text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
The most common short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are natural microbial fermentation products in the gastrointestinal tract. SCFA, including propionic, butyric and valeric acids, each with three, four and five carbons, respectively, contribute to the energy balance of all mammalian species [1,2]. The major sour... | 16972989 | PMC1592091 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 14; 7:234 |
Background
Most animal mitochondrial genomes contain 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNA) necessary for translation of the proteins encoded by the mtDNA [1]. They also possess a major non-coding control region that contains the initial sites for mtDNA replicat... | 16989663 | PMC1592092 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 21; 7:242 |
Background
Transcriptome surveying using microarrays has become an established and widespread technique[1]. Although glass based microarrays and oligonucleotide chips are common in the gene expression profiling (GEP) landscape, Nylon supported microarrays coupled with radioactive detection, either home made [2-9] or fr... | 16987406 | PMC1592093 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 20; 7:240 |
Background
Shortly after returning from the Gulf War in 1991, veterans started to report a range of adverse health symptoms [1]. One of these reported symptoms was pain, primarily of musculo-skeletal origin [2]. Indeed, experience of musculo-skeletal symptoms (including symptoms of pain) became a necessary element in t... | 16987407 | PMC1592094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Sep 20; 7:74 |
Background
Quantitative morphometric methods have long been used to classify organisms. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) or canonical variates analysis (CVA) are often used to support the identification of distinct species, particularly in fossil lineages [1-4] and alternative statistical approaches to the classifi... | 16978414 | PMC1592095 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Sep 15; 3:15 |
Background
To be a student in medical school may be stressful [1-3]. Previous studies have shown relatively high levels of distress, such as symptoms of depression [4,5] and suicidal thoughts [6,7] in medical undergraduates. Less is known about what conditions encourage positive mental health, and a recent review of re... | 16984638 | PMC1592096 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:22 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Sep 19; 6:48 |
Early CGD History
In 1954, at an annual meeting of the Society for Pediatric Research, Janeway and colleagues [1] first reported five cases of children with elevated serum gamma globulin levels that suffered from recurrent infections. At this time, the basis for their susceptibility was not identified. Three years late... | 16989665 | PMC1592097 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:57 | no | Med Immunol. 2006 Sep 21; 5:4 |
Background
The evolutionary relationship for a set of species is conveniently described by a tree in which the leaves correspond to the species, and the internal nodes correspond to speciation events. The true evolutionary tree for a set of species is rarely known, so inferring it from obtainable information is of grea... | 16999860 | PMC1592098 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Sep 25; 1:16 |
Background
Epidemiological findings and studies with animal models reveal that impaired growth in utero and size at birth are critical determinants of the onset of various disease processes later in life [1]. Optimum intrauterine growth depends on several factors including proper nourishment of the developing fetus by ... | 16923192 | PMC1592099 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Aug 21; 4:44 |
Background
Cervical pillar hyperplasia (CPH) is a radiological finding which first made its appearance in the literature less than 30 years ago [1-4]. Its etiology and clinical significance are presently unknown; nevertheless, studies have shown that CPH is a frequently overlooked etiology for the loss of the cervical ... | 16970812 | PMC1592100 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Sep 13; 14:21 |
Background
Malaria, known locally as "tazo" or "tazomoka", is the leading cause of morbidity, mortality and hospital admission in Madagascar. Official data show a reported 2,114,400 cases of suspected malaria in 2003 (18.8% of all outpatient visits). About 740,000 of these cases occurred in children under the age of fi... | 16972985 | PMC1592101 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Sep 14; 5:79 |
Background
Equivalence and non-inferiority randomized controlled trials are the standard research methodology to demonstrate that a new treatment is equivalent or non-inferior to standard therapy (active-control) in term of efficacy. While an equivalence trial would use the 2-sided 95% confidence interval of the differ... | 16987409 | PMC1592102 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Sep 20; 6:46 |
Findings
Despite multiple sexual exposures to HIV-1 virus, some individuals remain HIV-1 seronegative (exposed seronegative, ESN). Although severe factors have been related to HIV-1 infection resistance, the possible genetic mechanisms underlying this resistance presently remain elusive [1,2]. The most investigated gen... | 16999868 | PMC1592103 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Sep 25; 3:22 |
