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Background
Approximately 41,000 new cases of rectal cancer will be diagnosed in the year 2006 with an estimated 8,500 deaths [1]. The prognosis and management of this malignancy is dependent upon its stage at the time of initial presentation. Previously unrecognized lymph node metastasis may present in up to 10% of T1 ... | 17049086 | PMC1630427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct 18; 3:36 |
Background
The prevalence of diabetes worldwide varies from approximately 2 to 50% within different ethnic groups [1,2]. In the UK, all ethnic minority groups have higher rates of diabetes than the general population. Studies in the United Kingdom have shown diabetes prevalence rates of 11–20% in Asian Indians, 15% in ... | 17029641 | PMC1630428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 9; 6:130 |
Background
While clinical practice guidelines are usually developed based on strong evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs), their consistent application in clinical practice remains challenging. RCTs are normally designed to examine only one or two therapies at a time and often enroll patients with fewer co-mo... | 17062154 | PMC1630429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 24; 6:140 |
Background
Traditionally, microbes have been identified on the basis of their response to a battery of phenotypic assays, for example, survival on a particular type of growth media or morphological characteristics. With the advent of high throughput sequencing efforts, over 300 microbes have been completely sequenced [... | 17038185 | PMC1630430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 12; 7:257 |
Background
Microarray technology allows researchers to monitor transcript levels of thousands of genes in a single experiment [1]. Typically it confronts the researcher with vast amounts of numerical data as a starting point from which to begin to investigate how molecular mechanisms are involved in a specific biologic... | 17062145 | PMC1630634 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 24; 7:470 |
Introduction
Benzylic alcohols occupy an important position in organic synthesis as target molecules of biological interest and synthetic intermediates that can be produced from the reduction of aromatic carbonyl substrates. Many reducing agents have been used for this purpose including metallic hydrides (NaBH4, LiAlH4... | 16934142 | PMC1630636 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:53 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Aug 25; 2:15 |
Background
The reduction of isoflavones 1 has been actively studied during the last twenty years, owing to the range of interesting biological effects [1–3] – estrogenic activity, promise in cancer, osteoporosis, and coronary heart disease prevention – shown by the isoflavones themselves and their reduced metabolites. ... | 16934147 | PMC1630637 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Aug 25; 2:16 |
Open peer review
This article was reviewed by Arcady Mushegian (Stowers Institute for Medical Research), Andrei Osterman (Burnham Institute for Medical Research), Chris Ponting (Oxford University). For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
Glyoxylate cycle is a distinct, anapleroti... | 17059607 | PMC1630690 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Oct 23; 1:31 |
Background
Graduate medical education in the field of Internal Medicine (IM) in the United States consists of mainly clinical experience and medical education while emphasis on research training is often inadequate or non-existent. The Accreditation Council of graduate medical education (ACGME) requires all accredited ... | 17044924 | PMC1630691 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Oct 17; 6:52 |
Background
Several authors have argued that there have been major changes in the doctor-patient relationship over the past decades; both from patients' and doctors' point of view [1-4]. There is, indeed, some evidence that changes in society and health care have resulted in real changes in what people expect from their... | 17064407 | PMC1630692 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Oct 25; 7:62 |
Case presentation
A 70 year old farmer presented with diffuse neck swelling and hoarseness of one month duration (Fig 1A and B). CT scan was performed which showed a large cervical mass arising form thyroid and extending to right cervical soft tissue with displacement of trachea (Fig 2). FNA was done and reported as an... | 17052355 | PMC1630693 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Oct 19; 3:23 |
Background
Health authorities typically monitor geographic areas for cases of particular diseases or conditions using population databases and disease registries. Areas with high rates can be targeted for more thorough epidemiological investigations and for health policy interventions. Two main approaches are used to d... | 17049097 | PMC1630694 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Oct 18; 5:46 |
