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Introduction
Consider two genomes, each from a different population/race of the same species, or from a different but closely related species. In such comparisons, genomic segments that are unusually divergent (between species) or polymorphic (within species), vis-à-vis the genomic average, are of particular interest. ... | 17112320 | PMC1636696 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:28 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 17; 2(11):e199 |
Introduction
Cryptococcus neoformans is a cosmopolitan fungal pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts [1]. Infection is typically dormant, but can be reactivated when the host immune system is impaired, and the organism then disseminates hematogenously to cause fata... | 17112316 | PMC1636697 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 17; 2(11):e187 |
Introduction
A proper balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis is crucial for organism development and function. Perturbations in this balance underlie a variety of pathological conditions, including cancer (for review, see [1]). E2-promoter binding factor (E2F) family proteins are important regulators of cell ... | 17112319 | PMC1636698 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 17; 2(11):e196 |
Introduction
The results of genome sequencing projects and the extensive analyses of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have provided remarkable insights into the expression and regulation of many genes. For some species, and especially for invertebrates such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, it has al... | 17112317 | PMC1636699 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 17; 2(11):e193 |
To the Editor:
Physical inactivity is associated with an increased risk for many chronic diseases, and the numerous health benefits of regular physical activity are well documented (1). Physical activity is ranked as the leading health indicator in Healthy People 2010 (2).
State health departments have begun to addre... | 16776871 | PMC1636704 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:40 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A110 |
Introduction
As of 2002, the Hispanic population in the United States was 37.4 million (1), or approximately 13% of the U.S. population. By 2050, the population is expected to grow to 102 million, or 24.5% of the U.S. population (2). Hispanics have disproportionately more diet-related health problems, including obesit... | 16776878 | PMC1636705 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:20:22 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A77 |
Introduction
In the last decade, concerted efforts have been made to increase regular screening for diabetes complications to improve health outcomes. The American Diabetes Association recommends annual foot and dilated eye examinations; measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipids, creatinine, cholesterol, ... | 16776887 | PMC1636706 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:20:55 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A86 |
Many public health practitioners, policy makers, and epidemiologists worldwide have embraced Geoffrey Rose's population-based prevention concept, a strategy of disease prevention that aims to shift the population distribution of a risk factor in a favorable direction by applying interventions to an entire population (1... | 16776875 | PMC1636707 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:16:15 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A74 |
Introduction
The prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has continually increased over the past 2 decades (1). Between 1980 and 2001, prevalence increased fivefold from 271 to 1400 per million. Much of this growth can be attributed to an increase in the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy, the most common cause o... | 16776884 | PMC1636708 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:16:13 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A83 |
Alexis de Tocqueville, a French political scientist and historian who visited America in 1831, is quoted frequently on the distinctions he found between the New and Old Worlds. But some of his other comments highlighted similarities across civilizations: "The village or township is the only association which is so perf... | 16776872 | PMC1636709 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:33 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A71 |
Introduction
Approximately 200,000 to 300,000 premature deaths occur each year in the United States because of physical inactivity (1-4). Despite the benefits of regular activity, only 31% of adults in the United States report engaging in recommended amounts of physical activity (i.e., 30 minutes of moderate-intensity... | 16776879 | PMC1636710 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:35:45 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A78 |
Introduction
The scope and pace of tobacco control activity in the United States during the past several years has increased dramatically. Beginning with the 1998 multistate tobacco settlement, there has been heightened attention on tobacco use and an emergence of effective tobacco control strategies. Still, tobacco u... | 16776888 | PMC1636711 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:34 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A87 |
Introduction
In the United States, several types of cancer screening have been recommended, and increasing the number of individuals who receive recommended cancer screenings is a health priority. Therefore, it is important to understand individual screening preferences and how the preferences can be used to develop f... | 16776876 | PMC1636712 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:51 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A75 |
To the Editor:
Understanding the role (particularly the mechanisms of action) that physical activity plays in the development of hypertension among blacks is important for risk reduction efforts and public policy actions, especially because blacks bear the highest burden of hypertension, and cross-sectional studies su... | 16776870 | PMC1636713 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:39:59 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A109 |
Introduction
Since the 1970s, the prevalence of overweight among children and youth has increased dramatically. In the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 15.3% of children aged 6 to 11 years were overweight, compared with 4.0% in the 1970–1974 NHANES and 11.3% in the 1988–1994 NHANES ... | 16776885 | PMC1636714 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:48 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A84 |
It is critically important for policymakers to define the problem correctly so that our solutions address their intended goal — health security for all regardless of socioeconomic characteristics.
