text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
Epidemiologic evidence shows that folate deficiency is a breast cancer risk factor [1,2]. MTHFR is a key enzyme in the folate metabolism pathway and regulates the intracellular folate pool for synthesis and methylation of DNA [3,4]. Two common allele variants of the MTHFR gene have been described, C677T (NCB... | 17069650 | PMC1634868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:32 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 27; 6:257 |
Background
The transmembrane protein c-kit is a receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) which is closely related to other receptors including platelet-derived growth factor receptor and macrophage growth factor receptor [1,2]. The primary ligand for KIT is stem cell factor (SCF) which is also known as mast cell growth factor, s... | 17044945 | PMC1634869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Oct 18; 5:46 |
Background
The Calcium -Sensing Receptor (CaR) was cloned a decade ago, and has proven to be an important component in Ca2+ homeostasis through its regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH [1]). It also has a number of non-homeostatic functions including the control of ion channels and hormone secretion, and also in the ... | 17078869 | PMC1634870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 1; 5:51 |
Background
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a very helpful technique in diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions of lymph node [1-4]. Many authors also claim that FNAC can accurately diagnose Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)[5,6]. However there is a wide variation of diagnostic sensitivity and speci... | 17069647 | PMC1634871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Cytojournal. 2006 Oct 27; 3:24 |
Background
Cigarette smoking is a causative factor for premature atherosclerosis [1,2]. However, the exact mechanism of smoking-induced damage to the arterial wall and its relation to the atherosclerotic process is still largely obscure. The adverse effects of smoking on vascular wall structure has been historically ev... | 17067397 | PMC1634872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:07 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Oct 26; 6:42 |
Background
Epidemiological and biological data show a clear association between chronic inflammatory conditions and subsequent malignant transformation in the inflamed tissue [1]. Inflammatory state is typically accompanied by generation of free radicals, stimulation of cytokines, chemokines, and growth and angiogenic ... | 17062130 | PMC1634873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Oct 24; 5:15 |
Introduction
The concept of the myeloproliferative disorders was introduced by Dameshek more than 50 years ago [1]. He suggested then that these conditions were "closely interrelated" and due to a proliferative activity of the bone marrow by an undiscovered stimulus. In the case of one these conditions, chronic myeloid... | 17032464 | PMC1634874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Oct 11; 4:41 |
Background
The Phlebotominae sand flies Lutzomyia intermedia Lutz & Neiva 1912 and Lutzomyia whitmani Antunes & Coutinho 1912 are vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. These are closely related species that can be only distinguished by a few morphological differences [1] and both show high anthropophily and rep... | 17069656 | PMC1634875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Oct 27; 6:85 |
Background
The development of gene-inactivation systems is an active and important field for both functional genomics and gene therapy (reviewed in references [1-3]). In fact, RNA dependent gene silencing is becoming a routine tool used by laboratories worldwide. However, the issue of substrate specificity remains an i... | 17076887 | PMC1634876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 31; 7:480 |
When we think of ocean life, we tend to think of sharks and squid and sea turtles and such. Underpinning these large life forms is a massive but much less conspicuous world of microscopic bacteria and archaea. And existing at an even lower rung, bridging the gap between life and nonlife, are bacteriophage (phage) virus... | 20076501 | PMC1634877 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:01 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e406 |
Introduction
Phylogenetic comparative methods are used extensively to explore patterns of correlated evolution of traits or to correct for statistical nonindependence amongst species that arises as a consequence of common ancestry [1,2]. Underlying most modern comparative methods is a model of trait evolution that spec... | 17090217 | PMC1634878 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e373 |
Introduction
