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Background
Native Hawaiians are the indigenous people of Hawaii, comprising 20% of the state's population. Other ethnic groups in the state include whites (25%), Japanese (25%), Filipinos (15%), Chinese (5%), and others (1). Compared with whites and Japanese (the state's healthiest and most longevous group), Hawaiians... | 16776900 | PMC1637806 | CC BY | 2022-01-25 23:20:10 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A99 |
Background
Recently, many closely related prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome sequences have been determined, and detailed comparisons of these sequences are providing useful information regarding genomic evolution. To date, many alignment programs [1-13] and visualization tools [14-20] have been developed for large-scal... | 17062155 | PMC1643837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 24; 7:472 |
Background
Mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the major proteomics tools of the post-genomic era. Protein identification has traditionally been conducted by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) [1-3] or tandem MS (MS/MS) database searching and, while the former performs well with highly purified samples, the latter is the d... | 17069662 | PMC1643838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 29; 7:479 |
Background
Living cells continuously process information about their environment, and based on this information and their own internal state mount appropriate responses to these signals. This information processing is carried out by various regulatory networks functioning in a highly crowded, viscous cellular interior,... | 17069658 | PMC1643839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 28; 7:478 |
Background
The PGWBI questionnaire is a validated Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) measure, widely used in clinical trials and epidemiological research to provide a general evaluation of self-perceived psychological health and well-being [1-10]. In the late sixties Harold Dupuy, psychologist at the National Cente... | 17105655 | PMC1647268 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Nov 14; 4:88 |
Background
The TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid-1) receptor was originally isolated using a calcium imaging-based expression method [1-3]. This receptor is activated by capsaicin (the pungent ingredient of hot peppers), protons, and heat (>43°C), and behaves as a non-selective cationic channel with high pe... | 17092351 | PMC1647269 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Nov 8; 2:34 |
Background
Chronic, unexplained, disabling fatigue is reported by up to 2.6 per cent of patients seeking health care [1]. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a more narrowly defined illness with prominent fatigue and at least 4 associated symptoms [2]. Many CFS patients also suffer from fibromyalgia [3], a disabling cond... | 17101056 | PMC1647270 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 13; 6:53 |
Background
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) usually occurs following rupture of a subpleural bleb or bulla located at apices of the lungs without an associated underlying pulmonary disease. It is most frequently seen in tall, smoker and young adults with a male to female ratio of 6:1 [1,2]. Evacuation of the pleu... | 17101034 | PMC1647271 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Nov 13; 1:43 |
Background
Reporting spatial health statistics to policymakers and the public – either in a descriptive report or Web site application, or as part of the results of a carefully designed public health study – is challenging and sometimes daunting. Communicating conclusions and interpretations in a way that will inform w... | 17092353 | PMC1647272 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Nov 8; 5:49 |
Background
Lassa virus (LASV) belongs of the family of Arenaviridae. Based on phylogenetical, serological, and geographical findings, this family can be subdivided into two groups: The Old World group includes the prototype of this family, the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) as well as Lassa virus. The New Wo... | 17083745 | PMC1647273 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Nov 5; 3:93 |
Background
At least during embryonic development in mice, CDK4 and its cousin CDK6, as well as their common regulatory partners the three D-type cyclins, are not absolutely required for cell cycle progression [1,2]. E-type cyclins and CDK2 are similarly dispensable for embryo cell proliferation [3-6]. However, loss of ... | 17092340 | PMC1647274 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Nov 8; 1:25 |
Background
Development of managed care in recent years has resulted in cost-containment practices such as gatekeeping, utilization review, and physician payment incentives, which are believed to undermine patient-physician trust [1-4]. Trust as a quality of healthcare measure [5-7] is important in medical treatment rel... | 17059611 | PMC1647275 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:29 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 23; 6:139 |
Background
There is a strong relationship between cigarette smoking and social disadvantage. Smoking prevalence and levels of addiction to tobacco are highest in the most disadvantaged social groups [1,2] as are difficulties in quitting due to perceived low self-efficacy [3,4] and triggers for habitual smoking in terms... | 17087825 | PMC1647276 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Nov 6; 6:147 |
Background
Musculoskeletal conditions are a common reason for presenting to primary care where it represents up to 18% of a general practitioner's (GP) workload [1]. Although healthcare systems vary between countries, primary care is generally regarded as the point of first contact for musculoskeletal conditions, and i... | 17096846 | PMC1647277 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 10; 7:84 |
Background
In order to study pattern occurrences in biological sequences, simple frequencies are not relevant in most cases because of pattern overlapping structure as well as composition bias in the sequences. A common workaround consists to compute the significance of an observation assuming the sequence X = X1 ... X... | 17044916 | PMC1647278 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:22 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2006 Oct 17; 1:17 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Ron Fouchier (nominated by Andrey Rzhetsky), David Krakauer, Christopher Lee.
