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Background
With the publication of the human HapMap, phase I [1], and the completion of genotyping for phase II, association mapping is entering a new era. Whole genome scans using 317 K or 500 K SNP chips, currently available [2], and their higher density descendants, will be performed in large sets of cases and contr... | 17042942 | PMC1624851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 16; 7:454 |
Background
Protein palmitoylation is a reversible lipid modification that plays important roles in cell signaling associated with cellular dynamics and plasticity. However, very little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying this modification and regulation in cells. Palmitoylation, also known as S-acylation,... | 17044919 | PMC1624852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 17; 7:458 |
Background
In Eukaryotic genomes, different features including genes are not uniformly distributed. The integration of annotation information and genomic position of functional DNA elements in the Eukaryotic genomes opened the way to test novel hypotheses of higher order genome organization and regulation of expression... | 17042935 | PMC1624853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 16; 7:453 |
Background
Recombinant DNA techniques, such as DNA shuffling, generate more diverse libraries than random mutagenesis with a relatively high fraction of functional proteins [1-4]. Like mutagenesis but unlike de novo protein design, recombination deals with native sequences whose effectiveness for some particular functi... | 17026775 | PMC1624854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 8; 7:437 |
Background
Pre-processing of Affymetrix GeneChip® feature-level data has been a widely researched topic over the past few years. Many of the commonly used algorithms utilize models where parameters are estimated using data from multiple arrays. These approaches are typically used in the normalization and summarization ... | 17059591 | PMC1624855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 23; 7:464 |
Background
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS; MIM 180849) is a congenital disorder characterized by growth retardation and psychomotor developmental delay, broad and duplicated distal phalanges of thumbs and halluces, and a wide range of typical dysmorphic features. Facial dysmorphology includes down-slanted palpebral fi... | 17052327 | PMC1626071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Oct 19; 7:77 |
Background
In 2004 the Howard Coalition government embarked on a radical reform program in Aboriginal affairs, beginning with the announcement on 15 April 2004 of its intention to abolish the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC). [1] The Commission had been established under legislation passed in 19... | 16999873 | PMC1626072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:27 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 Sep 25; 3:10 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is a common disease with a long lead-time and easily recognised precursor lesions, making screening a rational and effective means of prevention. Colonoscopy from age 50 is accepted as an accurate and cost-effective screening modality of colorectal cancer screening, but is not yet the 'pref... | 17044941 | PMC1626073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Oct 18; 4:82 |
Background
The classical view of the way secreted molecules such as growth factors and protein hormones operated was that they acted at the cell surface by binding membrane receptors and activating cascades of intracellular second messengers, leading to the regulation of expression of specific target genes. Their inter... | 17049074 | PMC1626074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Cell Commun Signal. 2006 Oct 18; 4:7 |
Background
In the absence of any generally accepted scientific theory for the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis, treatment remains pragmatic with a very incomplete scientific basis. The International Federated Body on Scoliosis Etiology (IBSE) [1] introduced the Electronic Focus Group (EFG) as a means of increasing deba... | 17049077 | PMC1626075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Oct 18; 1:16 |
Background
Despite several advances in the treatment of schizophrenia, currently available pharmacotherapy does not change the course of illness or prevent functional deterioration in a substantial number of patients. Therefore, research efforts into alternative or adjuvant treatment options are needed. In this project... | 17059588 | PMC1626076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:20 | no | Trials. 2006 Oct 23; 7:31 |
Background
Arachnoiditis is one of most important factors in late complications of spinal cord injury patients. It leads to intra-medullar lesions such as syringomyelia cysts and microcysts, or extra-medullar lesions such as tethered cords and arachnoid cysts. All these pathologies were well described and differ in the... | 17059598 | PMC1626077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:32 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Oct 23; 6:12 |
