. Early identification of flap failure is a precondition of flap salvage and therefore important for flap prognosis [1]. Although many technical developments of free flap monitoring have now reache... | 17010191 | PMC1590045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2006 Sep 29; 6:14 |
Background
The International Society of Medical Editors emphasises the importance of effective reporting in medical literature [1,2]. However, previous studies have identified poor quality of reporting of study methodology in the orthopaedic literature [3,4].
Since January 2003, all clinical scientific articles publis... | 16965628 | PMC1590046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Sep 11; 6:44 |
Background
A significant number of women present with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) despite efforts to promote public awareness. The use of Primary chemotherapy (PC) was initially introduced in patients with LABC, and was first reported in 1978 as part of a multidisciplinary approach [1]. Many studies have subs... | 16953875 | PMC1590047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Sep 5; 6:220 |
Background
The continuing HIV/AIDS epidemic highlights the need for additional effective methods of prevention. Such methods include the development of topically applied microbicides designed to prevent vaginal HIV-1 transmission. Large-scale efficacy trials for five products, involving tens of thousands of women and t... | 16882346 | PMC1590048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Aug 1; 3:46 |
Background
The first identified human retrovirus, Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) [1], was initially associated with Adult T-cell Leukaemia/Lymphoma[2] before becoming causally associated with a chronic inflammatory myelopathy (HTLV-I associated myelopathy, HAM)[3,4] in a minority of carriers. In Japan ... | 16984654 | PMC1590049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Sep 19; 3:63 |
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is mainly characterized by inflammation of the synovial tissue (ST), leading to cartilage and bone destruction. Influx of different inflammatory cells into the ST and enhanced production of cytokines and chemokines are all well known features of ... | 16984635 | PMC1590050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Sep 19; 7:23 |
Background
Understanding and optimizing the management of hypertension is complicated by the lability of blood pressure, the sources of which include (a) white-coat effects, (b) variable exposure to prescribed antihypertensive drug(s), created by patients' variable but infrequently measured compliance with prescribed d... | 16942618 | PMC1590051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Aug 30; 6:36 |
Background
Since the work of Rosenberg and Kline[1], von Hippel[2], Jaffe[3,4], Trajtenberg[5], and others, economists have abandoned the linear model of innovation which pictured a direct flow of innovation leading from scientific discovery to product development, ending with market introduction of new products. The l... | 16925816 | PMC1590052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:35 | no | J Biomed Discov Collab. 2006 Aug 22; 1:11 |
Background
There are over 80 autoimmune diseases known or thought to be autoimmune in nature and, as a group, autoimmune diseases affect approximately 20% of the population. Multiple mechanisms of autoimmunity induction have been proposed including, among the others, molecular mimicry [1], viral epitope delivery [2], g... | 16925820 | PMC1590053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Aug 22; 4:37 |
Background
The primary purpose of this paper is to introduce two new external indices for measuring the performance of a clustering algorithm for the specific purpose of grouping genes using their expression profiles.
Clustering of genes on the basis of expression profiles is a frequently, if not always, performed ope... | 16945146 | PMC1590054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 31; 7:397 |
Background
A number of α-helical transmembrane (TM) proteins organize themselves in supramolecular assemblies, which constitute the functional units (i.e. biological units) of ion/water channels, electron or proton transfer proteins as well as transporters [1]. Also the 7-TM bacteriorhodopsin (BRD) forms trimers, which... | 16836758 | PMC1590055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Jul 12; 7:340 |
Background
In ecotoxicology, proteomics has been increasingly applied for the screening of protein expression changes caused by pollutants [1-10]. Proteomic profiles are generally altered upon stress and hence should also be distinctive of certain types of toxic exposure [2]. 2-DE is still the prevailing tool for prote... | 16970821 | PMC1592071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Sep 13; 4:17 |
Background
Community hospitals are situated where they are for many reasons. Some facilities were built to serve large local populations; others were intended to provide regional coverage across less populated areas. The precise settings of these hospitals were dictated by diverse factors of geographical and historical... | 16995948 | PMC1592072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Sep 22; 5:42 |
Background
Peritonitis can be defined in a variety of ways. Primary peritonitis is an infection of the peritoneal cavity usually occurring in patients with preexisting ascites that is not related to diseases of the abdominal or retroperitoneal viscera. Secondary peritonitis, the most common form of peritonitis, can occ... | 16953882 | PMC1592073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Sep 5; 1:25 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Frank Eisenhaber, Arcady Mushegian and Sandor Pongor. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Comparative genomics has revealed several similarities as well as differences between signaling systems of prokaryotes and eukaryotes [1,2]. At the core of t... | 16953892 | PMC1592074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Sep 5; 1:25 |
Background
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is estimated to affect over 38,000 Americans annually and account for over 12,000 deaths [1]. It is often diagnosed in advanced stages, with varied sites of metastases. Due to uniform resistance to most cytotoxic chemotherapy agents [2], patients with metastatic RCC typically have ... | 17002808 | PMC1592075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 26; 4:68 |