Background
AIDS prevention in southern Africa serves those who can choose their HIV risks. Promoting abstinence [1], male or female condom use [2,3], microbicides [4] or reduced concurrency [5,6] all presume that beneficiaries will be choice-enabled. Male circumcision [7], quintessentially for choice-enabled males, doe... | 16999869 | PMC1592104 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Sep 25; 3:23 |
Background
In Tanzania, the tuberculosis (TB) incidence doubled between 1990 and 2004 [1]. The rate of all forms of the disease is estimated at 524/100,000 and the rate of new sputum smear positive disease is approximately 157/100,000 [1] with Dar es Salaam contributing about 26% of all TB cases [2]. The World Health O... | 16970826 | PMC1592105 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Sep 13; 6:76 |
Background
Virulent mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and M. tuberculosis manipulate host cells to persist within them. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death is essential for the homeostatic regulation of cells, restriction of intracellular pathogens and also for stimulation of the host adaptive immune response. ... | 16978419 | PMC1592106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Sep 18; 6:78 |
Background
In recent years, the analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has become increasingly important to support the clinical diagnosis in patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Various brain-derived proteins have been studied in the CSF to date, such as 14-3-3 proteins, gamma-enolase (neuron-sp... | 16989662 | PMC1592107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Sep 21; 6:35 |
Background
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the commonest and most malignant of the primary central nervous system tumors in the human adult. Mean survival of GBM patients treated with the current standard therapy is approximately one year [1].
Glioblastomas, like other solid tumors, are characterized by changes in th... | 17002787 | PMC1592108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Sep 26; 5:39 |
Background
Coronary heart disease (CHD) affects 13 million Americans and is estimated to have cost the US 142 billion dollars in 2005 [1]. The current primary care delivery model lacks a multidisciplinary infrastructure that is conducive to effective management of multiple CHD risk factors [2]. The growing strain of ch... | 17005050 | PMC1592109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Sep 27; 1:21 |
Background
Gliomas are a type of primary brain tumor that display an extensive invasive behavior, but do not metastasize. The growth and invasiveness into the surrounding normal brain tissue makes gliomas a major challenge for clinical intervention [1-3]. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in tumor g... | 16995949 | PMC1592110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Sep 23; 6:226 |
Background
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rarely reported in the West but occurs in high frequencies in Southern China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia [1,2]. In Malaysia for the year 2003, NPC was the second major cause of cancer mortality among males and ranked twelfth among females. The frequencies NPC ... | 16995954 | PMC1592111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Sep 24; 6:227 |
Background
Cough is one of the most bothersome symptoms of illness, and is the most common cause of outpatient acute care visits in the United States each year [1]. The causes of cough are varied and multi-factorial, ranging from simple upper respiratory infections to pneumonia to chronic conditions such as asthma and ... | 17005042 | PMC1592112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Cough. 2006 Sep 27; 2:7 |
Background
Ferromagnetic nanoparticles have found widespread uses in modern biology and medicine [1-3]. They are used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging [4], localized radio-frequency heating [5] and applying mechanical stress in magnetic tweezers [6]. Applications include functionalized labeling [3] for... | 16953891 | PMC1592113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Sep 5; 4:9 |
Background
Previous research has shown that influences on young peoples' physical activity are multi-factorial. A variety of psychological, social and physical environmental correlates of physical activity for young people have been identified, and social-cognitive models that emphasize intrapersonal, micro-environment... | 16999865 | PMC1592114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Sep 25; 3:32 |
Background
Over the past decade there has been a growing recognition of the role of 'the environment' in influencing health and health behavior. For nutrition and physical activity behaviors, the emergence of the obesity pandemic has brought this issue into sharp focus. Numerous reviews and reports by expert bodies thr... | 16999874 | PMC1592115 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Sep 26; 3:33 |
Background