Background
Chronic pain affects one adult in five in Europe [1], limits functioning, and is an enormous problem for healthcare. Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and back pain have the largest negative impact on quality of life of any chronic condition (including cancer, chronic respiratory conditions, or heart dis... | 17054784 | PMC1626078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Oct 20; 7:79 |
Background
The analysis of microbial sequences has revealed that a substantial fraction of the genome of some bacteria corresponds to prophage DNA [1,2]. Such prophage DNA is inserted into the bacterial chromosome after infection by free phage particles. Bacteiophages have recently regained part of their former importa... | 16984631 | PMC1626079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:50 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Sep 19; 7:31 |
Background
Codon bias refers to the unequal usage of synonymous codons in protein coding sequences. Preferred codons are believed to correspond to more abundant transfer (t)RNAs [1]. In genes with high codon bias, the frequent presence of preferred codons is believed to increase the efficiency and/or fidelity of transl... | 17049096 | PMC1626080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Oct 18; 4:37 |
Background
Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbène) is a natural phytoalexin present in grape skins and consequently, in red wines and grape juices [1,2]. When used at low concentrations resveratrol has cytoprotective activity, which is mostly attributed to its antioxidant properties [3]. However, when administer... | 17044934 | PMC1626081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Oct 17; 5:45 |
Background
The domestication of plants and animals has played a central role in the socioeconomic transitions from hunter-gatherer organization to agricultural settlement and nomadic pastoralism in human history [1-4]. Domestication, giving rise to organisms with novel combinations of phenotypic traits, was accomplishe... | 16995938 | PMC1626082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Sep 22; 6:73 |
Background
Hosts and their symbionts often have major effects on each other's evolution. Indeed, many symbioses show coevolution of key traits, such as parasite virulence and host resistance and, in some cases, may also manifest cospeciation. A classic example of a coevolved mutualism is provided by the obligate relati... | 17040562 | PMC1626083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Oct 13; 6:83 |
Background
The endolithic environment affords microorganisms protection from desiccation, rapid temperature variation, and UV radiation flux [1-3]. This microhabitat may, however, be extremely challenging, in particular for photosynthetic organisms because of limiting light (e.g., 1% of daylight) and nutrient condition... | 17022817 | PMC1626084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Oct 5; 6:78 |
Background
Many bacteria are able to take up DNA from the environment [1]. DNA provides these naturally competent cells with nutrients (nucleotides, N and P), while recombination of incoming DNA with the cell's genome can also provide new genetic information. However, many aspects of the evolution of competence remain ... | 17038178 | PMC1626085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Oct 12; 6:82 |
Background
The rationale for the study
The rationale for this research lies in the intriguing trends in cardiovascular (CVD) mortality seen in Europe over the past five decades. While in western Europe total and CVD mortality have been declining since the 1970s, in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the former Soviet... | 17049075 | PMC1626086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 18; 6:255 |
Background
Foodborne diseases are considered a major public health problem because they affect individuals of all ages and socioeconomic status [1]. Despite the use of HACCP programming and hygiene code to ensure the safe preparation of food, many outbreaks of gastroenteritis have been reported, caused by ingestion of ... | 17044937 | PMC1626087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 17; 6:254 |
Background
The use of automated methods in public health surveillance for the early detection of naturally occurring or bioterrorism-related outbreaks aims to reduce the time between when an outbreak starts and when it is detected, allowing additional time for investigation and intervention for disease control. An incr... | 17059615 | PMC1626088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 24; 6:263 |
Background
Amplification is a frequent and important mechanism for oncogene overexpression in breast tumor cells. Several amplified regions may participate to breast tumor initiation and/or progression [1]. Chromosomal regions 8p12, 8q24, 11q13, 17q12 and 20q13 are amplified in a consistent proportion of breast tumors ... | 17040570 | PMC1626089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 13; 6:245 |
Background
