text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
Asthma is a T cell driven chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways [1]. Both T helper (Th)2 and Th1 lymphocytes, play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma [2-4]. Local overproduction of T helper (Th)2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13) by Th2 cells in the asthmatic airways is well defin... | 17083726 | PMC1636037 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Nov 3; 7(1):135 |
Background
In the last decade, the overall incidence of breast cancer has remained stable, while mortality has decreased [1]. Some, but not all, studies showed that rates of late-stage diagnoses have decreased [2-5]. At least a portion of the success in reducing breast cancer-related morbidity and mortality can be attr... | 17074091 | PMC1636038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:06 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 30; 6:49 |
Background
Hypochondriasis as described in DSM-IV is a mental disorder characterized by excessive fear of or preoccupation with a serious illness, despite medical testing and reassurance to the contrary [1]. In primary care users its prevalence is estimated at 3% [2]. The disorder can significantly interfere with an in... | 17067384 | PMC1636039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Oct 26; 6:46 |
Background
The postpartum period, or puerperium, starts about an hour after the delivery of the placenta and includes the following six weeks [1]. By six weeks after delivery, most of the changes of pregnancy, labor, and delivery have resolved and the body has reverted to the nonpregnant state [1,2]. The postpartum per... | 17087836 | PMC1636040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 7; 6:274 |
Background
SPARCLE [1] is a cross-sectional survey in nine European regions which examines the relationship between the physical, social and attitudinal environment of children with cerebral palsy and their participation in everyday activities and quality of life. Its analyses will take account of family stress and chi... | 17087828 | PMC1636041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 6; 6:273 |
Background
Arabidopsis thaliana has been the workhorse of plant molecular biologists and is routinely transformed using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods. The first simple Arabidopsis transformation method reported by Bechtold et al (1993) was simplified by Clough and Bent (1998), who eliminated the vacuum-... | 17062132 | PMC1636042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Oct 24; 2:16 |
Background
Arabidopsis transformation mediated by vacuum infiltration of inflorescences with an Agrobacterium suspension was first introduced by Bechtold et al. [1]. This method has been widely used in preference to tissue culture techniques as it directly produces transformed seed and negates lengthy and complicated t... | 17087829 | PMC1636043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Nov 6; 2:19 |
Background
There are several reasons that someone might be diagnosed with cancer at more than one anatomic site. First, a new cancer might be caused by the therapy for a previous cancer. The risk of breast cancer is significantly increased among women who were treated for Hodgkin Disease with radiation [1]. Second, can... | 17090329 | PMC1636044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:33 | no | Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2006 Nov 8; 3:17 |
Background
Ischemic disease is the most frequently identified specific cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, accounting for more than 60% of patients with symptomatic heart failure and many more with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Reconstructive ventricular surgery for ischemic cardiomyopathy has attracted incre... | 17083734 | PMC1636045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Nov 3; 1:40 |
Case reports
Four female patients were referred to our institution for definitive treatment of pleural effusion (and one for persistent pneumothorax). All had undergone CT imaging and pleural fluid examination. In all cases the fluid was diagnostic for malignancy but not for MPM. Assuming the pleural effusions to be me... | 17078889 | PMC1636046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Nov 1; 1:39 |
Background
The Hh signaling pathway is important for the development of animals from flies to vertebrates. It is an intercellular signaling pathway that regulates cell fate specification, cell proliferation and cell survival of different target cells [1]. In brief, the signaling cell produces a Hh precursor that is com... | 17076889 | PMC1636047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:56 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 31; 7:280 |
Background