For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
The antigenic variability of Type A influenza virus is the basis for the recurring epidemics that claim hundreds of thousands of hum... | 17067369 | PMC1647279 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:25 | no | Biol Direct. 2006 Oct 26; 1:34 |
Background
Endometrial receptivity is a crucial fact in human reproduction. Endometrial assessment has been performed usually by endometrial biopsy [1]. However, such as invasive method is not acceptable when evaluating endometrial receptivity in order not to damage the endometrium. Therefore, endometrial receptivity s... | 17094797 | PMC1647280 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov 9; 4:56 |
Background
Mammal spermatozoa have very expressive heterogeny in morphology, motility and nuclear stability. During copulation, cervical mucus represents a barrier which allows only migration of progressively motile spermatozoa with normal morphology and high nuclear stability [1]. Frozen bull spermatozoa after thawing... | 17101040 | PMC1647281 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:31 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov 13; 4:58 |
Background
Socioeconomic differences in mortality have been found all over Europe and in the US using individual and area-based socioeconomic indicators[1-3]. In several developed countries the gap in mortality between disadvantaged and well-off groups increased during the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s[2,4-8]. T... | 17081291 | PMC1647282 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 2; 6:270 |
Background
Prior to 2005, few measures of quality of care were routinely available in UK primary care. Routine data were only available for services attracting a separate fee such as cervical smear rates, vaccination rates, child health surveillance, minor surgery and contraceptive services while studies collecting mor... | 17096861 | PMC1647283 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:45 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Nov 13; 7:68 |
Background
This three-day conference, the first world-wide symposium on the topic of gender-specific medicine, attracted a wide range of distinguished researchers and clinicians. The focus of the Conference was to report on the latest research on sex and/or gender difference and its impact on physiological function, tr... | 17067380 | PMC1647284 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:34 | no | Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2006 Oct 26; 1:11 |
Background
Recently, Sejvar et al [1] reviewed the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) reports from 64,600 civilians, mostly health care workers, and from 590,400 Department of Defense (DoD) employees who had been vaccinated against smallpox. Their stated objective was "To determine rates and describe t... | 17096855 | PMC1647285 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Med. 2006 Nov 10; 4:27 |
Background
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an allohexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) containing three related genomes: A, B and D, with significant conservation of gene order between the chromosomes of the respective genomes. Early mapping studies including those conducted by Chao et al. [1] using RFLPs to map markers on c... | 17052357 | PMC1647286 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 19; 7:267 |
Background
Cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cAMP and cGMP) are ubiquitous second intracellular messengers which play an essential role in the transduction of a variety of extracellular signals. The control of intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels is achieved by different enzymes, including cyclases that synthesize th... | 17090334 | PMC1647287 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Nov 8; 7:39 |
Background
Almost half the population of Australia is insufficiently active to achieve recommended levels of physical activity [1]. Strategies that encourage sustained increases of physical activity at the population level are needed, and this applies to most western countries. Increasing population levels of cycling, ... | 17090328 | PMC1647288 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:18 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Nov 7; 3:39 |
Science fundamentally requires communication, and the scholarly article has been the primary medium for this communication for the past three centuries. For at least half that time, scientific communication has also relied upon libraries. No researcher alone could ever hope to own every work needed, but by pooling thei... | 17090309 | PMC1647289 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:44 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 7; 5:58 |
Background