Plasmids are extrachromosomal elements that carry mostly non-essential genes. However, they often confer advantages to their host, because of determinants such as antibiotic-resistance or virulence genes. When a mother-cell divides, plasmids have to be partitioned into the daughter-cells to keep for the prog... | 17038198 | PMC1626090 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 13; 7:259 |
Background
Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-established model system (reviewed by Hodgkin [1]) that is increasingly being used for genetic and molecular investigations into conserved biological processes, including those involved in human disease [2-5]. Although simple in structure, C. elegans is comparable to higher a... | 17049087 | PMC1626091 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 18; 7:262 |
Background
When undertaking polymorphism discovery, the selection of an optimal tool depends on the nature of input sequences. For sequences that are derived from individual clones where there is no heterogeneity, SNP discovery can be accomplished by comparing sequence information. When relatively few reads are availab... | 17059604 | PMC1626092 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 23; 7:468 |
Background
Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have led to an unprecedented and rapid accumulation of genomic data [1-3]. Although this huge amount of data is immensely useful for a variety of comparative -omics studies, it also presents significant challenges in the areas of data management and analysis, as d... | 17054794 | PMC1626093 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 20; 7:462 |
Background
DNA microarray technology has made it possible to monitor gene expression on a large scale. However, one of the major limitations of this technology is that biochips are subject to variations from the start of the experimental process, right to the end of the analysis. These variations depend on the experime... | 17059595 | PMC1626094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 23; 7:467 |
Search for the truth is the noblest occupation of man; its publication is a duty. —Madame de Stael (1766–1817)
Formats for reporting results from randomized clinical trials in peer-reviewed journals have remained virtually unchanged and unchallenged for the past 50 years [1]. However, a number of developments, some te... | 17072430 | PMC1626095 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:54 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Oct 27; 1(6):e31 |
There is an urgent need to improve the evidence base for trauma care. Large-scale clinical trials can provide important answers, but they depend on effective international collaboration. The purpose of this article is to bring one such trial, the CRASH-2 trial, to the attention of physicians around the world. The CRASH... | 17072431 | PMC1626096 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:55 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2006 Oct 27; 1(6):e30 |
Introduction
“Programmed cell death” (PCD) refers to any form of cell death mediated by an intracellular death program. PCD is classically known as apoptosis [1], a term that originally defined the morphological changes that characterize cell death. Over the last decade, apoptosis was elaborated in metazoans [reviewed ... | 17069462 | PMC1626106 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 27; 2(10):e135 |
Introduction
With the sequencing of 12 species from the genus Drosophila, the field of comparative genomics is now presented with the opportunity and challenge of understanding the function and history of every base in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster (Dmel). This process will hopefully result in the discover... | 17132051 | PMC1626107 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 27; 2(10):e173 |
Introduction
The RanBP2/Nup358 is a unique vertebrate and large scaffold protein comprised of multiple structural and functional domains [1–4]. Several roles of RanBP2 have emerged that implicate RanBP2 in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking [3,5], protein biogenesis [6,7], the formation of the mitotic spindle, assembly of t... | 17069463 | PMC1626108 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 27; 2(10):e177 |
Introduction
Genomic imprinting refers to the silencing of a gene or region according to its parent of origin. Among vertebrates, imprinting is specific to mammals, with about 83 mammalian genes shown to be imprinted. About half are paternally expressed (that is, the maternally derived allele is suppressed) and half ma... | 17069464 | PMC1626109 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Oct 27; 2(10):e182 |
Like most scientists, annotators at the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) (http://www.pdb.org) dread the immortal cocktail party question “So, what do you do?” Unlike for some jobs, however, their answer can leave other scientists at the party with no response. Even within the structural biolo... | 17069453 | PMC1626146 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 27; 2(10):e99 |