Background
There is an extensive literature of studies and recommendations about methods to enhance the response rate of physicians to research surveys [1-3], and a few studies of strategies to recruit physicians to participate in research projects [4,5]. However, there is very little information about methods for recr... | 17067379 | PMC1630695 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Oct 26; 1:25 |
Background
Pre-eclampsia belongs to a group of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, that can be divided into gestational hypertension, chronic hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and pre-eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Hypertension is a common medical complication during pregnancy. It is usually defined as sys... | 17052339 | PMC1630696 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Oct 19; 6:29 |
Background
When comparing the effects of a new therapy with an existing therapy, it is not uncommon for the new therapy to show increased risks along with increased benefits. We consider the case of a single binary measure of efficacy and a single binary measure of risk or adverse event (absent/present, ever/never) and... | 17038184 | PMC1630697 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Oct 12; 6:48 |
Background
Humphrey optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc. California) uses low-coherence interferometry to produce two-dimensional images of optical scattering from ocular tissues. OCT can detect reflected infrared light signals as small as approximately 10-10 of the incident optical power [1]. T... | 17062159 | PMC1630698 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:06 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2006 Oct 24; 6:33 |
Background
Population genetic studies of the earliest history of the domestic dog have so far mainly been based on the analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which represents a single genetic marker and, since it is maternally inherited, can only describe the history of females [1-4]. In order to have a second marker t... | 17026745 | PMC1630699 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Oct 6; 7:45 |
Background
Leptospirosis is the zoonotic disease caused by members of the genus, Leptospira. They are motile helical spirochaetes that metabolise long chain fatty acids as their carbon source. There are 17 species of Leptospira as determined by DNA-DNA hybridisation [1-4]. These species can be further divided into path... | 17067399 | PMC1630700 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 27; 6:95 |
Background
Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread human malaria parasite and is responsible for 70–80 million cases annually [1]. In India, it is the most prevalent of human malaria parasites, contributing 50–55% cases of malaria each year. P. vivax infections are rarely fatal but impact heavily on personal health pla... | 17062127 | PMC1630701 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:32 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 24; 5:90 |
Background
The differences among individuals in the way they respond to medications [1] can be attributed to inherited differences in the metabolism and disposition of drugs, and genetic polymorphisms in the targets of drug therapy (e.g., receptors) [2-4] other than the conventional factors like individual's age and ra... | 17062149 | PMC1630702 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Oct 24; 6:8 |
Background
Since the first description by Isaacson and Wright in 1983, MALT lymphoma has been recognized as a distinct entity of low-grade B-cell lymphoma; it is described as a separate entity in the revised European-American lymphoma (REAL) classification and also in the more recent classification by the World Health ... | 17052360 | PMC1630703 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 20; 6:249 |
Background
Following the completion of several whole genome sequencing projects a considerable effort has been focused on genome-wise functional analyses of a number of organisms (reviewed in [1]). Some of the most popular methods are the study of gene expression by microarrays and phenotypic analyses from gene knock-d... | 17026744 | PMC1630704 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 6; 7:249 |
Background
Adjuvants augment and potentiate immunological responses and have been used to increase the efficacy of vaccines. Mineral oils were first used as an adjuvant in 1916 when Le Moignic and Pinoy found that a suspension of killed Salmonella typhimurium in vaseline oil with lanolin as an emulsifier increased immu... | 17059610 | PMC1630705 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Oct 23; 4:42 |
Background
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare, but severe immune-mediated blistering skin disease mediated by autoantibodies which bind to the cell surface of keratinocytes. The first recorded instance of Pemphigus disease was by Hippocrates (460–370 BC) who described pemphigoid fever as "pemphigodes pyertoi." Galen (13... | 17062151 | PMC1630706 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Oct 24; 4:43 |