Most excitatory synapses terminate on dendritic spines [1,2], tiny membrane protrusions that contain the postsynaptic density (PSD). In the rodent neocortex, spines begin to develop during the first postnatal week and increase in number during the first month of life [2–4], coincident with the development ... | 17090216 | PMC1634879 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e370 |
When most of us picture a cell—or any subcellular component, like the nucleus—we often imagine a fairly static, solid entity. The molecules of the membrane and all the intracellular machinery fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. But in reality, the proteins, lipids, and other molecules that make up a cell and i... | 20076499 | PMC1634880 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e404 |
Introduction
Most marine viruses are phages (bacteriophages) that kill the heterotrophic and autotrophic microbes (both Bacteria and presumably Archaea) that dominate the world's oceans [1]. Phages and the other major microbial predator guild, nanoflagellates, control the numbers of marine microbes to a concentration o... | 17090214 | PMC1634881 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e368 |
Introduction
The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria consists of two membranes, the inner membrane (IM) and the outer membrane (OM), which are separated by the peptidoglycan-containing periplasm. In contrast to integral IM proteins, which span the IM by hydrophobic α-helical segments, integral OM proteins (OMPs) pr... | 17090219 | PMC1634882 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e377 |
Introduction
The ability to sense and respond to the accumulation of misfolded proteins is a central component of the cellular defense against environmental insult. The importance of protein folding in maintaining cellular function is underscored by the observation that, for every compartment in which proteins fold, bo... | 17090218 | PMC1634883 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e374 |
To function, a protein must fold up after it is synthesized. When it doesn’t, trouble can ensue—the accumulation of unfolded proteins is a common cause of degenerative disorders such as Parkinson disease. When unfolded or misfolded proteins begin to build up, the cell sets in motion a coordinated cascade of events term... | 20076503 | PMC1634884 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e408 |
The history of life is filled with examples of one species diverging into several, even thousands, each with unique traits geared to the demands of its ecological niche. In the textbook case of adaptive radiation, an ancestral finch species landed on the Galapagos Islands just a few million years ago, and evolved into ... | 20076500 | PMC1634885 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e405 |
Introduction
Transcriptional coactivators (TCs) have emerged as key proteins that are capable of regulating entire metabolic networks [1]. TCs are often selective with respect to the repertoire of transcription factor partners. The mechanisms used to modulate transcription may vary according to the specific TC, their t... | 17090215 | PMC1634886 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e369 |
The evolutionary success of mammals is owed in part to their ability to adjust their metabolism to the demands of their environment. For instance, mice faced with dropping external temperatures crank up the output of a specialized type of fat—called brown adipose tissue (BAT) —that generates heat. Faced with a lack of ... | 20076497 | PMC1634887 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e402 |
Tube-shaped protein constructs known as beta barrels are used by Gram-negative bacteria as passageways for molecules that need to travel from one side of the outer cell membrane to the other. Getting beta barrels embedded into the membrane is a daunting task because of the nonpolar nature of the membrane’s insides; the... | 20076495 | PMC1634888 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 4(11):e399 |
Background
Blood monocytes belong to the human mononuclear phagocyte system which plays an important role in a variety of homeostatic processes including host defense, immunoregulation, and tumor surveillance [1-3]. Derived from bone marrow monoblasts, monocytes circulate in the blood for 1–2 days and then enter variou... | 16948843 | PMC1634993 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Proteome Sci. 2006 Sep 1; 4:16 |
Background
Three kinds of molecular motor proteins have been identified so far: myosins, kinesins, and dyneins [1,2]. While kinesins and dyneins move on microtubule tracks, myosins are the only motors that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power movement along actin filaments. The first myosin was identified in skele... | 16857047 | PMC1634994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Jul 20; 7:183 |
Editorial
Aims
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research is an open access, online journal that aims to expeditiously publish clinical and basic research studies related to musculoskeletal issues in different cultural communities.