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play a fundamental role as drivers of genome evolution, shaping both genes and genomes and often constitute a large fraction of the genome (for a review of mobile elements and genome evolution see [1,2]). The mutagenic effects of MGE behaviour are well documented and include a ... | 17083741 | PMC1636048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 4; 7:282 |
Background
Microarray analysis is a widely used technology for studying gene expression on a global scale. However, the technology is presently not used as a routine diagnostic tool. Various studies have shown that microarray analysis results in improved diagnosis and risk stratification in many cancers [1-12]. More sp... | 17074082 | PMC1636049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 30; 7:278 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, ~22 nucleotide (nt) noncoding RNAs that play important roles in gene expression regulation by base-pairing with messenger RNAs [1]. A single miRNA can down-regulate a large number of target mRNAs [2]. Since most miRNA precursors can be mapped to ~60–120 nt long conserved ge... | 17090314 | PMC1636050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 7; 7:285 |
Background
Due to their evolutionary history as derived endosymbionts, mitochondria have retained genetic material – the mitochondrial genome. Much of their original gene content was eliminated or transferred to the nucleus [1], while only a small proportion of genes has persisted to the present. In triploblastic anima... | 17087824 | PMC1636051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 6; 7:284 |
Background
A common bacterial disease of soybean worldwide is the bacterial blight caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (Psg). The interactions of compatible and incompatible races of Psg with different soybean cultivars have been characterized previously [1]. Compatible interactions allow bacterial growth withi... | 17083738 | PMC1636052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Nov 3; 6:26 |
The need for research on research
Health research systems provide a promising opportunity to link knowledge generation with practical concerns to improve health and health equity. Interest in health research, and in how health research systems should best be organised, is moving up the agenda of bodies such as the Worl... | 17087830 | PMC1636053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:15 | no | Health Res Policy Syst. 2006 Nov 6; 4:10 |
Background
The finite element method (FEM) is a powerful numerical method. It has become the prevalent technique used as an effective tool for analyzing all kinds of physical phenomena in structural, solid and fluid mechanics. Moreover it is used for simulating various processes in engineering in the last four decades.... | 17076902 | PMC1636054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:58 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2006 Oct 31; 5:58 |
Background
Thymidine kinases form part of the salvage pathway for pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. TKs are expressed in a variety of organisms from human to bacteria as well as in a number of viruses. The reaction catalysed by TK involves the transfer of a γ-phosphoryl moiety from ATP to 2'deoxy-thymidine (dTh... | 17062140 | PMC1636055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Oct 24; 6:22 |
Background
Polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHA) represent a complex class of biodegradable and naturally occurring biopolyesters that consist of hydroxyalkanoic acid monomers. They are produced by a wide range of bacteria as energy storage compounds especially during limited nutritional supplies and in the presence of exces... | 17076907 | PMC1636056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Nov 1; 6:23 |
Background
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy in children and young adults [1-5], typically presenting with symptoms of pain or swelling. Older adults may also be affected, usually as a result of sarcomatous transformation of Paget's disease of bone [1-3,6]. Histologically, osteosarcomas are highly... | 17081310 | PMC1636057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 3; 3:38 |
Background
Of the 298,876 registered fluorinated structures in the Beilstein Chemical Database (for 2005) only 279 compounds contain a genuine vicinal difluoro motif-CHF-CHF- and only 12 crystal structures of this motif are deposited in the Cambridge Structure Data Base. The relatively rare presence of this motif may p... | 17014729 | PMC1636058 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Oct 2; 2:19 |
Background
The proportion of patients with Mental Health (MH) and Substance Abuse (SA) disorders in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is higher than in other health care systems [1,2]. In fiscal year 1999 (FY99) (October 1, 1998 – September 30, 1999), approximately 29% of the patients were diagnosed with a MH/SA ... | 17067394 | PMC1636059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:56 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Oct 26; 6:53 |