Background
The activity of cellular life relies on properly functioning of the extremely complex interaction networks among numerous intracellular constituents. The analysis of the topology and dynamics of these networks within a living cell offers a new window to explore the problems relating principles on the constru... | 17044912 | PMC1630707 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 17; 7:457 |
Introduction
DNA mutation results from a combination of chemical alterations of nucleotides and base mis-incorporation (stochastic or damage-driven) by DNA polymerases [1]. The spontaneous rate of mutation is not homogenous along the whole chromosome. Base composition and sequence-specific biases in mutation rates exis... | 17083275 | PMC1630709 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:28 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 3; 2(11):e176 |
Introduction
Enhanced genetic recombination is a hallmark of meiosis and serves two basic functions. First, genetic reassortment is enhanced through crossing-over between the homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes, mixing the genetic constitution in gametes. Second, in most organisms crossing-over is critical for... | 17083277 | PMC1630710 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 3; 2(11):e184 |
Introduction
During mouse pre-implantation development, the genome undergoes a series of major epigenetic changes required for embryonic gene expression, the maintenance of totipotency, and the first differentiation events [1,2]. While many studies have established the importance of DNA methylation in epigenetic reprog... | 17083276 | PMC1630711 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 3; 2(11):e181 |
Introduction
Biological macromolecules accumulate changes over evolutionary time. Because of this, molecular differences between species contain information about evolutionary history [1]. Frequently this principle is used in the comparison of aligned protein or DNA sequences. However, it can also be observed at other ... | 17083273 | PMC1630712 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 3; 2(11):e150 |
Introduction
Bacteria change their physiological behavior according to signals detected in their environment. Typically, these changes are reflected in the alteration of gene expression patterns. These changes can be the result of action by a number of different types of signaling proteins, including histidine protein ... | 17083272 | PMC1630713 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 3; 2(11):e143 |
Introduction
HIV/AIDS is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, including Uganda [1]. While a government-led public health campaign has dramatically decreased HIV prevalence from an estimated 15% in 1991 to 5% in 2001 [2], recent statistics suggest that HIV transmission remains a problem ... | 17090211 | PMC1630714 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 7; 3(11):e433 |
In 2004, almost 5 million people became newly infected with HIV, emphasizing the continuous need for effective prevention strategies. The development of an effective preventive vaccine faces many difficulties and is not likely to occur within the next decade. Behavioural changes, such as consistent and correct condom u... | 17090213 | PMC1630715 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 7; 3(11):e454 |
This Health in Action provides recommendations for improving education for health professionals about pharmaceutical and device promotion, which includes any activity that can increase sales of pharmaceuticals or devices. The recommendations were produced by an iterative E-mail discussion among representatives of four ... | 17090212 | PMC1630716 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 7; 3(11):e451 |
Introduction
Schizophrenia is the most devastating and enduring psychotic disorder affecting as many as 1% of the population worldwide, with a similar prevalence between the sexes and throughout diverse cultures and geographic areas [1,2]. To date, the etiology of schizophrenia remains elusive. The disorder is almost c... | 17090210 | PMC1630717 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:04 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 7; 3(11):e428 |
Background
Protective immunity in vertebrates depends largely on efficient activation and subsequent interactions of cells belonging to both innate and acquired immunity. The innate component, however, has no memory and is first to respond with only a limited repertoire to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patter... | 17059608 | PMC1633728 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2006 Oct 23; 4:5 |
Background
Antibody microarray analyses of protein expression levels represent a new trend of cutting-edge proteomics research [1-6], and have been increasingly utilized in studies of normal and pathological conditions [7-22]. The technique has several distinct advantages. First, compared to the cDNA microarray analysi... | 17034643 | PMC1633729 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Oct 11; 4:21 |