One of the most important and challenging problems in post-genomic stage of bioinformatics is the automated TFBS discovery [1]; computational identification of potential binding sites in upstream region of genes, which is a necessary step to understand the regulatory network within the living cell. These bin... | 17083740 | PMC1647290 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 4; 7:486 |
Background
Weather-based forecasting systems reduce the cost of production by optimizing the timing and frequency of application of control measures and ensures operator, consumer and environmental safety by reducing chemical usage. A major aim of many forecasting systems is to reduce fungicide use, and accurate predic... | 17083731 | PMC1647291 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:21 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 3; 7:485 |
Background
In the last decades large amounts on biological data were accumulated and the high-throughput methods in the fields of genomics and proteomics create an ever-increasing rate of high dimensional data on sequence, structure, and function of biological systems. The systematic analysis of these data provides the... | 17094801 | PMC1647292 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 9; 7:495 |
Background
Stroke is the leading cause of disability in North America and with an annual estimate of 4 million survivors, there are considerable emotional and financial costs in the care of patients who have suffered cerebrovascular disease [1,2]. As the population ages, the stroke rate more than doubles for each succe... | 17087834 | PMC1654138 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:32 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2006 Nov 6; 7:78 |
Background
Many large carnivores are under severe threat from permanent loss of suitable habitat as well as direct persecution, making their protection a top conservation priority. Due to their spatial requirements, these species are among the first to suffer when human populations expand and alter pristine habitats [1... | 17092347 | PMC1654139 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Nov 8; 6:16 |
Background
The brown hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778) is widely distributed throughout Europe, up to 60°N, in Asia Minor and probably south to Israel. It is a popular game animal and its range has expanded to the east both by natural dispersion and by translocations to central and far-east Siberia [1]. Worldwide it ... | 17105672 | PMC1654140 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Ecol. 2006 Nov 15; 6:17 |
Definition
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2) (OMIM 171400) is a rare hereditary complex disorder characterized by the presence of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), unilateral or bilateral pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and other hyperplasia and/or neoplasia of different endocrine tissues within a single patient. Two... | 17105651 | PMC1654141 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Nov 14; 1:45 |
Background
It is now well-recognized that Cannabis sativa (marijuana, weed, pot) is being used by patients with chronic debilitating diseases such as HIV/AIDS [1], chronic non-cancer pain [2], epilepsy [3], multiple sclerosis [4] and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [5] for the management of symptoms such as pain, nausea,... | 17101054 | PMC1654142 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:45 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2006 Nov 13; 3:32 |
Background
Studies suggest that a significant proportion of adverse events in primary as well as in secondary care result from errors in medical diagnosis [1-3]; diagnostic errors also constitute the second leading cause for malpractice suits against hospitals [4]. Specialities such as primary care and emergency medici... | 17087835 | PMC1654143 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Nov 6; 6:37 |
Background
The centrosome is the major microtubule organizing center in proliferating human cells. It is a small organelle composed of two cylindrically shaped centrioles that are surrounded by pericentriolar material. The centrosome duplicates during S-phase: in this process the two centrioles separate and serve as te... | 17109756 | PMC1654144 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:36 | no | Cell Div. 2006 Nov 16; 1:26 |
Background
Hepatitis C virus infects approximately 170 million individuals' world wide [1]. Chronicity develops in 50–80% of infections [2,3]. Hepatitis C exists as a family of viruses, divided into 6 genotypes each with multiple subtypes [4]. The management and treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus [HCV] is in part g... | 17107614 | PMC1654145 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Nov 15; 3:95 |
Background