Background
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) primarily affects the airway and lung parenchyma while it also induces clinically important systemic consequences. For an appropriate diagnosis and follow up a multidimensional evaluation of the disease is required including: degree of airway obstruction, lung hyp... | 17007639 | PMC1592076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 28; 4:72 |
Review
Lowering of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) is clearly efficacious in the treatment and prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) [1-8]. However, despite increasing use of statins, a significant number of coronary events still ... | 17002798 | PMC1592077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Sep 26; 5:20 |
Background
Diabetic patients form a major subgroup of patients undergoing cardiovascular interventional procedures. Compared to non-diabetics, diabetics show a higher incidence of vein graft neointimal hyperplasia along with significantly higher graft failure rates [1]. The reasons underlying this phenomenon are not en... | 16961925 | PMC1592078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Sep 8; 5:18 |
Background
In the 1990s, the greater part of the world's health care policy makers realised the great significance of quality in health care organizations, which led to the initiation of respective actions. For instance, Swedish hospitals started quality-related initiatives back in 1992 [1]. France started its health c... | 16987416 | PMC1592079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Sep 20; 6:120 |
Background
This article compares the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia in seven centres in four European countries: France (with centres in Lille, Lyon, La Verrière and St Etienne), Ireland (Dublin), Portugal (Lisbon) and Spain (Granada), and relates this to social and clinical characteristics of patients ... | 16984637 | PMC1592080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Sep 19; 6:39 |
Background
Inflammatory processes in peripheral tissues lead to central sensitization in the spinal cord, which contributes to hyperalgesia and allodynia typically associated with inflammatory pain. Although evidence suggests that plastic changes in the spinal dorsal horn account for central sensitization, the relative... | 17002803 | PMC1592081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Sep 26; 2:31 |
Background
Although viruses are generally regarded as etiologic agents of disease, they can also be made useful, and the concept of using them as a template to build uniform semiconductor nanostructures seems to be increasingly plausible. Among the crucial issues associated with molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) self-assemb... | 16995944 | PMC1592082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 22; 3:79 |
Background
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious pathogen of chickens that replicates primarily in the respiratory tract and also in some epithelial cells of the gut, kidney and oviduct [1]. IBV is a virus member of genus Coronavirus, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales [2]. The virus posse... | 16987422 | PMC1592083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 20; 3:78 |
Background
CtBP proteins were originally identified as C-terminal binding proteins of type 2/5 adenovirus E1A proteins [1]. They function primarily in the nucleus as transcriptional co-repressors, modulating the activity of a large number of transcriptional repressors via recruitment of chromatin modifiers such as hist... | 16999872 | PMC1592084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Sep 25; 7:35 |
Background
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder having an incidence of 1 in 6,000 to 1 in 10,000 live births [1]. The severity of TSC and its impact on the quality of life are extremely variable among patients [2]. Common clinical manifestations of this disease include intellectual handica... | 16981987 | PMC1592085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Sep 18; 7:72 |
Background
Immunizations have been tremendously successful in the United States, reducing childhood vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) by 98–100% [1,2]. However, this impressive accomplishment does not guarantee future success: immunization coverage must be maintained to avoid resurgence of disease [3]. The immunizati... | 16995946 | PMC1592086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 22; 6:236 |
Background
Musculoskeletal pain in the neck and upper limbs is common; population studies suggest that 6–48% of adults have pain in one of these areas [1-4]. Identifying and acting on modifiable or preventable risk factors for such common painful conditions would significantly improve the health of adult populations. M... | 16984657 | PMC1592087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 19; 6:234 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB), a ubiquitous, highly contagious chronic granulomatous bacterial infection, is still a leading killer of young adults worldwide. TB has returned with a new face and the global scourge of multi-drug resistant TB (MDR TB) is reaching epidemic proportions.
Nearly one-third of the global popul... | 16984627 | PMC1592088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Sep 19; 7(1):118 |
Background
The hallmarks of asthma are variable airflow limitation associated with increased airway responsiveness, airway inflammation, and airway remodeling [1-5]. Ongoing airway inflammation and associated airway remodeling are believed to play a role in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow limi... | 16989666 | PMC1592089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Sep 21; 7(1):120 |
Background
The identification of collections of genes with unique or distinctive patterns of expression across time can enhance the understanding of gene pathways and time-dependent functional or biological processes like maturation. However, the number of collections (groups or clusters) of genes with distinctive patt... | 16970825 | PMC1592090 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 13; 7:233 |
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