William H. Frist (1)
Although the determinants of health disparities are complex and varied, we do not need to unravel ev... | 16776873 | PMC1636715 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:55 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A72 |
Introduction
Recent public health initiatives emphasize the role of exercise in reducing arthritis-associated disability (1,2). Regular exercise is associated with numerous arthritis-specific benefits, including a delay in the onset of disability; improved physical functioning; enhanced functional independence; improv... | 16776882 | PMC1636716 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:16:09 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A81 |
Introduction
Obesity epidemic in the United States
The United States is experiencing an epidemic of overweight and obesity. The prevalence of excess weight has been increasing rapidly across the country, and today almost 65% of the adult population is overweight or obese (1,2). From the period 1976–1980 to 1999–2000,... | 16776880 | PMC1636717 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:34 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A79 |
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer among men and among women and is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States (1,2). It has been estimated that in 2004, about 146,940 new cases were diagnosed, and about 56,730 individuals died of CRC (2). Approx... | 16776889 | PMC1636718 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:24 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A88 |
Introduction
Obesity is one of the leading health concerns in the United States; approximately 65% of American adults are overweight or obese (1,2). Previous studies have found that poor nutrition and physical inactivity are key risk factors in the development of obesity (3-7).
Recent findings indicate that rates of ... | 16776877 | PMC1636719 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:18:43 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A76 |
Introduction
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases in the United States (1), resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality and causing an enormous economic burden (2-4). Reducing the incidence of diabetes and its economic burden is one of the goals of the U.S. federal government in Healthy People 2010 (5)... | 16776886 | PMC1636720 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:35:39 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A85 |
Mention the word marketing to employees at most companies, and they will understand how it relates to their business. Successful commercial marketing can mean the difference between a company's profit and loss, jobs or layoffs, growth or bankruptcy. Mention the word marketing to public health professionals, and you may... | 16776874 | PMC1636721 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:18:29 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A73 |
Introduction
Food security means having access, at all times, to enough food for an active, healthy life without resorting to using emergency food supplies, begging, stealing, or scavenging for food. Conversely, food-insecure individuals and families have limited access to or availability of food or a limited or uncer... | 16776883 | PMC1636722 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:16:06 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A82 |
Introduction
The MidSouth Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Society (MCBIOS) was formed to advance the understanding of bioinformatics and computational biology by bringing together scientists of various backgrounds and disciplines and facilitating the collaboration of researchers with similar and complementary ... | 16026594 | PMC1637027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S1 |
Background
ESTs are generated when large numbers of randomly selected cDNA clones from various tissues, genotypes, developmental stages, or treatments are partially sequenced. The greater the number of ESTs generated from independently constructed libraries the more information can be derived from in silico analyses. T... | 16026604 | PMC1637028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:00 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S7 |
Background
The reliability of microarray data is dependent on many factors including the performance of the signal readout system [1-3]. Fluorescence is currently the predominant method for microarray signal detection not only for two-color systems but also for most one-color systems [4-6]. A critical component of a fl... | 16026596 | PMC1637029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S11 |
Background
The cause and progression of human diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer and diabetes are likely influenced by complex interactions of multiple genes as well as environmental and lifestyle factors that are sensitive to genome variability. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most prevalent f... | 16026601 | PMC1637030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S4 |
Introduction
DNA microarrays have been increasingly applied as a tool for the simultaneous monitoring of relative expression levels of thousands of genes for samples under various conditions, e.g., normal versus disease, and control versus drug or toxicant treatment [1-3], and offer a promising means to better understa... | 16026605 | PMC1637031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S8 |
Background