Field description
Orthopaedic research has been conducted essentially at clinical and ... | 17150116 | PMC1634995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Sep 25; 1:1 |
Background
Hip fractures represent an increasing health problem in the Western world, mainly because the aging world's population. For instance, in the USA 350,000 incidents per year occur [1] and in the European Union 500,000 persons sustain a hip fracture per year [2]. In Sweden, the number of persons with a hip frac... | 17150123 | PMC1634996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Sep 25; 1:3 |
Background
The nucleotide sequences from numerous animal genomes have been derived and include examples from both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. In addition, determination of the genomic sequences of many more organisms are in progress, yielding a broad picture of the diversity and common pathways among differi... | 17052344 | PMC1634997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 19; 7:264 |
Background
The Fox genes are members of the forkhead/winged helix family of transcription factors, characterised by a 110 amino acid DNA binding domain [1]. Fox genes have been identified in the genomes of animals and fungi, but not plants. Animals appear to have more Fox genes than fungi, with four genes identified in... | 17062144 | PMC1634998 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 24; 7:271 |
Background
Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), also called Barramundi in Australia, is an important farmed marine foodfish species which has been cultured for more than 20 years in Southeast Asian countries [1]. Current global annual production is nearly 400,000 MT according to FAO statistics in 2003, and over 90% of whi... | 17064422 | PMC1634999 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 26; 7:274 |
Background
Cancer has periodically been proposed as a transmissible disease and specific pathogens have long been searched for. This proposition has been supported and confirmed in animal models, greatly contributing to our current knowledge of biology, oncology, viral oncology, genetics, and other fields. Several Nobe... | 23509916 | PMC1635001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2006 Sep 14; 1:1 |
Background
Infection with certain types of human herpesviruses has been established as a cause of several cancers. These include Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) for Burkitt's lymphoma and other immunosuppression related lymphomas, Hodgkin lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal cancer [1]; and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) for Kaposi's sa... | 17150131 | PMC1635002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2006 Sep 14; 1:2 |
Background
The first case of HIV/AIDS in Iran was reported in 1987 in a 6-year-old child with hemophilia and since then, the number of HIV infections in Iran has increased exponentially within the hemophiliacs group [1]. After the introduction in 1989 of the mandatory blood (and its derivatives) screening for HIV-1 pos... | 17150133 | PMC1635003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2006 Sep 19; 1:4 |
Background
An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is one of the most common knee injuries in sports. It is estimated that the annual incidence is about 1 in 3,000 within the general population in the United States, which translates into more than 150,000 new ACL tears every year [1,2]. Unlike many tendons and liga... | 17150122 | PMC1635005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Sep 25; 1:2 |
Background
Ankle injuries make up 15% of all sports injuries, sprains constituting 75% out of these cases [1]. While there are accurate clinical tests to evaluate complete ligament ruptures after sprains, associated cartilage injuries are challenging to diagnose, due to the vague nature of their symptoms as stated in t... | 17150124 | PMC1635006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Sep 28; 1:4 |
Background
Proximal femoral bone loss during revision total hip arthroplasty is a common and challenging problem. Aseptic loosening and osteolysis may cause significant periprosthetic femoral bone destruction, often necessitating bypass of the deficient proximal femur to obtain stable fixation in the distal diaphysis [... | 17150125 | PMC1635007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Oct 2; 1:5 |
Findings
Peptides with in vitro antimicrobial activity have been identified from several gene families. Two major antimicrobial peptide families in mammals are the defensins [1] and the cathelicidin peptides [2-4]. It is known that the defensin structure is based on a common beta sheet core, which is stabilized by thre... | 17081280 | PMC1635031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:38 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Nov 2; 3:14 |
Background
Collaterally to a complex dysregulation of neurotransmission, hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been proposed as an essential pathogenic factor in depressive disorders [1]. As a predictor of clinical improvement normalisation of the HPA-system is one of the basic findings [2]... | 17081296 | PMC1635032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 2; 6:52 |
Background
Substance abuse is defined as a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, wherein the person may also suffer from tolerance and withdrawal [1].