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics, the rate of cesarean section rose to 29.1% in 2004 in the United States (a > 40% rate increase since 1996) [1]. Because cesarean section has been associated with increased risks of asthma [2-5] and atopy [6-8... | 17002791 | PMC1592116 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:30 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2006 Sep 26; 4:13 |
Background
Retroviruses are surrounded by a lipid envelope acquired by the virus from cellular membranes through a budding process. Anchored in this lipid envelope are the viral envelope glycoproteins (Env), which are heterodimers between a transmembrane subunit (TM) and a covalently or non-covalently attached extracel... | 16978406 | PMC1592117 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Sep 15; 3:62 |
Discussion
HIV-1 infection is characterized by an insidious deterioration of the cellular immune system[1]. Both the quantity and proportion of plasma CD4+ T-cells decrease steadily over a period of years to decades, and this progressive loss of CD4+ T-cells is associated with the development of acquired immunodeficien... | 16961920 | PMC1592118 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Sep 8; 3:60 |
Background
Ambulance services in the United Kingdom (UK) are legally required to attend emergency '999' and general practitioner (GP) calls unless valid treat-and-leave or despatch triage protocols are in place. Previous literature from the UK and North America sometimes refers to 'inappropriate calls'[1,2] which it is... | 16984647 | PMC1592119 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:09 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2006 Sep 19; 6:8 |
Background
The mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO2) is widely used in clinical practice to assess shock states and the physiologic response to resuscitation [1,2]. The central venous oxygen saturation (ScVO2) measurement correlates closely with SVO2 and when necessary can be substituted as a less invasive surrogate to... | 16987417 | PMC1592120 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:09 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2006 Sep 20; 6:9 |
Background
Acute painful red eye is a common presenting complaint. The differential diagnosis is broad and consideration needs to be given to both local and underlying systemic conditions [1].
We report the presenting combination of an acute red eye and new onset back pain, in a well 73-year old lady diagnosed with en... | 16995931 | PMC1592121 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Sep 22; 6:31 |
Background
Noncompaction of ventricular myocardium is recently included in the 2006 classsification of cardiomyopathies as a Genetic Cardiomyopathy [1,2]. Ventricular noncompaction occurs because of a disorder of endomyocardial morphogenesis that results in a failure of trabecular compaction of the developing myocardiu... | 17002802 | PMC1592122 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Sep 26; 4:35 |
Background
Circadian rhythm studies have utilized the onset phases of rhythmic outputs, such as locomotor activities of laboratory rodents [1], temperature, and melatonin secretion [2,3], as markers of the circadian clock. The reliability and consistency of these circadian output markers are essential for an accurate p... | 17005040 | PMC1592123 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Sep 27; 4:12 |
Background
The data provided by cancer registries are vital for public health surveillance, health service planning, evaluation of the impact of interventions on cancer incidence and survival, clinical auditing, and epidemiological research. They also provide information useful for health promotion and genetic counseli... | 17007640 | PMC1592124 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Sep 28; 4:10 |
Background
Skin melanoma is the sixth most common cancer in US with an increasing rate in men [1]. Due to rapidly progressive nature of the disease, aggressive definitive therapy at earliest stage is the best option. Because of associated high morbidity and the scarcity of follow up studies evaluating its survival bene... | 16999866 | PMC1592125 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:38 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Sep 25; 1:32 |
Background
Novel genomic research methods have enabled researchers to perform high-throughput experiments that results in massive amounts of experimental data. Combining data from different experiments allows researchers to validate their results and to gain a better understanding of the biological questions being stud... | 16995941 | PMC1592126 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 22; 7:418 |
Background
A homologous recombination event between two DNA sequences can be either reciprocal or non-reciprocal. In reciprocal recombination, genetic information is transferred or exchanged between two similar DNA sequences. In non-reciprocal recombination, a contiguous region of DNA is replaced by, rather than exchan... | 16978423 | PMC1592127 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 18; 7:412 |
Background
With the exponential growth rate of newly sequenced genomes, comparative genomics methods are increasingly important in providing frameworks of automated functional annotation for newly sequenced genomes. Approaches such as gene context, gene fusion [1-5], domain interactions [6], and phylogenetic profiling ... | 17005048 | PMC1592128 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 27; 7:420 |