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (U.S. FDA) Critical Path white paper ) identifies pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics as a promising tool in advancing medical product development and personalized medicine, and the guidance for the industry on pharmacogenomic data submissions has been released ). Howe... | 16026597 | PMC1637032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S12 |
Background
Recent advances in proteomic profiling technologies, such as SELDI-TOF MS (Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, CA, ), have allowed preliminary profiling and identification of biomarkers in biological fluids for biological, toxicological, and clinical research [1-10]. ProteinChip technology coupled with SELD... | 16026602 | PMC1637033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S5 |
1. Introduction
As the amount of data gathered and reported in biology and medicine increases exponentially, integration of heterogeneous sources of data becomes an increasingly important part of bioinformatics [1-3]. The number of biomedical databases has been growing rapidly (Figure 1), especially sequence-related da... | 16026599 | PMC1637034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S2 |
Background
Proteins function through complex interactions with other proteins, DNA and RNA and these interactions play a central role in all biological processes. The study of these interactions is an essential requirement to understanding these processes [1-4]. Since errors in these interactions can manifest in diseas... | 16026606 | PMC1637035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S9 |
Background
Liver toxicity is the most common adverse event associated with the introduction of a new drug despite extensive pre-clinical toxicity testing. The failure to predict this toxicity is attributed to differences among species in the metabolism and disposition of certain chemicals and drugs. This spawns an inte... | 16026598 | PMC1637036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S13 |
Background
For decades, classical toxicology has used risk assessments based on animal studies for regulatory decisions. The underlying assumption is that important biological functions are often conserved across species. In continuation of this paradigm, the effort in toxicogenomics is placed on studying rodents and o... | 16026603 | PMC1637037 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:00 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S6 |
Introduction
Cluster analysis is a statistical approach used in microarray research that identifies genes within a cluster that are more similar to each other than genes contained in different clusters. By grouping genes that exhibit similarities in their expression patterns, the function of those genes which were prev... | 16026595 | PMC1637038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:18:59 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S10 |
Background
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) represent a significant advancement in modern biology. With their introduction in early 90's they represent the first truly high-throughput technology that deluged the databases and made the advent of advanced computer technologies in biology inevitable. The flood of these shor... | 16026600 | PMC1637039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:00 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Jul 15; 6(Suppl 2):S3 |
Ammonium (NH4
+), the substance created by the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2), occupies a central role in cellular nitrogen metabolism. However, even though it is an important metabolite, free ammonium is present only transiently in biological systems, where it is rapidly converted into amino acids—initially glu... | 17105348 | PMC1637045 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 14; 4(11):e388 |
Most science is not published in Science, Nature, Cell, or even PLoS Biology. Indeed, the increasing pressure of submissions, limited page budgets, and the existing reward system by which the value of a paper is placed not on its content but on the venue in which it is published has led most journals to reject a substa... | 17523266 | PMC1637059 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 14; 4(11):e401 |
Over the past 250 years, biologists who were interested in describing and understanding patterns of biological diversity have gone into the field to observe and collect species. Conservation of the specimens and data collected through these explorations has produced an irreplaceable archive of life on Earth [1]. Today,... | 17105347 | PMC1637066 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 14; 4(11):e381 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 4, issue 10: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040321
The legend to Figure 4 incorrectly identifies the dotted line as representing evolutionary rate and the solid line as representing the size of a morphological character. This identification is reversed in the caption. The dotted line represents th... | 0 | PMC1637079 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 14; 4(11):e384 |
Genome analyses are delivering unprecedented amounts of data from an abundance of organisms, raising expectations that in the near future, resolving the tree of life (TOL) will simply be a matter of data collection. However, recent analyses of some key clades in life's history have produced bushes and not resolved tree... | 17105342 | PMC1637082 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 14; 4(11):e352 |
In PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 10: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020304
There was an error in Figure 7D. Proteinase K was not added to reactions with XS DNA. Instead, the preceding two reaction lanes should have “+” symbols, indicating the addition of Proteinase K, as shown in the corrected Figure.