Background
Three by five initiative by World Health Organization (WHO) has accelerated efforts to provide anti-retroviral treatment (ART) to all those who need it even in the developing world [1]. The ART programme initiated at this scale would require extensive back up for counseling, laboratory investigations to supp... | 17042936 | PMC1636060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2006 Oct 16; 3:26 |
Background
A recent analysis of the voluntary oscillatory movements of one single extremity in different mechanical contexts (foot) [1] (hand) [2] led to the hypothesis that these movements are controlled by a neural mechanism that compares the intended position (encoded by a "central command") with the actual position... | 17067367 | PMC1636061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Oct 26; 7:70 |
Background
A growing body of evidence supports the critical role of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ)2 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Early onset AD is associated with overproduction of the 42-amino acid form of Aβ (Aβ1–42) and Aβ1–42 is toxic to neurons in vitro and in vivo [1-3]. To develop therapeutic strategies ... | 17083736 | PMC1636062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:34 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Nov 3; 7:74 |
Background
Human malaria is caused by an Apicomlexan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. Four species are known to cause human malaria namely, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae. Nevertheless, P. falciparum has been found to be the most lethal of all human malaria parasites.... | 17076899 | PMC1636063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 31; 5:94 |
Background
A diversity of organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans, shows circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior that are controlled by endogenous oscillators. In mammals and flies, the core clocks are generated by two negative feedback loops that are interconnected to the same two positive basic helix-loop-hel... | 17069657 | PMC1636064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 27; 7:38 |
Background
Self-management education programs can have a positive effect on patients' ability to control Type 2 diabetes and hypertension [1]. Given the current prevalence of these chronic diseases and associated health disparities, there is a need for community-based programs that improve health behaviors and health s... | 17067388 | PMC1636065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:13 | no | Implement Sci. 2006 Oct 26; 1:26 |
Background
The structural maintenance of chromosome 3 protein (SMC3) has been first identified as a key component of the multimeric protein complex cohesin that plays an essential role during the segregation of sister chromatids [1-3]. In addition to chromosomal segregation, SMC3 is also involved in DNA recombination a... | 17081288 | PMC1636066 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 2; 5:52 |
Background
Metabolic transformations of malignant cells are essential to the development and progression of all cancers. That tumor cells exhibit metabolic characteristics that are markedly different from their precursor sane cells has been well established since the original classic studies of Warburg et al reported i... | 17090311 | PMC1636067 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 7; 5:59 |
Background
HIV-1 gp120 is a major target for neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) and for this reason it is an important HIV immunogen to include in vaccine formulations [1-3]. However, the diversity of gp120 has proven to be a significant challenge to HIV-1 vaccine development. The structure of gp120 contains variable loops... | 17076905 | PMC1636068 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Oct 31; 7:25 |
Background
Transposable elements constitute a large portion of the genomes of eukaryotes and play an important role in genome structure and evolution [1,2]. They can be assigned to two broad groups, retroelements (Class I) and DNA-only transposable elements (Class II). Unlike the retroelements, DNA-only transposons do ... | 17090310 | PMC1636069 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 6:89 |
Background
The homeobox codes for a highly conserved 60 amino acid DNA-binding motif (the homeodomain) found in transcription factors [1]. One class of homeobox-containing transcription factor genes are the Hox genes, which are homologous to the genes in the Drosophila homeotic (HOM) gene cluster, that specify cell fat... | 17078881 | PMC1636070 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 1; 6:86 |
Background
Quadricuspid aortic valve is a rare congenital heart defect. It has in the past been an incidental finding at open heart surgery or at autopsy. There has in recent years been a few case report, with the increasing use of echocardiography [1-8].