It has long been known that mice that are deficient for p53 are prone to develop tumors and die prematurely (Donehower et al., 1992). Even one functional copy of the p53 gene can protect mice dramatically from these cancers, albeit not quite as effectively as two functional copies. Therefore, more p53 activity appeared... | 16968311 | PMC1592233 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Aging Cell. 2006 Oct; 5(5):437-440 |
Introduction
The maize Ac element is 4,565 base pairs (bp) in length and encodes an 807–amino acid transposase that catalyzes Ac/Ds transposition. The Ac/Ds element ends are delineated by complementary 11-bp terminal inverted repeat sequences, while the sub-terminal sequences are distinct from each other [1]. The indiv... | 17029561 | PMC1592236 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 6; 2(10):e164 |
Introduction
Organisms with longer generation-time tend to exhibit slower molecular clock than those with shorter generation-time, an effect known as “generation-time effect” [1–5]. However, the extent (or even the existence) of generation-time effect is of significant debate [3,6,7]. An opposing theory posits that mol... | 17029560 | PMC1592237 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 6; 2(10):e163 |
Introduction
Genes may vary in evolvability for many reasons, including physical susceptibility to mutagenesis. Here we show that a class of genes with distinctive physical features—heat-shock genes—is remarkably prone to mutagenesis by insertion of a specific transposable element (TE), the P element of Drosophila.
TE... | 17029562 | PMC1592238 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 6; 2(10):e165 |
Introduction
Otitis media (OM), inflammation of the middle ear, remains the most common cause of hearing impairment in children [1,2]. Acute episodes of OM in infants and children are most often associated with middle ear infections involving the pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae [3]. Prolon... | 17029558 | PMC1592239 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 6; 2(10):e149 |
Introduction
The first steps toward effective whole genome association experiments were taken with the inception and completion of stages I and II of the International HapMap Project (http://www.hapmap.org [1,2]). This project aimed to produce a minimal set of informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to tag v... | 17029559 | PMC1592240 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 6; 2(10):e150 |
Background
Leukaemias are the most common cancers in childhood. Known causal factors for childhood leukaemias include genetic and familial factors, ionizing radiation, and cancer chemotherapy drugs, but together they account for a tiny proportion of cases. Two major hypotheses from Kinlen [1] and Greaves [2] have sugge... | 16972984 | PMC1592292 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:42 | no | BMC Blood Disord. 2006 Sep 14; 6:5 |
Background
Acute type A aortic dissection is a serious and life-threatening condition that requires prompt diagnosis and surgical treatment. The presenting symptom of chest pain is often erroneously attributed to either myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolus. We describe an exceptionally rare presentation of acute ... | 17007637 | PMC1592293 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Sep 28; 1:29 |
Background
Carcinoma within a long-standing fistula-in-ano is rare[1] and may be defined by specific neoplastic involvement of the fistulous track in the absence of rectal mucosal carcinoma. Such tumours are most frequently well-differentiated and mucinous in type, presenting late because of their insidious slow growin... | 16961916 | PMC1592294 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 8; 3:25 |
Background
The term 'global bioethics' has been bandied about in recent years, although its precise meaning has often been unclear. For some, it has been a call to globalize the concerns of bioethics by focusing more attention on, for example, issues for resource poor countries, public health, or global justice and equ... | 16965631 | PMC1592295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:00 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Sep 11; 7:10 |
Introduction
Over the years, a number of methods aimed at achieving chemoselective acylation of carbohydrates have been developed.[1–3] In addition to the challenges encountered in the selective acylation of compounds incorporating multiple hydroxyl groups, subsequent isomerisations of partially acylated products often... | 16859550 | PMC1592296 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Jul 21; 2:14 |
Background
Over the past decade, technological advancements have resulted in a substantial increase in the number of new molecules under investigation for the treatment of psoriasis. At the same time has come the realization that current efficacy measures have significant limitations in assessing the full therapeutic b... | 16984639 | PMC1592297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2006 Sep 19; 6:8 |
Background