Citation: (200... | 0 | PMC1637083 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:58 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov 14; 4(11):e385 |
Disease name and synonyms
Pulmonary lymphangiectasia
Pulmonary cystic lymphangiectasis
Pulmonary lymphangiomatosis
Definition and diagnostic criteria
Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia (PL) is a rare developmental disorder involving the lung and is characterized by pulmonary subpleural, interlobar, perivascular, ... | 17074089 | PMC1637094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Oct 30; 1:43 |
Background
Traditional Medicine is used globally and has a rapidly growing economic importance. In developing countries, Traditional Medicine is often the only accessible and affordable treatment available. In Africa up to 80% of the population uses Traditional Medicine as the primary healthcare system. In Latin Americ... | 17090303 | PMC1637095 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Nov 7; 2:47 |
Background
In natural populations, many species are host to one or more parasite species, where parasites are broadly defined to include viruses and bacteria. However, not all parasitic organisms elicit an immune response from individuals of a given host species [1,2]. Additionally, immune responses and the degree of r... | 17090312 | PMC1637096 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:00 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Nov 7; 6:15 |
Background
Chronic dry mouth affects a substantial proportion of the population, with reported prevalence estimates from representative samples of older people ranging from 12% to 47% [1], and 10% recently reported for people in their early thirties [2], depending on which feature of dry mouth is being measured. While ... | 17090332 | PMC1637097 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Nov 8; 4:86 |
Background
Conclusive evidence indicates that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Huntington disease (HD). As the protein huntingtin (htt) directly modulates the expression of neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF)-controlled genes, wild type (wt) htt stimulates th... | 17096834 | PMC1637098 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:33 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Nov 10; 7:79 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia and is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and profound neuronal loss. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD are the senile plaques consisting of extracellular deposits of fibrillar β-amyloid (fAβ) and the intracellular neurofi... | 17094809 | PMC1637099 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:09 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2006 Nov 9; 3:30 |
Background
Laparoscopic sterilization of females is a procedure well suited for day surgery. A considerable number of patients however, require opioids in the recovery period [1], delaying the time for street fitness and implying a number of unplanned admissions due to nausea, dizziness and sedation.
An analgesic regi... | 17083725 | PMC1637100 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Nov 3; 6:12 |
Background
In the treatment of Angle Class II malocclusions, with well-aligned lower teeth and a mandible in sagitally normal position, upper anterior crowding and excessive overjet can be treated with either distalization or extraction of upper posterior teeth. Newly developed orthodontic mechanics and their ease of a... | 17094798 | PMC1637101 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Nov 9; 2:38 |
Reviewer acknowledgment
The Editors-in-Chief gratefully acknowledge the generous assistance of the following reviewers who served Head & Face Medicine in the first year of being published.
Adriano Piatelli, Ahmed Basyouni, Ahmet Keles, Alain Decker, Alessandro Baj, Alexander Hemprich, Altan Sahin, Anjana Satpathy, Ann... | 0 | PMC1637102 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Nov 10; 2:39 |
Background
Drug side effects are of considerable concern to patients [1,2]. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), which are effective and widely recommended for controlling airway inflammation in asthma, are also known to cause many local and systemic side effects [3-6]. A crucial chasm may exist between doctors and patients ... | 17062139 | PMC1637103 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:28 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Oct 24; 7(1):131 |
Background
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common, life-threatening, recessively inherited disease in Caucasian populations. CF results from mutations affecting a single gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein [1,2], which functions as a cyclic AMP-dependent low conductance chloride cha... | 17064416 | PMC1637104 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2006 Oct 25; 7(1):134 |
Background
Since the first description of the cervical anterior discectomy with fusion by Cloward and Smith and Robinson in 1958 respectively in 1955[1,2], and the cervical anterior discectomy without fusion in 1960 by Hirsch[3] a debate is started which of both methods is the best. While this discussion is still not c... | 17096851 | PMC1637105 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:00 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 10; 7:85 |
Background
Higher plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites, which are transported between neighbouring cells or distant organs. For example, in tobacco plants local de novo synthesis accounts for less than 10% of the nicotine in aerial parts, while the remainder is transported from the roots [1]. Similarl... | 17069646 | PMC1637106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:14 | no | Plant Methods. 2006 Oct 27; 2:17 |
Background
Secondhand smoke (SHS) has been condemned as a health hazard by all U.S. environmental health, occupational health, and public health authorities [1-7]. This hazard is due to the emission of toxins and carcinogens into indoor air from burning cigarettes, pipes, and cigars, as well as exhaled tobacco smoke fr... | 17069654 | PMC1637107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:00 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Oct 27; 6:266 |
Background
