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Background
Geospatial technologies and even Internet applications such as Google Earth are now frequently used in both social and biological sciences in the search for spatial patterns and processes (for recent commentaries and examples see [1-3]). Geospatial display on the internet, such as Google Earth, not only prov... | 17032448 | PMC1626452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Oct 10; 5:44 |
Background
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Lyme disease is the fastest growing vector-borne disease in the United States with over 40,000 cases reported during 2001–2002, representing a 40% annual increase in incidence [1]. Studies from the 1990's suggest that the actual number of cas... | 17044928 | PMC1626453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2006 Oct 17; 3:12 |
Background
Attitudes towards antipsychotic medication play an important part in the treatment for schizophrenia and related disorders. The effectiveness of antipsychotic medication is evident in acute and maintenance treatment of these disorders, and most mental health professionals recognize antipsychotic drugs as a c... | 17049093 | PMC1626454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 18; 6:42 |
Background
Patient satisfaction with antipsychotic treatment is an important outcome. There is limited evidence suggesting that it is positively associated with compliance [1], improved clinical outcomes [2-6], and quality of life [7]. Yet there is a lack of prospective studies examining the association of patient sati... | 17054789 | PMC1626455 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 20; 6:45 |
Background
Most help-seeking substance abusers have comorbid symptom disorders and/or personality disorders [1-3]. The importance of such disorders for the long-term course of substance abuse is, however, still unclear. Most studies to date have examined the relationship between psychiatric disorders and substance use ... | 17054775 | PMC1626456 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 20; 6:44 |
Background
Postoperative myocardial infarction is not a well studied topic after lung surgery. From the few reports in the literature, the frequency to range between 0.7% to 2% [1,2], but it is difficult to determine an exact standarized incidence, in part due to differences in postoperative presentation, differences i... | 17059599 | PMC1626457 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Oct 23; 1:37 |
Background
The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) implemented residents' work hour limitations in July 2003 to improve patient safety. Another important potential impact of more limited work hours is change in residents' career satisfaction. Virtually all studies of residents' career satisfact... | 17044940 | PMC1626458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2006 Oct 17; 6:53 |
Background
The last few years have seen the publication of an ever-increasing number of Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) by different Scientific Societies and Health Care Services in Spain, adding to those guidelines already existing at an international level and aimed at presenting clinicians with som... | 17059600 | PMC1626459 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 23; 6:138 |
Background
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and significant resources are being devoted to changing patterns of CHD risk. Yet, fewer than 50% of patients are using effective CHD prevention strategies for each CHD risk factor. [1-3] Low utilization of these effective CHD pr... | 17005051 | PMC1626460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Sep 27; 6:121 |
Background
The rise in cesarean section (CS) delivery rates in Western nations and many developing countries has become an issue of major public health concern. Over the past decade, about one-third of all births nationwide in Taiwan were delivered by CS, with the proportion having fluctuated between 32.39% and 34.47% ... | 17029640 | PMC1626461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 9; 6:246 |
Background
Lifestyles in Western industrialized countries are characterized by a decreasing level of physical activity [1-3], a high energy intake and an overconsumption of (saturated) fat, cholesterol, sugar and salt [4]. According to the Food consumption survey of 2003 (5), among young adults (age 19–30) in the Nethe... | 17044935 | PMC1626462 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 17; 6:253 |
Background
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases such as coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke are the leading causes of death in industrialized nations[1,2]. From a public health perspective, it is imperative to address CV risk factors that are amenable to treatment such as life-style adjustments (smoking, obesity),... | 17052329 | PMC1626463 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 19; 6:256 |
Background
With the initial outbreak of pneumonia caused by highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus in Hong Kong in 1997 resulting in the death of 6 of the 18 infected individuals [1,2], the potential for emergence of a pandemic influenza was recognized [3]. Mass slaughtering of poultry appeared to halt the outbreak. ... | 17040574 | PMC1626464 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Oct 14; 7(1):126 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, which usually progresses, together with an abnormal inflammatory response to noxious particles or gases [1]. Patients may have chronic bronchitis [2], emphysema[3], small airways disease or a com... | 17054776 | PMC1626465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Oct 20; 7(1):130 |
Background
Measurements of exercise capacity are important and widely used in rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exercise testing in COPD varies from maximal laboratory tests, requiring advanced technical equipment, to simple field tests. Maximal laboratory tests are mostly co... | 17044921 | PMC1626466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Oct 17; 7(1):127 |