Staphylococci are one of the important causes of human infections but are also found as non-pathogenic microorganisms in human samples [1-5]. The spectrum of S. aureus infections includes toxic shock syndrome [6], food poisoning, meningitis [6,7] as well as dermatological disorders ranging from minor infecti... | 16972997 | PMC1592298 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Sep 14; 5:22 |
Background
HIV-1 reverse transcription is initiated with the extension of the cellular tRNA that is bound to a specific sequence on the viral RNA genome known as the primer-binding site (PBS) [1-3]. The PBS is an 18-nucleotide sequence located near the 5' end of viral RNA that is complementary to the 3' terminal nucleo... | 17002807 | PMC1592299 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Sep 26; 3:80 |
Background
We have previously shown that maternal protein restriction in rats and mice at critical stages of development modulates lifespan of the offspring [1-4]. Using cross-fostering techniques, it was found that exposure to pre-natal maternal protein restriction followed by nursing by a control dam led to rapid 'ca... | 17010194 | PMC1592300 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Sep 29; 7:14 |
Background
Extrapontine myelinolysis presenting with parkinsonism like features may be a challenging clinical syndrome with wide differential including neurodegenerative disease, vascular and metabolic conditions and exposure to toxin (see table 1). We report a case of EPM presenting with extra pyramidal features and f... | 16961933 | PMC1592301 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Sep 10; 6:33 |
Background
Iron is an essential nutrient that facilitates a wide variety of vital biological functions in almost all organisms. The ability of almost all pathogenic bacteria to acquire iron from the host environment is essential to establish infection [1]. Under the physiological conditions the predominant species of f... | 17007644 | PMC1592302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Sep 28; 6:82 |
Background
The use of screening cultures to identify MRSA-colonised patients so that infection control measures can be implemented and prevent transmission to other patients, is well established [1]. Recent guidelines from the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America emphasize the importance of identifying reserv... | 17010192 | PMC1592303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Sep 29; 6:83 |
Background
Host-virus interactions play a dynamic role during replication of all retroviruses including HIV-1 [1]. Understanding these host-virus interactions may facilitate the development of novel anti-HIV-1 strategies and efficient gene therapy vectors. One aspect of this host-virus interplay is the protein-protein ... | 16945155 | PMC1592304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Aug 31; 3:56 |
Background: 'O (Chronic) Pain Miserum'
At least two major hurdles remain in the treatment of chronic pain. The first is that no objective test for pain currently exists. A blood test, genetic marker or psychophysical measure would greatly improve diagnosis of chronic pain. The second is the lack of an "antibiotic equiv... | 16982005 | PMC1592305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Sep 18; 2:30 |
Background
An earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale struck the Niigata-Chuetsu region of Japan at 5.56 P.M. on the 23rd of October, 2004. The earthquake was followed by sustained occurrence of numerous aftershocks, one of which measuring 5.0 occurred even on 28th of December, 2004. The earthquake and the follow... | 16970828 | PMC1592306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Sep 14; 6:230 |
Background
The ATM (Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated) kinase has an essential role in maintaining genomic integrity. It is a key activator of the cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks [1]. Mutations in the ATM gene cause ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) [2], a rare recessive disorder characterized by progressive neuro... | 16914028 | PMC1592307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Aug 16; 6:209 |
Background
The triazole antifungal, voriconazole, was introduced for the treatment of life-threatening fungal infections. The drug, which is available for both oral and intravenous administration, has broad-spectrum activity against pathogenic yeasts, dimorphic fungi and opportunistic moulds [1,2]. As voriconazole has ... | 16981986 | PMC1592308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Sep 18; 6:6 |
Background
Cataract extraction is the most common ophthalmic surgical procedure and posterior capsule opacification (PCO) remains the most common post-operative cause of morbidity[1]. There are many factors known to influence PCO[2] and there is abundant research into prevention and treatment of this condition. Objecti... | 16875500 | PMC1592309 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Aug 23; 6:30 |
Background
Statistical measures of sequence similarity are routinely applied to quantify the results of sequence database searches [1,2]. However, having identified an interesing similarity, it is common practice to quote a value of percentage sequence identity (PID) for the alignment. PIDs may also be used in estimati... | 16984632 | PMC1592310 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 19; 7:415 |