The exact mechanism of acute pancreatitis is still unknown. A widely accepted theory is that pancreatitis develops due to activation of pancreatic enzymes leading to autodigestion of pancreatic tissue and inflammation [1]. Secondary damages of cell membranes, edema, and vascular alterations followed by hemor... | 17069643 | PMC1637108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:00 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct 27; 6:30 |
Background
Domestic Violence (DV) or Intimate Partner Violence is the physical, sexual, or psychological harm to another by a current or former partner or spouse [1]. Current estimates are that 5.3 million episodes of intimate partner victimization occur each year in the United States and nearly 25% of women have exper... | 17064413 | PMC1637109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Oct 25; 7:63 |
Background
Recently, essential oils and their components distilled from vegetable materials have been found to express antimicrobial, antioxidant, pharmacological and anticancer activities [1-3]. Among the essentials oils, Australian tea tree oil (TTO) is the most important, because it demonstrated a broad spectrum of ... | 17083732 | PMC1637110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:22 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 3; 6:158 |
Background
Recent advance in molecular biology have introduced new high-throughput tools for the analysis of differential gene expression in complex diseases, such as Alzheimer (AD), providing simultaneous overviews of the genes or proteins associated with multiple cellular pathways. The most commonly used technology f... | 17090317 | PMC1637111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:00 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 7; 7:286 |
Background
Malaria is a preventable disease that afflicts hundreds of millions of people causing among them untoward socio-economic suffering including a vicious circle of abject poverty, brain damage, other irreversible disabilities, and over one million deaths per year. Notwithstanding this leading disease burden, ma... | 17090308 | PMC1637112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 7; 5:102 |
Background
Live-attenuated SIV vaccines have proven the most effective approach to achieve protection against pathogenic challenge strains in the rhesus macaque model of AIDS [1-4]. However, persistent infection and low-level replication of the attenuated virus resulted in the selection of faster replicating variants t... | 17094796 | PMC1637113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Nov 9; 3:82 |
Background
Stroke continues to be a leading cause of death and a major cause of long-term disability in adults worldwide. Previous studies have shown a poor level of knowledge of stroke among patients with established risk factors for stroke and in the community at large. Pancioli et al. [1], in a population-based surv... | 17054787 | PMC1637114 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:00 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Oct 20; 6:38 |
Background
The t(9;22)(q34;q11) is detected in 95% of CML and 20–30% of adult ALL. CML is a myeloproliferative syndrome [1]. In contrast, Ph+-ALL is an acute disease characterized by blasts blocked at the pre-lymphatic stage of differentiation. Patients suffering from Ph+-ALL constitute a high risk group of ALL (5–10% ... | 17090304 | PMC1637115 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:00 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 7; 6:262 |
Background
The maintenance of skeletal integrity depends on continual resorption of bone by osteoclasts and its replacement by osteoblasts. Recently, there have been considerable advances in our understanding of the mechanisms through which osteoclast formation is regulated [1-3]. In contrast, little is known of the me... | 17090316 | PMC1637116 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Nov 7; 4:45 |
Background
A transcriptional regulatory module (TRM) is a set of genes that is regulated by a common set of TFs. By organizing the genome into TRMs, a living cell can coordinate the activities of many genes and carry out complex functions. Therefore, identifying TRMs is useful for understanding cellular responses to in... | 17010188 | PMC1637117 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:49:27 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Sep 29; 7:421 |
Background
RNA secondary structures play an important role in determining the functions of RNA molecules. Some of them have been accepted as good data for evolutionary analysis. With the completion of the sequencing of the genomes of human and other species, major structural biology resources have been harnessed to pre... | 17090331 | PMC1637118 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:26 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 8; 7:493 |
Background
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) technology [1] has been described as a powerful method for genome-wide analysis of the transcriptome [2-7]. SAGE is a quantitative technique that allows the discovery of new genes and the detection of transcripts expressed at low levels. It is based on the generation... | 17083742 | PMC1637119 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 4; 7:487 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) play major roles in the cell: transient protein interactions are often involved in post-translational control of protein activity; enzymatic complexes ensure substrate channeling which drastically increases fluxes through metabolic pathways; large protein complexes play ess... | 17087821 | PMC1637120 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:21 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 6; 7:488 |
Background
Since multiple sequence alignments are the basis of many analyses, for example in phylogenetics or in analysing functional protein domains, there is a need for programs to create and improve those alignments. Currently, several programs are available to fulfil these necessities, e.g., CLUSTAL W [1], MUSCLE [... | 17101042 | PMC1637121 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 13; 7:498 |
The scientific community, AIDS activists, and the Libyan government would do well to recognize that the political and diplomatic import of the case of the Benghazi Six involves a great deal more than the lives of five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian physician. At stake are some of the most profound political issues ... | 17121452 | PMC1637122 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:05 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 21; 3(11):e514 |