Background
Lymph node involvement is the first indication of spreading and a strong prognostic factor for epithelial cancers [1]. A better understanding of the development of metastatic tumor phenotypes and the identification of molecular markers for lymphatic spread would be useful in design of improved treatment stra... | 17054779 | PMC1626467 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 20; 7:268 |
Background
Ever since eukaryotic genes were discovered to be interrupted by introns, there has been a heated debate about the origin and evolution of introns. The "introns-early" school believes that introns were present in the last universal common ancestor of pro- and eukaryotes, and that intron loss is responsible f... | 17034638 | PMC1626468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 11; 7:256 |
Background
Eukaryotic cells contain many internal organelles surrounded by membrane boundaries, where specialised and essential functions are performed. The traffic between these different organelles is mainly mediated by vesicular transport [1]. The mechanism required for this type of transport involves a complex and ... | 17026746 | PMC1626469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 6; 7:250 |
Background
B. thuringiensis, belonging to the Bacillus cereus sensu lato group, is a gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium that produces parasporal crystals during sporulation. The proteinaceous parasporal crystals show toxicity against insect larvae. The toxin protein genes, usually insecticidal crystal protein (I... | 17059605 | PMC1626470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 23; 7:270 |
Background
Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare bone marrow failure state characterized by marrow hypocellularity and low peripheral blood cell counts [1]. Although the exact pathogenic mechanism is still unknown, beside a primary stem cell defect [2] and a disturbed microenvironment [3], pre-/clinical data suggest ... | 17052335 | PMC1626471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 19; 7:263 |
Background
Listeria monocytogenes is an ubiquitous bacterium responsible for cases and outbreaks of listeriosis in humans and animals, normally transmitted by consumption of contaminated foods or feeds [1]. In recent years several outbreaks of listeriosis have been described, associated with the consumption of a wide v... | 17054782 | PMC1626472 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:20 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 20; 6:153 |
Background
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent, heterogeneous, and debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder with an early onset. The disorder consists of a persistent pattern of inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and/or hyperactivity that is inconsistent with the child's developmental level [1].... | 17029638 | PMC1626473 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:48 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2006 Oct 9; 2:33 |
Background
Both pH and oxygen are important factors governing bacterial growth. Acid and base regulate many genes and proteins in Escherichia coli and related enteric bacteria [1-5]. Oxygen limitation regulates numerous genes such as those of the FNR and ArcA regulons [6,7]. Some genes are known to be coinduced by acid... | 17026754 | PMC1626474 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 6; 6:89 |
Background
In January of 2006, the Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE) issued a new standard addressing wellness and health promotion in the chiropractic college curriculum. The standard requires that students demonstrate specific clinical competencies and the changes must be in place in all colleges by the beginni... | 17038180 | PMC1626475 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Oct 12; 14:23 |
Background
Despite high dose postoperative irradiation in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC) with certain high risk factors, loco-regional recurrences occur in approximately 30% of the cases [1,2]. Three randomized studies showed an increase of loco-regional control and overall survival when post... | 17052346 | PMC1626476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Oct 19; 1:40 |
Background
The HIV epidemic continues to take its greatest toll in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 60% of the world's 40 million infected persons live [1]. Tanzania, a country with a population of 34.5 million is among the worst affected, having 7% of the adults infected with HIV [2]. There is a diverse pattern of ... | 17044932 | PMC1626477 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Oct 17; 3:27 |
Background
Tousled-like kinases (TLKs) belong to a family of serine-threonine kinases highly conserved in plants as well as animals [1,2]. Tousled-mutants in Arabidopsis have abnormal flower development, with defects also in leaf morphology and flowering time [3,4]. Humans have two homologs of Tousled: TLK1 and TLK2 [2... | 17054786 | PMC1626478 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 20; 7:37 |
Background
There are increasing concerns that an A/H5N1 influenza pandemic is imminent. Based on data from recent pandemics, 50 countries have developed pandemic preparedness plans and most industrialized countries are stockpiling antiviral drugs [1]. An international workforce has been created to develop an H5N1 vacci... | 17059593 | PMC1626479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Oct 23; 4:26 |
Background
Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent malaria species of world with an estimated 80–90 million cases a year [1]. In Americas and Asia, P. vivax is the most prevalent malaria species, and in Brazil it represents more than 75% of the clinical cases reported annually [2].