Like many other Amazonian people, the "Ashéninka del Ucayali" and "del Gran Pajonal" have a complex, detailed ethnomedical knowledge. Different forms of healing are performed by shamans, by steam bath specialists and by most ordinary people. It results in a wide range of medicinal means and techniques, with ... | 17096839 | PMC1654146 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Nov 10; 2:49 |
Preamble
Bird-spiders belong to the Mygalomorphae suborder, Orthognatha group. Differently from the spiders of the Araneomorphae suborder, in this group of spiders the chelicerae move in parallel with the longitudinal axis of the body, there are two pairs of lungs, and their venom glands are situated entirely inside th... | 17101055 | PMC1654147 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:02 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006 Nov 13; 2:50 |
Background
Tightly controlled inducible expression of transfected genes greatly aids functional studies in relevant biological systems. The ability to regulate both the level and the duration of expression allows the study of proteins whose constitutive expression might not be tolerated by the cell. A number of inducib... | 17083727 | PMC1654148 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:25 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2006 Nov 3; 6:43 |
Background
The wings of butterflies and moths display a wealth of color patterns that provide excellent material for investigating the evolution of pattern formation in a simple, two-dimensional system. Pattern elements consisting of one or more concentric rings of colored scales, the eyespots, can occur at different p... | 17090321 | PMC1654149 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 6:52 |
Background
Lymphatic filariasis (LF), a mosquito vector-borne disease is a major public health problem in many parts of the tropics. International Task Force for Disease Eradication has identified the LF, as one of the six diseases considered eradicable or potentially eradicable [1]. For countries with national program... | 17092355 | PMC1654150 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:12 | no | Filaria J. 2006 Nov 9; 5:12 |
Case report
Ventricular pseudoaneurysm is a complication of transmural myocardial infarction but may also follow blunt and penetrating chest trauma, inflammatory disease, infective endocarditis, tumours and cardiac surgery [1,2]. The pictures (Fig 1, 2, 3, 4) describe a case of false aneurysm of the left ventricle occu... | 17090324 | PMC1654151 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Nov 7; 1:41 |
Introduction
In patients with a severely impaired left ventricular function, various modifications of the usual CABG-procedure have been published to avoid possible complications [1]. Earlier studies have concluded that risks of on-pump surgery and operative mortality are prohibitive for patients with severe left ventr... | 17109751 | PMC1654152 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:28 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 Nov 16; 1:44 |
Background
Transcriptomics is an important growing field of molecular biology. Gene expression analyses are increasing our understanding of signalling and metabolic pathways underlying developmental and cellular processes. Real-time RT-PCR is currently one of the more powerful and sensitive techniques for analyzing gen... | 17105665 | PMC1654153 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2006 Nov 14; 6:27 |
Background
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are thought to arise from the interstitial cells of Cajal, the intestinal pacemaker cells [1]. GIST commonly arises from the stomach and small intestine and usually presents with non-specific abdominal symptoms [2]. GIST mostly metastasizes within the abdomen [3]. To o... | 17105654 | PMC1654154 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:40 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 14; 4:78 |
Background
Somatic complaints and pain, in children and adolescents, has been under-recognized and under-treated in the past [1,2]. Recent studies are showing an increase in self-reported prevalence [2] often with lengthy duration [3,4], clustering of complaints [3,5], as well as a pain pattern of recurrence [3]. The d... | 17092332 | PMC1654155 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 8; 6:276 |
Background
Daily smoking among adolescents is a significant public health problem. Smoking-related health problems are a function of the duration (years of smoking) and the intensity of use (number of cigarettes smoked) [1]. Most adult smokers began to smoke or were already addicted to nicotine before the age of 18 [2,... | 17096837 | PMC1654156 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 10; 6:280 |
Background
Mobility is critical to maintaining independence and social interaction in the later years of life and is an essential aspect of quality of life [1]. Persons with poor lower-extremity function, slow gait speed, and particularly those with walking disability, are at higher risk for chronic disease, hospitaliz... | 17105659 | PMC1654157 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 14; 6:282 |