From Impressionism and Pop Art to phosphorylation sites and interacting atom pairs, the realm of curation has been expanded. The recent growth of bioinformatics, driven by exponentially growing data, advanced computing techniques, and increased funding from private and governmental organizations, has created the need f... | 17069454 | PMC1626147 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 27; 2(10):e125 |
Computational biology is a discipline built upon data (mostly free access), found in biological databases, and knowledge (mostly not free access), found in the literature. So important are these online sources of data that the discipline, and indeed this Journal, simply would not exist without them. Whether we are usin... | 17411327 | PMC1626157 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 27; 2(10):e142 |
Introduction
All organisms with nervous systems are physically embedded (embodied) within their respective ecological niche. Their neural structures have evolved to sample and process sensory inputs to create adaptive neural representations, and to select and control motor outputs to position their bodies or to impose ... | 17069456 | PMC1626158 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:42 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 27; 2(10):e144 |
Introduction
Multicomponent macromolecular assemblies contribute to nearly all essential biological processes, and as such, the analysis of these assemblies is critical in understanding basic cell biology and is potentially relevant to treating disease. Structural biology offers the promise of understanding biological ... | 17069457 | PMC1626159 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 27; 2(10):e146 |
In PLoS Computational Biology, volume 2, issue 7: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020085
The references to the figure parts in the legend of figure 3 were incorrect. The correct caption is as follows:
Figure 3. The Sequence Identity for the Constructed Homologous Structures
Three different protein folds are studied: HP... | 0 | PMC1626160 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:42 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Oct 27; 2(10):e149 |
We read with great interest the article by de Burbure et al. (2006) on health effects in children who live near nonferrous smelters in France, the Czech Republic, and Poland. We were especially interested in the inverse relationship found between levels of urinary mercury and serum prolactin. We found a similar result ... | 17035115 | PMC1626391 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A573-A574 |
Several studies suggest that the incidence of developmental and acquired abnormalities of the male urogenital system, including testicular cancer and cryptorchidism, has increased since 1970 (Giwercman et al. 1993; Paulozzi 1999). A concurrent worldwide increase in the production and use of synthetic chemicals includin... | 17035148 | PMC1626392 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 6; 114(10):1589-1595 |
Asthma is the single most common chronic disease of childhood, affecting > 3 million children in the United States. In addition, the burden of childhood asthma has increased over the past several decades despite the availability of excellent medications for controlling chronic symptoms and treating exacerbations. Moreo... | 17035145 | PMC1626393 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 25; 114(10):1574-1580 |
Pregnant women are famously exhorted to faithfully take their daily prenatal vitamins, which often contain iron and other minerals. But new research suggests that a weekly iron supplement coinciding with the renewal of the small intestine’s mucosal lining cells (where nutrient absorption occurs) works better than a dai... | 0 | PMC1626394 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A578a |
We appreciate the letter from Alessio and Lucchini concerning the number and variety of toxicants able to affect serum prolactin levels. Reflecting on the wide variability of the currently available data, we would like to make two additional points.
The first point concerns the usefulness of serum prolactin as a poten... | 0 | PMC1626395 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A574 |
Organophosphates are undergoing increasing restrictions on their home use in the United States (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2000, 2002), but nonetheless they still account for > 50% of all insecticide use (Casida and Quistad 2004). One of the major concerns for human health is the propensity of these agents to... | 17035140 | PMC1626396 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 27; 114(10):1542-1546 |
When the EPA announced on 3 August 2006 that it had completed a 10-year review of U.S. pesticide safety, the agency issued a statement full of optimism from administrator Stephen L. Johnson: “By maintaining the highest ethical and scientific standards in its pesticide review, EPA and the Bush administration have plante... | 17035127 | PMC1626397 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A592-A595 |
Environmental health science is getting short shrift in some K–12 schools, according to an analysis in the May 2006 Journal of Geoscience Education. Students in some states “study the air, water, rocks, plants, and animals, but don’t study any object or process caused by humans. In other states, human–environment (H-E)... | 0 | PMC1626398 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A578b |