Variant antigens exposed on P.... | 17026752 | PMC1626480 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 6; 5:83 |
Background
The amount of data produced by researchers in health sciences has been growing explosively and advances in genetics, genomics, and information technology are likely to further contribute to this growth. In the past two decades, meta-analysis has evolved into the statistical method par excellence to make sens... | 17038197 | PMC1626481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Oct 13; 6:50 |
Background
Introduction
LitMiner is a work-centered digital information application that incorporates aspects of text analysis, visualization, and digital library services. This paper will focus on the use of LitMiner as an extension of the library's services. The various techniques in LitMiner for manipulating gene in... | 17052341 | PMC1626482 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Biomed Digit Libr. 2006 Oct 19; 3:11 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules which have recently gained widespread attention as critical regulators in complex gene regulatory networks in eukaryotes. These small RNA, processed from non-coding regions of the genome into 18–23 nucleotide long single stranded RNA, have been shown to regulate tra... | 17032463 | PMC1626483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Oct 11; 3:68 |
Background
It is accepted that stroke constitutes the second leading cause of death and leading determinant of disability among the world adult population [1] and, moreover, that its health impact will increase in the future [2]. Mortality due to cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and other disorders in Spain is monitored b... | 17042941 | PMC1626484 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Oct 16; 6:36 |
Background
Mature teratomas are the most common histological type of germ cell tumors. These lesions originate from the third pharyngeal pouch, and may manifest with a variety of clinical and radiological features. Primary lung teratomas have rarely been reported since Mohr's description of this entity in 1839.
Case r... | 17054798 | PMC1626485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Oct 21; 1:38 |
Background
Echocardiography has become the gold standard for non invasive assessment of diastolic function [1]. Besides detecting left ventricular (LV) relaxation abnormality, pulsed wave (PW) Doppler echocardiography allows assessment of LV end diastolic and left atrial pressures accurately [2,3]. More recently tissue... | 17042954 | PMC1626486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Oct 16; 4:38 |
Background
Phylogenetic relationships among basal angiosperms have been debated for over 100 years since Darwin [1] identified the origin and rapid diversification of flowering plants as an "abominable mystery". The difficulty of resolving these relationships is likely due to the rapid radiation of angiosperms. During ... | 17020608 | PMC1626487 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Oct 4; 6:77 |
Background
Knowledge of protein three-dimensional (3-D) structure is a prerequisite to understanding its function at a molecular level. With more than 37,000 protein structures in the rapidly growing public repository PDB [1], the importance of computer algorithms that can rapidly compare and find remote similarities b... | 17052359 | PMC1626488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 20; 7:460 |
Background
Major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHCs) are polymorphic glycoproteins residing on cell membranes. In the cellular immune system, MHC molecules bind small peptide fragments, or epitopes, derived from antigens and host proteins, and present them to T cells, thus inducing downstream immune system resp... | 17059589 | PMC1626489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 23; 7:463 |
Background
The first complete genomic sequence of a living organism, the bacterium H. influenzae, was obtained in 1995. Ten years after, the number of fully sequenced genomes is steadily increasing: more than 350 bacterial and archeabacterial genomes and 20 eukaryotic genomes are presently available in public databases... | 17038181 | PMC1626490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 12; 7:450 |
Background
Exploration of homology between chromosomes facilitates the understanding of the structure, function and evolution of genomes. Extensive synteny and colinearity have been detected between chromosomes in different species of cereals [1], mammals [2] and yeasts [3] providing a deep insight into the evolution o... | 17038171 | PMC1626491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 12; 7:447 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 7: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030261
Table 3 should have listed Age (years) as Mean: 28.5, SD: 8.3 (not Mean: 8.3, SD: 9.6).