Background
Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) is a member of a larger group of intramembrane cleaving proteases (I-CLiP) that play a variety of important roles in cell signaling [1] and regulation [2], cell surveillance [3], intracellular communication [4], Alzheimer's disease [5], cancer [6,7], and hepatitis C virus [8]. ... | 17105660 | PMC1654158 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Nov 14; 1:16 |
Background
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is critical to the immune response of jawed vertebrates. It contains genes essential to both the adaptive and innate immune systems. Genes within the MHC have been traditionally divided into three different subregions. Class I and II regions contain genes of related... | 17081307 | PMC1654159 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 2; 7:281 |
Background
The identification of tandem repeats exhibiting or with the potential to exhibit length variation is of considerable importance to medical and evolutionary-based research. Repeat variability may be associated with important phenotypes. Lack of changes in repeats between evolutionarily distant species may ref... | 17107618 | PMC1654160 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 15; 7:290 |
Background
The prevalence of patients on anticoagulant (AC) treatment in Sweden has been estimated to be between 0.75 and 0.88% (age adjusted) in a primary health care (PHC) setting [1,2]. Oral ACs, i.e. vitamin K-antagonists, are used for the prevention and treatment of various thromboembolic complications. Their effi... | 17096858 | PMC1654161 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2006 Nov 12; 7:67 |
Background
As for other countries, the distribution of disease burden in New Zealand is far from equal [1-4]. In particular, there are much higher rates of premature death and of serious chronic diseases for the poorest New Zealanders, for Māori (the indigenous people of New Zealand), and for Pacific peoples living in ... | 17081299 | PMC1654162 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:16 | no | Int J Equity Health. 2006 Nov 2; 5:14 |
Background
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite and infects 70–80 million individuals per year worldwide. In most malaria endemic regions, P. falciparum and P. vivax infections coexist, and mixed infections are prevalent. Interactions between the two parasites determine the outcome of ... | 17042947 | PMC1654163 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Oct 16; 6:91 |
Background
Hepatitis B is a well-recognized global public health problem. It is estimated that nearly 2 billion people around the world have serologic evidence of past or present hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, while 350 million people are chronically infected [1]. Ongoing efforts towards the decrease of the prevale... | 17105648 | PMC1654164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:20 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 14; 6:163 |
Background
HIV-1, the globally prevalent type of HIV, is characterized by high genetic variability and is classified into three groups, M, O, and N. Group M strains show the highest worldwide distribution and currently comprise 11 subtypes (A1, A2, B, C, D, F1, F2, G, H, J and K) and almost 30 Circulating Recombinant F... | 17105667 | PMC1654165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:20 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 14; 6:164 |
Background
Over the last years, the proportion of old individuals infected with HIV is increasing. For instance, patients older than 50 years were more than 10 % of AIDS notifications made in the last ten years in USA [1]. More than 90 500 individuals over 50 years are living with AIDS in this country [2]. In Europe, 1... | 17087819 | PMC1654166 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:20 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 6; 6:159 |
Background
Over 80% of heart failure (HF) inpatient admissions originate in the emergency department (ED). Previous studies have suggested an ED misdiagnosis rate of 10–20% [1,2]. Despite this high rate of discordance between the ED diagnosis and true diagnosis, the characteristics of those HF patients that are not ini... | 17105668 | PMC1654167 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:09 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2006 Nov 14; 6:11 |
Background
Urologic diseases can result in considerable morbidity, mortality and healthcare resource utilization [1-5]. An accurate estimation of their prevalence is crucial in predicting future costs and demands for related services, understanding patterns of care and planning for resources needed to meet the demand.