Background
Schizophrenia seems to be a heterogeneous illness resulting from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors. It is currently thought that genetic factors may account for as much as 80% of the risk for developing schizophrenia and that first degree relatives of persons with schizophren... | 17069645 | PMC1633730 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 27; 6:47 |
Background
Mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are rare, comprising only 0.1% to 3% of all GI neoplasms [1]. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract. These tumors are composed of tumor cells from the interstitial cells of Cajal [2,3], which are co... | 17062131 | PMC1633731 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct 24; 6:29 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of both morbidity and mortality. In the United States, more than 10 million adults suffer from COPD and it is the fourth most common cause of death [1]. Because of the continued high rate of smoking coupled with the aging of the population, analys... | 17042950 | PMC1633732 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Oct 16; 4:17 |
Background
Antibodies and antibody fragments can deliver a variety of agents, including drugs, genes, toxins or radioisotopes to target cells expressing the appropriate receptor-antigen. Internalization of the antibody fragment to the interior of the cell can in many cases increase the therapeutic effect of the therape... | 17014727 | PMC1633733 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:45 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Oct 2; 7:24 |
Background
A dynamic process of retina differentiation occurs from embryonic day 12 to postnatal day 21. Six major neuronal and one glia cell type are generated from multipotential progenitors in a characteristic sequence during development [1-4]. Revealing the intrinsic program of gene regulation that accompanies mamm... | 17044933 | PMC1633734 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Oct 17; 6:48 |
Background
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine that stimulates generation of neutrophilic granulocytes, and has been in clinical use for more than 10 years in indications related to counteracting neutropenia, or for bone-marrow transplantations [1-3]. Recently, a surprising activity of G-CSF in ... | 17049076 | PMC1633735 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Oct 18; 4:36 |
Background
Antimicrobial resistance among intensive care unit (ICU) pathogens is generally increasing, but variations do exist among different countries, probably due to individual antimicrobial use patterns. When new medical practices and alternative antimicrobials are introduced, changes in the dominant microbial eti... | 17064415 | PMC1633736 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 25; 6:155 |
Background
The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is probably strongly associated with reactive oxygen metabolites. Cigarette smoke not only contains high levels of oxidants, but it also leads to the accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages in the lung and to their activation [1-3]. A numbe... | 17064412 | PMC1633737 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:27 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Oct 25; 7(1):133 |
Background
Scoliosis is the most common type of spinal deformity. In North American children, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) makes up about 90% of all cases of scoliosis [1]. While its prevalence is about 2% to 3% in children aged between 10 to 16 years, girls are more at risk than boys for severe progression wi... | 17052338 | PMC1633738 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 19; 7:68 |
Background
Over the past several decades, more than twenty different cortical areas have been recognized as processing loci of specific properties of visual scenes, such as form, color, motion, etc. In fact, new brain imagery techniques assign particular functions to specific cortical sites. It remains to be demonstrat... | 17069653 | PMC1633739 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 27; 7:72 |
Background
The Health Protection Agency (HPA) ranked sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, among the greatest infectious disease threats facing the United Kingdom (UK) [1]. A network of genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics, created after the 1916 Veneral Disease Regulations, exists to diagnose, treat a... | 17062138 | PMC1633740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 24; 6:264 |
Background
The HIV Sentinel Surveillance in Vietnam shows that HIV infection has reached epidemic proportions among injection drug users (IDUs) [1-3]. The observed higher risk of IDUs has been explained by the combination of different risk behaviors such as sharing of syringes and needles, no regular use of condoms, an... | 17029648 | PMC1633741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 10; 6:248 |