Case presentation
A 68-year-old woman presented with almost a y... | 17087838 | PMC1636071 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Nov 7; 4:41 |
Background
The availability of a growing number of draft or completed genomes has shifted the most pressing challenges towards the understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of genes and other encoded elements. This understanding is facilitated by the interpretation of genomes not only in terms of their struct... | 17064411 | PMC1636072 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 25; 7:473 |
Background
Functional prediction of experimentally uncharacterized proteins is an important research area in bioinformatics. On the one hand, the functional prediction of a protein can help in advancing biological science by generating testable hypothesis for experimental research. On the other hand, it improves the an... | 17059594 | PMC1636073 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 23; 7:466 |
Background
Tangles have many applications in modeling protein-DNA binding [1-5]. An n-string tangle consists of n strings properly embedded in a 3-dimensional (3D) ball. Some examples of 2-string tangles and a 3-string tangle are shown in Fig. 1. A protein complex bound to n segments of DNA can be modeled by an n-strin... | 17022825 | PMC1636074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 5; 7:435 |
Background
DNA microarray technology is a powerful approach for genomic research, playing an increasingly important role in biomedical research. This technology yields simultaneous measurement of gene expression levels of thousands of genes, allowing the analysis of differential gene expression patterns under different... | 17059609 | PMC1636075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 23; 7:469 |
Background
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) causes oxidative injury and ischemic fiber degeneration (IFD), due to injury of the neuron and axon, after enough ischemic times, i.e.4–5 hours of peripheral nerve ischemia [1,2]. Maximal intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on endoneural vessels and polymorphonucl... | 17147773 | PMC1636295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:35 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2006 Sep 29; 1:2 |
Today marks the publication date of the inaugural issue of the Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury [1]. My immediate thanks goes out to my co-editor in chief, Professor Rolfe Birch, Head of the Royal National Orthopedic Hospital Peripheral Nerve Unit, in London, U.K. Professor Birch is a living encyc... | 0 | PMC1636296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:37 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2006 Sep 29; 1:1 |
Introduction
A key step in neuronal morphogenesis is the emergence of correctly oriented axons and dendrites. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that determine how one neurite is selected to become the axon while the others become dendrites have been studied extensively in conditions where this problem is most appro... | 17147778 | PMC1636330 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Neural Develop. 2006 Oct 13; 1:2 |
Understanding how the nervous system develops poses one of the greatest challenges in biology. The nervous system is highly complex yet strikingly precise, both in its structural order and in its ability to perform the many functions required for survival and interaction with the environment. Such precision demands tha... | 0 | PMC1636331 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Neural Develop. 2006 Oct 13; 1:1 |
Aim and scope
Source Code for Biology and Medicine is a peer-reviewed open access, online journal that publishes articles on source code employed over a wide range of applications in biology and medicine. The aim of the journal is to publish source code for distribution and use in the public domain in order to advance ... | 0 | PMC1636332 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Source Code Biol Med. 2006 Oct 12; 1:1 |
Background
With the development of the genome projects, the focus of research has shifted from studying a single gene or protein to analyzing groups of genes or proteins. In addition to the progress in genome sequencing, researchers have also made great progress in the area called proteomics where people study proteins... | 17147783 | PMC1636333 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Source Code Biol Med. 2006 Oct 12; 1:3 |
Findings
An expressed sequences tag (EST) is the result of sequencing a portion of a cDNA clone derived from an mRNA [1]. EST sequencing is especially useful for gene discovery in species lacking a draft genome sequence. Used in conjunction with genomic sequencing, ESTs have been used to characterize gene expression pr... | 17147782 | PMC1636334 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Source Code Biol Med. 2006 Oct 12; 1:2 |
Background
The BioMoby Project [1-3] was initiated in late 2001 as an open-source initiative within the model organism database and partner community with the goal of identifying standards and/or conventions that would aid interoperability between the diverse bioinformatics resources currently available online. The Bio... | 17147784 | PMC1636335 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Source Code Biol Med. 2006 Oct 24; 1:4 |
Background
The Bengal tiger or Panthera tigris tigris, the National Animal of India, is an endangered animal. Though tiger populations were high at the turn of the last century, their numbers have reduced drastically due to hunting/poaching as well as human activities that have resulted in habitat fragmentation and pre... | 17044939 | PMC1636336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Oct 17; 7:48 |
Background
Large-scale genomic studies are becoming a standard nowadays. The exploitation of this huge body of data leads to multiple biological applications and in particular, to the unraveling of new molecular mechanisms for diseases through the identification of genetic associations. Genetic association studies are ... | 17067372 | PMC1636337 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Oct 26; 7:50 |