... | 17083728 | PMC1654168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Urol. 2006 Nov 3; 6:30 |
Background
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen causing both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. MRSA strains have emerged worldwide and became resistant to a variety of antibiotics. The prevalence of MRSA varies widely between countries, from less than 1% in the Netherlands to more than 30% in several o... | 17096847 | PMC1654169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006 Nov 10; 5:26 |
Background
The exploitation of recombinant DNA technology to engineer expression systems for heterologous protein production provided a major task during the last decades. Production procedures had to be developed that employ platforms which meet both the demand for efficient mass production and criteria of safety and ... | 17105649 | PMC1654170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Nov 14; 5:33 |
Background
Although often considered a predominantly rural disease in Africa, malaria represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among many urban African populations [1]. With an estimated 200 million urban residents currently at risk for malaria [2] and a projected doubling of the African urban population b... | 17094806 | PMC1654171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 9; 5:105 |
Background
Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, is located on hills in the middle of the Central Highlands, at an altitude of between 1,200 and 1,400 m. The city and its surroundings include 1,700,000 inhabitants (2001 census), corresponding to about 10% of the national population. The Antananarivo plain is covered... | 17096830 | PMC1654172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 10; 5:106 |
Background
The first and foremost malaria control strategy promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and adopted by most African countries emphasizes the need for treatment of malaria episodes with an efficacious drug within 24 hours after onset of symptoms [1,2]. African heads of state agreed at the Abuja summit... | 17105662 | PMC1654173 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 14; 5:109 |
Background
The prevalence of malaria in the highlands of Eastern Africa varies spatially and temporally as a result of seasonal weather changes, climate variability [1,2] and topography [3]. The topography of the highlands comprises hills, valleys and plateaus. Rivers and streams run along the valley bottoms in the val... | 17096835 | PMC1654174 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:30 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 10; 5:107 |
Background
Endemic countries are adopting more effective strategies and treatment regimens for malaria control, through public-private sector initiatives such as the RBM [1]. As substantial impact is brought to bear on this formidably resilient disease [2,3], the increased importance of accurate diagnosis, epidemiologi... | 17092335 | PMC1654175 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 Nov 8; 5:103 |
Background
Certain viruses employ bidirectional transcription. The human dsDNA virus, Herpes simplex, produces latency-associated transcripts that are antisense to a portion of the regulatory protein, ICP0, mRNA [1]. The human herpes virus, Varicella zoster, contains bidirectional promoters for transcription of the DNA... | 17090330 | PMC1654176 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2006 Nov 8; 3:80 |
Background
Primary tumor growth is restricted due to limited supply of oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors. Tumor progression and invasion to distant organs depends on tumor angiogenesis. To achieve angiogenesis various growth and transforming genes are turned on to enable tumor progression [1]. Once angiogenesis is ... | 17096843 | PMC1654177 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:43 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 10; 5:61 |
Background
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) have been identified in humans, sheep, goats, deer, elk, moose, cattle, cats, and mink [1]. A cattle TSE, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), was first diagnosed among Holstein/Friesian cattle in the United Kingdom [2] and has since been detected in at lea... | 17092337 | PMC1654178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Nov 8; 7:51 |
Background
Colorectal cancer is a major public heath problem: it is the third and second most common invasive malignancy in men and women, respectively, in England [1]. There are over 28000 incident cases in England and over 14000 deaths in England and Wales each year [1,2].
The five year age-standardised relative sur... | 17076885 | PMC1654179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:30 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Oct 31; 6:258 |
Background
Secondary prevention efforts for heart disease mortality focus on improving access to medical care, including emergency medical services, and reducing case fatality rates for persons who suffer a major cardiac event [1,2]. When major cardiac events strike men and women in the prime of life (young adulthood a... | 17107613 | PMC1654180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Nov 15; 6:45 |
Background
Although organic nitrates such as nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, GTN) have been used for over a century in the therapy of cardiovascular diseases such as stable and unstable angina [1] the underlying mechanisms of nitrate bioactivation and development of nitrate tolerance are not completely understood a... | 17092343 | PMC1654181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:09 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Nov 8; 6:44 |
Background
In Indian system of medicine, a large number of drugs of either herbal or mineral origin have been advocated for various types of diseases and other different unwanted conditions in humans [1]. Ayurveda is one of the traditional systems of medicine practiced in India and Sri Lanka and can be traced back to 6... | 17081283 | PMC1654182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:47 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Nov 2; 6:36 |
Background
One of the main features of scoliosis is the cosmetic defect caused by the three-dimensional deformity. This problem is a major concern both for patients and physicians [1,2]. To facilitate the management of this aspect of the disease, several methods have been devised to measure the magnitude of the deformi... | 17090338 | PMC1654183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:34 | no | Scoliosis. 2006 Nov 8; 1:18 |
Background
The human body exhibits a variety of biological rhythms. There are patterns that correspond, among others, to the daily wake/sleep cycle, a yearly seasonal cycle and, in women, the menstrual cycle. The clinical relevance of circadian rhythm has been demonstrated in multi-center randomized trials [1-5]. They ... | 17090302 | PMC1654184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Nov 7; 4:14 |
Background
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is frequent in diabetic patients [1,2]. and has been identified as a powerful marker of impaired prognosis in cardiovascular disease [3], including in African-Americans [4].