Background
SnoN (ski-related novel gene) is a member of the highly homologous Ski gene family [1], and can act as a repressor of the TGF-β signalling pathway through either SnoN homodimerisation or heterodimerisation with Ski [1-6]. This repression is mediated through binding of SnoN to SMAD proteins, which are respons... | 17062133 | PMC1633742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 24; 6:252 |
Background
The detection of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in several human diseases has stimulated interest in understanding how the integrity of the mitochondrial genome is maintained [1-4]. It is believed that these mutations likely result from the exposure of mtDNA to reactive oxygen species (ROS). mtDNA is co... | 17018150 | PMC1633743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 3; 6:235 |
Background
In western countries, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) occupies the 5th place in frequency and also is the 5th cause of mortality due to cancer. HNSCC localization consists about 40% in the oral cavity, 15% in the pharynx, 25% in the larynx and the rest sites such as salivary glands and thyroid ... | 17064405 | PMC1633744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 25; 6:253 |
Background
Since the advent of genomic sequencing, technology has constantly been improved, leading to an approximately 3000-fold reduction in price per nucleotide sequenced [1]. The traditional method of sequencing is based on synthesis of a strand complementary to the template DNA with a reaction mix that contains di... | 17067373 | PMC1633745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 26; 7:275 |
Background
The determination of homologous regions of molecular sequences is often used for the further inference of their function and evolution, and therefore accurate multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of nucleic acid and protein sequences is crucial. Consequently, there has been tremendous effort in the development ... | 17062146 | PMC1633746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:21 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 24; 7:471 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Dr. I. King Jordan, Dr. Joel Bader, and Dr. Arcady Mushegian. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
The advent of high throughput molecular technologies has led to a data explosion in biology. One of the gene expression repositories, Gene Expression... | 17064414 | PMC1634740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Oct 25; 1:33 |
Editorial
Emergency laparoscopy is widely used to identify the causative pathology of acute abdominal pain, often followed by laparoscopic treatment of the detected abdominal disorder. In the sequence of a series of a previous consensus development conferences, performed by our group under the mandate of the European A... | 17052332 | PMC1634741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Oct 19; 1:31 |
Background
The RB pathway, which is critically involved in regulating the G1 to S cell cycle transition, has a central role in the regulation of proliferation, senescence, and differentiation in most tissues [1,2]. Cyclin D1, D2, or D3 proteins form complexes with Cyclin D dependent kinases (CDK4 or CDK6), which can th... | 17049078 | PMC1634742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Oct 18; 1:23 |
Background
In clinical trials, patient-reported outcome measures can complement clinical outcomes by providing information beyond traditional efficacy and safety measures. When new treatments have comparable efficacy, patient-reported instruments can be used to examine whether drug differences other than clinical effic... | 17034640 | PMC1634743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Oct 11; 4:80 |
Background
Recent years have seen a widening interest in research on aspects of well-being [1-4]. Extensive research on subjective well-being (SWB) which focuses mainly on how people feel, e.g. positive affect, negative affect and life satisfaction (see review by Diener et al.) [5], has begun to be complemented by a he... | 17020614 | PMC1634744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Oct 4; 4:76 |
Background
Antipsychotic drugs (AP) induced weight gain (WG) under chronic administration occurs in up to 50 % of patients [1] and can lead to central or abdominal obesity [2-5].
Antipsychotics vary in their propensity to cause weight change with long-term treatment, and some of the atypical antipsychotics are among t... | 17076886 | PMC1634745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Oct 31; 2:29 |
Background
Metastasis to the thyroid is an uncommon occurrence. In clinical series, the frequency of secondary involvement of the thyroid is considerably lower than the frequency of 25% found at autopsy of patients with disseminated malignancies [1,2].