Minnehy Mukoma should have been included in the Acknowledgments for research design and implementation.
Citation: (2006) Correction: Routine HIV testing in B... | 0 | PMC1626548 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e395 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic immune complex disease characterized by a variable course and outcome. Renal involvement, one of the most serious manifestations, is clinically heterogeneous. Even among patients with the most severe histological forms of renal involvement, not all patient... | 17076550 | PMC1626549 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e396 |
Introduction
Changing global population structures require societies to face major issues raised by increasing numbers of the very old. Western societies have experienced sufficient change to be able to anticipate patterns of health and ill health in their ageing populations. These changes are likely to be echoed in a ... | 17076551 | PMC1626550 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e397 |
Introduction
The majority of individuals infected with HIV-1 develop an acute viral syndrome within 7–21 days of infection, characterized primarily by fever, lymphadenopathy, and cutaneous rash in the presence of very high levels of HIV-1 replication [1,2]. Both innate and adaptive immune responses, including natural k... | 17076553 | PMC1626551 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e403 |
Introduction
Radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for cancer. The incidence of prostate cancer is high, but most patients will be cured or free from tumor symptoms within several years after radiotherapy. The success of radiotherapy depends on its ability to kill cancer cells while sparing normal tissue... | 17076557 | PMC1626552 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e422 |
Introduction
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are widely recognized as the criterion standard for unbiased assessment of the effect of different pharmacologic treatments. Blinding is used in combination with randomization to limit the occurrence of conscious and unconscious bias in the conduct of clinical trials (pe... | 17076559 | PMC1626553 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e425 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 8: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030272
Under the section heading “Expected Death Toll during a Present-Day Mass Vaccination Campaign,” the numbers of expected deaths that were computed for a mass vaccination campaign were displayed as per million; they should be absolute numbers.
The ... | 0 | PMC1626554 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e429 |
“You already know how it ends when you are born”, my mother said in sorrow after my father died. And she is not even medically qualified. Should we extend this common wisdom on the realities of old age towards the development of dementia? In other words, is dementia a curse that is inescapably linked to old age?
A New... | 17076560 | PMC1626555 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e430 |
Introduction
Atypical HUS (aHUS) is characterised by the triad of a microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (Coombs' test negative), thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure in the absence of a preceding diarrhoeal illness. aHUS can be either sporadic or, if more than one member of a family is affected, familial. In 1998 ... | 17076561 | PMC1626556 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e431 |
A typical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disease involving haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure. There is growing evidence that the disease is associated with defective control of the alternative pathway of complement [1].