Substance abuse is a common problem worldwide. Pakistan, a South Asian developing country with a population of ... | 17064420 | PMC1635033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Oct 25; 1:31 |
Background
The healthcare delivery systems of many countries in Africa are unable to deliver adequate quality and quantity of services attributable to, among other reasons, the shortage of health professionals. In Malawi, the high maternal mortality ratio estimated at about 1120 deaths/100,000 live births has been part... | 17081302 | PMC1635034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:33 | no | BMC Nurs. 2006 Nov 2; 5:9 |
Background
Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Ap, formerly the Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis agent) is a common tick borne obligate intracellular pathogen with an uncommon tropism for host granulocytes. While much has been made of the physiologic stability of the intracellular environment, vector transmission requires extrao... | 17076894 | PMC1635035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Oct 31; 6:42 |
Background
The main justification for performing a diagnostic test is to gain new information [1-3], beyond the existing probability (the prevalence) obtained from a positive test, i.e., prevalence minus the positive predictive value (PPV) and from a negative test, i.e., (1-prevalence) minus the negative predictive val... | 17022816 | PMC1635036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006 Oct 5; 3:11 |
Background
Designing effective vaccines depends not only on the nature of the antigens (Ag), but also on the inclusion of appropriate adjuvants to ensure optimum induction of protective immunity. The immunogenicity of a protein is inherently linked to its physico-chemical properties, but adjuvants can significantly inf... | 17074094 | PMC1635037 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2006 Oct 30; 4:6 |
Background
Transport of biomolecules in small systems such as living cells is a function of diffusion, reactions, catalytic activities, and advection. Innovative experimental protocols and mathematical modeling of the dynamics of intracellular biomolecules are key tools for understanding biological processes and identi... | 17034642 | PMC1635038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Oct 11; 3:36 |
Background
A considerable percentage of cardiac birth defects is caused by a failure in normal migration, differentiation or patterning of the cardiac neural crest (CNC). This subset of pluripotent neural crest stem cells forms in the dorsal aspect of the neural tube at the level of the mid-otic placode to the third so... | 17078885 | PMC1635039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Nov 1; 6:51 |
Background
The neurosecretory system controls a wide variety of behavioural processes through synthesis and release of different neurotransmitters in the peripheral and central nervous systems [1,2]. One of the key integrating centers of this organization is the hypothalamus, located in the ventral sector of the dience... | 17074092 | PMC1635040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Oct 30; 6:50 |
Background
There is strong evidence to support the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation for women to breastfeed infants exclusively for the first six months of life, with continued breastfeeding in combination with the gradual introduction of other forms of nutrition beyond that time and into the second year ... | 17034645 | PMC1635041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Oct 12; 1:18 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is estimated to infect 170 million people worldwide and creates a huge disease burden from chronic, progressive liver disease [1] HCV has become a major cause of liver cancer and one of the commonest indications of liver transplantation [2,3].
HCV has been classified in the family Fl... | 17062150 | PMC1635042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Oct 24; 3:87 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped, positive-strand RNA virus that causes acute and chronic hepatitis [1]. Between 70–90% of those who become infected fail to clear the virus and remain chronically infected with the risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [2]. Unfortunately, ther... | 17069661 | PMC1635043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Oct 28; 3:89 |
Background
The highly lethal disease smallpox is caused by Variola virus (VARV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus (OPV) genus of the family Poxviridae. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980 following a global vaccination program launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. Dryvax®, the smallpox vaccine used in ... | 17062162 | PMC1635044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Oct 25; 3:88 |
Background
During evolution, eukaryotic cells had to cope with a large amount of pathogens. The interaction of host and pathogen required defense responses in the host, which resulted in the development of the innate immune system. Due to this high selection pressure, pathogens developed strategies to escape or manipul... | 17052331 | PMC1635045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Oct 19; 3:86 |
Background
Researchers are increasingly, and regularly, requested to describe the impact of their work in:
• Grant proposals, especially sections on research users, beneficiaries, communication and expected impact;
• Research project evaluations and reports, particularly to provide accountability for funds invested i... | 17049092 | PMC1635046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 18; 6:134 |
Background
Shoulder pain is common with a one-year prevalence ranging between 5% and 47%[1-6]. The prevalence in the general population in The Netherlands has recently been estimated at 17% [7]. The annual incidence of shoulder pain in Dutch general practice ranges between 12 and 25/1000/year [7-9]. Shoulder pain has a... | 17078883 | PMC1635047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 1; 7:83 |