The increasing number of reported cases of secondary tumors to the... | 17067398 | PMC1634746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:55 | no | BMC Endocr Disord. 2006 Oct 26; 6:6 |
Background
For centuries, sunlight has been used for therapeutic purposes (heliotherapy), which dates back to ancient Rome and Greece [1]. In the second half of the 19th century, it was realized that sunshine could have bactericidal effect as well as a therapeutic role in rickets [2-5]. In 1958, sunlight was first used... | 17076884 | PMC1634747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Oct 31; 6:27 |
Background
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm that may involve mucocutaneous and visceral body sites. KS lesions are comprised of aberrant vessels and spindle-shaped tumor cells that increases in frequency from an early patch and plaque and ultimately establishes a tumor (nodular stage). Several lines of evid... | 17074096 | PMC1634748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:20 | no | BMC Clin Pathol. 2006 Oct 30; 6:7 |
Findings
Capecitabine is an orally administered fluoropyrimidine that is preferentially converted to 5-FU in tumor tissue through a three-step enzymatic pathway[1]. Capecitabine is now widely used as an alternative to 5-FU for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Randomized trials have shown that capecitabine giv... | 17062148 | PMC1634749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:57 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Oct 24; 1:41 |
Background
Malaria is one of the most serious health problems in Kenya. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2002, there were over 124,000 reported cases of malaria nationwide in a population reported at just over 32 million [1]. Moreover, cases are likely grossly underreported [2]. According to one stu... | 17076908 | PMC1634750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 1; 5:96 |
Background
Staphylococcus aureus has long been recognized as a major pathogen of hospital acquired infections. Over the last decade, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains have become endemic in hospitals worldwide. In addition, it is now incipient community pathogen in many geographical regions [1]. MRSA is im... | 17067393 | PMC1634751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 26; 6:156 |
Background
Numerous bacterial processes are controlled in a population density-dependent manner. This phenomenon is based on a form of cell-to-cell communication that is referred to as quorum sensing, and it regulates microbial processes of medical, economic, and ecological relevance. Among these processes are developm... | 17054797 | PMC1634752 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 20; 6:93 |
Background
Enterobacter sakazakii is an emergent pathogen that is associated with neonatal infection [1,2]. Most reported outbreaks have occurred in neonatal intensive care units and some have been linked to the ingestion of contaminated powdered infant milk formula [3,4].
E. sakazakii was defined as a new species by ... | 17067387 | PMC1634753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 26; 6:94 |
Background
Neuroblastic tumors are childhood embryonal neoplasms composed of neural crest-derived neuroectodermal cells, which migrate to the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system[1]. According to the schwannian stroma component, these tumors are classified as neuroblastoma, nodular or intermixed ganglioneurob... | 17064406 | PMC1634754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 25; 6:254 |
Background
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is characterized by an organ-specific infiltration of cells with many morphological features and immunohistochemical markers of Langerhans cells. Clinically, LCH ranges from self-healing lesions to a multi-system involvement with organ dysfunction resistant to current ther... | 17034629 | PMC1634755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Oct 11; 6:28 |
Background
Cervical cancer contributes to approximately 12% of the global cancer burden in women and represents the second most frequent gynecological malignancy in the world [1,2]. At an early stage, cervical cancer is treated by means of surgery and radiotherapy [3]. In a more advanced stage, one uses a combination t... | 17067378 | PMC1634756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Oct 26; 5:49 |
Background
Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor composed entirely of hyaline cartilage matrix and chondrocytes [6,12]. It is the third most common primary malignant neoplasm of bone after myeloma and osteosarcoma. The majority of patients are older than 50 years, with a peak of incidence in the fifth to seventh decade o... | 17074093 | PMC1634757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Oct 30; 1:39 |
Background
Repbase is the most widely used database of transposable elements, with ~5800 entries as of October 2006, representing over 40 superfamilies of DNA transposons, LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons, and endogenous retroviruses [1]. The current version of Repbase is based on a flexible and extensible relational d... | 17064419 | PMC1634758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 25; 7:474 |