Atopic asthma (inflammation of the airways caused by exposure to airborne allergens) has become increasingly prevalent since the 1960s and is now the most common chronic childhood disease in the United States and many other industrialized countries. The cause for the rise is unclear, though many hypotheses have been pu... | 0 | PMC1626399 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A600a |
The health risks associated with exposures to common urban air pollutants have focused primarily on the six U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) criteria air pollutants. Much less is known about exposures and adverse health impacts of the mix of > 100 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) identified by the U.S. EPA in ... | 17035143 | PMC1626400 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 15; 114(10):1558-1566 |
Nanotechnology is currently one of the fastest growing technical fields that develops methods for the design, production, and applications for materials and devices ≤100 nm in size. There are numerous potential applications arising from nanotechnology which include their use in aerospace, agriculture, security, energy,... | 17035130 | PMC1626401 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 23; 114(10):1486-1488 |
U.S. production and use of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ended in 1977 (Smith and Brown 1987). Concern continues about the persistence of PCBs in the environment and potential human health risks. Several strains of rats exposed to PCBs had preneoplastic changes of the biliary tract, intestine, and stomach (Morgan et... | 17035134 | PMC1626402 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 22; 114(10):1508-1514 |
High concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) found in the U.S. population are a cause for concern because of these compounds’ similarity to polychlorinated biphenyls. Unlike the latter, which have recently decreased in blood levels, PBDEs have increased substantially in the last two to three decades. A... | 0 | PMC1626403 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A600b |
When it comes to allergies, not all fungi are created equal, according to a study by University of Cincinnati researchers published in the September 2006 issue of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. Exposure to certain fungal spores can make children more susceptible to developing allergies to mold, pollen, dust mites, p... | 17035117 | PMC1626404 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A576 |
Nitrate is a natural compound of green vegetables, such as lettuce and spinach, and root vegetables, such as beets. Nitrate is also present in drinking water (Gangolli et al. 1994; McKnight et al. 1999; van Loon et al. 1997, 1998). In the late 1990s, the concentration of nitrate in the Netherlands increased in vegetabl... | 17035137 | PMC1626405 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 13; 114(10):1527-1531 |
At the dawn of the 21st century, increased political and media attention on existing and emerging ecologic hazards and environmental toxicants has rekindled public anxiety about the health consequences for future generations. These concerns have propelled research on genetic susceptibility and environmental conditions ... | 17035153 | PMC1626406 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 14; 114(10):1617-1621 |
Edited by David Naguib Pellow and Robert J. Brulle
Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2005. 339 pp. ISBN: 0-262-16233-4, $25
Over the past 18 years, hundreds of books have been published on the environmental justice movement (EJM); however, this is one of the first books to initiate a comprehensive dialogue that critiques stra... | 0 | PMC1626407 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A616a |
Questions about the safety of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), particularly in regards to exposure during medical procedures such as transfusions, have swirled for decades, but especially in the last several years, given growing concerns about endocrine disruption. In October 2005, an independent pane... | 17035123 | PMC1626408 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A580-A581 |
Shorter elimination half-lives for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) have been reported in human infants (Kreuzer et al. 1997; Leung et al. 2006) and in highly exposed adults (Aylward et al. 2005; Leung et al. 2005) compare... | 17035149 | PMC1626409 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 6; 114(10):1596-1602 |
The polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants sold as pentaBDE,
octaBDE and decaBDE, containing mainly 4–5, 7–8, and 10 bromines,
respectively, attached to the diphenyl ether moiety (Alaee et al. 2003). The PBDEs are added
reportedly at 5–30% by weight to synthetic materials (e.g., polyuret... | 17035146 | PMC1626410 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:33:34 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 25; 114(10):1581-1584 |