Introduction
The introduction of antiretrovirals has been credited with extending the life span of people living with HIV/AIDS [1]. However, treatment efficacy relies on access to treatment and excellent adherence, which has proven to be a serious challenge to those receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART... | 17121449 | PMC1637123 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 21; 3(11):e438 |
Introduction
The humoral immune response to HIV-1 infection is elicited early in infection and is generally vigorous at later disease stages, but its efficacy and modes in controlling viremia in vivo have not yet been completely unraveled. While numerous studies suggest that neutralizing antibodies may impact viral rep... | 17121450 | PMC1637124 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:50 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 21; 3(11):e441 |
Lorien Abroms, Edward Maibach, and Katherine Lyon-Daniel's Viewpoint: The Case for Information and Performance-Linked Systems
Untreated acne can be the cause of both significant physical and psychological sequelae [1]. Untreated acne has been associated with difficulties in interpersonal relationships [2], poor employm... | 17121451 | PMC1637125 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:51 | no | PLoS Med. 2006 Nov 21; 3(11):e483 |
Introduction
The competition between host and pathogen for iron is a critical aspect of many infectious diseases including malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrheal diseases [1,2]. The availability of iron in host fluids is maintained at extremely low levels (10−18 M) by the iron-binding proteins transferrin (Tf) and lactof... | 17121456 | PMC1637126 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 4(12):e410 |
Because HIV attacks the very cells charged with fighting infection, the virus compromises the body’s ability to co-exist with pathogens that are otherwise harmless. It is these pathogen-induced opportunistic infections, and not the virus itself, that produce the most debilitating effects of the disease. The appearance ... | 20076512 | PMC1637127 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 4(12):e427 |
An enduring question in biology is how a single cell—the fertilized egg, or zygote—can generate the incredible complexity and variety of tissues of a complete organism. Much of this process depends on the establishment and maintenance of polarity, both in single cells and within a population of cells. Simply put, how d... | 20076511 | PMC1637128 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 4(12):e426 |
Introduction
The large facial whiskers map somatotopically onto the barrel cortex of rodents [1]. Layer (L)4 neurons are arranged into clusters (barrels) that can be used to visualize the sensory map [1,2]. Between barrels are the septa [1,3]. The L4 barrels and septa are landmarks that define functional columns spanni... | 17121453 | PMC1637129 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:01 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 4(12):e382 |
Humans see the world in rich color and detail. Rodents supplement their vision with long whiskers that provide tactile information about their environment. Neuroscientists can investigate how these senses are represented in the brain by identifying general organizational principles of the underlying neural circuits; di... | 20076507 | PMC1637130 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:28:18 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 4(12):e420 |
For the most part, the production of new brain cells in mammals occurs only in immature individuals at the time the nervous system is undergoing development. One notable exception is the hippocampus, a part of the brain involved in memory and spatial perception. Hippocampal cells called dentate granule cells (DGCs) dev... | 20076516 | PMC1637131 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:01 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 4(12):e441 |
Introduction
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the adult hippocampus contains neural progenitor cells (NPCs) that divide, differentiate, and migrate to produce functional neurons that become incorporated into the existing hippocampal circuitry [1–8]. Increasing evidence points to the existence of a complex bidirectional intera... | 17121455 | PMC1637132 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 4(12):e409 |
Introduction
Many developmental processes depend on polarised cells; cell movements and cell divisions are oriented [1–3] and also the specification of cell fates is influenced by polarity [4–6]. The polarity of individual cells has been studied in Drosophila [7,8] and Caenorhabditis elegans [9,10], but the establishme... | 17121454 | PMC1637133 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 4(12):e396 |
Background
The corpus luteum is a peculiar endocrine gland owing to its limited functional life. How long this gland lives and when it dies is dictated by a synchronized interplay of hormonally regulated events. It undergoes a complex process of formation or luteinization, which is followed by a period of active functi... | 17074090 | PMC1637134 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct 30; 4:53 |
Background
Health statistics for both Maine and the United States (1) underscore the need for reducing risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and obesity. Worksites offer ideal settings for reaching adults, including those at higher risk for chronic diseases. Worksite hea... | 16776862 | PMC1637789 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:18:32 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A101 |
Background
Recognition of the common risk factors for the leading chronic diseases in Canada has contributed to the development of integrated chronic disease prevention (CDP) approaches within the health promotion paradigm. The Alberta Heart Health Project (AHHP), which is part of the Canadian Heart Health Initiative ... | 16776863 | PMC1637790 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:18:32 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A102 |
Health Issues Among the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) resides on the Qualla Boundary, which is nestled within the Great Smoky Mountains of western North Carolina. There are more than 13,000 enrolled members of the EBCI; about two thirds reside on tribal land in four count... | 16776864 | PMC1637791 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:43 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A103 |