Disease name and synonyms
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) – XXY male – XX male – XXYY male – XXXY male – XXXXY male
Definition
The term Klinefelter syndrome describes a group of chromosomal disorder in which there is at least one extra X chromosome added to a normal male karyotype, 46,XY. The classic form is the most common... | 17062147 | PMC1634840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Oct 24; 1:42 |
Background
As our concept of facial rejuvenation has evolved, the midface has become an area of interest to oculoplastic surgeons. The midface is involved in the extended eyelid complex and also is affected by descent of the facial tissues during the aging process of the body. Drooping of facial skin and deepening of t... | 17078888 | PMC1634841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Nov 1; 2:35 |
Background
Fluorine-18 (18F) Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging has been considered as an alternative to 18F FDG positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for evaluating injured but viable myocardium [1,2]. SPECT 18F imaging is sometimes performed as simultaneous Techne... | 17076890 | PMC1634842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:51 | no | BMC Nucl Med. 2006 Oct 31; 6:5 |
Background
This article presents a clinically relevant classification of Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) histology slides based on automated image processing, supervised learning, and large-scale microtexture computations. The H&E stain dyes DNA-rich cell nuclei blue and collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) pink, allow... | 17069651 | PMC1634843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2006 Oct 27; 6:14 |
Background
Mothers of preterm or sick infants face specific difficulties related to early mother and baby separation in a time of crisis and disillusion; this leads to a lack of appropriate bonding experiences [1,2]. The infants being sick or immature, the initiation of breastfeeding often means repeated failures [2]. ... | 17064423 | PMC1634844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Oct 26; 1:20 |
Background
Cognitive and Behavioural therapies (CBTs) of psychotic symptoms have been developed [1] with the aim to reduce the distress associated with delusional ideas and hallucinations and also to improve the patients' coping ability. These approaches have been studied as complements to pharmaceutical treatments. Re... | 17074084 | PMC1634845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 30; 6:48 |
Background
Amyloid deposition in heart is a common occurrence in systemic amyloidosis. But localised valvular amyloid deposits are very uncommon. It was only in 1922 that the cases of valvular amyloidosis were reported [1]. Then in 1980, Goffin et al reported another type of valvular amyloidosis, which he called the 'd... | 17062163 | PMC1634846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Oct 25; 1:38 |
Background
A highly publicized reversal in recommendations for menopausal hormone therapy (HT) occurred in July 2002 when results were reported from the estrogen plus progestogen therapy (EPT) vs. placebo arm of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI)[1]. HT is no longer recommended for disease prevention, while use for tr... | 17059606 | PMC1634847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Oct 23; 7:61 |
Background
Organizations are increasingly bringing their expertise and resources together to develop chronic disease prevention and health promotion programs in an integrated and collaborative manner[1]. In order to facilitate the development of integrated and collaborative approaches in Alberta, the Alberta Healthy Li... | 17076906 | PMC1634848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 31; 6:141 |
Background
Introduction
Neck and upper limb symptoms are frequently reported by computer workers. More than 50% of the computer workers report symptoms in neck, shoulders, arms, wrists or fingers [1]. In the year 2002, 28% of the general Dutch working population suffered from pain or stiffness in the neck, shoulder, ar... | 17062141 | PMC1634849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Oct 24; 7:80 |
Background
Understanding patient perceptions of technical and interpersonal care they receive and satisfaction with that care is essential. Assessments of quality and satisfaction of care in oncology have focused on patients' satisfaction with physicians or the health care system [1,2]. Research on satisfaction during ... | 17074085 | PMC1634850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Oct 30; 4:84 |
Introduction
The US Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made public in February 2006 a document entitled 'Guidance for Industry Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims DRAFT GUIDANCE'. I have a particular interest in this dr... | 17029628 | PMC1634851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Oct 9; 4:78 |
Background
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causes three major clinical disease entities: pulmonary disease, disseminated MAC disease, and cervical lymphadenitis [1,2].