Genetic abnormalities in complement regulatory proteins, includ... | 17076562 | PMC1626557 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e432 |
The modern concept of a social stigma comes from the work of American sociologist Erving Goffman, who described it as a response to a deeply discrediting attribute that devalues the person [1]. In the medical literature, stigma is almost inevitably written about in terms of adverse social sequelae of a disease—such as ... | 17076563 | PMC1626558 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e435 |
Radiotherapy can lead to both acute and late side effects, the former occurring over a timescale of weeks and then subsiding. Late effects occur months or even years after cessation of treatment and often show continuous progression with time. With conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, the late side effects usually... | 17076565 | PMC1626559 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e440 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 8: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030330
Reference 13 was mistakenly not cited in the main article. It should have been added as a reference to the sentence: “Claims associated with costs of drug development merit careful scrutiny since they are often used as a rhetorical tool to argue f... | 0 | PMC1626560 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:40 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e447 |
I read with interest the debate about for-profit versus non-profit institutional review boards (IRBs) [1], but was disappointed that no one addressed the ability (or inability) of for-profit IRBs to review studies with the local context of research subjects in mind and then monitor what actually occurs during the conse... | 17076570 | PMC1626561 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e457 |
We are compelled to respond to the concerns expressed by Lemmens and Elliott [1] about the Western Institutional Review Board (WIRB) and address the errors and misconceptions contained therein. We have worked diligently to protect the IRB decision-making process from the “for-profit” conflict and many believe that WIRB... | 17076571 | PMC1626562 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:33 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e458 |
We are concerned by two inaccurate statements offered by Emanuel [1]. First, he claims: “And in recent years, the OHRP [Office for Human Research Protections] has called upon WIRB [Western Institutional Review Board] to re-review protocols and revamp the IRB processes and procedures at not-for-profit academic instituti... | 17076572 | PMC1626563 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e459 |
I have misstated. Obviously, as a governmental agency, the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) could not “endorse” the Western Institutional Review Board (WIRB) to re-review protocols at institutions whose federal assurance was suspended, or advise such institutions to consult WIRB. As Dr. Schwetz reminded me ... | 0 | PMC1626564 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:41 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e460 |
Salomon JA et al. [1] show through mathematical models the hypothetical high impact on tuberculosis (TB) control of a new shorter treatment regimen in South-East Asia. The model assumes all the positive determinants to enhance TB control but none of the negative ones, so the model is a kind of tautology that drives to ... | 17076574 | PMC1626565 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e461 |
The authors report that conventional antenatal corticosteroid therapy was received by all mothers [1]. While antenatal steroids reduce morbidity from respiratory distress syndrome and probably reduce neonatal mortality [2], there is also evidence that the steroid has an effect on brain development [3]. Multiple courses... | 17076575 | PMC1626566 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e462 |
Julio Sotelo's proposal for pharmaceutical research to be organised by a Collegiate Research Council (CRC) funded by drug companies [1] is one of several alternatives that deserve debate [2].
The Sotelo proposal has advantages, but if the CRC is a single international monopoly how could the risk of corruption and inef... | 17076576 | PMC1626567 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e463 |
In his letter [1] Dr. Mansfield has raised a debatable issue: “If the CRC [Collegiate Research Council] is a single international monopoly how could the risk of corruption and inefficiency be managed?” By no means would the CRC be an international monopoly; in the proposal it was stated that the CRC would be certified ... | 0 | PMC1626568 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e464 |
We are grateful to Dr. Matthews for his comments [1]. With a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 85%, the metabolic markers for schizophrenia identified in our study are certainly not perfect. However, we have already identified further biomarkers and envisage that a panel of biomarkers can be used for diagnostic p... | 0 | PMC1626569 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e468 |
Research that points towards more reliable diagnosis of schizophrenia is always to be welcomed. However, the impact of the relatively low prevalence of this disorder on the reliability of any test should be borne in mind when assessing any proposed diagnostic.
Holmes et al. [1] find a sensitivity for their cerebrospin... | 17076579 | PMC1626570 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e469 |
This very encouraging article [1] is based on relatively small subgroups of patients. That in itself does not invalidate the conclusions, providing that the subjects in each group have the same illness.