Background
As anthropologists studying medicines we look at medicines as social and cultural phenomena. We do not ignore or overlook their therapeutic function, but want to draw attention to aspects that usually are overlooked: their social, cultural, economic, religious and emotional effects. Medical and non-medical e... | 17090322 | PMC1636627 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Nov 7; 2:48 |
Background
Fluoride is an important element for bone mineralization. It causes an increase in bone mass by stimulation of the osteogenetic process [1]. However, over intake of fluoride may cause fluoride intoxication, so-called fluorosis [2-10]. Its typical clinical features include dental fluorosis, diffuse densificat... | 17150117 | PMC1636628 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:31 | yes | J Orthop Surg. 2006 Nov 2; 1:10 |
Disease name
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
Definition
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease of intra and/or extrahepatic bile ducts. A concentric obliterative fibrosis occurs which leads to bile duct strictures, which in turn can progress to biliary cirrhosis and liver fai... | 17062136 | PMC1636629 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Oct 24; 1:41 |
Background
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) has been linked with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1,2]. While obesity per se was previously thought to confer independent vascular risk, more recent studies have provided strong evidence that OSA itself is associated with hypertension [3], dyslipidaemia [4] and impai... | 17078884 | PMC1636630 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Nov 1; 5:22 |
Background
The global epidemiology of dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever (DF/DHF) is changing fast [1]. The Indian encounter with this disease is interesting and intriguing. Dengue infection has been known to be endemic in India for over two centuries as a benign and self limited disease. In recent years, the diseas... | 17083743 | PMC1636631 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:33 | no | Virol J. 2006 Nov 5; 3:92 |
Background
Core facilities are a common paradigm in the design of academic, non-profit and commercial biological research organizations. In this model, multiple research groups utilize the specialized resources provided by core facilities, such as sequencing, genotyping and microarray services. Often there is a mechani... | 17147785 | PMC1636632 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:24 | no | Source Code Biol Med. 2006 Oct 26; 1:5 |
Background
Animal studies have shown complex reorganization of the somatosensory cortex following lesions of peripheral sensory nerves. About two months after nerve lesion, a response could be found of the initially deafferentiated cortical neurons to stimulation of adjacent skin areas innervated by other nerves. The i... | 17147775 | PMC1636633 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:33 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2006 Oct 20; 1:4 |
Background
In 1994, Oberlin et al. [1] described a new technique of partial ulnar nerve transfer to the biceps muscle nerve for restoration of elbow flexion in traumatic C5-C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus in adult. We report treating an eight month old male infant without C5 to C6 function by an Oberlin's partial ul... | 17147774 | PMC1636634 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:58:32 | no | J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2006 Sep 29; 1:3 |
Background
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a progressive and fatal neurological disease of cattle, which was first discovered in Great Britain (GB) in 1986 [1]. Epidemiological studies support the view that the cattle population was exposed to a scrapie-like agent through the feeding of meat and bone meal aft... | 17044917 | PMC1636635 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Oct 17; 2:31 |
Background
Aortic valve replacement has been shown to be associated with postoperative cerebrovascular accidents in approximately 10% of cases in several studies [1,2], which may be related to embolic events [3,4]. This most devastating morbidity has a significant impact on survival and quality of life [5]. We have rou... | 17090327 | PMC1636636 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Nov 7; 1:42 |
Background
The detrimental effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on child health have been well documented and include chronic respiratory symptoms, asthma, decreased lung function, and middle ear disease [1-3]. Infants and young children exposed to maternal smoke are at especially high risk due to the ... | 17069652 | PMC1636637 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 27; 6:265 |
Background
Betel quid consumption is an addictive habit with psychoactive properties, used by an estimated 600 million people worldwide [1-4]. This practice is widespread in Taiwan, with approximately two million habitual users (10% of population) [5]. In 2004, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) dec... | 17081309 | PMC1636638 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 3; 6:271 |
Background
A socioeconomic gradient favouring those with greater income exists for a variety of chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, most cancers, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disease and metabolic syndrome [1]. Many of these can be prevented, identified earl... | 17090313 | PMC1636639 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 7; 6:275 |
Background