Any discussion of medical ethics in the Western world rests on a foundation that is > 2,500 years old (Jonsen 2000; Pellegrino 1993). The consideration of ethical issues related to research, and specifically research related to environmental health, is a much more recent phenomenon (Soskolne 1993; Soskolne and Light 19... | 17035150 | PMC1626411 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 14; 114(10):1603-1608 |
A Theory of General Ethics: Human Relationships, Nature, and the Built Environment
Warwick Fox
Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2006. 400 pp. ISBN: 0-262-06255-0, $68
Analyzing International Environmental Regimes
Helmut Breitmeier, Oran R. Young, Michael Zürn
Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2006. 336 pp. ISBN: 0-262-02602-3, $67... | 0 | PMC1626412 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A616b |
Many studies have reported associations between outdoor ozone concentrations and morbidity and mortality. Hubbell et al. (2005) systematically summarized this literature, including associations between ozone and respiratory-related hospital admissions, lost school days, restricted activity days, asthma-related emergenc... | 17035131 | PMC1626413 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 8; 114(10):1489-1496 |
Histology, the study of how cells are organized into tissue, is a keystone of the biological sciences. For decades, histologists have depended upon methods such as the tried-and-true slides of stained tissue sections. Although much has been learned through these methods, how much more would be learned if histologists c... | 17035128 | PMC1626414 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A596-A599 |
It is human nature to remain committed to endeavors in which one feels personally invested. For the parents and children involved in studies at the Mount Sinai Center for Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research, most of whom are from low-income, minority communities such as East Harlem and the B... | 17035124 | PMC1626415 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A581-A582 |
The NIEHS Strategic Plan for 2006–2011, New Frontiers in Environmental Sciences and Human Health, lays out a vision for establishing a global effort in the environmental health sciences. A central component of that vision is the establishment of enhanced research capacity in developing nations and cooperation between t... | 0 | PMC1626416 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A603 |
Children’s health was the focus of almost 30 different sessions at the International Conference on Environmental Epidemiology and Exposure, held 2–6 September 2006 in Paris. Exposure to environmental toxicants early in life, and even parental exposure prior to conception, may lead to metabolic effects, cardiovascular d... | 0 | PMC1626417 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A577a |
More than 22,000 people came together in the late summer of 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa, for the UN World Summit on Sustainable Development. According to Using Indicators to Measure Progress on Children’s Environmental Health: A Call to Action, a report presented at the summit, 2 million children under the age o... | 0 | PMC1626418 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A579 |
The importance of “judicious use of language in regard to public communication of pesticide health risks” (Lu et al. 2006b) is clearly recognized and acknowledged in recent letters from Avery (2006) and Lu et al. (2006b). Their correspondence concerned perceptions of risk conveyed by the article “Organic Diets Signific... | 17035114 | PMC1626419 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A572a |
There has been considerable scientific research to understand the potential link between residential and occupational exposures to power-frequency electric and magnetic fields (ELF) and the occurrence of cancer and other diseases. The “limited” association between childhood leukemia and ELF found in epidemiologic studi... | 17035138 | PMC1626420 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 22; 114(10):1532-1537 |
Of 1,000 births worldwide, in one embryo the neural tube will fail to close properly 28 days after conception, resulting in some form of neural tube defect (NTD). Failed closure at the cranial end, known as anencephaly, is a lethal condition, whereas failed closure at the caudal end usually results in a myelomeningocel... | 17035141 | PMC1626421 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 15; 114(10):1547-1552 |
In pediatric environmental health research, information about family members is often directly sought or indirectly obtained in the process of identifying child risk factors and helping to tease apart and identify interactions between genetic and environmental factors. For example, research on neurodevelopmental disord... | 17035154 | PMC1626422 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 14; 114(10):1622-1625 |
Biagini JM, LeMasters GK, Ryan PH, Levin L, Reponen T, Bernstein DI, et al. 2006. Environmental risk factors of rhinitis in early infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 17(4):278–284.