Alterations in left ventricular (LV) structure have been linked to diabetes but also to a large num... | 17092348 | PMC1654185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Nov 8; 4:43 |
Background
The index of myocardial performance (IMP), calculated as the sum of the isovolumic relaxation time (IRT) and isovolumic contraction time (ICT) divided by the left ventricular (LV) ejection time (LVET), has been utilized as a combined systolic-diastolic index that is prognostic in patients with dilated cardio... | 17109761 | PMC1654186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:11 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Nov 17; 4:45 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women today. For example, 212,920 new cases of invasive breast cancer are expected to be diagnosed among women in the United States in 2006 (1.4 new cases among 1000 women) [1]. In Finland, according to the F... | 17092354 | PMC1654187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Nov 8; 1:41 |
Background
In addition to the progress made in telepathology, several institutions invest great efforts in the development and application of the so-called virtual slide technology [2,8,9,16]. A virtual slide which is the computerized image of a complete histological slide enables important applications that cannot be ... | 17092352 | PMC1654188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Nov 8; 1:40 |
Background
A new law for medical approbation (board examination) was enacted in Germany on April 27, 2002. New aims and main focuses for medical training and education were established by the government [1]. These courses were supposed to:
be more relevant for medical practise,
ascertain a close relationship betwee... | 17094805 | PMC1654189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Nov 9; 1:42 |
Background
One of the biggest challenges in the post-genomic era is to better understand the evolutionary origins of the human proteome. This task can be better accomplished by analyzing the building blocks of proteins (protein domains) rather than entire proteins [1]. Proteins are generally modular in nature where eac... | 17090320 | PMC1654190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 7; 6:91 |
In the organism centered view of evolution, the individual is considered the unit of selection. By being fit, the individual's genes have a greater chance to become fixed in the population. Challenging this view, Dawkins introduced a gene centered view of evolution [1] where the individual organism is just a vessel cre... | 17101053 | PMC1654191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 13; 6:94 |
Background
The higher-level phylogeny of placental mammals has long been one of the most intensively studied problems in systematics (e.g [1-6]), because a robust placental phylogeny is crucial to understanding mammalian evolution and biogeography. Until relatively recently, most comprehensive studies have relied purel... | 17101039 | PMC1654192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 13; 6:93 |
Background
The reliability and accuracy of many bioinformatics methods such as homolog identification, comparative modeling, phylogenetic analysis and others depend heavily on the quality of multiple sequence alignments. Heuristic approaches such as progressive and iterative methods are generally used to obtain multipl... | 17105653 | PMC1654193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 14; 7:499 |
Background
The correlated mutations (CM) analysis has been used to predict pairs or networks of amino acids that are distant in the primary sequence but form contacts in the native 3D structure [1-5]. The basic presumption is that during evolution, proteins accumulate sequence variability due to spontaneous mutations. ... | 17109752 | PMC1654194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 16; 7:503 |
Background
Modelling approaches are central in systems biology and provide new ways towards the analysis of omics data, ultimately leading to a greater understanding of the language of cells and organisms [1-3]. Further, these approaches provide systematic strategies for key issues in medicine [4] and the pharmaceutica... | 17081289 | PMC1654195 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 2; 7:483 |
Background
Alterations in the patterns of DNA methylation are among the earliest and most common events in tumorigenesis [1,2]. In the mammalian genome, methylation takes place mostly at cytosine bases that are located 5' to a guanosine in a CpG dinucleotide. While this dinucleotide is generally underrepresented in the... | 17094804 | PMC1654196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 9; 7:496 |
In experimental cancer research, the study of clinical material, i.e. tumour biopsies, must often be complemented by in vitro experiments on cancer cell lines, as these enable functional molecular studies to be performed that would not be possible with biopsy material. In leukaemia research, cell lines, such as the BCR... | 17061979 | PMC1654200 | CC BY | 2021-03-16 23:17:21 | no | Br J Haematol. 2006 Nov; 135(4):520-523 |