MAC has been found to colonize natural water, soil, indoor water systems, and hot tubs, and it can be isolated from the sputum of apparently healthy ... | 17054802 | PMC1634852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:42 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 22; 6:154 |
Background
Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease and a cause for a growing public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Globally, the number of people with diabetes is expected to double between 2000 and 2030 while public awareness about this disease remains low [1,2]. Several studies have demonst... | 17074088 | PMC1634853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 30; 6:268 |
Background
International literature seems to have increasingly focused on children's health issues over recent years [1-5] highlighting a growing understanding that intervention strategies that target children, are not only humane, but may be particularly effective in reducing the subsequent burden of disease in adults... | 17054777 | PMC1634854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 20; 6:260 |
Background
Cigarette smoke, a complex admixture of more than 4700 chemical compounds and oxidants [1], is an important etiological factor in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It contains 1014–1016 free radicals/puff, which include reactive aldehydes, quinones and benzo(a)pyrene [2]. Many ... | 17062156 | PMC1634855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Oct 24; 7(1):132 |
Background
Eukaryote genomes contain repetitive DNA sequences that can be classified into two groups: tandemly repeated sequences (e.g., micro- and minisatellites) and dispersed sequences (e.g., long interspersed elements – LINEs – and short interspersed elements – SINEs). Microsatellites (MSs) are tandem repeats of a ... | 17059596 | PMC1634856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 23; 7:269 |
Background
Despite advances in antigen detection and gene sequence amplification technology, microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood film is still the gold standard for malaria diagnosis. Early malariologists, including Ronald Ross, emphasized the importance of externally validating results and training microsc... | 17062168 | PMC1634857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 25; 5:92 |
The AJCC cancer staging atlas is the official publication of the American Joint Committee on Cancer, the world's foremost authority on cancer staging information.
This is the first edition of this book, created as a compendium to the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual and Handbook, now in their sixth editions.
This is an imp... | 0 | PMC1634858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:47 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct 13; 3:34 |
Background
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to investigate human brain mechanisms controlling voluntary movement in humans, and reorganization of this system in response to neurological injury, such as stroke and Parkinson's disease [1]. Study of motor performance in controllable dynami... | 17022828 | PMC1634859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:05 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2006 Oct 6; 3:24 |
Background
In recent times, paternalistic decision making practices and policies regarding life prolonging treatments have widely been replaced by an emphasis on patient participation, respect for autonomy, and quality of life [1,2]. Research indicates that honoring the treatment preferences of terminally ill patients ... | 17044943 | PMC1634860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:00 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2006 Oct 18; 7:11 |
Background
The incidence of mucocele ranges from 0.2–0.3% of all appendectomies and mucoceles resulting from cystadenomas of the appendix are very rare [1]. Although rare, rupture of the mucocele can occur with or without causing any abdominal complaint [2-4]. There are several reports associating colonic malignancy wi... | 17074081 | PMC1634861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:38 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct 30; 6:32 |
Background
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is thought to involve different factors. The intestinal mucosal immune system has the formidable task of remaining unresponsive to the vast indigenous bacterial population, and yet be able to discriminate and eliminate pathogenic microorganisms to control infect... | 17069659 | PMC1634862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct 28; 6:31 |
Background
The burden of cancer, and cancer control
Cancer has a great impact on the Australian community. One in three men and one in four women will develop cancer by the age of 75. In 2001, there were over 88,000 new cases of cancer (excluding non melanoma skin cancer), and over 36,000 deaths attributable to cancer ... | 17059613 | PMC1634863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 Oct 23; 3:12 |
Background
Many mathematical approaches have been described in order to determine the level of interaction of two agents. In this regard, isobologram analysis was developed and described 30 years ago and is still the most popular tool for this question [1,8]. Basically, isobologram analyses are an approach to represent... | 17044920 | PMC1634864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Oct 17; 1:39 |
Background
Mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) can occur during pregnancy, labor and postnatally through breastfeeding [1,2]. In developed countries, MTCT has decreased to approximately 1 or 2% after implementation of universal prenatal HIV counseling and testing, antiretroviral prophylaxis, elective cesarean deliv... | 17059603 | PMC1634865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Oct 23; 3:28 |
Background
Diabetes is a common disease and has great impact on the individual and society[1]. The burden of diabetes is expected to increase as the population ages, becomes more ethnically diverse and more obese[2]. Self-management of diabetes is critical to prevent the complications associated with diabetes and, yet,... | 17054790 | PMC1634866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Oct 20; 1:24 |
Background
The recent development in nucleic acids in serum and plasma has opened up many new areas in molecular diagnosis. In the field of oncology, circulating plasma/serum Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) DNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a good example. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a reliable ... | 17076893 | PMC1634867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 31; 6:259 |
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