Many environmental exposures have been confirmed to affect children’s respiratory health, but few have been studied in very young children. N... | 0 | PMC1626423 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A582 |
Understanding Mechanisms of Health Risk Behavior Change in Children and Adolescents (R21)
The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Cancer Institute, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the National Institute on Drug Abu... | 0 | PMC1626424 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A604-A607 |
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), persistent and bioaccumulative flame retardants, are of concern because they are ubiquitous in the United States, are potentially toxic, and have been found at rapidly rising levels in humans during the past few decades (Birnbaum and Staskal 2004; Hites 2004; Schecter et al. 2005... | 17035135 | PMC1626425 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 13; 114(10):1515-1520 |
Don’t Hold Your Breath for New Inhalers
In response to a federal push to remove chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from asthma inhalers by December 2008, some manufacturers have already stopped production of CFC-containing inhalers and are employing a new, more environmentally friendly propellant, hydrofluoroalkane. But the ne... | 0 | PMC1626426 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A577b-A579 |
Krieger et al. criticize the misrepresentation of our recent paper (Lu et al. 2006) with respect to the relevance to health risk reduction of dietary organophosphorus (OP) pesticide exposure in children. They argue that current OP exposures, measured in the form of urinary metabolites in children, are well below the “s... | 0 | PMC1626427 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A572b-A573 |
It is a simple fact that young children are those most likely to die during humanitarian crises caused by famine, war, and natural disasters. Relief agencies are keenly aware of this and do their utmost to save as many young lives as possible as well as maintain the standard of health care children enjoyed before disas... | 17035126 | PMC1626428 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A584-A591 |
The prevalence of allergic diseases such as atopic asthma and eczema has dramatically increased in the developed world over the past decades. In the United States, as in most industrialized countries, asthma has become the most common chronic childhood disease. Intriguingly, countries the most affected by this rise are... | 17035144 | PMC1626429 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 8; 114(10):1567-1573 |
Puffer fish poisoning (PFP) is usually caused by ingestion of tetrodotoxins (TTXs) found naturally in certain species of puffer fish (Halstead 1967; Mosher and Fuhrmann 1984). In Japan, 20–100 people die annually from PFP, in spite of stringent controls by authorities (Ogura 1971). TTXs can cause fatal human poisoning,... | 17035133 | PMC1626430 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 6; 114(10):1502-1507 |
An estimated 35–80% of inner-city children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (DiFranza et al. 2004; Gergen et al. 1998; Hopper and Craig 2000; Kum-Nji et al. 2006; Weaver et al. 1996). The health effects associated with early-life ETS exposure include reduced fetal growth, neurodevelopmental problems, re... | 17035147 | PMC1626431 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 11; 114(10):1585-1588 |
Dietary folic acid supplementation in women of childbearing age has been a major public health success story, reducing the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) by an estimated 50–70%. The CDC currently recommends that all women of childbearing age eat a diet high in folic acid or take a daily multivitamin with 0.4 m... | 0 | PMC1626432 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A601a |
During the 1990–1991 Gulf War (GW), approximately 700,000 U.S. troops were deployed to the Persian Gulf theater of operations. Large-scale involvement of U.S. forces in combat in this region largely ended by the winter of 1991. Nevertheless, significant numbers of the 700,000 U.S. service personnel deployed to the regi... | 17035142 | PMC1626433 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 6; 114(10):1553-1557 |
A year ago Hurricane Katrina tore through the Gulf Coast states of Louisiana and Mississippi, leaving devastation in its wake—whole communities ripped from their foundations, the displacement of thousands of people from their homes, and a flood of contamination and potential health hazards to be faced. As part of envir... | 0 | PMC1626434 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A570 |
Background
Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) is a benzoic acid herbicide used to control annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in grain crops, grasslands, and non-crop areas such as fence rows and roadways. Dicamba may be used in combination with other herbicides, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D... | 17035136 | PMC1626435 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 13; 114(10):1521-1526 |
In this commentary, we argue that the outcomes of exposure to neurotoxic chemicals early in life are shaped by the nature of a child’s social environment, including that prevailing before birth. Our guiding thesis is that toxicity is not simply an inherent property of the toxicant but derives from an assortment of join... | 17035129 | PMC1626436 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 10; 114(10):1479-1485 |
The purpose of this article is to consider the development of an environmental health and community review board (EHCRB). The EHCRB would function as a traditional institutional review board (IRB) but with added expertise and focus related to concerns of the community. Community-based research often involves ethical, l... | 17035155 | PMC1626437 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 14; 114(10):1626-1629 |
It is difficult to assess the cancer risks associated with exposures to air pollutants because much of the health focus has been on the major outdoor pollutants; far less is known about exposures inside homes and buildings, where pollutants may be far more concentrated. Better assessments would measure personal exposur... | 0 | PMC1626438 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct; 114(10):A601b |
In nature, animals can be used as bioindicators to provide an early warning of potential adverse, contaminant-related effects on organisms or populations themselves, on organisms or populations that prey upon them, and as sentinels for exposure and effects on humans (Fox 2001).