Background
Rabies is an acute progressive viral encephalitis with a near 100% fatality rate. To date, no known treatment for rabies exists once symptoms of the disease become evident. Public education, vaccination of domestic pets, and the availability of human postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) have led to a decline of hu... | 17078890 | PMC1635048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Nov 1; 5:47 |
Background
Percutaneous injury is one of the major risk factors in the transmission of hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [1,2]. HCV is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis [3], and to date there is no protective vaccine against HCV. Thus, it is crucial to develop ... | 17074095 | PMC1635049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 30; 6:269 |
Background
High-density genomic tools, such as DNA microarrays, provide an important opportunity to study the global response of genomes to particular stressors or conditions. Unfortunately, commercially-available DNA microarrays exhibit several disadvantages when applied to toxicological investigations. For example, i... | 17052352 | PMC1635050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 19; 7:266 |
Background
Our pre-agricultural, hunter-gatherer human ancestors during the Paleolithic period (the old stone age; 2.5 million – 10,000 years BP) had a diet based on vegetables, fruit, nuts, roots, meat, organ meats and insects [1]. This Paleolithic diet has been suggested to be more in concordance with our evolutionar... | 17081292 | PMC1635051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Nov 2; 3:39 |
Background
Depression is one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders playing a significant role in the overall morbidity of population. In Europe, up to 10% of the population and 25% of the primary health care patients suffer from depression [1,2]. An Estonian survey revealed that 11.1% of the population had symptom... | 17074079 | PMC1635052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Oct 30; 7:64 |
Background
Few patients with diarrhoea or rectal bleeding consult a general practitioner and fewer still need referral for specialist advice [1]. In the UK guidelines describe patients who need to be referred urgently [2]. Here general practitioners are audited on their efforts to identify such cases with reference to ... | 17078894 | PMC1635053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Nov 2; 7:65 |
Background
The extent to which an amino acid in a protein is accessible to the surrounding solvent is highly dependent on the type of amino acid. In general, hydrophilic amino acids tend to be near the solvent accessible surface, while hydrophobic amino acids tend to be buried in the core of the protein. To measure thi... | 17069644 | PMC1635054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 27; 1:20 |
Background
Severe malnutrition has been associated with acquired immunodeficiency (AID) among children worldwide, and it is referred to as Nutritionally Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or NAIDS [1,2]. With the advent of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic, there has been a tendency to overlook the role o... | 17042940 | PMC1635055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Oct 16; 5:27 |
Background
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is increasing worldwide [1,2]. Overweight is caused by a long-term energy imbalance with energy intakes exceeding energy requirements for normal growth and physical activities. Promotion of a better energy balance is aimed at diet and physi... | 17064409 | PMC1635056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Oct 25; 3:37 |
Background
The oncogenic transformation of normal cells of vertebrates is a multi-step process in which mutations accumulate in two classes of cellular genes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes [1]. Oncogenes are altered forms of normal cellular proto-oncogenes that act in a dominant fashion to convert normal cells i... | 17081304 | PMC1635057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 2; 5:54 |
Background
Implementation of research findings into practice is a complex undertaking that has often fallen short of expectations. In part, this is due to the current lack of substantive knowledge regarding both individual implementation interventions and the interrelationship of multiple interventions used in many stu... | 17049080 | PMC1635058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Oct 18; 1:23 |
Background
Diabetes is the most common pre-existing medical condition complicating pregnancy in the United Kingdom (approximately four occurrences per 1000 pregnancies) [1]. It is known to have a substantial impact on maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes. The presence of diabetes is said to increase the risk of congen... | 17074087 | PMC1635059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Oct 30; 6:30 |
Background
Bowel cancer is common and is a major cause of death. It is the third and second most common cancer in men and women, respectively, in England, and there are over 28000 new cases in England, and over 14000 deaths in England and Wales each year.[1,2] Survival is associated with stage of disease at diagnosis.[... | 17059590 | PMC1635060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 23; 6:251 |
Background
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including unstable angina, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), affect approximately one million Americans each year [1]. As improved therapies have resulted in lower ACS mortality, patient health status has been incre... | 17062160 | PMC1635061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Oct 24; 6:41 |
Background
A study of children aged 1–5 years with progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis (IIS) shows that a two stage anterior and posterior surgical procedure leads to deterioration of the spine during follow up [1-3].