I recently reported that many detained psychiatric inpatients had not been fully investigated to exclude organic cau... | 17076580 | PMC1626571 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:13:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e470 |
Our basic argument is this: for-profit research ethics boards are in a client–provider relationship with study sponsors; this relationship creates a conflict of interest; and this conflict of interest is particularly dangerous under a weak regulatory system which does not prevent forum shopping and allows market criter... | 0 | PMC1626572 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e471 |
Compelling arguments, documentation, and published data have always been the basis of scholarly examination, discussion, and reasoning. Rhetorical catch phrases, biased ideologies, and anecdotal reports, when used to prove erroneous and often unrelated points, are creating condemnation and polarization instead of aware... | 17076582 | PMC1626573 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:40:34 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Oct 31; 3(10):e472 |
1. Background
PRO instruments provide a means for measuring treatment benefits by capturing concepts related to how a patient feels or functions with respect to his or her health or condition. The concepts, events, behaviors, or feelings measured by PRO instruments can be either readily observed or verified (e.g., walk... | 17034633 | PMC1629006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Oct 11; 4:79 |
Background
Systemic sclerosis, also termed 'scleroderma' is a multsystem- connective tissue disease, characterized by excessive fibrosis, vascular abnormalities, and immune dysfunction. A relatively rare syndrome, scleroderma has an annual incidence of 1 or 2 cases per 100 000 and 3 times more frequent in women than me... | 17042962 | PMC1629007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Oct 17; 6:11 |
Background
Many forms of cancer can be treated effectively with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, these treatments have significant dose-limiting toxicities. In western countries, 1 out of every 500 to 600 children develops childhood cancer before reaching the age of 15 years [1]. Currently, high-dose chemotherap... | 17049085 | PMC1629008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2006 Oct 18; 6:13 |
Background
Oral cancer the sixth most common cancer worldwide continues to be the most prevalent cancer related to the consumption of tobacco, alcohol and other carcinogenic products[1]. While the cancer incidence remains high in South and South East Asia (its traditional high risk areas); parts of Central and Eastern ... | 17040577 | PMC1629009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:23 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Oct 16; 2:33 |
Background
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of even-toed ungulates caused by Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which is a member of the genus Aphthovirus and the family Picornviridae [1]. A number of non-structural protein (NSP) immunoassays, designed to detect aphthovirus-specific a... | 17042948 | PMC1629010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Oct 16; 2:30 |
Background
Insect metamorphosis is a complex, highly conserved, and strictly regulated process of developmental events. Metamorphosis is triggered by the steroid hormone ecdysone in the absence of the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone and is carried out by self-destructive mechanisms of programmed cell death [1]. The de... | 17062167 | PMC1629011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Oct 25; 6:49 |
Background
Some geneticists have predicted a genetic revolution in healthcare: involving a future in which individuals take a battery of genetic tests, at birth or later in life, to determine their individual 'genetic susceptibility' to disease [1,2]. In theory, once the risk of particular combinations of genotype and ... | 17029623 | PMC1629012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:01 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Oct 9; 3:35 |
Background
Several international studies suggested that more than half and as much as 80 % of adults with Internet access use it for health care purposes [4,10,13]. These estimates have been widely distributed and now frequently form the context for discussions among the media and other of the role of the Internet in h... | 17054799 | PMC1629013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Oct 21; 1:36 |
Background