Endocrine assessment is a useful diagnos... | 17035132 | PMC1626439 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 11; 114(10):1497-1501 |
Protecting children from environmental hazards is a daunting task. Environmental toxicants, such as lead, methylmercury, tobacco, and other pollutants covertly enter children’s body via placental transfer during fetal growth, inhalation or ingestion of house dust, soil, breast milk, and other dietary sources during ear... | 17035151 | PMC1626440 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 14; 114(10):1609-1612 |
Toxic effects of exposure to high levels of lead among adults in occupational settings and from poisonings include neurologic and renal impairment as well as effects on other organ systems [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1999]. Environmental exposure to lead—exposure much lower than that found... | 17035139 | PMC1626441 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 6; 114(10):1538-1541 |
The Politics of Risk
Recent debates over the conduct of children’s environmental health research have highlighted the importance of integrating environmental justice standards into the design, implementation, and evaluation of research paradigms (Pinder 2002). In addition to acknowledging the different vulnerability of... | 17035152 | PMC1626442 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:50 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Oct 14; 114(10):1613-1616 |
Background
It has been estimated that exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life could reduce infant mortality rate by a remarkable 13% [1]. Exclusive breastfeeding has been defined as feeding an infant with breast milk only without giving any other foods, not even water. The definition allows for prescri... | 17054796 | PMC1626445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Oct 20; 1:19 |
Background
The search for early stage breast cancer, or more importantly, its precursors, is the goal of many researchers hoping to reduce mortality rates from this disease. Current methods of breast cancer early detection include mammography, ultrasound, clinical breast exam (CBE) and breast self-examination (BSE). In... | 17044938 | PMC1626446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:40 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2006 Oct 17; 6:15 |
Background
Multiple neurotoxic processes have been described in the Parkinson's disease (PD) brain including inflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction [1]. The evidence for inflammation in PD includes gliosis [2,3], increased major histocompatibility complex expression on microglia [... | 17052351 | PMC1626447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Oct 19; 3:29 |
Background
End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a complex disorder encompassing a large variety of phenotypes. Each phenotype is a result of an underline kidney disease and superimposing environmental and genetic factors. The complexity of the phenotypic makeup of renal diseases makes it difficult to diagnose and predict ... | 17042963 | PMC1626448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Oct 17; 7:15 |
Background
Health-related quality of life is a multidimensional concept that includes patient-driven measures such as perceptions and functional status [1]. Oral health-related quality of life measures emerged out of the development of socio-dental indicators to capture non-clinical aspects of oral health that broadene... | 17052358 | PMC1626449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Oct 20; 4:83 |
Background
In 2002, plaintiffs' attorneys in a lawsuit obtained computerized files of deaths and work histories for US employees of a large company which manufactured electronic office equipment; mainframe and personal computers; computer parts, components, and accessories; and software products. The files contained da... | 17052328 | PMC1626450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Oct 19; 5:30 |
Background
A recent paper [1] has confirmed the findings of earlier authors [2,3] that we can predict the onset of iron deficiency anaemia using output from automated blood analyzers. These papers show that the blood changes parallel the low levels of iron stores. The main indicators are haemoglobin level (Hb) near the... | 17029621 | PMC1626451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Oct 9; 3:34 |
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