By reviewing the literature, no publication was found on rib growth in children with IIS. Dans... | 17049098 | PMC1635062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Oct 18; 1:17 |
Background
Mother to child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the primary mode of pediatric HIV-1 infection [1] in sub-Saharan Africa. In this region, HIV-1 subtype C accounts for approximately 50% of infections. Pediatric HIV-1 disease progression has been most intensively studied fo... | 17054795 | PMC1635063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Oct 20; 3:73 |
Background
DNA viruses and some RNA viruses must access the nucleus to replicate. This is also the case for lentiviruses and several excellent reviews have been recently published on the subject [1-5]. The interior of the nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double-layer membrane contiguous with the ER called t... | 17067381 | PMC1635064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:08 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Oct 26; 3:74 |
Background
During oocyte development, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling causes arrest at meiotic prophase I. Subsequent maturation, which results in breakdown of the germinal vesicle (nuclear envelope) and assembly of the meiotic spindle, requires relief of MAPK inhibition. In Caenorhabdit... | 17042944 | PMC1635065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:17 | no | BMC Biol. 2006 Oct 16; 4:35 |
Background
Some years ago, genomes were considered as static objects containing an informative part, the coding sequences, representing only a small percentage of the total genome, and a part referred to as "junk DNA" that was generally free of any annotation. It is now widely acknowledged that genomes must be consider... | 17067389 | PMC1635066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 26; 7:477 |
Background
Breakthroughs in large-scale sequencing have led to a surge in the available protein sequence information that has far out-stripped our ability to experimentally characterize their functions. As a result, researchers are increasingly relying on computational techniques to classify proteins into functional an... | 17042943 | PMC1635067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 16; 7:455 |
Background
Modern molecular biological research produces large amounts of data. One main problem remains the elucidation and representation of relationships between the compounds of biological systems. A large number of information systems holding data from molecular biology has been developed by public and private res... | 17059592 | PMC1635068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 23; 7:465 |
Background
Morus boninensis, a plant native to the Bonin Islands (typical oceanic islands, located 1,000 km south of Tokyo, Japan), is only endemic to Otouto-jima, Chichi-jima and Haha-jima Islands; it is categorized as "critically endangered" in the Japanese Red Data Book [1]. This species is a typical case in which t... | 17034624 | PMC1635411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Oct 11; 6:14 |
Background
Arsenic toxicity is a global health problem affecting many millions of people. The major source of human exposure is contamination of drinking water from natural geological sources, but anthropogenic emissions from mining, smelting, or agricultural sources (pesticides or fertilizers) also contribute to local... | 17076881 | PMC1635412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:55 | no | Environ Health. 2006 Oct 31; 5:31 |
Background
Attachment theory provides clinicians and researchers alike a method of examining the impact of early experiences on later adjustment [1-6]. According to attachment theory, early experiences with caregivers are transformed into internal mental representations of attachment during childhood and adolescence [3... | 17081298 | PMC1635415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:25 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2006 Nov 2; 1:32 |
Background
Second only to death by accident, suicide is currently the most common cause of death among Swedish adolescents and young adults (males and females) in the 15–25 age group [1].