Mammalian control of energy homeostasis is extremely complex and integrates regulation at an organ level, cellular level, and ultimately a molecular level. In healthy humans this results in a system that matches caloric intake to energy expenditure within 0.17% during the course of a year in which approximat... | 17081308 | PMC1636640 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:20 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Nov 3; 3:40 |
Background
Mental health problems impose a significant economic burden on society-at-large, employers, and individuals. The majority of the burden of mental disorders in the community arises from stress-related conditions such as anxiety and depression, collectively called the "common mental disorders" [1-4]. The finan... | 17078871 | PMC1636641 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:15 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006 Nov 1; 1:24 |
Background
Organ motion in the thorax confounds imaging, radiotherapy treatment planning and treatment delivery for patients with lung cancer [1]. When free breathing CT scans are used for planning, variable geometric errors can arise with respect to the position, shape, and the volume of the gross tumor volume (GTV) a... | 17078882 | PMC1636642 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Nov 1; 1:43 |
Background
Glucose is the main fuel for most cells, and its importance as an energy substrate has led to intense research on its cellular metabolites and the mechanism controlling its uptake. A vast number of studies have been conducted on glucose metabolism in mammalian preimplantation embryos. Most of the reports hav... | 17087833 | PMC1636643 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov 6; 4:54 |
Background
It is generally accepted that an early-passage ES cell line can be used to produce complete ES cell-derived foetuses [1]. However, upon prolonged culturing, the genetic and/or epigenetic potential of the majority of these ES cell lines becomes limited. Foetuses completely derived, or with a strong contributi... | 17090336 | PMC1636644 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov 8; 4:55 |
Background
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is an important cause of global morbidity and mortality. In severe malaria metabolic acidosis is one of the most important determinants of survival [1]. In African children with malaria, the clinical syndrome of respiratory distress usually reflects an underlying metabolic acido... | 17087827 | PMC1636645 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 6; 5:101 |
Background
Rice land Anopheles arabiensis have adapted to take advantage of relatively ephemeral and irregular shaped aquatic habitats [1-5], where the remote measurement of larval abundance can be difficult due to their size and there temporal brevity. Overlaying a GIS grid on remotely sensed high resolution data can ... | 17062142 | PMC1636646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 24; 5:91 |
Background
Microscopy of thick blood films is the usual diagnostic test for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Density is usually assessed by thick films, either by counting parasites per microscope field, or by counting parasites per hundred white blood cells [1]. Thick films contain several layers of red cells, whereas t... | 17092336 | PMC1636647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:31 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 8; 5:104 |
Background
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood while is rare but highly malignant in adults. RMS arises as a consequence of regulatory disruption of the growth and differentiation pathways of myogenic precursor cells. Although in the last few years several functional and genomic s... | 17090319 | PMC1636648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 7; 7:287 |
Background
Huntingtin is a large protein (> 3000 amino acids long in vertebrates), characterized in humans by the presence of an amino-terminal polymorphic polyglutamine (polyQ) tract whose aberrant expansion causes Huntington's Disease (HD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease accompanied by neuronal dysfunction a... | 17092333 | PMC1636649 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 8; 7:288 |
Background
The global importance of cattle production has resulted in considerable efforts to detect the genes controlling variations in economically important traits. This task is greatly facilitated by the availability of molecular markers ordered along chromosomes. In the last decade a number the bovine genome maps ... | 17087818 | PMC1636650 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 6; 7:283 |
Background
Fatty liver (FL) is the most frequent liver disease in Western countries [1-4]. Obesity and its complications, especially type 2 diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia, are likely to be the main responsible of the current epidemic of FL, while ethanol intake may play a minor role [5-7]. In a nested case-control s... | 17081293 | PMC1636651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Nov 2; 6:33 |
Background
Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) are considered the 'Gold Standard' test of clinical effectiveness [1] and such trials are increasingly being used in evaluations of non-clinical interventions. There are many ways of classifying RCTs, such as the extent of blinding, method of randomisation (including wheth... | 17092344 | PMC1636652 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Nov 8; 6:54 |
Background
Rehabilitative treatments result in incomplete motor recovery after stroke. Six months after stroke, 65 percent of survivors cannot use their paretic hand into daily living activities to the extent done before [1-5]. Absence or minimal hand movements by four weeks is predictive of poor motor outcome [6] and ... | 17083730 | PMC1636653 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Nov 3; 7:73 |
Background