Introduction
Symbiotic microorganisms are universally found in the gut, body cavity, or cells of a wide array of insects. Some obligate symbionts are of a mutualistic nature and contribute to the fitness of their hosts, while other facultative symbionts are rather parasitic and tend to cause negative effects on their h... | 17032065 | PMC1592312 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 10; 4(10):e337 |
Introduction
When incipient species come into secondary contact, natural selection against the production of unfit hybrids may favor the evolution of increased behavioral isolation between them, a process termed reinforcement [1,2]. Serious questions about the reality of reinforcement have been raised [3], but there is... | 17032063 | PMC1592313 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 10; 4(10):e325 |
When water is scarce, plants synthesize a hormone that facilitates conservation by closing stomatal pores on their leaves. Each pore is surrounded by a pair of guard cells that control stomatal aperture in response to various stimuli, including the drought-triggered hormone called abscisic acid (ABA). ABA signaling inc... | 20076480 | PMC1592314 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 10; 4(10):e358 |
During metamorphosis, fruit fly larvae shed the maggot sheath that had confined their life to a tedious creepy-crawl and don legs, wings, and a pair of big, buggy eyes to explore the third dimension and broaden their horizons. A less conspicuous, but just as wondrous transformation also takes place in their brains. The... | 20076489 | PMC1592315 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 10; 4(11):e391 |
Introduction
Stomatal pores in the epidermis of aerial parts of plants facilitate gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Stomatal pores are surrounded by pairs of guard cells that mediate stomatal pore opening and closing. Guard cells respond to diverse stimuli, including blue light, CO2 concentrations, drough... | 17032064 | PMC1592316 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 10; 4(10):e327 |
Introduction
Determining how axon growth is regulated is important, both for our understanding of how the brain is wired during development, and to help devise therapeutic strategies to regenerate damage or diseased neural tissues. The ability of axons to navigate their environment and find their appropriate targets ha... | 17032066 | PMC1592317 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 10; 4(11):e348 |
Hybridization is a constant possibility for two closely related species. Geographic isolation prevents interbreeding in some cases, but when the range of the two overlap, other mechanisms must come into play if they are to remain genetically distinct. Behavioral isolation is one such mechanism. If members of each group... | 20076474 | PMC1592318 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 10; 4(10):e345 |
With some 1 million species and counting, insects may be the most abundant class of animals living today. Their protective exoskeleton, prolific reproductive rate, and wings help their cause, as do the symbiotic bacteria that inhabit their cells, gut, or body cavity. Endocellular symbionts live inside specialized insec... | 20076479 | PMC1592319 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:57 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct 10; 4(10):e357 |
Source/description
The prion protein (PRNP) gene of mammals encodes a prion protein (PrP), which is expressed in many tissues including the brain. Misfolded PrP conformers are responsible for neurodegenerative diseases known as spongiform encephalopathies. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) include bovin... | 16879366 | PMC1592321 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:20 | no | Anim Genet. 2006 Aug; 37(4):425-426 |
Introduction
The neuroretina is composed of several cell layers in which light stimuli are converted into an electric signal by the photoreceptors. This conversion process takes place in the visual pigment of the photoreceptors, which is composed of opsin, a protein component, and 11-cis-retinal, a vitamin A chromophor... | 17032058 | PMC1592340 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 10; 3(10):e347 |
Introduction
Rising drug resistance levels to conventional monotherapy has resulted in strong arguments for a move to combination treatment for all malaria in Africa, especially artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) [1–2]. The relatively high cost of these new medicines compared to current monotherapy represen... | 17032059 | PMC1592341 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 10; 3(10):e373 |
Introduction
Botswana ranks among the countries with the highest HIV prevalence in the world, with an estimated 24% of adults ages 15–49 infected [1]. Prior research in sub-Saharan Africa has demonstrated that alcohol use and abuse are associated with risky sexual behaviors [2–4], sexually transmitted disease prevalenc... | 17032060 | PMC1592342 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 10; 3(10):e392 |