In reviews and meta-analyses, Harris and Barraclough [2,3] addressed the issue of mortality and suicide in general adult psychiatri... | 17081290 | PMC1635416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 2; 6:51 |
Background
Intestinal carcinoid tumours can be found in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract, with the highest incidence being in the distal ileum. They present as a spectrum from small 'benign' tumours to the classical 'carcinoid syndrome' of local tumour invasion with liver metastases and systemic symptoms. Howeve... | 17083717 | PMC1635417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:39 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 3; 4:75 |
Background
For many centuries theoreticians have attempted to build accurate models of how people make judgments, decisions, and choices. To endeavor to answer these important questions about decision-making behavior, researchers from a wide variety of fields have used many different approaches and methods, though for ... | 17049091 | PMC1635418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Oct 18; 2:35 |
Background
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that is responsible for several pathologies collectively known as leishmaniasis. According to the latest WHO, 12 million people are affected by leishmaniasis worldwide and 2 million new cases occur each year [1]. Moreover, the of rise Leishmaniasis is due to multiple factor... | 17059597 | PMC1635419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:21 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2006 Oct 23; 5:6 |
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, demyelinating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Its aetiology is still unknown. In Spain, the prevalence of MS is 53–58 per 100000 [1,2]. It predominantly affects young adults, with onset in third decade of life, and females (ratio 2:1).
The prog... | 17078879 | PMC1635420 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Nov 1; 6:143 |
Background
A disease registry is a collection of uniform data describing individuals who meet specific inclusion criteria in which medical, demographic and other data are documented in an ongoing and systematic manner in order to serve predetermined purposes [1]. Disease registries are common in the United States (U.S.... | 17076896 | PMC1635421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:04 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2006 Oct 31; 1:32 |
Background
Malaria is a major public health problem in Nigeria, being one of the five leading causes of out-patient visits and mortality, especially in children under five years of age [1]. Prompt access to early diagnosis and effective antimalarial treatment are major strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality fr... | 17078875 | PMC1635422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 1; 5:97 |
Background
Animal models played an important role in the understanding of HIV pathogenesis and in preclinical evaluation of therapeutic strategies [1-4]. In this regard, the severe combined immunodeficient C.B.-17 SCID/SCID (SCID) mouse model initially provided an in vivo system to study murine hemato-lymphoid differen... | 17078891 | PMC1635423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Nov 1; 3:76 |
Background
Schizophrenia is a chronic and serious psychiatric disorder affecting about 1 % of the population worldwide. Several lines of evidence point towards schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder, and the involvement of myelin- and oligodendrocyte abnormalities in the pathophysiology of the disease has been ... | 17052361 | PMC1635424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 20; 7:69 |
Background
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma. The two main subtypes, embryonal and alveolar, are characterized by specific morphologic features and chromosomal translocations. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas contain t(2;13) or t(1;13) translocations that generate fusion genes encoding either ... | 17081294 | PMC1635425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 2; 5:53 |
Background
Importance of housekeeping genes
Housekeeping (HK) genes are defined as genes constitutively expressed in all tissues to maintain essential cellular functions. Conversely, tissue specific (TS) genes, are defined as genes only or mainly expressed in a specific tissue or organ, and hence responsible for specif... | 17074078 | PMC1635426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:33 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 30; 7:277 |
Background
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are glycoproteins expressed on the cell surface of natural killer (NK) and subsets of T cells. These polymorphic receptors interact with specific motifs on HLA class I molecules, modulate NK cytolytic activity and are encoded by genes located on chromosome 19q... | 17069649 | PMC1635427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Oct 27; 4:44 |
Background
Position specific scoring matrices (PSSMs) have a long history in sequence analysis (see [1]). A high PSSM-score in some region of a sequence often indicates a possible biological relationship of this sequence to the family or motif characterized by the PSSM. There are several databases utilizing PSSMs for f... | 16930469 | PMC1635428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 24; 7:389 |