Regular physical activity is associated with improved physical and psychosocial well-being in children [1,2], while frequent television viewing appears detrimental [3]. Consequently, guidelines have been developed outlining recommended minimum physical activity and maximum electronic media use to maintain he... | 17062166 | PMC1636654 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:17 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Oct 25; 3:36 |
Background
Silica exposure results in an initial inflammatory reaction and subsequent fibrosis. During this process, various agents such as cytokines and free radicals are produced and these agents in turn regulate the development of the inflammation and fibrosis [1]. Nitric oxide (NO), a small molecule with multiple b... | 17090306 | PMC1636655 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:26 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2006 Nov 7; 3:14 |
Background
Nanotechnology, the creation of new objects in nanoscale dimensions, is a cutting edge technology having important applications in modern biomedical research [1-7]. Because the dimension of nanoscale devices is similar to cellular components such as DNA and proteins [8,9], tools developed through nanotechnol... | 17074086 | PMC1636656 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:21 | no | J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Oct 30; 4:11 |
Background
The rapid rise in female breast cancer incidence in Singapore has been attributed to a birth cohort effect that probably arised from the rapid changes in reproductive and other lifestyle patterns [1]. The current breast cancer incidence rate in Singapore is 55 per 100,000 women per year, increasing by approx... | 17078893 | PMC1636657 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 2; 6:261 |
Background
Phase I clinical trials evaluate the dosing and toxicities of novel agents or combinations of agents in humans after appropriate preclinical testing of safety, toxicology and pharmacology. Oncology patients who have been referred to the phase I trials clinic represent the unique subset of patients who have e... | 17092349 | PMC1636658 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 8; 6:263 |
Background
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disorder that affects approximately 2–3% of the population [1] and has a profound impact on quality of life, equivalent to that of other major diseases [2]. Patients with the disease present with well-defined, thickened erythematous patches, typically covered with a silver s... | 17067371 | PMC1636659 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2006 Oct 26; 6:9 |
Background
Cellular susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in vitro varies widely among individuals [1,2]. Both host genetic and acquired mechanisms regulate HIV-1 replication. HIV requires numerous host cell factors for efficient replication [3]. The recent discovery of several molecules endowe... | 17092330 | PMC1636660 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Nov 8; 3:81 |
Background
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires host cell factors for all steps of the viral replication [1,2]. Recently, multiple covalent modifications of viral proteins that regulate virus-host protein interactions have been described, such as phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination. Phos... | 17083724 | PMC1636661 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Nov 3; 3:78 |
Background
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of new cancer incidence and mortality in the U.S. [1]. In general, approximately a third of the patients at time of presentation have metastatic RCC (mRCC), and another third that present with local disease will eventually experience recurrence and met... | 17083723 | PMC1636662 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 3; 5:56 |
pmcBackground
The tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53 (TP53) is a key regulator of cell integrity with impact on cell cycling, growth, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, or apoptosis (see reviews [1-4]). Correct p53 signaling is essential for preventing tumor growth (see reviews [5-7]). The structure of the TP53... | 17054774 | PMC1636663 | CC BY | 2022-10-27 23:15:40 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Oct 20; 5:47 |
Background
The MUC1 gene belongs to a family of genes encoding mucin glycoproteins [1]. MUC1 is normally expressed on the apical surface of mammary epithelial cells. However, in breast adenocarcinoma and a number of epithelial tumors, MUC1 is upregulated with aberrant expression over the entire cell surface [1-4]. This... | 17083744 | PMC1636664 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 5; 5:57 |
Introduction
The development of tissues and organisms depends upon the acquisition of distinct programs for gene expression among individual cell types [1]. These programs are maintained in a heritable state by epigenetic mechanisms that impart cellular memory [2]. In this way, the global synchronization of patterns in... | 17092350 | PMC1636665 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 8; 5:60 |
Background
Obesity and smoking are risk factors for major chronic diseases that influence both length and quality of life [1]. Differences in life expectancy (LE) between smokers and never smokers have been found ranging from 7.5 years [2] to 10 years [3]. In a recent study, it was found that obesity led to decreases o... | 17083719 | PMC1636666 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:14 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2006 Nov 3; 4:14 |
Background
Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) has been shown to play a pivotal role in the detection of mechanical asynchrony in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and to predict improvement functional class and cardiac function in response to cardiac resynchronization treatment (CRT) [1-5]. Biventricular (biv) pac... | 17049099 | PMC1636667 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Oct 18; 4:39 |
A preliminary version of a review article [1] was published in error on 16 October 2006.