In 2004 the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (“Global Fund”) awarded program grants to Burma (Myanmar) totaling US$98.4 million over five years—recognizing the severity of Burma’s HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) epidemics, and noting that malaria was the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and ... | 17032061 | PMC1592343 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:35 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 10; 3(10):e393 |
Introduction
Secondary metabolism shows an extraordinary variety of chemical structures. One major class of natural products are the polyketides, which include a wide range of pharmaceutically important compounds with antibacterial (e.g., erythromycin), immunosuppressive (e.g., rapamycin), and anticancer (e.g., epothil... | 17029557 | PMC1592344 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 6; 2(10):e132 |
Tremendous strides have been made in treating HIV-1 infection in industrialized countries. Combination therapy with antiretroviral (ARV) drugs suppresses virus replication, delays disease progression, and reduces mortality. In industrialized settings, plasma viral load assays are used in combination with CD4 cell count... | 17032062 | PMC1592347 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 10; 3(10):e417 |
Introduction
How do individual cells organize into multicellular tissues? O'Brien et al. [1] have convincingly argued that the morphogenetic behavior of epithelial cells (ECs) is guided by two distinct elements: an intrinsic differentiation program that drives formation of lumen-enclosing monolayers, and transient de-d... | 17029556 | PMC1592363 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 6; 2(10):e129 |
Background
The aim of this paper is to contribute to our knowledge of the food, flavouring and feed use, both past and present, of plants found throughout the Tyrrhenian part of Basilicata, an area never before fully investigated from this aspect. Some investigation was carried out in Basilicata region, concerning food... | 16959031 | PMC1592457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Sep 7; 2:37 |
Background
The ability to generate and manipulate three-dimensional (3D) images of body parts or tissue sections is extremely useful in determining the extent and penetration of disease or tissue degeneration. Conventional ways of generating such 3D images are Computerized Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography ... | 17014733 | PMC1592472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2006 Oct 3; 6:12 |
Background
The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves both antigen specific mechanisms and the innate immune system, including elements of the acute inflammatory response [1-4]. Since axonal loss is likely to begin at disease onset, the inflammation that accompanies this degeneration may be a persistent co... | 16965627 | PMC1592473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Sep 11; 3:26 |
Modern public health evolved in 19th century Europe under the shadow of utilitarian ideas of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill and retains its utilitarian leanings. However, the impulse to maximize benefit for the highest number of people is counterbalanced by the Kantian threshold of a categorical imperative: "Act o... | 17005041 | PMC1592474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Sep 27; 3:13 |
Background
Prostaglandins are derived from arachidonic acid (AA) in a pathway dependent on the PGHS (EC 1.14.99.1) family of enzymes, which are commonly known as cyclooxygenase (COX), referring to the first step of enzymatic activity. PGHS converts AA to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), the precursor of all prostanoids. The en... | 17007643 | PMC1592475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Sep 28; 3:12 |
Background
Iron overload is caused by an increased absorption of iron over a long period. Iron overload generally occurs as secondary to conditions that require repeated blood transfusions. Haemoglobinopathies such as, thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), and dysfunctional bone marrow conditions such as Myelodysp... | 17007645 | PMC1592476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 28; 4:73 |
Background
Most medical disorders of public health importance have a significant heritable component. This includes cancer, heart disease/stroke and mental health (the three current health priorities in Scotland) [1], as well as a wide range of chronic or currently untreatable causes of ill health. With the current cha... | 17014726 | PMC1592477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Oct 2; 7:74 |
Background
Fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and cholesterol in plasma originate primarily from two sources; dietary intake and that which is synthesized and secreted by hepatocytes. Dietary lipids circulate in the form of chylomicrons which are synthesized by intestinal epithelial cells. They are relatively short lived p... | 16945147 | PMC1592478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Aug 31; 5:23 |
Background
Thrombophilia can be defined as a predisposition to form clots inappropriately. Thrombotic events are increasingly recognized as a significant source of mortality and morbidity [1]. The predisposition to form clots can arise from genetic factors, acquired changes in the clotting mechanism, or, more commonly,... | 16968541 | PMC1592479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:29 | no | Thromb J. 2006 Sep 12; 4:15 |