Background
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting social, cognitive, linguistic and sensorimotor abilities. These qualitative deficits are pervasive and long lasting. While genetic factors are known to be strong [1], consistent neurological markers for the disorder remain to be fully established. Behavioral ... | 17042953 | PMC1635430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Oct 16; 2:34 |
Background
Despite the fact that we perceive speech in an apparently involuntary fashion, one requires several processing stages to extract the meaning of an utterance. Acoustic-phonetic features that build up the signal have to be extracted and mapped onto knowledge stored in the listeners' long-term memory in the for... | 17062152 | PMC1635431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Oct 24; 2:36 |
1. Introduction
Many physical properties of our external environment can be encoded by more than one sensory modality. Rather than being treated independently by the brain, it has long been recognized that these sources of information interact with one another. The perceptual consequences of these interactions are most... | 16901835 | PMC1635528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:17 | no | Proc Biol Sci. 2006 Sep 7; 273(1598):2159-2168 |
Introduction
The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense in response to pathogen attack [1]. This “hard-wired” defense involves detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that triggers upregulation of antimicrobial genes, as well as activation of more specific responses via the adapt... | 17096597 | PMC1635533 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:42 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 10; 2(11):e183 |
Introduction
For both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, understanding of the organizational structure and mode of evolution of regulatory DNA sequences is incomplete. Although in the Bacteria gene regulation involves fewer proteins and cis-regulatory DNA sites, and less complex interactions among them, recent findings sugges... | 17096598 | PMC1635534 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 08:00:58 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 10; 2(11):e185 |
Introduction
The natural medaka fish hAT gene family element Tol2 [1–3], the engineered Tc1/mariner transposons Sleeping Beauty (SB) [4] and Frog Prince [5], and the insect-derived natural element PiggyBac [6] represent transposons potentially suitable as DNA transfer tools for gene discovery and gene delivery applicat... | 17096595 | PMC1635535 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 10; 2(11):e169 |
Introduction
Spontaneous mitotic homologous recombination (HR) plays an important role in securing the integrity of the genome [1–3]. On the other hand, this process may lead to loss of heterozygosity, which plays a major role in tumorigenesis in higher eukaryotes. For these reasons, it is important to understand how s... | 17096599 | PMC1635536 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 10; 2(11):e194 |
Introduction
Signal transduction pathways play key roles in specifying cell fates. Most signaling pathways terminate in the nucleus and alter the expression of a set of genes that are the ultimate effectors of cellular function. Commonly used signaling pathways have the ability to direct distinct outcomes in diverse ti... | 17096596 | PMC1635537 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 10; 2(11):e174 |
Introduction
The recognition of pathogens by the T cells of the immune system relies on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that process pathogen-derived molecules and present them with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The surface of APCs is scanned by T cells that bind to peptide–MHC (pMHC) complexes with... | 17096594 | PMC1635538 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:43 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 10; 2(11):e171 |
Introduction
In the limited amount of time available before nighttime, winter, or retirement, we need to make a large number of choices to maximize our total reward gain. In particular, when choosing between a larger, but delayed, reward, and a smaller, but more immediate reward, we compare the values associated with e... | 17096592 | PMC1635539 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:43 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 10; 2(11):e152 |
Introduction
In the past decade, intracellular fluorescence microscopy has fashioned a new appreciation of protein organization and segregation on bacterial membranes. From polar localization of developmental proteins such as DivJ, PleC, and DivK in Caulobacter crescentus [1,2], to septal localization of the divisome [... | 17096591 | PMC1635540 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:42 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 10; 2(11):e151 |
Introduction
Protein–protein interactions play a key role in many cellular processes [1,2]. An important step towards a mechanistic description of these processes is a structural characterization of the proteins and their complexes [3–6]. Currently, there are two computational approaches to predict the structure of a p... | 17096593 | PMC1635541 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:43 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 10; 2(11):e153 |
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