The correct version of the article [2] had previously been published in Cardiovascular Ultrasound.
The authors have agreed that the preliminary version [1] should be retracted. | 17092331 | PMC1636668 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:51 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Nov 8; 4:42 |
Background
Genome evolution is carried out via molecular events varying in size and scope from single base substitutions to large scale chromosomal shuffling. This global view of evolution, based on large and relatively infrequent events provides an alternative means to infer evolution [1-5]. Each rearrangement event i... | 17090315 | PMC1636669 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 6:90 |
Introduction
Most proteins interact with other proteins and form protein complexes to carry out their function [1]. A recent survey of ∼2,000 yeast proteins found that more than 80% of the proteins interact with at least one partner [2]. This reflects the importance of protein interactions within a cell. It is therefor... | 17112313 | PMC1636673 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:18:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 2(11):e155 |
Introduction
One of the thrusts of the new area of systems biology is the understanding that biological systems can be studied with many of the tools and theory that are used to analyze man-made systems [1,2]. Biological and engineered systems share many of the same features. One of these is the need to make decisions ... | 17112312 | PMC1636674 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:43 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 2(11):e154 |
Introduction
With the completion of hundreds of prokaryotic genome sequences, computational methods in systems biology aimed at integrating genotypes and phenotypes are developed at an increasing speed. However, data integration and mining remain key challenges in bioinformatics as well as in cross-disciplinary researc... | 17112314 | PMC1636675 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:43 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 2(11):e159 |
Introduction
In the “post-genome” era, it is crucial to uncover the underlying mechanism of cellular networks to understand their biological function [1–3]. The underlying nature of cellular networks has been explored by genetic techniques [4]. Cellular networks have been found to be generally quite robust and to perfo... | 17112311 | PMC1636676 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:42 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2006 Nov 17; 2(11):e147 |
INTRODUCTION
HIV-associated morbidity and mortality has dramatically decreased in many high-income countries since the advent of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in the mid 1990s (1–3). Robust suppression of viral replication by ART permits both quantitative and functional reconstitution of the immune system (4–6). As a... | 17042934 | PMC1636681 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Parasite Immunol. 2006 Nov; 28(11):625-633 |
INTRODUCTION
Helminth and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection have major effects on the host immune response and co-infection is widespread (1). They are, however, quite different in respects that are important to their interactions.
First, helminth infections are caused by diverse species from three phyla: ... | 17042933 | PMC1636684 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Parasite Immunol. 2006 Nov; 28(11):613-623 |
INTRODUCTION
It is well recognized that the relationship between malnutrition and infection is an intimate one, and it is often assumed that this is because of impaired immune function. Management guidelines for treatment of malnutrition in children explicitly recognize that treatment of overt and occult infection is ... | 17042929 | PMC1636690 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Parasite Immunol. 2006 Nov; 28(11):577-588 |
Introduction
Analyses of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been carried out in various model organisms such as plants [1], rodents [2], Drosophila [3], and yeast [4], but the molecular and physiological basis for QTL differences is only partially understood. The genes affecting a quantitative trait may act additively... | 17112318 | PMC1636695 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:44 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 17; 2(11):e195 |
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