Background
Regular, "moderate", physical exercise is a non-pharmacological form of adjunctive treatment for depressive disorders. External stimuli such as various stressors or exercise influence the higher functions of the brain (cognition and affect). These effects often do not follow a linear course. Even though exer... | 16995950 | PMC1592480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Sep 23; 3:33 |
Definition
Brugada syndrome (BrS; OMIM 601144), or "Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation" as defined by some authors [1], is an autosomal dominant form of cardiac arrhythmia, presenting with a typical electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern of ST segment elevation in leads V1 to V3, and incomplete or complete right bundle br... | 16972995 | PMC1592481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Sep 14; 1:35 |
Disease name/synonyms
Ollier disease
Enchondromatosis
Multiple enchondromatosis
Dyschondroplasia
Definition
Enchondromas are common benign usually asymptomatic cartilage tumors, which develop in the metaphyses and may become incorporated into the diaphyses of long tubular bones, in close proximity to growth plate c... | 16995932 | PMC1592482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Sep 22; 1:37 |
Background
The fidelity of cell division and development require genomic stability. Conserved signal transduction pathways called DNA structure dependent checkpoints help ensure genomic stability by detecting unreplicated or damaged DNA. Once detected, the pathways initiate responses that coordinate cell cycle progress... | 16930478 | PMC1592483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Aug 24; 7:32 |
Background
Cyclin D1 plays a critical role in the regulation of proliferation by adjusting its expression levels to reflect the proliferative signaling environment of the cell, and then by regulating the cell cycle control machinery accordingly[1]. Cyclin D1 functions primarily to bind and activate the cyclin dependent... | 16942622 | PMC1592484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2006 Aug 30; 7:33 |
Background
Racial and ethnic disparities in preventive procedures have been widely documented [1-9]. These findings are based primarily on either patient self-report or the use of claims data. Each has limitations. Self-report is associated with significant overestimation of rates of preventive procedures in most [10-1... | 17010195 | PMC1592485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Sep 29; 6:122 |
Background
Treatment of cancer is by three main modalities namely surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The hematological malignancies and lympho-prolifaretive disorders are mainly managed by chemotherapy while in solid tumors chemotherapy is used either as adjuvant or neoadjuvant. The chemotherapy is an intense and ... | 17002797 | PMC1592486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 26; 4:68 |
Background
Adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) of the lacrimal gland are rare malignant tumours accounting for 1.6% of all orbital tumours [1-3]. Despite their rarity they are the second most frequent epithelial neoplasms occurring in the lacrimal gland after pleomorphic adenomas [4].
They are slow growing tumours, which ... | 16987423 | PMC1592487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Sep 20; 4:66 |
Background
Post-radiation sarcoma (PRS) is an uncommon disease. It occurs in approximately 0.2% of patients treated with radiotherapy that survive at least five years [1], with a wide latent period between initial irradiation and development of sarcoma ranging from 4–55 years [2]. Outcomes are generally poor: 5-year ov... | 17018155 | PMC1592488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct 4; 4:69 |
Background
In mammals the lung is made up of conducting airways that carry air to the alveoli, the gas-exchanging units of the lung. The airways branch from the hilum towards the periphery. From the trachea to the terminal airways the diameter decreases but there is a gradual increase in cross-sectional area, because o... | 16923180 | PMC1592489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Aug 21; 7(1):111 |
Background
Asthma is experienced during the life span of approximately 10% of the population, resulting in morbidity and mortality costing a substantial economic burden on society [1]. The predominant feature of asthma is the discomfort experienced upon breathing in the presence of excessive and inappropriate constrict... | 17010205 | PMC1592490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Sep 29; 7(1):123 |
Background
Large-scale characterization of mRNA populations has been approached through the generation of expressed sequence tags (ESTs), where single-pass sequencing reads are derived from cDNA clones [1,2]. This approach has proven to be extremely flexible in providing rapid identification of gene sequences, novel an... | 17010196 | PMC1592491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:23 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Sep 29; 7:246 |
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