Research indicates that the structure and quality of the couple relationship can influence what chronically ill patients do to manage their illness as well as how they perceive their physical, mental and emotional health [1-7]. Since the treatment of most chronic illnesses includes lifestyle and role changes... | 17052336 | PMC1629014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Oct 19; 7:59 |
Background
Walter Canon offered the first model of homeostasis as the "coordinated physiological processes which maintain most of the steady states in the organism" [1-3], and further focused on the "sympathetic nervous system as an essential homeostatic system that served to restore stress-induced disturbed homeostasi... | 17044942 | PMC1629015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2006 Oct 18; 14:25 |
Background
Normal neck function underpins successful performance of activities of daily living. In the general population, neck pain and dysfunction are common, affecting up to 67% of the general population at some time during their life [1]. The one year prevalence of neck pain has been reported as 32% in a population... | 17062165 | PMC1629016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Oct 25; 7:81 |
Background
Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States [1]. It is a major cause of premature mortality and morbidity and poses an enormous economic burden. Direct medical and indirect expenditures attributable to diabetes in 2002 alone were estimated at 132 billion dollars [2,3]. This disease affe... | 17052356 | PMC1629017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 19; 6:259 |
Background
In a recent paper [1] we have shown that complexity of human head models significantly influence the scalp potential and the EEG inverse source localizations. In this companion work, we examine the influence of head models on neuromagnetic fields and on MEG inverse solutions. Similar to the previous results ... | 17059601 | PMC1629018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Oct 23; 5:55 |
Background
Since the 1920s it has been clear that interactions of immune-system and drug dynamics are critical to the elimination or persistence of drug-resistant malaria parasites in individual patients, but details and dynamic principles remain to be established [1,2]. Later, in the 1980s, it was found that an isolat... | 17034637 | PMC1629019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 11; 5:86 |
Background
The mechanism of the disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum, arguably the pathogen that causes the most human suffering, has been hotly debated for many decades. Clearly, rational adjunct therapy depends on getting this right. For over twenty years the central debate has come from two apparently opposing ca... | 17029647 | PMC1629020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 10; 5:85 |
Background
Over the past few years extensive research has been done on the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in several physiologic and pathologic conditions in the lung. VEGF is a pluripotent growth factor that is critical for lung development and has multiple physiological roles in the lung, including... | 17044926 | PMC1629021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Oct 17; 7(1):128 |
Background
Early detection seems to be a key factor in reducing rates of death from colorectal cancer [1], one of the commonest cancers in the world [2]. Current methods of screening include fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), flexible sigmoidoscopy, barium enema, and colonoscopy. Recently, "virtual" (computed tomograph... | 17054783 | PMC1629022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:31 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 20; 6:250 |
Background
Based on data from the Catalogue of Imprinted Genes [1], the number of known imprinted genes reported for cattle is small compared to human and mouse. At present, few imprinted genes have been reported in cattle, among them are IGF2R [2]; XIST, IGF2, GTL2 [3]; PEG3 [4]; NESP55 [5]; H19 [6]; and NNAT [7]. Wit... | 17064418 | PMC1629023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Oct 25; 7:49 |
Background
Kallmann's syndrome (KS) is a heritable disorder characterized by the association of anosmia or hyposmia, i.e. the lack or reduction of the sense of smell, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism [1]. These anomalies probably arise from impaired targeting and migration of the olfactory axons and of the neurons sec... | 17034626 | PMC1629024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Oct 11; 7:47 |
Background
Follicular lymphoma (FL), an indolent subgroup of non-hodgkin lymphomas, is a monoclonal lymphoid neoplasm arising from a malignant germinal center B lymphocyte. FL has an average annual incidence rate of 2.6 per 100,000 people and a median survival of 7.8 years [1,2].