Health Disparities Among African Americans in Oregon
The African American community in Portland, Ore, is clearly defined and is centralized in the Portland Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which is located in the northwestern part of the state. The MSA encompasses the city of Portland, the largest city in the stat... | 16776865 | PMC1637792 | CC BY | 2022-01-24 23:41:44 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A104 |
Reducing Risk Factors for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Among Minority Populations
Diabetes and cardiovascular disease and the complications resulting from these diseases disproportionately affect racial and ethnic minority populations, particularly blacks and Latinos. The Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Communi... | 16776866 | PMC1637793 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:22:37 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A105 |
pmcAbout the Video
The Ramah Band of Navajo Indians and the Albuquerque Area Indian Health Board produced a health promotion video to build community awareness of breast and cervical cancer. Objectives of the video were to raise awareness of the burgeoning incidence of breast and cervical cancer among American Indian... | 16776867 | PMC1637794 | CC BY | 2024-06-07 01:07:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A106 |
pmcAbout the Video
Bronx Health REACH is a coalition of 40 community- and faith-based organizations founded in 1999 that is focused on eliminating racial and ethnic health disparities in the southwest Bronx. As part of its community education effort, the coalition produced a video, titled Voices for Health Equality, ... | 16776868 | PMC1637795 | CC BY | 2024-06-07 01:07:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A107 |
pmcAbout the Video
The African American Health Coalition, Inc was developed to implement initiatives that would reduce health disparities among African Americans and promote increased communication and trust between the African American community and local institutions and organizations. One of these initiatives is an... | 16776869 | PMC1637796 | CC BY | 2024-06-07 01:07:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A108 |
Introduction
Emerging epidemics of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have attracted attention as major causes of global disability and mortality (1,2). In 1990, it was estimated that 15 of 52 million deaths worldwide were attributable to CVD, and 63% of those deaths occurred in developing countries (2). CVD (mainly heart d... | 16776890 | PMC1637797 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:16:44 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A89 |
Introduction
Physical activity levels in the United States have remained relatively unchanged during the past 20 years (1). Physical inactivity is responsible for approximately 250,000 deaths annually in the United States (2) and is likely a major contributing factor in the epidemics of overweight, obesity, and diabet... | 16776891 | PMC1637798 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:24:34 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A90 |
Introduction
Although asthma has emerged as a major public health challenge (1), our current needs for asthma surveillance have far outpaced our capabilities. This problem comes as no surprise because there is no single test or entirely objective definition for either the disease or its resolution (2-4). Historically,... | 16776892 | PMC1637799 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:15:41 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A91 |
Introduction
Tools for asthma surveillance
As with many diseases, the epidemic of asthma among children over the past few decades has been shaped by social and environmental factors that are becoming progressively evident. The disproportionate burden of the disease borne by low-income communities and communities of c... | 16776893 | PMC1637800 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:31:23 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A92 |
Introduction
Approximately 2.7 million African Americans aged 20 years or older (11.4%) have diabetes, with rates reaching 25% among African Americans aged 65 to 74 and African American women older than 55 (1). Despite the health disparities associated with type 2 diabetes among African Americans compared with whites,... | 16776894 | PMC1637801 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:15:39 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A93 |
Introduction
Public health surveillance is essential to monitor and control disease, yet few state or local health agencies have accurate information on the prevalence of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, such as diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or depression. Self-reported information from t... | 16776895 | PMC1637802 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:40 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A94 |
Introduction
Any effort to improve public health in the United States must consider the diversity of the U.S. population and the varying disease incidence among ethnic groups. Among the ethnic groups in the United States, the Hispanic population is the most rapidly growing. Hispanics constitute 32.4% of the population... | 16776896 | PMC1637803 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:18:03 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A95 |
Introduction
Tobacco use is one of the most significant causative and contributing factors for oral cancers and periodontal diseases (1) and contributes to altered wound healing and less successful oral disease treatment results (2). In its position statement on tobacco, the American Dental Association urges its membe... | 16776897 | PMC1637804 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:16:01 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A96 |
Introduction
The long, slow march toward the practice of evidence-based medicine began nearly a century ago with the publication of the Flexner report (Medical Education in the United States and Canada) (1), and the pace of the march has escalated in recent years (2). Government health organizations, health care profe... | 16776898 | PMC1637805 | CC BY | 2022-01-31 23:22:57 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A97 |
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