Introduction
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) describes a broad category of health care practices that are not currently a part of conventional Western medicine (1). From 1990 to 1997, the number of individuals reporting the use of CAM within the previous year increased from 34% to 42% (2), and a recent na... | 16776881 | PMC1656861 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:16:26 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A80 |
Background
Weight management requires a complex series of interactions of individual choices, behaviors, and environments (e.g., familial, socioeconomic, political, cultural, natural, built [manmade]) (1). Healthy Weigh (El camino saludable) is a community-based obesity prevention program for low-income, predominantly... | 16776899 | PMC1656862 | CC BY | 2022-01-26 23:20:24 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Jun 15; 3(3):A98 |
Background
Leptin, the 167 amino acid polypeptide hormone product of the obese gene (ob), is secreted mainly by white adipocytes and plays an important role in the regulation of energy expenditure, food intake and metabolism [1,2]. Several recent studies have shown that human breast milk contains leptin [3-12], and its... | 17109762 | PMC1657001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:04 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2006 Nov 17; 1:21 |
Background
The mechanisms that give rise to anesthetic-induced unconsciousness have eluded understanding for more than 150 years. Breakthroughs in circadian timekeeping and sleep neurobiology have been made in recent years using genetic approaches to unravel mutant phenotypes in mice [1-4]. Genetic approaches offer an ... | 17096844 | PMC1657002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:09 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2006 Nov 10; 6:13 |
Background
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Every year, an estimated 1.5 million people die and hundreds of millions require emergency treatment after a TBI. Fatality rates and disability rates vary depending on the severity and mechanisms of the TBI but unfavourable ou... | 17105661 | PMC1657003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:58 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2006 Nov 14; 6:38 |
Background
Nests are built in various animal taxa including arthropods, birds, mammals and fish. These nests serve mainly as a place for raising the brood [1], living in, or as a shelter, but nests as well as nest sites can also function in mate attraction [2,3]
In three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.,... | 17105664 | PMC1657004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:06 | no | Front Zool. 2006 Nov 14; 3:17 |
Background
In 1999, the Food and Drug Administration determined that cumulative exposure to mercury through vaccination exceeded one of three existing federal safety guidelines for methylmercury exposure for some children[1,2]. While information was limited regarding the potential adverse effects of exposure through ch... | 17101052 | PMC1657005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Nov 13; 6:31 |
Background
In 2002, the National Center for Health Statistics revealed that the prevalence of hypertension was 28.7% among Americans 20–74 years of age; and that 84.9% of women and 72.7% of men 75 years of age and older have hypertension[1]. The prevalence of hypertension in African Americans 20 years of age and older,... | 17109750 | PMC1657006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Nov 16; 6:32 |
Background
Maptaphut Industrial Estate (MIE) was established by the Eastern Sea Board development project as the local area for petrochemical industries for the economic development of the country. The MIE started with a single factory in 1988, increasing to 50 by 1998.
The main air pollutants released from industries... | 17090335 | PMC1657007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:27 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Nov 8; 5:48 |
Findings
Rotavirus is the major cause of infantile gastroenteritis and each year causes 611000 deaths worldwide. A rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein, NSP4, and a synthetic peptide, NSP4114-135, corresponding to residues 114 to 135 of this protein, both have been shown to induce diarrhea in young rodents, unaccompani... | 17101044 | PMC1657008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Nov 13; 3:94 |
Background
Proneural genes are key regulators of neurogenesis. They encode transcription factors of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family whose expression endows ectodermal cells with competence to become neural precursors. For the Drosophila PNS, the proneural genes achaete (ac), scute (sc), atonal (ato) and amos a... | 17094800 | PMC1657009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Nov 9; 6:53 |
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