Recent molecular studies have establis... | 17026765 | PMC1629025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Oct 6; 5:44 |
Background
Diabetes was the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2002 [1]. Between 1990 and 2000 the number of people in the U.S. diagnosed with diabetes increased by 49% [2]. An estimated 18.2 million Americans now suffer with the disease, with 13 million diagnosed and 5.2 million undiagnosed [1]. Accompanying ... | 17059602 | PMC1629026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:58 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006 Oct 23; 4:18 |
Reflection
A reflection on the 25 year history of AIDS can begin with no better outline than that provided by the late Jonathan Mann of WHO. A slide he gave to me in the late 1980's divides the history of AIDS into four periods: (see fig. 1). Jonathan could not know that the period of silent spread (part 1 of this saga... | 17054781 | PMC1629027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:07 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Oct 20; 3:72 |
Background
Recent progress in whole genome shotgun sequencing and assembly technologies [1] has drastically reduced the cost of decoding an organism's DNA, which has resulted in a rapid increase in genomic sequencing projects. According to the Genomes OnLine Database v2.0 [2], as of August 2006 there are over 2000 acti... | 17022809 | PMC1629028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 5; 7:433 |
Introduction
Macrophage cells and cholesterol play a central role in the pathogenesis of two diseases, AIDS and atherosclerosis. Macrophages are among the main targets of HIV in the body, and HIV assembly and budding, as well as infection of new target cells, all depend on plasma membrane cholesterol. Depletion of cell... | 17076584 | PMC1629034 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 31; 4(11):e365 |
Straddling the line between living and nonliving, a virus must commandeer the molecular machinery of the cell it infects to persist, and sometimes even alters the cellular environment toward that end. The HIV genome encodes nine proteins, some playing multiple roles to help the virus invade human immune cells and co-op... | 20076496 | PMC1629035 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 31; 4(11):e400 |
Introduction
Despite the vital importance of ecosystem services—the supply of benefits from ecosystems to society—leaders in both the private and public sectors have been slow to incorporate these benefits into decision making. This slow incorporation traces to a complex of factors well beyond science, but at the core ... | 17076586 | PMC1629036 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 31; 4(11):e379 |
Efforts to save wilderness often play out within a win-lose framework, pitting conservation against economic opportunity. But as human pressures on wildlands continue to escalate, conservation biologists are seeking win-win approaches, based on the notion that ecosystems provide numerous economic benefits—wetlands miti... | 20076490 | PMC1629037 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 31; 4(11):e392 |
The fossil record shows that plant and animal extinctions have always been part of life. But today, species are disappearing at an unprecedented rate, unable to keep pace with habitat loss and alien species invasions. Exotic invasive species can quickly displace indigenous species and disrupt ecological relationships t... | 20076504 | PMC1629038 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 31; 4(11):e411 |
Introduction
Understanding invasion of habitats by new species is a critical ecological problem due to the enormous impact invasive nonnative species are having on ecosystems worldwide [1–4]. Further, invasion is a key component of many ecological processes such as colonization, ecological succession, and community/met... | 17076585 | PMC1629039 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 31; 4(11):e372 |
Introduction
Investments in biodiversity conservation must be strategically allocated, because resources are severely limited [1]. As a result, approaches for designing conservation plans that systematically represent a region's biodiversity have proliferated and become ever more sophisticated [2,3]. Although the biolo... | 17076583 | PMC1629040 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 31; 4(11):e360 |
Article overview
We begin this article with two brief literature reviews: One to identify how Internet focus groups (IFG) have been used in health and social science research; the second to examine current approaches to cross-cultural validation of PROs. Based on these growing bodies of knowledge, there appeared compel... | 16995935 | PMC1630423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Sep 22; 4:64 |
Background
Neuropathic pain is an important and unmet clinical problem. There is a lack of effective drugs for its treatment and in some cases the pain is resistant to the strongest analgesics [1]. Hyperexcitability of damaged sensory neurons, as a result of injury to and/or demyelination of their peripheral axons, is ... | 17052333 | PMC1630424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Oct 19; 2:33 |
Background
The use of iterative functions for scale independent representation of biological sequences was first proposed well over a decade ago [1]. Despite its earlier popularity, that original proposition, designated as Chaos Game Representation (CGR), was soon found objectionable on the grounds of equivalence to st... | 17049089 | PMC1630425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 18; 1:18 |
Background
Mastitis is a common problem for breastfeeding women [1-3] yet it is a poorly researched topic [4]. Mastitis may be a noninfective inflammation, resolving with heat and increased breast drainage [5,6], or an infective process which may lead to a breast abscess [7].
The most commonly isolated organism in lac... | 17032458 | PMC1630426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Oct 11; 7:57 |
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